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Goblin shark

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with the Daggernose shark which has a similar looking snout.

The goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) is a rare species of deep-sea shark. Sometimes called a "living fossil", it is the only extant representative of the family Mitsukurinidae, a lineage some 125 million years old. This pink-skinned animal has a distinctive profile with an elongated, flat snout, and highly protrusible jaws containing prominent nail-like teeth. It is usually between 3 and 4 m (10 and 13 ft) long when mature, though it can grow considerably larger such as one captured in 2000 that is thought to have measured 6 m (20 ft).[3] Goblin sharks are benthopelagic creatures that inhabit upper continental slopes, submarine canyons, and seamounts throughout the world at depths greater than 100 m (330 ft), with adults found deeper than juveniles. Some researchers believe that these sharks could also dive to depths of up to 1,300 m (4,270 ft), for short periods of time.[3]

Goblin shark
Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene [1]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Subdivision: Selachimorpha
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Mitsukurinidae
Genus: Mitsukurina
Species:
M. owstoni
Binomial name
Mitsukurina owstoni
Range of the goblin shark[2]
Synonyms
  • Odontaspis nasutus Bragança, 1904
  • Scapanorhynchus dofleini Engelhardt, 1912
  • Scapanorhynchus jordani Hussakof, 1909
  • Scapanorhynchus mitsukurii White, 1937

Various anatomical features of the goblin shark, such as its flabby body and small fins, suggest that it is sluggish in nature. This species hunts for teleost fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans both near the sea floor and in the middle of the water column. Its long snout is covered with ampullae of Lorenzini that enable it to sense minute electric fields produced by nearby prey, which it can snatch up by rapidly extending its jaws. Small numbers of goblin sharks are unintentionally caught by deepwater fisheries. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as Least Concern, despite its rarity, citing its wide distribution and low incidence of capture.

Taxonomy

 
Differing jaw positions in preserved goblin sharks caused several specimens to be described erroneously as distinct species.

American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan described the goblin shark in an 1898 issue of Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, recognizing the peculiar fish not only as a new species, but also a new genus and family. He based his account on an immature male 107 cm (42 in) caught in Sagami Bay near Yokohama, Japan. The specimen had been acquired by shipmaster and naturalist Alan Owston, who had given it to Professor Kakichi Mitsukuri at the University of Tokyo, who in turn brought it to Jordan. Jordan named the shark Mitsukurina owstoni in honor of these two men.[4]

The common name "goblin shark" is a calque of its traditional Japanese name tenguzame, a tengu being a Japanese mythical creature often depicted with a long nose and red face.[5] Another name for this species is elfin shark.[2]

Soon after Jordan's description was published, several scientists noted the similarity between Mitsukurina and the extinct Mesozoic shark Scapanorhynchus.[6] For a time, the prevailing opinion was to treat Mitsukurina as a junior synonym of Scapanorhynchus. Eventually, more complete fossils revealed many anatomical differences between Scapanorhynchus and Mitsukurina, causing modern authors to again regard them as distinct genera.[7] Several goblin shark specimens were described as separate species from 1904 to 1937, none of which are now considered valid. This taxonomic confusion began because the specimens' jaws were fixed at varying degrees of protrusion during preservation, giving the appearance of proportional differences among the heads.[8]

Phylogeny and evolution

Phylogenetic studies based on morphology have classified the goblin shark as the most basal member of the order Lamniformes, known as mackerel sharks.[9][10] Studies using genetic data have also confirmed a basal classification for this species.[11][12] The family Mitsukurinidae, represented by Mitsukurina, Scapanorhynchus, and Anomotodon, dates back to the Aptian age of the Cretaceous period (c. 125–113 Ma). Mitsukurina itself first appears in the fossil record during the period Middle Eocene (c. 49–37 Ma);[13][14] extinct species include M. lineata and M. maslinensis.[15][16] Striatolamia macrota, which lived in warm shallow waters during the Paleogene period (c. 66–23 Ma), may also be a Mitsukurina species.[17] As the last member of an ancient lineage, and one that retains several "primitive" traits, the goblin shark has been described as a "living fossil".[18]

Description

 
The goblin shark's jaws extend dramatically when feeding.

The goblin shark has a distinctively long and flat snout, resembling a blade. The proportional length of the snout decreases with age.[19] The eyes are small and lack protective nictitating membranes; behind the eyes are spiracles. The large mouth is parabolic in shape. The jaws are very protrusible and can be extended almost to the end of the snout, though normally they are held flush against the underside of the head. It has 35–53 upper and 31–62 lower tooth rows. The teeth in the main part of the jaws are long and narrow, particularly those near the symphysis (jaw midpoint), and are finely grooved lengthwise. The rear teeth near the corners of the jaw are small and have a flattened shape for crushing. Much individual variation of tooth length and width occurs, as for whether the teeth have a smaller cusplet on each side of the main cusp, and regarding the presence of toothless gaps at the symphysis or between the main and rear teeth. The five pairs of gill slits are short, with the gill filaments inside partly exposed; the fifth pair is above the origin of the pectoral fins.[5][7][20]

The body is fairly slender and flabby. The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape, both being small and rounded. The pectoral fins are also rather small and rounded. The pelvic and anal fins have long bases and are larger than the dorsal fins. The caudal peduncle is flattened from side-to-side and lacks keels or notches. The asymmetric caudal fin has a long upper lobe with a shallow ventral notch near the tip, and an indistinct lower lobe.[7][20] The soft, semitranslucent skin has a rough texture from a covering of dermal denticles, each shaped like a short upright spine with lengthwise ridges. Living sharks of this species are pink or tan due to visible blood vessels beneath the skin; the color deepens with age, and young sharks may be almost white. The fins' margins are translucent gray or blue, and the eyes are black with bluish streaks in the irises. After death, the coloration fades quickly to dull gray or brown.[5][8] Adult sharks usually measure between 3 and 4 m (9.8 and 13.1 ft) long.[5] However, the capture of an enormous female estimated at 5.4–6.2 m (18–20 ft) long during 2000 showed this species can grow far larger than suspected previously.[19] A 2019 study suggested that it would have reached 7 m (23 ft) in maximum length.[21] Until 2022, the maximum weight recorded was 210 kg (460 lb) for a shark of 3.8 m (12.5 ft) in length.[7] In 2023, a heavily pregnant , 4.7-metre (15 ft) individual weighing 800 kg (1,800 lb), was landed in Taiwan. The enormous individual sparked criticism of the fishing method of bottom trawling which was used to catch it.[22]

Distribution and habitat

The goblin shark has been caught in all three major oceans, indicating a wide global distribution. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been recorded from the northern Gulf of Mexico, Suriname, French Guiana, and southern Brazil in the west, and France, Portugal, Madeira, and Senegal in the east.[2][5][23] It has also been collected from seamounts along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[24][25] In the Indo-Pacific and Oceania, it has been found off South Africa, Mozambique, Japan, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand. This species has been recorded from off East Cape to Kaikōura Canyon and from the Challenger Plateau near New Zealand.[26] A single eastern Pacific specimen is known, collected off southern California.[2][5] This species is most often found over the upper continental slope at depths of 270–960 m (890–3,150 ft).[7] It has been caught as deep as 1,300 m (4,300 ft), and a tooth has been found lodged in an undersea cable at a depth of 1,370 m (4,490 ft).[27] Adults inhabit greater depths than juveniles. Immature goblin sharks frequent the submarine canyons off southern Japan at depths of 100–350 m (330–1,150 ft), with individuals occasionally wandering into inshore waters as shallow as 40 m (130 ft).[2][28] On 19 April 2014, fishermen in Key West, Florida, while fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, caught a goblin shark in their fishing net, only the second one ever to be caught in the Gulf.[29] The shark was photographed and released back into the water.[29] The first shark found in the Gulf was caught by commercial fisherman on 25 July 2000 at a depth of approximately 919-1,099 m (3,016–3606 ft) and is thought to have been about 20 ft long.[3]

During July 2014, a goblin shark was found in a fishery net in Sri Lanka, near the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. The shark was about 4 ft (1.2 m) long and weighed about 7.5 kg (17 lb). The shark was given to the NARA (National Aquatic Resource Research & Development Agency) for further research.[30]

Biology and ecology

Although observations of living goblin sharks are scant, its anatomy suggests its lifestyle is inactive and sluggish.[31] Its skeleton is reduced and poorly calcified, the muscle blocks along its sides (myomeres) are weakly developed, and its fins are soft and small. Its long caudal fin, held at a low angle, is also typical of a slow-swimming shark. The long snout appears to have a sensory function, as it bears numerous ampullae of Lorenzini that can detect the weak electric fields produced by other animals. Due to the snout's softness, it is unlikely to be used for stirring up prey from the bottom as has been proposed.[8] Vision seems to be less important than other senses, considering the relatively small optic tectum in the shark's brain.[5] Yet unlike most deep-sea sharks, it can change the size of its pupils, thus probably does use its sight in some situations.[27] Goblin sharks may be the prey of blue sharks (Prionace glauca).[28] Parasites documented from this species include the copepod Echthrogaleus mitsukurinae,[32] and the tapeworms Litobothrium amsichensis and Marsupiobothrium gobelinus.[33]

Feeding

 
Rattails and other deep-living teleosts are the main food of the goblin shark.

The goblin shark feeds mainly on teleost fishes such as rattails and dragonfishes. It also consumes cephalopods and crustaceans, including decapods and isopods. Garbage has been recorded from the stomachs of some specimens.[34] Its known prey includes bottom-dwelling species such as the blackbelly rosefish (Helicolenus dactylopterus), and midwater species such as the squid Teuthowenia pellucida and the ostracod Macrocypridina castanea rotunda. Thus, the goblin shark appears to forage for food both near the sea floor and far above it.[8][35]

Since it is not a fast swimmer, the goblin shark may be an ambush predator. Its low-density flesh and large oily liver make it neutrally buoyant, allowing it to drift towards its prey with minimal motions so as to avoid detection.[28] Once prey comes into range, the shark's specialized jaws can snap forward to capture it. The protrusion of the jaw is assisted by two pairs of elastic ligaments associated with the mandibular joint, which are pulled taut when the jaws are in their normal retracted position; when the shark bites, the ligaments release their tension and essentially "catapult" the jaws forward.[7] At the same time, the well-developed basihyal (analogous to a tongue) on the floor of the mouth drops, expanding the oral cavity and sucking in water and prey.[8] Striking and prey capture events were videotaped and recorded for the first time during 2008 and 2011 and helped to confirm the use and systematics of the protrusible jaws of goblin sharks. The video evidence suggests that while the jaws are definitely unique, goblin sharks use ram feeding, a type of prey capture that is typical of many mackerel sharks.[36] What makes the goblin shark unique is the kinematics of their jaw when feeding. The lower jaw seems to undergo more complex movements and is important in capturing the prey. The measured protrusions of the upper and lower jaw combined put the goblin shark jaws at 2.1–9.5 times more protrusible than other sharks. The lower jaw has a velocity about two times greater than the upper jaw because it not only protrudes forward, but also swings upward to capture the prey, and the maximum velocity of the jaws is 3.14 m/s. The goblin shark has a re-opening and re-closing pattern during the strike, a behavior that has never been seen in other sharks before and could be related to the extent with which the goblin shark protrudes its jaws.[36]

Life history

Little is known about goblin shark reproduction because a pregnant female has yet to be found and studied. It likely shares the reproductive characteristics of other mackerel sharks, which are viviparous with small litter sizes and embryos that grow during gestation by eating undeveloped eggs (oophagy).[2] The birth size is probably close to 82 cm (32 in), the length of the smallest known specimen.[5] Males mature sexually at about 2.6 m (8.5 ft) long, while female maturation size is unknown.[2] No data is available concerning growth and aging.[5] Some researchers have estimated, based on their own research and prior findings, that male goblin sharks mature at approximately 16 years old and can live up to 60 years.[37]

Human interactions

Some of the first known findings pertaining to the goblin shark were published in 1910, and the researcher wrote that, "the new shark is certainly grotesque," and that, "the most remarkable feature is the curiously elongated nose."[38] Given the depths at which it lives, the goblin shark poses little danger to humans. A few specimens have been collected alive and brought to public aquariums, though they only survived briefly. One was kept at Tokai University and lived for a week, while another was kept at Tokyo Sea Life Park and lived for two days.[7][39] Its economic significance is minimal; the meat may be dried and salted, while the jaws fetch high prices from collectors.[2][7] At one time, the Japanese also used it for liver oil and fertilizer.[40] This shark is not targeted by any fisheries, but is occasionally found as bycatch in bottom gillnets and trawls, hooked on longlines, or entangled in fishing gear. Most captures are isolated incidents; one of the few areas where it is caught regularly is off southern Japan, where around 30 individuals (mostly juveniles) are taken each year. A black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) fishery off Madeira also takes two or three goblin sharks annually. During April 2003, more than a hundred goblin sharks were caught off northwestern Taiwan; the cause of the event was unknown, though observers noted it was preceded by a major earthquake. The species had never been recorded in the area before, nor has it been found in such numbers since.[2][5] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has categorized the goblin shark as Least Concern.[2] In addition to its wide range, most of its population is thought to reside in unfished environments because few adults are caught. Therefore, it is not believed to be threatened by human activity.[2] However, during June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the goblin shark as "At Risk – Naturally Uncommon" with the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas" using the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[41]

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitsukurina owstoni.
  • "Mitsukurina owstoni, Goblin shark" at FishBase
  • "Biological Profiles: Goblin Shark" at Florida Museum of Natural History 2016-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
  • "Biology of the Goblin Shark" at ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
  • "Fishermen catch nightmare-inducing goblin shark in the Gulf of Mexico" at USA Today

January 01, 1970
goblin, shark, confused, with, daggernose, shark, which, similar, looking, snout, goblin, shark, mitsukurina, owstoni, rare, species, deep, shark, sometimes, called, living, fossil, only, extant, representative, family, mitsukurinidae, lineage, some, million, . Not to be confused with the Daggernose shark which has a similar looking snout The goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni is a rare species of deep sea shark Sometimes called a living fossil it is the only extant representative of the family Mitsukurinidae a lineage some 125 million years old This pink skinned animal has a distinctive profile with an elongated flat snout and highly protrusible jaws containing prominent nail like teeth It is usually between 3 and 4 m 10 and 13 ft long when mature though it can grow considerably larger such as one captured in 2000 that is thought to have measured 6 m 20 ft 3 Goblin sharks are benthopelagic creatures that inhabit upper continental slopes submarine canyons and seamounts throughout the world at depths greater than 100 m 330 ft with adults found deeper than juveniles Some researchers believe that these sharks could also dive to depths of up to 1 300 m 4 270 ft for short periods of time 3 Goblin sharkTemporal range Miocene Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N 1 Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii Subdivision Selachimorpha Order Lamniformes Family Mitsukurinidae Genus Mitsukurina Species M owstoni Binomial name Mitsukurina owstoniD S Jordan 1898 Range of the goblin shark 2 Synonyms Odontaspis nasutus Braganca 1904 Scapanorhynchus dofleini Engelhardt 1912 Scapanorhynchus jordani Hussakof 1909 Scapanorhynchus mitsukurii White 1937 Various anatomical features of the goblin shark such as its flabby body and small fins suggest that it is sluggish in nature This species hunts for teleost fishes cephalopods and crustaceans both near the sea floor and in the middle of the water column Its long snout is covered with ampullae of Lorenzini that enable it to sense minute electric fields produced by nearby prey which it can snatch up by rapidly extending its jaws Small numbers of goblin sharks are unintentionally caught by deepwater fisheries The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN has assessed it as Least Concern despite its rarity citing its wide distribution and low incidence of capture Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Phylogeny and evolution 3 Description 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Biology and ecology 5 1 Feeding 5 2 Life history 6 Human interactions 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy nbsp Differing jaw positions in preserved goblin sharks caused several specimens to be described erroneously as distinct species American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan described the goblin shark in an 1898 issue of Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences recognizing the peculiar fish not only as a new species but also a new genus and family He based his account on an immature male 107 cm 42 in caught in Sagami Bay near Yokohama Japan The specimen had been acquired by shipmaster and naturalist Alan Owston who had given it to Professor Kakichi Mitsukuri at the University of Tokyo who in turn brought it to Jordan Jordan named the shark Mitsukurina owstoni in honor of these two men 4 The common name goblin shark is a calque of its traditional Japanese name tenguzame a tengu being a Japanese mythical creature often depicted with a long nose and red face 5 Another name for this species is elfin shark 2 Soon after Jordan s description was published several scientists noted the similarity between Mitsukurina and the extinct Mesozoic shark Scapanorhynchus 6 For a time the prevailing opinion was to treat Mitsukurina as a junior synonym of Scapanorhynchus Eventually more complete fossils revealed many anatomical differences between Scapanorhynchus and Mitsukurina causing modern authors to again regard them as distinct genera 7 Several goblin shark specimens were described as separate species from 1904 to 1937 none of which are now considered valid This taxonomic confusion began because the specimens jaws were fixed at varying degrees of protrusion during preservation giving the appearance of proportional differences among the heads 8 Phylogeny and evolutionPhylogenetic studies based on morphology have classified the goblin shark as the most basal member of the order Lamniformes known as mackerel sharks 9 10 Studies using genetic data have also confirmed a basal classification for this species 11 12 The family Mitsukurinidae represented by Mitsukurina Scapanorhynchus and Anomotodon dates back to the Aptian age of the Cretaceous period c 125 113 Ma Mitsukurina itself first appears in the fossil record during the period Middle Eocene c 49 37 Ma 13 14 extinct species include M lineata and M maslinensis 15 16 Striatolamia macrota which lived in warm shallow waters during the Paleogene period c 66 23 Ma may also be a Mitsukurina species 17 As the last member of an ancient lineage and one that retains several primitive traits the goblin shark has been described as a living fossil 18 Description nbsp The goblin shark s jaws extend dramatically when feeding The goblin shark has a distinctively long and flat snout resembling a blade The proportional length of the snout decreases with age 19 The eyes are small and lack protective nictitating membranes behind the eyes are spiracles The large mouth is parabolic in shape The jaws are very protrusible and can be extended almost to the end of the snout though normally they are held flush against the underside of the head It has 35 53 upper and 31 62 lower tooth rows The teeth in the main part of the jaws are long and narrow particularly those near the symphysis jaw midpoint and are finely grooved lengthwise The rear teeth near the corners of the jaw are small and have a flattened shape for crushing Much individual variation of tooth length and width occurs as for whether the teeth have a smaller cusplet on each side of the main cusp and regarding the presence of toothless gaps at the symphysis or between the main and rear teeth The five pairs of gill slits are short with the gill filaments inside partly exposed the fifth pair is above the origin of the pectoral fins 5 7 20 The body is fairly slender and flabby The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape both being small and rounded The pectoral fins are also rather small and rounded The pelvic and anal fins have long bases and are larger than the dorsal fins The caudal peduncle is flattened from side to side and lacks keels or notches The asymmetric caudal fin has a long upper lobe with a shallow ventral notch near the tip and an indistinct lower lobe 7 20 The soft semitranslucent skin has a rough texture from a covering of dermal denticles each shaped like a short upright spine with lengthwise ridges Living sharks of this species are pink or tan due to visible blood vessels beneath the skin the color deepens with age and young sharks may be almost white The fins margins are translucent gray or blue and the eyes are black with bluish streaks in the irises After death the coloration fades quickly to dull gray or brown 5 8 Adult sharks usually measure between 3 and 4 m 9 8 and 13 1 ft long 5 However the capture of an enormous female estimated at 5 4 6 2 m 18 20 ft long during 2000 showed this species can grow far larger than suspected previously 19 A 2019 study suggested that it would have reached 7 m 23 ft in maximum length 21 Until 2022 the maximum weight recorded was 210 kg 460 lb for a shark of 3 8 m 12 5 ft in length 7 In 2023 a heavily pregnant 4 7 metre 15 ft individual weighing 800 kg 1 800 lb was landed in Taiwan The enormous individual sparked criticism of the fishing method of bottom trawling which was used to catch it 22 Distribution and habitatThe goblin shark has been caught in all three major oceans indicating a wide global distribution In the Atlantic Ocean it has been recorded from the northern Gulf of Mexico Suriname French Guiana and southern Brazil in the west and France Portugal Madeira and Senegal in the east 2 5 23 It has also been collected from seamounts along the Mid Atlantic Ridge 24 25 In the Indo Pacific and Oceania it has been found off South Africa Mozambique Japan Taiwan Australia and New Zealand This species has been recorded from off East Cape to Kaikōura Canyon and from the Challenger Plateau near New Zealand 26 A single eastern Pacific specimen is known collected off southern California 2 5 This species is most often found over the upper continental slope at depths of 270 960 m 890 3 150 ft 7 It has been caught as deep as 1 300 m 4 300 ft and a tooth has been found lodged in an undersea cable at a depth of 1 370 m 4 490 ft 27 Adults inhabit greater depths than juveniles Immature goblin sharks frequent the submarine canyons off southern Japan at depths of 100 350 m 330 1 150 ft with individuals occasionally wandering into inshore waters as shallow as 40 m 130 ft 2 28 On 19 April 2014 fishermen in Key West Florida while fishing in the Gulf of Mexico caught a goblin shark in their fishing net only the second one ever to be caught in the Gulf 29 The shark was photographed and released back into the water 29 The first shark found in the Gulf was caught by commercial fisherman on 25 July 2000 at a depth of approximately 919 1 099 m 3 016 3606 ft and is thought to have been about 20 ft long 3 During July 2014 a goblin shark was found in a fishery net in Sri Lanka near the eastern coast of Sri Lanka The shark was about 4 ft 1 2 m long and weighed about 7 5 kg 17 lb The shark was given to the NARA National Aquatic Resource Research amp Development Agency for further research 30 Biology and ecologyAlthough observations of living goblin sharks are scant its anatomy suggests its lifestyle is inactive and sluggish 31 Its skeleton is reduced and poorly calcified the muscle blocks along its sides myomeres are weakly developed and its fins are soft and small Its long caudal fin held at a low angle is also typical of a slow swimming shark The long snout appears to have a sensory function as it bears numerous ampullae of Lorenzini that can detect the weak electric fields produced by other animals Due to the snout s softness it is unlikely to be used for stirring up prey from the bottom as has been proposed 8 Vision seems to be less important than other senses considering the relatively small optic tectum in the shark s brain 5 Yet unlike most deep sea sharks it can change the size of its pupils thus probably does use its sight in some situations 27 Goblin sharks may be the prey of blue sharks Prionace glauca 28 Parasites documented from this species include the copepod Echthrogaleus mitsukurinae 32 and the tapeworms Litobothrium amsichensis and Marsupiobothrium gobelinus 33 Feeding nbsp Rattails and other deep living teleosts are the main food of the goblin shark The goblin shark feeds mainly on teleost fishes such as rattails and dragonfishes It also consumes cephalopods and crustaceans including decapods and isopods Garbage has been recorded from the stomachs of some specimens 34 Its known prey includes bottom dwelling species such as the blackbelly rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus and midwater species such as the squid Teuthowenia pellucida and the ostracod Macrocypridina castanea rotunda Thus the goblin shark appears to forage for food both near the sea floor and far above it 8 35 Since it is not a fast swimmer the goblin shark may be an ambush predator Its low density flesh and large oily liver make it neutrally buoyant allowing it to drift towards its prey with minimal motions so as to avoid detection 28 Once prey comes into range the shark s specialized jaws can snap forward to capture it The protrusion of the jaw is assisted by two pairs of elastic ligaments associated with the mandibular joint which are pulled taut when the jaws are in their normal retracted position when the shark bites the ligaments release their tension and essentially catapult the jaws forward 7 At the same time the well developed basihyal analogous to a tongue on the floor of the mouth drops expanding the oral cavity and sucking in water and prey 8 Striking and prey capture events were videotaped and recorded for the first time during 2008 and 2011 and helped to confirm the use and systematics of the protrusible jaws of goblin sharks The video evidence suggests that while the jaws are definitely unique goblin sharks use ram feeding a type of prey capture that is typical of many mackerel sharks 36 What makes the goblin shark unique is the kinematics of their jaw when feeding The lower jaw seems to undergo more complex movements and is important in capturing the prey The measured protrusions of the upper and lower jaw combined put the goblin shark jaws at 2 1 9 5 times more protrusible than other sharks The lower jaw has a velocity about two times greater than the upper jaw because it not only protrudes forward but also swings upward to capture the prey and the maximum velocity of the jaws is 3 14 m s The goblin shark has a re opening and re closing pattern during the strike a behavior that has never been seen in other sharks before and could be related to the extent with which the goblin shark protrudes its jaws 36 Life history Little is known about goblin shark reproduction because a pregnant female has yet to be found and studied It likely shares the reproductive characteristics of other mackerel sharks which are viviparous with small litter sizes and embryos that grow during gestation by eating undeveloped eggs oophagy 2 The birth size is probably close to 82 cm 32 in the length of the smallest known specimen 5 Males mature sexually at about 2 6 m 8 5 ft long while female maturation size is unknown 2 No data is available concerning growth and aging 5 Some researchers have estimated based on their own research and prior findings that male goblin sharks mature at approximately 16 years old and can live up to 60 years 37 Human interactionsSome of the first known findings pertaining to the goblin shark were published in 1910 and the researcher wrote that the new shark is certainly grotesque and that the most remarkable feature is the curiously elongated nose 38 Given the depths at which it lives the goblin shark poses little danger to humans A few specimens have been collected alive and brought to public aquariums though they only survived briefly One was kept at Tokai University and lived for a week while another was kept at Tokyo Sea Life Park and lived for two days 7 39 Its economic significance is minimal the meat may be dried and salted while the jaws fetch high prices from collectors 2 7 At one time the Japanese also used it for liver oil and fertilizer 40 This shark is not targeted by any fisheries but is occasionally found as bycatch in bottom gillnets and trawls hooked on longlines or entangled in fishing gear Most captures are isolated incidents one of the few areas where it is caught regularly is off southern Japan where around 30 individuals mostly juveniles are taken each year A black scabbardfish Aphanopus carbo fishery off Madeira also takes two or three goblin sharks annually During April 2003 more than a hundred goblin sharks were caught off northwestern Taiwan the cause of the event was unknown though observers noted it was preceded by a major earthquake The species had never been recorded in the area before nor has it been found in such numbers since 2 5 The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN has categorized the goblin shark as Least Concern 2 In addition to its wide range most of its population is thought to reside in unfished environments because few adults are caught Therefore it is not believed to be threatened by human activity 2 However during June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the goblin shark as At Risk Naturally Uncommon with the qualifiers Data Poor and Secure Overseas using the New Zealand Threat Classification System 41 References Villafana Jaime A Marrama Giuseppe Klug Stefanie Pollerspock Jurgen Balsberger Markus Rivadeneira Marcelo Kriwet Jurgen 2020 Sharks rays and skates Chondrichthyes Elasmobranchii from the Upper Marine Molasse middle Burdigalian early Miocene of the Simssee area Bavaria Germany with comments on palaeogeographic and ecological patterns Palaontologische Zeitschrift 94 4 725 757 doi 10 1007 s12542 020 00518 7 PMC 7648011 PMID 33184517 S2CID 219175881 a b c d e f g h i j k l Finucci B Duffy C A J 2018 Mitsukurina owstoni IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T44565A2994832 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T44565A2994832 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b c Parsons Glenn R Ingram G Walter Havard Ralph 2002 First Record of the Goblin Shark Mitsukurina owstoni Jordan Family Mitsukurinidae in the Gulf of Mexico Southeastern Naturalist 1 2 189 192 doi 10 1656 1528 7092 2002 001 0189 FROTGS 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 1528 7092 JSTOR 3877998 S2CID 86600875 Jordan D S 1898 Description of a species of fish Mitsukurina owstoni from Japan the type of a distinct family of lamnoid sharks Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences Zoology Series 3 1 6 199 204 a b c d e f g h i j Castro J H 2011 The Sharks of North America Oxford University Press pp 202 205 ISBN 978 0 19 539294 4 Hussakof L 1909 A new goblin shark Scapanorhynchus jordani from Japan Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 26 257 262 hdl 2246 1929 a b c d e f g h Compagno L J V 2002 Sharks of the World An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Volume 2 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations pp 68 71 ISBN 92 5 104543 7 a b c d e Martin R A Biology of the Goblin Shark ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research Retrieved April 25 2013 Shirai S 1996 Phylogenetic interrelationships of neoselachians Chondrichthyes Euselachii In Stiassny M L J Parenti L R Johnson G D eds Interrelationships of Fishes Academic Press pp 9 34 ISBN 0 08 053492 9 Shimada K 2005 Phylogeny of lamniform sharks Chondrichthyes Elasmobranchii and the contribution of dental characters to lamniform systematics Paleontological Research 9 1 55 72 doi 10 2517 prpsj 9 55 S2CID 84715232 Naylor G J P Martin A P Mattison E Brown W M 1997 The inter relationships of lamniform sharks testing phylogenetic hypotheses with sequence data In Kocher T D Stepien C A eds Molecular Systematics of Fishes Academic Press pp 199 218 ISBN 0 08 053691 3 Naylor G J Caira J N Jensen K Rosana K A Straube N Lakner C 2012 Elasmobranch phylogeny A mitochondrial estimate based on 595 species In Carrier J C Musick J A Heithaus M R eds The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives second ed CRC Press pp 31 57 ISBN 978 1 4398 3924 9 Sepkoski J Antinarella J McMahon J 2002 A compendium of fossil marine animal genera Chondrichthyes entry Bulletins of American Paleontology 364 560 Nelson J S 2006 Fishes of the World fourth ed John Wiley amp Sons p 54 ISBN 0 471 75644 X Vialle N Adnet S Cappetta H 2011 A new shark and ray fauna from the Middle Miocene of Mazan Vaucluse southern France and its importance in interpreting the paleoenvironment of marine deposits in the southern Rhodanian Basin Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 130 2 241 258 doi 10 1007 s13358 011 0025 4 S2CID 129028346 Pledge N S 1967 Fossil Elasmobranch teeth of South Australia and their stratigraphic distribution Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 91 135 160 Purdy R 2005 Is Striatolamia a junior synonym of Mitsukurina Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 3 102A doi 10 1080 02724634 2005 10009942 S2CID 220413556 Birx H J ed 2009 Encyclopedia of Time Science Philosophy Theology amp Culture Volume 1 SAGE Publications p 547 ISBN 978 1 4129 4164 8 a b Parsons G R Ingram G W Havard R 2002 First record of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni Jordan family Mitsukurinidae in the Gulf of Mexico Southeastern Naturalist 1 2 189 192 doi 10 1656 1528 7092 2002 001 0189 FROTGS 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 86600875 a b Last P R Stevens J D 2009 Sharks and Rays of Australia second ed Harvard University Press pp 156 157 ISBN 978 0 674 03411 2 Pimiento C Cantalapiedra J L Shimada K Field D J Smaers J B 2019 Evolutionary pathways toward gigantism in sharks and rays PDF Evolution 73 3 588 599 doi 10 1111 evo 13680 ISSN 1558 5646 PMID 30675721 S2CID 59224442 Everington Keoni 14 June 2023 Record 800 kg goblin shark with 6 pups caught off northeast Taiwan taiwannews com tw Taiwan News Retrieved 17 June 2023 Rincon G Vaske T Gadig O B 2012 Record of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni Chondrichthyes Lamniformes Mitsukurinidae from the south western Atlantic Marine Biodiversity Records 5 e44 doi 10 1017 S1755267211000923 hdl 11449 172177 Kukuyev E I 1982 Ichthyofauna of Corner Mountains and New England Seamounts In Parin N V ed Insufficiently Studied Fishes of the Open Ocean Moscow Institute of Oceanology Institute of Oceanology Academy of Sciences of the USSR pp 92 109 Prokofiev A M Kukuev E I 2009 New findings of rare fish species from families Mitsukurinidae Chondrichthyes Muraenidae Lophiidae Macrouridae and Psychrolutidae Teleostei on rises of the Atlantic Ocean with the description of Gymnothorax walvisensis sp nov Journal of Ichthyology 49 3 215 227 doi 10 1134 S0032945209030023 S2CID 11102346 Roberts Clive Stewart A L Struthers Carl D Barker Jeremy Kortet Salme Freeborn Michelle 2015 The fishes of New Zealand Vol 2 Wellington New Zealand Te Papa Press p 61 ISBN 978 0 9941041 6 8 OCLC 908128805 a b Martin R A Deep Sea Goblin Shark ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research Retrieved April 25 2013 a b c Ebert D A 2003 Sharks Rays and Chimaeras of California University of California Press pp 96 97 ISBN 0 520 22265 2 a b Scientists amazed by accidental Gulf catch of second ever goblin shark SFGate 2 May 2014 Retrieved 3 May 2014 Valaichchena strange fish lankadeepa lk in Sinhala Sri Lanka Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 Retrieved 5 August 2015 Yano Kazunari Miya Masaki Aizawa Masahiro Noichi Tetsuhisa 2007 11 01 Some aspects of the biology of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni collected from the Tokyo Submarine Canyon and adjacent waters Japan Ichthyological Research 54 4 388 398 doi 10 1007 s10228 007 0414 2 ISSN 1616 3915 S2CID 31917098 Izawa K 2012 Echthrogaleus mitsukurinae sp nov Copepoda Siphonostomatoida Pandaridae infesting the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni Jordan 1898 in Japanese waters Crustaceana 85 1 81 87 doi 10 1163 156854012x623674 Caira J N Runkle L S 1993 2 new tapeworms from the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni off Australia Systematic Parasitology 26 2 81 90 doi 10 1007 BF00009215 S2CID 44048407 Yano K Miya M Aizawa M Noichi T 2007 Some aspects of the biology of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni collected from the Tokyo Submarine Canyon and adjacent waters Japan Ichthyological Research 54 4 388 398 doi 10 1007 s10228 007 0414 2 S2CID 31917098 Duffy C A J 1997 Further records of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni Lamniformes Mitsukurinidae from New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Zoology 24 2 167 171 doi 10 1080 03014223 1997 9518111 a b Nakaya K Tomita T Suda K Sato K 2016 Slingshot feeding of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni Pisces Lamniformes Mitsukurinidae Scientific Reports 6 27786 27786 Bibcode 2016NatSR 627786N doi 10 1038 srep27786 PMC 4901258 PMID 27282933 Caltabellotta Fabio P Siders Zachary A Cailliet Gregor M Motta Fabio S Gadig Otto B F 2020 08 20 Preliminary age and growth of the deep water goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni Jordan 1898 Marine and Freshwater Research 72 3 432 doi 10 1071 MF19370 ISSN 1448 6059 S2CID 225214059 HUSSAKOF L 1910 The Newly Discovered Goblin Shark of Japan Scientific American 102 9 186 187 Bibcode 1910SciAm 102 186H doi 10 1038 scientificamerican02261910 186 ISSN 0036 8733 JSTOR 26037101 Goblin shark caught alive Tokyo Zoo Net Tokyo Zoological Park Society January 25 2007 Retrieved April 26 2013 Bean B A 1905 Notes on an adult goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni of Japan Proceedings of the United States National Museum 28 1409 815 818 doi 10 5479 si 00963801 28 1409 815 Duffy Clinton A J Francis Malcolm Dunn M R Finucci Brit Ford Richard Hitchmough Rod Rolfe Jeremy 2018 Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans chimaeras sharks and rays 2016 PDF Wellington New Zealand Department of Conservation p 10 ISBN 9781988514628 OCLC 1042901090 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitsukurina owstoni Mitsukurina owstoni Goblin shark at FishBase Biological Profiles Goblin Shark at Florida Museum of Natural History Archived 2016 02 01 at the Wayback Machine Biology of the Goblin Shark at ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research Fishermen catch nightmare inducing goblin shark in the Gulf of Mexico at USA Today Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Goblin shark amp oldid 1211343750, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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