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Culture of fear

January 03, 2023

For the Thievery Corporation album, see Culture of Fear. A largely unrelated concept in sociology is the "fear culture" on the Guilt-Shame-Fear spectrum of cultures.

Culture of fear (or climate of fear) is the concept that people may incite fear in the general public to achieve political or workplace goals through emotional bias; it was developed as a sociological framework by Frank Furedi[1] and has been more recently popularized by the American sociologist Barry Glassner.[2]

In politics

Main article: Fear mongering

Nazi leader Hermann Göring explains how people can be made fearful and to support a war they otherwise would oppose:

The people don't want war, but they can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. This is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and for exposing the country to danger. It works the same in every country.[3]

In her book State and Opposition in Military Brazil, Maria Helena Moreira Alves found a "culture of fear" was implemented as part of political repression since 1964. She used the term to describe methods implemented by the national security apparatus of Brazil in its effort to equate political participation with risk of arrest and torture.[4] Cassação (English: cassation) is one such mechanism used to punish members of the military by legally declaring them dead. This enhanced the potential for political control through intensifying the culture of fear as a deterrent to opposition.[5]

Alves found the changes of the National Security Law of 1969, as beginning the use of "economic exploitation, physical repression, political control, and strict censorship" to establish a "culture of fear" in Brazil.[6] The three psychological components of the culture of fear included silence through censorship, sense of isolation, and a "generalized belief that all channels of opposition were closed." A "feeling of complete hopelessness," prevailed, in addition to "withdrawal from opposition activity."[7]

Former US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski argues that the use of the term War on Terror was intended to generate a culture of fear deliberately because it "obscures reason, intensifies emotions and makes it easier for demagogic politicians to mobilize the public on behalf of the policies they want to pursue".[8][9]

Frank Furedi, a former professor of Sociology and writer for Spiked magazine, says that today's culture of fear did not begin with the collapse of the World Trade Center. Long before September 11, he argues, public panics were widespread – on everything from GM crops to mobile phones, from global warming to foot-and-mouth disease. Like Durodié, Furedi argues that perceptions of risk, ideas about safety and controversies over health, the environment and technology have little to do with science or empirical evidence. Rather, they are shaped by cultural assumptions about human vulnerability. Furedi says that "we need a grown-up discussion about our post-September 11 world, based on a reasoned evaluation of all the available evidence rather than on irrational fears for the future.[10]

British academics Gabe Mythen and Sandra Walklate argue that following terrorist attacks in New York, the Pentagon, Madrid, and London, government agencies developed a discourse of "new terrorism" in a cultural climate of fear and uncertainty. UK researchers argued that these processes reduced notions of public safety and created the simplistic image of a non-white "terroristic other" that has negative consequences for ethnic minority groups in the UK.[11]

In his 2004 BBC documentary film series, The Power of Nightmares, subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear, the journalist Adam Curtis argues that politicians have used our fears to increase their power and control over society. Though he does not use the term "culture of fear," what Curtis describes in his film is a reflection of this concept. He looks at the American neo-conservative movement and its depiction of the threat first from the Soviet Union and then from radical Islamists.[12] Curtis insists there has been a largely illusory fear of terrorism in the west since the September 11 attacks and that politicians such as George W Bush and Tony Blair had stumbled on a new force to restore their power and authority; using the fear of an organised "web of evil" from which they could protect their people.[13] Curtis's film castigated the media, security forces and the Bush administration for expanding their power in this way.[13] The film features Bill Durodié, then Director of the International Centre for Security Analysis, and Senior Research Fellow in the International Policy Institute, King's College London, saying that to call this network an "invention" would be too strong a term, but he asserts that it probably does not exist and is largely a "(projection) of our own worst fears, and that what we see is a fantasy that's been created."[14]

In the workplace

Main articles: Organizational culture, Toxic workplace, and Workplace bullying

Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants: leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management, resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace.[15] Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt.[16] When employees get the sense that bullies are tolerated, a climate of fear may be the result.[17] Several studies have confirmed a relationship between bullying, on one hand, and an autocratic leadership and an authoritarian way of settling conflicts or dealing with disagreements, on the other. An authoritarian style of leadership may create a climate of fear, with little or no room for dialogue and with complaining being considered futile.[18]

In a study of public-sector union members, approximately one in five workers reported having considered leaving the workplace as a result of witnessing bullying taking place. Rayner explained the figures by pointing to the presence of a climate of fear in which employees considered reporting to be unsafe, where bullies had been tolerated previously despite management knowing of the presence of bullying.[17] Individual differences in sensitivity to reward, punishment and motivation have been studied under the premises of reinforcement sensitivity theory and have also been applied to workplace performance. A culture of fear at the workplace runs contrary to the "key principles" established by W. Edwards Deming for managers to transform business effectiveness. One of his fourteen principles is to drive out fear in order to allow everyone to work effectively for the company.[19]

Impact of the media

The consumption of mass media has had a profound effect on instilling the fear of terrorism in the United States, though acts of terror are a rare phenomenon.[20] Beginning in the 1960s, George Gerbner and his colleagues have accelerated the study of the relationship that exists between media consumption and the fear of crime. According to Gerbner, television and other forms of mass media create a worldview that is reflective of "recurrent media messages", rather than one that is based on reality.[21] Many Americans are exposed to some form of media on a daily basis, with television and social media platforms being the most used methods to receive both local and international news, and as such this is how most receive news and details that center around violent crime and acts of terror. With the rise in use of smartphones and social media, people are bombarded with constant news updates, and able to read stories related to terrorism, stories that come from all corners of the globe. Media fuels fear of terrorism and other threats to national security, all of which have negative psychological effects on the population, such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia.[20] Politicians conduct interviews, televised or otherwise, and utilize their social media platforms immediately after violent crimes and terrorist acts, to further cement the fear of terrorism into the minds of their constituents.

Publications

Sorted upwards by date, most recent last.

  • The Formation of the National Security State: the State and the Opposition in Military Brazil, Volume 2 (1982) by Maria Helena Moreira Alves
  • Risk Society, Towards a New Modernity (1989), by Ulrich Beck, ISBN 978-0-8039-8346-5 [the term was coined in German by the same author in Risikogesellschaft. Die organisierte Unverantwortlichkeit (this subtitle means in English: "Organized irresponsibility"), a speech given at St. Gallen College, Switzerland, 16pp., in 1989, then published as full-length book with the title: Risikogesellschaft, Suhrkamp, 1989, 391pp., ISBN 3-518-11365-8]
  • The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things (2000), by Barry Glassner ISBN 0-465-01490-9
  • Creating Fear: News and the Construction of a Crisis (2002), by David L. Altheide, Aldine de Gruyter, 223pp., ISBN 978-0-202-30660-5
  • Kingdom of Fear: Loathsome Secrets of a Star-Crossed Child in the Final Days of the American Century (2003), by Hunter S. Thompson, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-87324-9
  • The Climate of Fear (2004), by Wole Soyinka, BBC Reith Lectures 2004, London, Profile Books, 155pp., ISBN 1-86197-783-2
  • State of Fear (2004), Michael Crichton, ISBN 0-06-621413-0
  • Culture of Fear: Risk taking and the morality of low expectation (1997), by Frank Furedi, ISBN 0-8264-7616-3
  • Politics of Fear: Beyond Left and Right (2005), by Frank Furedi, ISBN 0-8264-8728-9
  • You Have the Power: Choosing Courage in a Culture of Fear (2005), by Frances Moore Lappe and Jeffrey Perkins, ISBN 978-1-58542-424-5
  • Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right and the Moral Panic over the City (2006), by Steve Macek, ISBN 0-8166-4361-X
  • Cultures of Fear: A Critical Reader (2009), by Uli Linke, Danielle Smith, Anthropology, Culture and Society, ISBN 978-0-7453-2965-9
  • Social Theory of Fear: terror, torture and death in a post Capitalist World (2010), by Geoffrey Skoll, New York, Palgrave MacMillan ISBN 978-0-230-10349-8
  • Witnesses to Terror (2012), by Luke Howie, Baskinstoke, Palgrave MacMillan ISBN 978-0-8232-2434-0
  • Gregg Easterbrook (2019). It's Better Than It Looks: Reasons for Optimism in an Age of Fear. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541774032.

See also

References

  1. ^ Furedi, Frank (1997). The Culture of Fear: Risk-taking and the Morality of Low Expectation. Continuum International Publishing Group.
  2. ^ Klaehn, Jeffery (2005). Filtering the news: essays on Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model. Black Rose Books. pp. 23–24.
  3. ^ Gustave Gilbert (1947) Nuremberg Diary.
  4. ^ Alves, Maria (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Brazil: University of Texas Press. p. 352.
  5. ^ State and Opposition in Military Brazil. p. 43.
  6. ^ State and Opposition in Military Brazil. p. 125.
  7. ^ State and Opposition in Military Brazil. p. 126.
  8. ^ "Terrorized by 'War on Terror' by Brzezinski". Washingtonpost.com. March 25, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  9. ^ Zbigniew Brzezinski While the true nature of the threat can't be established: it can be less it can be worse. (March 25, 2007). "Terrorized by 'War on Terror' How a Three-Word Mantra Has Undermined America". Washington Post. Retrieved December 3, 2010. The "war on terror" has created a culture of fear in America ...
  10. ^ Frank Furedi. . Spiked-online.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  11. ^ Communicating the terrorist risk: Harnessing a culture of fear? Gabe Mythen Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, Sandra Walklate University of Liverpool, UK
  12. ^ "The Power of Nightmares: Your comments". BBC. London. August 3, 2005. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
  13. ^ a b Jeffries, Stuart (May 12, 2005). "The film US TV networks dare not show". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  14. ^ . www.daanspeak.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  15. ^ Petty tyranny in organizations, Ashforth, Blake, Human Relations, Vol. 47, No. 7, 755–778 (1994)
  16. ^ Braiker, Harriet B. (2004). Who's Pulling Your Strings ? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation. ISBN 978-0-07-144672-3.
  17. ^ a b Helge H, Sheehan MJ, Cooper CL, Einarsen S "Organisational Effects of Workplace Bullying" in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (2010)
  18. ^ Salin D, Helge H "Organizational Causes of Workplace Bullying" in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (2010)
  19. ^ Acquate. "The W. Edwards Deming Institute". deming.org. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  20. ^ a b Nellis, Ashley Marie; Savage, Joanne (September 10, 2012). "Does Watching the News Affect Fear of Terrorism? The Importance of Media Exposure on Terrorism Fear". Crime & Delinquency. 58 (5): 748–768. doi:10.1177/0011128712452961. S2CID 145162485.
  21. ^ Callanan, Valerie J. (March 1, 2012). "Media Consumption, Perceptions of Crime Risk and Fear of Crime: Examining Race/Ethnic Differences". Sociological Perspectives. 55 (1): 93–115. doi:10.1525/sop.2012.55.1.93. S2CID 145094843.

Further reading

  • The Culture of Fear by Noam Chomsky
  • – article by Corey Robin published in La Clé des langues
  • Beyond a Culture of Fear, by K. Lauren de Boer – article published in the EarthLight magazine, #47, fall/winter 2002/2003
  • Sasha Abramsky (2017). Jumping at Shadows: The Triumph of Fear and the End of the American Dream. Bold Type Books. ISBN 978-1568585192.

January 03, 2023
culture, fear, thievery, corporation, album, culture, fear, largely, unrelated, concept, sociology, fear, culture, guilt, shame, fear, spectrum, cultures, climate, fear, concept, that, people, incite, fear, general, public, achieve, political, workplace, goals. For the Thievery Corporation album see Culture of Fear A largely unrelated concept in sociology is the fear culture on the Guilt Shame Fear spectrum of cultures Culture of fear or climate of fear is the concept that people may incite fear in the general public to achieve political or workplace goals through emotional bias it was developed as a sociological framework by Frank Furedi 1 and has been more recently popularized by the American sociologist Barry Glassner 2 Contents 1 In politics 2 In the workplace 3 Impact of the media 4 Publications 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingIn politics EditMain article Fear mongering Nazi leader Hermann Goring explains how people can be made fearful and to support a war they otherwise would oppose The people don t want war but they can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders This is easy All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and for exposing the country to danger It works the same in every country 3 In her book State and Opposition in Military Brazil Maria Helena Moreira Alves found a culture of fear was implemented as part of political repression since 1964 She used the term to describe methods implemented by the national security apparatus of Brazil in its effort to equate political participation with risk of arrest and torture 4 Cassacao English cassation is one such mechanism used to punish members of the military by legally declaring them dead This enhanced the potential for political control through intensifying the culture of fear as a deterrent to opposition 5 Alves found the changes of the National Security Law of 1969 as beginning the use of economic exploitation physical repression political control and strict censorship to establish a culture of fear in Brazil 6 The three psychological components of the culture of fear included silence through censorship sense of isolation and a generalized belief that all channels of opposition were closed A feeling of complete hopelessness prevailed in addition to withdrawal from opposition activity 7 Former US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski argues that the use of the term War on Terror was intended to generate a culture of fear deliberately because it obscures reason intensifies emotions and makes it easier for demagogic politicians to mobilize the public on behalf of the policies they want to pursue 8 9 Frank Furedi a former professor of Sociology and writer for Spiked magazine says that today s culture of fear did not begin with the collapse of the World Trade Center Long before September 11 he argues public panics were widespread on everything from GM crops to mobile phones from global warming to foot and mouth disease Like Durodie Furedi argues that perceptions of risk ideas about safety and controversies over health the environment and technology have little to do with science or empirical evidence Rather they are shaped by cultural assumptions about human vulnerability Furedi says that we need a grown up discussion about our post September 11 world based on a reasoned evaluation of all the available evidence rather than on irrational fears for the future 10 British academics Gabe Mythen and Sandra Walklate argue that following terrorist attacks in New York the Pentagon Madrid and London government agencies developed a discourse of new terrorism in a cultural climate of fear and uncertainty UK researchers argued that these processes reduced notions of public safety and created the simplistic image of a non white terroristic other that has negative consequences for ethnic minority groups in the UK 11 In his 2004 BBC documentary film series The Power of Nightmares subtitled The Rise of the Politics of Fear the journalist Adam Curtis argues that politicians have used our fears to increase their power and control over society Though he does not use the term culture of fear what Curtis describes in his film is a reflection of this concept He looks at the American neo conservative movement and its depiction of the threat first from the Soviet Union and then from radical Islamists 12 Curtis insists there has been a largely illusory fear of terrorism in the west since the September 11 attacks and that politicians such as George W Bush and Tony Blair had stumbled on a new force to restore their power and authority using the fear of an organised web of evil from which they could protect their people 13 Curtis s film castigated the media security forces and the Bush administration for expanding their power in this way 13 The film features Bill Durodie then Director of the International Centre for Security Analysis and Senior Research Fellow in the International Policy Institute King s College London saying that to call this network an invention would be too strong a term but he asserts that it probably does not exist and is largely a projection of our own worst fears and that what we see is a fantasy that s been created 14 In the workplace EditMain articles Organizational culture Toxic workplace and Workplace bullying Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace 15 Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt 16 When employees get the sense that bullies are tolerated a climate of fear may be the result 17 Several studies have confirmed a relationship between bullying on one hand and an autocratic leadership and an authoritarian way of settling conflicts or dealing with disagreements on the other An authoritarian style of leadership may create a climate of fear with little or no room for dialogue and with complaining being considered futile 18 In a study of public sector union members approximately one in five workers reported having considered leaving the workplace as a result of witnessing bullying taking place Rayner explained the figures by pointing to the presence of a climate of fear in which employees considered reporting to be unsafe where bullies had been tolerated previously despite management knowing of the presence of bullying 17 Individual differences in sensitivity to reward punishment and motivation have been studied under the premises of reinforcement sensitivity theory and have also been applied to workplace performance A culture of fear at the workplace runs contrary to the key principles established by W Edwards Deming for managers to transform business effectiveness One of his fourteen principles is to drive out fear in order to allow everyone to work effectively for the company 19 Impact of the media EditThe consumption of mass media has had a profound effect on instilling the fear of terrorism in the United States though acts of terror are a rare phenomenon 20 Beginning in the 1960s George Gerbner and his colleagues have accelerated the study of the relationship that exists between media consumption and the fear of crime According to Gerbner television and other forms of mass media create a worldview that is reflective of recurrent media messages rather than one that is based on reality 21 Many Americans are exposed to some form of media on a daily basis with television and social media platforms being the most used methods to receive both local and international news and as such this is how most receive news and details that center around violent crime and acts of terror With the rise in use of smartphones and social media people are bombarded with constant news updates and able to read stories related to terrorism stories that come from all corners of the globe Media fuels fear of terrorism and other threats to national security all of which have negative psychological effects on the population such as depression anxiety and insomnia 20 Politicians conduct interviews televised or otherwise and utilize their social media platforms immediately after violent crimes and terrorist acts to further cement the fear of terrorism into the minds of their constituents Publications EditSorted upwards by date most recent last The Formation of the National Security State the State and the Opposition in Military Brazil Volume 2 1982 by Maria Helena Moreira Alves Risk Society Towards a New Modernity 1989 by Ulrich Beck ISBN 978 0 8039 8346 5 the term was coined in German by the same author in Risikogesellschaft Die organisierte Unverantwortlichkeit this subtitle means in English Organized irresponsibility a speech given at St Gallen College Switzerland 16pp in 1989 then published as full length book with the title Risikogesellschaft Suhrkamp 1989 391pp ISBN 3 518 11365 8 The Culture of Fear Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things 2000 by Barry Glassner ISBN 0 465 01490 9 Creating Fear News and the Construction of a Crisis 2002 by David L Altheide Aldine de Gruyter 223pp ISBN 978 0 202 30660 5 Kingdom of Fear Loathsome Secrets of a Star Crossed Child in the Final Days of the American Century 2003 by Hunter S Thompson Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 684 87324 9 The Climate of Fear 2004 by Wole Soyinka BBC Reith Lectures 2004 London Profile Books 155pp ISBN 1 86197 783 2 State of Fear 2004 Michael Crichton ISBN 0 06 621413 0 Culture of Fear Risk taking and the morality of low expectation 1997 by Frank Furedi ISBN 0 8264 7616 3 Politics of Fear Beyond Left and Right 2005 by Frank Furedi ISBN 0 8264 8728 9 You Have the Power Choosing Courage in a Culture of Fear 2005 by Frances Moore Lappe and Jeffrey Perkins ISBN 978 1 58542 424 5 Urban Nightmares The Media the Right and the Moral Panic over the City 2006 by Steve Macek ISBN 0 8166 4361 X Cultures of Fear A Critical Reader 2009 by Uli Linke Danielle Smith Anthropology Culture and Society ISBN 978 0 7453 2965 9 Social Theory of Fear terror torture and death in a post Capitalist World 2010 by Geoffrey Skoll New York Palgrave MacMillan ISBN 978 0 230 10349 8 Witnesses to Terror 2012 by Luke Howie Baskinstoke Palgrave MacMillan ISBN 978 0 8232 2434 0 Gregg Easterbrook 2019 It s Better Than It Looks Reasons for Optimism in an Age of Fear PublicAffairs ISBN 978 1541774032 See also Edit Psychology portalAbusive power and control Abusive supervision Cancel culture Conspiracy of silence expression Criticism of the War on Terrorism Crowd psychology Divide and rule Fear appeal Fear mongering Information operations Information warfare Intimidation Horror and terror Hostile media effect Kiss up kick down Machiavellianism in the workplace Mass hysteria Mean world syndrome Media hype Mind games Moral panic Narcissism in the workplace Nineteen Eighty Four Online shaming Opinion corridor Peer pressure Propaganda Psychological warfare Psychopathy in the workplace Rally to Restore Sanity and or Fear Rape culture Strategic communication Strategy of tension Tactics of terrorism Fear Toxic leader Toxic workplace Traumatic bonding Yellow journalismReferences Edit Furedi Frank 1997 The Culture of Fear Risk taking and the Morality of Low Expectation Continuum International Publishing Group Klaehn Jeffery 2005 Filtering the news essays on Herman and Chomsky s propaganda model Black Rose Books pp 23 24 Gustave Gilbert 1947 Nuremberg Diary Alves Maria 1985 State and Opposition in Military Brazil Brazil University of Texas Press p 352 State and Opposition in Military Brazil p 43 State and Opposition in Military Brazil p 125 State and Opposition in Military Brazil p 126 Terrorized by War on Terror by Brzezinski Washingtonpost com March 25 2007 Retrieved November 23 2010 Zbigniew Brzezinski While the true nature of the threat can t be established it can be less it can be worse March 25 2007 Terrorized by War on Terror How a Three Word Mantra Has Undermined America Washington Post Retrieved December 3 2010 The war on terror has created a culture of fear in America Frank Furedi Epidemic of fear Spiked online com Archived from the original on September 22 2005 Retrieved November 23 2010 Communicating the terrorist risk Harnessing a culture of fear Gabe Mythen Manchester Metropolitan University UK Sandra Walklate University of Liverpool UK The Power of Nightmares Your comments BBC London August 3 2005 Retrieved November 27 2010 a b Jeffries Stuart May 12 2005 The film US TV networks dare not show The Guardian London Retrieved July 14 2010 Exploring The Best Pro hormone Stacks www daanspeak com Archived from the original on February 24 2011 Retrieved November 28 2010 Petty tyranny in organizations Ashforth Blake Human Relations Vol 47 No 7 755 778 1994 Braiker Harriet B 2004 Who s Pulling Your Strings How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation ISBN 978 0 07 144672 3 a b Helge H Sheehan MJ Cooper CL Einarsen S Organisational Effects of Workplace Bullying in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace Developments in Theory Research and Practice 2010 Salin D Helge H Organizational Causes of Workplace Bullying in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace Developments in Theory Research and Practice 2010 Acquate The W Edwards Deming Institute deming org Retrieved October 19 2017 a b Nellis Ashley Marie Savage Joanne September 10 2012 Does Watching the News Affect Fear of Terrorism The Importance of Media Exposure on Terrorism Fear Crime amp Delinquency 58 5 748 768 doi 10 1177 0011128712452961 S2CID 145162485 Callanan Valerie J March 1 2012 Media Consumption Perceptions of Crime Risk and Fear of Crime Examining Race Ethnic Differences Sociological Perspectives 55 1 93 115 doi 10 1525 sop 2012 55 1 93 S2CID 145094843 Further reading EditThe Culture of Fear by Noam Chomsky The Politics of Fear article by Corey Robin published in La Cle des langues Beyond a Culture of Fear by K Lauren de Boer article published in the EarthLight magazine 47 fall winter 2002 2003 Sasha Abramsky 2017 Jumping at Shadows The Triumph of Fear and the End of the American Dream Bold Type Books ISBN 978 1568585192 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Culture of fear amp oldid 1128038390, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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