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Averrhoa bilimbi

Averrhoa bilimbi (commonly known as bilimbi, cucumber tree, or tree sorrel[2]) is a fruit-bearing tree of the genus Averrhoa, family Oxalidaceae. It is believed to be originally native to the Maluku Islands of Indonesia but has naturalized and is common throughout Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in parts of tropical South Asia and the Americas. It bears edible extremely sour fruits. It is a close relative of the carambola tree.

Averrhoa bilimbi
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Oxalidales
Family: Oxalidaceae
Genus: Averrhoa
Species:
A. bilimbi
Binomial name
Averrhoa bilimbi
Synonyms[1]
  • Averrhoa abtusangulata Stokes
  • Averrhoa obtusangula Stokes

Description Edit

Averrhoa bilimbi is a small tropical tree reaching up to 15m in height.[citation needed] It is often multitrunked, quickly dividing into ramifications. Bilimbi leaves are alternate, pinnate, measuring approximately 30–60 cm in length. Each leaf contains 11-37 leaflets; ovate to oblong, 2–10 cm long and 1–2 cm wide and cluster at branch extremities.[3] The leaves are quite similar to those of the Otaheite gooseberry. The tree is cauliflorous with 18–68 flowers in panicles that form on the trunk and other branches. The flowers are heterotristylous, borne in a pendulous panicle inflorescence. There flower is fragrant, corolla of 5 petals 10–30 mm long, yellowish green to reddish purple.[4]

The fruit is ellipsoidal, elongated, measuring about 4 – 10 cm and sometimes faintly 5-angled.[5] The skin, smooth to slightly bumpy, thin and waxy turning from light green to yellowish-green when ripe.[3] The flesh is crisp and the juice is sour and extremely acidic and therefore not typically consumed as fresh fruit by itself.[6]

Distribution and habitat Edit

A. bilimbi is believed to be originally native to Moluccas, Indonesia, the species is now cultivated and found throughout Indonesia, Timor-Leste, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives, Myanmar (Burma) and Malaysia. It is also common in other Southeast Asian countries. In India, where it is usually found in gardens, the bilimbi has gone wild in the warmest regions of the country.[7] It is also seen in coastal regions of South India.

Outside of Asia, the tree is cultivated in Zanzibar. In 1793, the bilimbi was introduced to Jamaica from Timor and after several years, was cultivated throughout Central and South America where it is known as mimbro. In Suriname this fruit is known as lange birambi. Introduced to Queensland at the end of the 19th century, it has been grown commercially in the region since that time.[7] In Guyana, it is called Sourie, One finger, Bilimbi and Kamranga.

This is essentially a tropical tree, less resistant to cold than the carambola, growing best in rich and well-drained soil (but also stands limestone and sand). It prefers evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year, but with a 2- to 3-month dry season. Therefore, the species is not found, for example, in the wettest part of Malaysia. In Florida, where it is an occasional curiosity, the tree needs protection from wind and cold.[7]

Uses Edit

Culinary Edit

In Indonesia, A. bilimbi, locally known as belimbing wuluh, is often used to give sour or an acidic flavor to food, substituting tamarind or tomato. In the north western province of Aceh, it is preserved by salting and sun-drying to make asam sunti, a kitchen seasoning to make a variety of Acehnese dishes. It a key ingredient in many Indonesian dishes such as sambal belimbing wuluh.[6]

In the Philippines, where it is commonly called kamias and ibâ, are commonly found in backyards. The fruits are eaten either raw or dipped in rock salt. It can be either curried or added as a souring agent for common Filipino dishes such as sinigang, pinangat and paksiw. It is being sun-dried for preservation. It is also used to make salad mixed with tomatoes, chopped onions with soy sauce as dressing.

The uncooked bilimbi is prepared as relish and served with rice and beans in Costa Rica.

In the Far East, where the tree originated, it is sometimes added to curry.

In Malaysia and the Philippines, bilimbi or kamias is made into a rather sweet and sour jam, with a flavor profile similar to prunes or plums.

In Kerala and Bhatkal, India, it is used for making pickles and to make fish curry, especially with sardines, while around Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa the fruit is commonly eaten raw with salt and spice. In Guyana and Mauritius, it is made into achars/pickles.

In Maldives where it is known as bilimagu, it is pickled with aromatic spices and eaten with rice and local Garudhiya (fish soup). It is also used in various Maldivian local dishes such as Boakibaa and Mashuni as a souring agent.

In Seychelles, it is often used as an ingredient to give a tangy flavor to many Seychellois creole dishes, especially fish dishes. It is often used in grilled fish and also (almost always) in a shark meat dish, called satini reken. It is also cooked down with onion, tomato, and chili peppers to make a sauce. Sometimes they are cured with salt to be used when they are out of season.

Bilimbi juice (with a pH of about 4.47) is made into a cooling beverage. It can replace mango in making chutney. Additionally, the fruit can be preserved by pickling,[8] which reduces its acidity.

Potential adverse effect Edit

The fruit contains high levels of oxalate. Acute kidney failure due to tubular necrosis caused by oxalate has been recorded in several people who drank the concentrated juice on continuous days as treatment for high cholesterol.[9]

Other uses Edit

In Malaysia, very acidic bilimbis are used to clean kris blades.[10]

In the Philippines, it is often used in rural places as an alternative stain remover.[11]

In the region of Addu in Maldives, the flowers of the bilimbi plant were commonly used in the 20th century as a cloth dye.[citation needed]

Gallery Edit

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  2. ^ "Averrhoa bilimbi". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Averrhoa bilimbi L." Singapore Government, National Parks Flora & Fauna Web.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ Ahmed, QamarUddin; Alhassan, AlhassanMuhammad (2016). "Averrhoa bilimbiLinn.: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology". Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 8 (4): 265–271. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.199342. ISSN 0975-7406. PMC 5314823. PMID 28216948.
  5. ^ "Buy BILIMBI Fruit Tree - Averrhoa bilimbi". www.daleysfruit.com.au. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  6. ^ a b Xu, Eren; Wijaya, Christofora; Faridah, Didah (2017). "Characterization of aroma compounds in Indonesian traditional seasoning (asam sunti) made from Averrhoa bilimbi L." Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture: 1. doi:10.9755/ejfa.2016-11-1577. ISSN 2079-052X. S2CID 99618494.
  7. ^ a b c Morton, J. 1987. Bilimbi. p. 128–129 In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.
  8. ^ "Achar bilimbi-Bilimbi pickle". ile-maurice.tripod.com.
  9. ^ Jose P P; Bakul G; Unni V N; et al. (2013). "Acute oxalate nephropathy due to Averrhoa bilimbi fruit juice ingestion". Indian J Nephrol. 23 (4): 297–300. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.114481. PMC 3741977. PMID 23960349.
  10. ^ . United World College of South East Asia. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  11. ^ . EntrePinoys Atbp. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2010.

External links Edit

  Media related to Averrhoa bilimbi at Wikimedia Commons

averrhoa, bilimbi, commonly, known, bilimbi, cucumber, tree, tree, sorrel, fruit, bearing, tree, genus, averrhoa, family, oxalidaceae, believed, originally, native, maluku, islands, indonesia, naturalized, common, throughout, southeast, asia, cultivated, parts. Averrhoa bilimbi commonly known as bilimbi cucumber tree or tree sorrel 2 is a fruit bearing tree of the genus Averrhoa family Oxalidaceae It is believed to be originally native to the Maluku Islands of Indonesia but has naturalized and is common throughout Southeast Asia It is cultivated in parts of tropical South Asia and the Americas It bears edible extremely sour fruits It is a close relative of the carambola tree Averrhoa bilimbiScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder OxalidalesFamily OxalidaceaeGenus AverrhoaSpecies A bilimbiBinomial nameAverrhoa bilimbiL Synonyms 1 Averrhoa abtusangulata Stokes Averrhoa obtusangula Stokes Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Uses 3 1 Culinary 4 Potential adverse effect 5 Other uses 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDescription EditAverrhoa bilimbi is a small tropical tree reaching up to 15m in height citation needed It is often multitrunked quickly dividing into ramifications Bilimbi leaves are alternate pinnate measuring approximately 30 60 cm in length Each leaf contains 11 37 leaflets ovate to oblong 2 10 cm long and 1 2 cm wide and cluster at branch extremities 3 The leaves are quite similar to those of the Otaheite gooseberry The tree is cauliflorous with 18 68 flowers in panicles that form on the trunk and other branches The flowers are heterotristylous borne in a pendulous panicle inflorescence There flower is fragrant corolla of 5 petals 10 30 mm long yellowish green to reddish purple 4 The fruit is ellipsoidal elongated measuring about 4 10 cm and sometimes faintly 5 angled 5 The skin smooth to slightly bumpy thin and waxy turning from light green to yellowish green when ripe 3 The flesh is crisp and the juice is sour and extremely acidic and therefore not typically consumed as fresh fruit by itself 6 Distribution and habitat EditA bilimbi is believed to be originally native to Moluccas Indonesia the species is now cultivated and found throughout Indonesia Timor Leste the Philippines Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Myanmar Burma and Malaysia It is also common in other Southeast Asian countries In India where it is usually found in gardens the bilimbi has gone wild in the warmest regions of the country 7 It is also seen in coastal regions of South India Outside of Asia the tree is cultivated in Zanzibar In 1793 the bilimbi was introduced to Jamaica from Timor and after several years was cultivated throughout Central and South America where it is known as mimbro In Suriname this fruit is known as lange birambi Introduced to Queensland at the end of the 19th century it has been grown commercially in the region since that time 7 In Guyana it is called Sourie One finger Bilimbi and Kamranga This is essentially a tropical tree less resistant to cold than the carambola growing best in rich and well drained soil but also stands limestone and sand It prefers evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year but with a 2 to 3 month dry season Therefore the species is not found for example in the wettest part of Malaysia In Florida where it is an occasional curiosity the tree needs protection from wind and cold 7 Uses EditCulinary Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message In Indonesia A bilimbi locally known as belimbing wuluh is often used to give sour or an acidic flavor to food substituting tamarind or tomato In the north western province of Aceh it is preserved by salting and sun drying to make asam sunti a kitchen seasoning to make a variety of Acehnese dishes It a key ingredient in many Indonesian dishes such as sambal belimbing wuluh 6 In the Philippines where it is commonly called kamias and iba are commonly found in backyards The fruits are eaten either raw or dipped in rock salt It can be either curried or added as a souring agent for common Filipino dishes such as sinigang pinangat and paksiw It is being sun dried for preservation It is also used to make salad mixed with tomatoes chopped onions with soy sauce as dressing The uncooked bilimbi is prepared as relish and served with rice and beans in Costa Rica In the Far East where the tree originated it is sometimes added to curry In Malaysia and the Philippines bilimbi or kamias is made into a rather sweet and sour jam with a flavor profile similar to prunes or plums In Kerala and Bhatkal India it is used for making pickles and to make fish curry especially with sardines while around Karnataka Maharashtra and Goa the fruit is commonly eaten raw with salt and spice In Guyana and Mauritius it is made into achars pickles In Maldives where it is known as bilimagu it is pickled with aromatic spices and eaten with rice and local Garudhiya fish soup It is also used in various Maldivian local dishes such as Boakibaa and Mashuni as a souring agent In Seychelles it is often used as an ingredient to give a tangy flavor to many Seychellois creole dishes especially fish dishes It is often used in grilled fish and also almost always in a shark meat dish called satini reken It is also cooked down with onion tomato and chili peppers to make a sauce Sometimes they are cured with salt to be used when they are out of season Bilimbi juice with a pH of about 4 47 is made into a cooling beverage It can replace mango in making chutney Additionally the fruit can be preserved by pickling 8 which reduces its acidity Potential adverse effect EditThe fruit contains high levels of oxalate Acute kidney failure due to tubular necrosis caused by oxalate has been recorded in several people who drank the concentrated juice on continuous days as treatment for high cholesterol 9 Other uses EditIn Malaysia very acidic bilimbis are used to clean kris blades 10 In the Philippines it is often used in rural places as an alternative stain remover 11 In the region of Addu in Maldives the flowers of the bilimbi plant were commonly used in the 20th century as a cloth dye citation needed Gallery Edit nbsp Fruit nbsp Flowers nbsp Averrhoa bilimbi flower nbsp Bilimbi tree full with fruitsSee also EditAverrhoa carambola a closely related treeReferences Edit The Plant List A Working List of All Plant Species Retrieved May 16 2014 Averrhoa bilimbi Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 9 June 2017 a b Averrhoa bilimbi L Singapore Government National Parks Flora amp Fauna Web permanent dead link Ahmed QamarUddin Alhassan AlhassanMuhammad 2016 Averrhoa bilimbiLinn A review of its ethnomedicinal uses phytochemistry and pharmacology Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 8 4 265 271 doi 10 4103 0975 7406 199342 ISSN 0975 7406 PMC 5314823 PMID 28216948 Buy BILIMBI Fruit Tree Averrhoa bilimbi www daleysfruit com au Retrieved 2018 10 25 a b Xu Eren Wijaya Christofora Faridah Didah 2017 Characterization of aroma compounds in Indonesian traditional seasoning asam sunti made from Averrhoa bilimbi L Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 1 doi 10 9755 ejfa 2016 11 1577 ISSN 2079 052X S2CID 99618494 a b c Morton J 1987 Bilimbi p 128 129 In Fruits of warm climates Julia F Morton Miami FL Achar bilimbi Bilimbi pickle ile maurice tripod com Jose P P Bakul G Unni V N et al 2013 Acute oxalate nephropathy due to Averrhoa bilimbi fruit juice ingestion Indian J Nephrol 23 4 297 300 doi 10 4103 0971 4065 114481 PMC 3741977 PMID 23960349 Averrhoa bilimbi United World College of South East Asia Archived from the original on 21 January 2019 Retrieved 16 December 2010 Growing Kamias and Its Many Uses EntrePinoys Atbp Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 Retrieved 16 December 2010 External links Edit nbsp Media related to Averrhoa bilimbi at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Averrhoa bilimbi amp oldid 1176007762, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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