Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic
The Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas de la República Argentina) are the combined armed forces of Argentina. It is controlled by the Commander-in-Chief (the President) and a civilian Minister of Defense. In addition to the Army, Navy and Air Force, there are two security forces, controlled by the Ministry of Security, which can be mobilized in occasion of an armed conflict: the National Gendarmerie, a gendarmerie used to guard borders and places of strategic importance; and the Naval Prefecture, a coast guard used to protect internal major rivers and maritime territory.
| Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic | |
|---|---|
| Fuerzas Armadas de la República Argentina | |
| Founded | 29 May 1810 |
| Current form | 9 September 1948[1] |
| Service branches | |
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-Chief | President Alberto Ángel Fernández |
| Minister of Defense | Jorge Taiana |
| Chief of the Joint General Staff | Lieutenant general Juan Martín Paleo |
| Personnel | |
| Military age | 18 years old |
| Active personnel | 108,000 (2022)[2] |
| Expenditures | |
| Budget | $2.9 billion (2022)[3][4] |
| Industry | |
| Domestic suppliers | Argentine defense industry |
| Foreign suppliers | United States France Germany Spain Israel Brazil Austria Russia China Italy Belgium Sweden Turkey |
| Related articles | |
| History | Military history of Argentina |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Argentina |
Traditionally, Argentina maintains close defense cooperation and military-supply relationships with the United States and to a lesser extent, with Israel, Canada, Germany, France, Spain, Belarus, Italy, and Russia.
History edit
This section possibly contains original research. (December 2012) |
The oldest forces of the Argentinian military are the Argentinian Army and the Argentinian Navy, both created in 1810, during the Argentine War of Independence, while the Argentinian Air Force was established in 1945. The Argentine military played a role in the institutional life of the country, during a series of coups d'état that took place in the 20th century.
1955–1963 internal strife edit
After the Revolución Libertadora coup that deposed president Juan Domingo Perón in 1955, the armed forces split into opposing sectors named Azules y colorados ("Blues and Reds"). The fight would end in 1963 with military clashes and the defeat of the reds who were opposed to Perón.
1965 Operacion 90 edit
In 1965, the Argentine military conducted a 10-man patrol on Antarctica called Operación 90 under then-Colonel Jorge E. Leal to promote Argentina's claim to a portion of the continent.
1975 Counter-insurgency edit
In 1975 the armed forces started a massive operation in the Tucumán Province to crush the ERP (Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo or People's Revolutionary Army) guevarist guerrilla group which attempted to create a "revolutionary foco in this remote and mountainous province, in the north-west of Argentina."
National Reorganization Process edit
The last military dictatorship, the National Reorganization Process, lasted from 1976 to 1983. As Isabel Perón was unable to defeat the terrorist organizations of Montoneros and ERP, the military took power during the 1976 Argentine coup d'état and exterminated the violent communist guerrillas by random detentions, torture or death. The current government of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner that sympathizes with Perón, antagonized the Armed Forces with the justification of the past junta and limits the powers of the current armed forced to avoid state terrorism of the past.
1978 Beagle Conflict edit
1982 Falklands War edit
On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces invaded the British overseas territory of the Falkland Islands, followed shortly afterwards by the invasion of South Georgia. Britain sent a task force to recover the islands. Argentina surrendered on 14 June. The political effect of the surrender lead to protests against the dictatorship, which hastened its downfall.
1983 transition to democracy edit
The democratic government of Raúl Alfonsín that took office in 1983 prosecuted the 1970s crimes and made the unprecedented (and only Latin American example) Trial of the Juntas and soon the Army was rocked by uprisings and internal infighting. Far-right sectors of the Army rebelled in the Carapintadas (painted faces) movement. To contain the rebellions, Alfonsín promoted the Full stop law and the Law of due obedience. The following president, Carlos Menem, gave the presidential pardon to the military found guilty in the Trial of the Juntas. It would not be until 1990, when the last military uprising in Argentine history was crushed, that the political conflict within the Army finally subsided.
In January 1989, during the subversive attack on La Tablada, the Army used white phosphorus in a violation of the Geneva Convention (according to a document presented by the human rights commission of the United Nations on January 12, 2001).[5]
Gulf War and 1990s edit
Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War sending a destroyer and a corvette in first term and a supply ship and another corvette later to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the gulf. The success of "Operación Alfil" (English: "Operation Bishop") as it was known, with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km) sailed on the operations theatre helped to overcome the so-called "Malvinas syndrome".[citation needed]
From 1990 to 1992, the Baradero-class patrol boats were deployed under UN mandate ONUCA to the Gulf of Fonseca in Central America. In 1994, the three Drummond-class corvettes participated on Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti.[citation needed]
Also, in the 1990s, Argentine Armed Forces began a close defense cooperation and friendship policy with neighbors Brazil and Chile, with emphasis on fulfillment of United Nations mandates.
The Argentine military have been reduced both in number and budget, but became more professional, especially after conscription was abolished by president Menem. The British embargo due to the Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas) was officially eliminated and Argentina was granted Major Non-NATO ally status by United States President Bill Clinton.[6]
Present edit
The modern Argentine Armed Forces are committed to international peacekeeping under United Nations mandates, humanitarian aid on emergencies relief and support the country's continuous presence at Antarctica.
Democratic governments since 1983 streamlined the military budget and did not approve any large scale equipment purchases. Argentina military spending is one of the lowest of South America[7][8] and as of 2010, its 0.9% of GDP only exceeds Suriname[9] Within the defence budget itself funding for training and even basic maintenance was significantly cut, a factor contributing to the accidental loss of the Argentine submarine San Juan in 2017. The result has been a steady erosion of Argentine military capabilities, with some arguing that Argentina had, by the end of the 2010s, ceased to be a capable military power.[10]
The small-scale capability modernization that Argentina has attempted has been actively opposed by the United Kingdom. In 2019 the Argentine Air Force and government selected the Korean KAI FA-50 as its interim fighter to replace its aging Falklands-vintage aircraft. However, the deal was cancelled in early 2020 leaving the Air Force without a fighter replacement. British intervention was apparently a key factor in the cancellation with Britain stopping the export of the aircraft incorporating various British components.[11] In October 2020, Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) confirmed that since major components of the aircraft were supplied by the U.K., the aircraft could not be exported to Argentina. Britain similarly blocked the potential sale of Brazilian license-built Saab Gripen aircraft to Argentina given avionics that were of British origin.[12]
In 2003, for the first time, the Argentine Navy (classified as a major non-NATO ally) interoperated with a United States Navy battlegroup when destroyer ARA Sarandí (D-13) joined the USS Enterprise Carrier Strike Group and Destroyer Squadron 18 as a part of Exercise Solid Step during their tour in the Mediterranean Sea.[citation needed]
On June 12, 2006, President Néstor Kirchner brought into force the Defense Law, which had been passed in 1988 as a means to modernize the doctrine of the armed forces and define their role.[citation needed] The law states that the armed forces will only be used against foreign aggression, and reduces the powers of the heads of the armed services, centralizing whole operational and acquisitions decisions under the authority of the Armed Forces Joint General Staff (Spanish: Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas – EMC ) emphasizing Jointness.[citation needed]
In 2007, an agreement for cooperation in peace operations was signed with France.[13]
A combined Argentinian-Chilean force for future United Nations Mandates was created.[14] Named Cruz del Sur (English: Southern Cross), the new force began assembly in 2008 with its headquarters alternating between the two countries each year.[15]
In 2009, UNASUR, the South American countries union, created the CDS ( Spanish: Consejo de Defensa Sudamericano (South American Defence council) in order to promote cooperation and transparency between their armed forces[16]
As of 2011, they perform with Chile the PARACACH (Patrulla de Rescate Antártica Combinada Argentina-Chile, Argentine Chilean Antarctic combined search and rescue patrol) with support from the German Space Agency which provided satellite imagery[17]
Structure edit
The three branches of the Argentine Armed Forces are under the direct authority of the Defense Ministry, while the Argentine National Gendarmerie and the Argentine Naval Prefecture, as security forces, under the direct authority of the Ministry of Security.
| Armed Forces (responsible to Defence Ministry) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Spanish | Acronym | Description | Official website |
| Ministry of Defense | Ministerio de Defensa | MINDEF | Federal ministry | |
| Argentine Army (includes Intelligence Service) | Ejército Argentino | EA | Army | http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/ |
| Argentine Navy (includes Intelligence Service) | Armada de la República Argentina | ARA | Navy | |
| Argentine Air Force (includes Intelligence Service) | Fuerza Aérea Argentina | FAA | Air force | |
| Security Forces (responsible to Ministry of Security) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Spanish | Acronym | Class | Official website |
| Ministry of Security | Ministerio de Seguridad | MINSEG | Federal ministry | http://www.minseg.gob.ar/ |
| Argentine National Gendarmerie (includes Scorpion Group) | Gendarmería Nacional Argentina | GNA | Gendarmerie | https://www.argentina.gob.ar/gendarmeria |
| Argentine Naval Prefecture (includes Albatros Group) | Prefectura Naval Argentina | PNA | Coast guard | |
| Inter-service institutions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Spanish | Acronym | Class | Official website |
| Armed Forces Joint General Staff (includes Intelligence Service) | Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas | EMCFA | Joint high command | |
| National Directorate of Strategic Military Intelligence | Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Estratégica Militar | DNIEM | Intelligence support agency | |
| National Geographic Institute | Instituto Geográfico Nacional | IGN | Geographic support agency | http://www.ign.gov.ar/[permanent dead link] |
| Armed Forces Intelligence Institute | Instituto de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas | IIFA | Intelligence support agency | |
| Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Centre (includes Information Security, Section 6) | Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de las Fuerzas Armadas | CITEFA | Research and development agency | http://www.citefa.gov.ar/ 2017-09-17 at the Wayback Machine |
| Argentine Joint Training Centre for Peace Operations | Centro Argentino de Entrenamiento Conjunto para Operaciones de Paz | CAECOPAZ | Specialized training centre | |
International participation edit
Argentina was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991 to the Gulf War under UN mandate and has remained involved in peacekeeping efforts in multiple locations like UNPROFOR in Croatia/Bosnia, Gulf of Fonseca, UNFICYP in Cyprus (where among Army and Marines troops the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and MINUSTAH in Haiti.
UNFICYP was also a precedent in the Latin American military as troops of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay are embedded in the Argentine contingent[18]
Since 1999 and as of June 2006, Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops in Kosovo during SFOR (and later EUFOR) operations where combat engineers of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded in an Italian brigade.
In 2007, an Argentine contingent including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help Bolivia against their worst floods in decades.[19] In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved in Haiti and Chile humanitarian responses after their respective earthquakes.
Argentine military forces formed part of[20]
- Haiti - UN MINUSTAH video ( Including the Mobile Field Hospital and helicopters )
- Cyprus - UN UNFICYP ( including ARGAIR helicopters[21] )
- Serbia/Province Kosovo - NATO KFOR (CICKO)
- Serbia/Province Kosovo - UN UNMIK
- Belgium - NATO ICC-SHAPE
- Bosnia - NATO EUFOR
And as military observers in UNTSO, MINURSO, UNMIL, MONUC, UNMIS and UNOCI.
Argentina was also responsible for the White Helmets initiative.
Gallery edit
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Independence Day Army parade, Junín, 2004
-
San Martin camp for UNFICYP in Cyprus
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P-3B on joint operations in Panama
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Research and Development: UAV Lipan
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Development: CH-14 Aguilucho
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-
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Argentine Antarctic presence
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See also edit
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ Salas, Jorge Marcelo. . www.fuerzas-armadas.mil.ar. Archived from the original on 2017-10-08. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
- ^ "Datos estadísticos - Fuerzas Armadas". Argentina.gob.ar. October 9, 2019.
- ^ "Military expenditure (Current USD) - Argentina | Data".
- ^ . lanacion.com.ar. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ E/CN.4/2001/NGO/98, United Nations, January 12, 2001 - URL accessed on February 9, 2007 (in Spanish); ANSA cable quoted by the RaiNews24: See frame on the right 2012-07-30 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian).
- ^ "Overview of U.S. Policy Toward South America and the President's Upcoming Trip to the Region". commdocs.house.gov.
- ^ "El presupuesto militar argentino, uno de los más bajos de la región". lanacion.com.ar.
- ^ "Argentina sólo gasta 80 millones de dólares anuales en armamento.".
- ^ . perfil.com. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "Argentina has now ceased to be a capable military power". 16 May 2018.
- ^ "No FA-50s for You! U.K. Bureaucrats Swat Down Argentine Fighter Plan". Forbes.
- ^ "UK bars sale of South Korean fighter jets for the Argentine air force".
- ^ Infodefensa.com, Revista Defensa (20 May 2018). "Noticias de industria de defensa y seguridad en España y América". infodefensa.com.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Avance para la fuerza combinada con Chile".
- ^ "Destinan $30 millones para operar con Chile". La Nación.
- ^ "CDS official site )". cdsunasur.org.
- ^ Infodefensa.com (26 September 2011). "Los Ejércitos de Chile y Argentina realizan el ejercicio conjunto 'SAR Terrestre 2011' en la Antártida - Noticias Infodefensa América". infodefensa.com.
- ^ Argentine Army: UNFICYP April 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
UN: Cyprus - UNFICYP - Facts and Figures September 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
Chilean Army: Misión de la ONU en Chipre desde el año 2003 June 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
Brazilian Army: UNFICYP February 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine - ^ Argentina, Armada. "Gaceta Marinera - Portal Oficial de Noticias de la Armada Argentina". www.gacetamarinera.com.ar.
- ^ (PDF). Jgm.gov.ar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
- ^ . Archived from the original on August 5, 2010.
Sources edit
- This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2023 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2006 edition)
- This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
Further reading edit
- Osacar, Ignacio J. (18 May 2007). . NuevaMayoria.com (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro de Estudios Nueva Mayoría. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
- Osacar, Ignacio J. (5 June 2007). . NuevaMayoria.com (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro de Estudios Nueva Mayoría. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
External links edit
- Official website (in Spanish)