Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (May 2017) |
The Lockheed Martin A-4AR Fightinghawk is a major upgrade of the McDonnell Douglas A-4M Skyhawk attack aircraft developed for the Argentine Air Force which entered service in 1998. The program was named Fightinghawk in recognition of the F-16 Fighting Falcon, which was the source of its new avionics.
| A-4AR Fightinghawk | |
|---|---|
| An A-4AR during Air Fest 2010 | |
| Role | Ground attack fighter |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin Aircraft Argentina SA |
| First flight | December 1997 |
| Introduction | December 1997 |
| Status | In service |
| Primary user | Argentine Air Force |
| Produced | 1996–1999 |
| Number built | 36 converted |
| Developed from | A-4M Skyhawk |
Design and development edit
Background edit
The Falklands War in 1982 took a heavy toll on the Argentine Air Force, which lost over 60 aircraft.[citation needed]
The supply of modern combat aircraft had been restricted since the United States had imposed an arms embargo in 1978 for human rights abuses;[1] there were further restrictions when the United Kingdom also imposed an arms embargo in 1982. The only combat aircraft that the Air Force could obtain were 10 Mirage 5Ps transferred from the Peruvian Air Force, 19 Six-Day War veteran Mirage IIICJs from Israel, and 2 Mirage IIIB trainers from the French Air Force.[citation needed]
In 1989, Carlos Menem was elected President of Argentina and quickly established a pro-United States foreign policy which led to the country gaining Major non-NATO ally status.[2] Although the economic situation improved, the funds to purchase new combat aircraft like the Mirage 2000 remained unavailable.[citation needed]
In 1994, the United States made a counteroffer to modernize 36 former US Marine Corps A-4M Skyhawks in a US$282 million deal that would be carried out by Lockheed Martin and included the privatization of the Fabrica Militar de Aviones (Military Aircraft Factory – FMA), which was renamed Lockheed Martin Aircraft Argentina SA (LMAASA) afterward.[citation needed] In 2010, LMAASA reverted to the Argentine government as Fabrica Argentina de Aviones (FADEA).[3][4]
Production edit
Argentine Air Force technicians chose 32 A-4M (built between 1970/1976)[5][6] and 4 TA-4F[7] airframes from the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona to upgrade. The upgrade plans included:[citation needed]
- Complete overhaul of the airframe, wiring looms and the Pratt & Whitney J52P-408A engine
- Installation of Douglas Escapac 1-G3 ejection seats
- HGU-55/P helmets
- Honeywell Normal Air-Garrett's OBOGS (On Board Oxygen Generation System)
- Westinghouse/Northrop Grumman AN/APG-66V2 (ARG-1) radar
- HOTAS controls and a 'glass' cockpit (2 CRT color screens)
- Sextant Avionique/Thales Avionics SHUD
- Litton/Northrop Grumman LN-100G inertial navigation system
- MIL-STD-1553B data bus
- Two General Dynamics Information Systems AN/AYK-14 mission computers
- Northrop Grumman AN/ALR-93 (V)1 Radar warning receiver
- AN/ALQ-126B jammer
- AN/ALQ-162 jammer
- ALR-47 chaff/flare dispenser
- AN/APX-72 IFF
The A-4Ms were equipped with the TV and laser spot tracker Hughes AN/ASB-19 Angle Rate Bombing System, but this was removed after the conversion into A-4ARs, as the radar could provide the same data.[citation needed]
The contract stipulated that 8 airframes would be refurbished at the Lockheed-Martin Plant in Palmdale, California and the rest (27) in Córdoba, Argentina at LMAASA. At least ten TA-4J and A-4M airframes for use as spare parts, eight additional engines, and a new A-4AR simulator were also delivered.[citation needed]
Operational history edit
The Fightinghawks, having received Air Force serials C-901 to C-936, saw their first group arrive in Argentina on 18 December 1997 and the first "Argentine" A-4AR was rolled out on 3 August 1998 at Cordoba. The last one, number 936, was delivered to the Air Force in March 2000. Two aircraft (a one-seat and a two-seat) remained some time in the United States for weapons homologation. All of the A-4ARs were delivered to the 5th Air Brigade (V Brigada Aérea) at Villa Reynolds, San Luis Province, where they replaced two squadrons of Falklands/Malvinas veteran A-4P (locally known as A-4B) and A-4C. They were soon deployed in rotation around the country from Rio Gallegos in the south to Resistencia in the north where they were used to intercept smugglers and drug trafficking airplanes.[citation needed]
In September 1998, just months after their arrival and again in April 2001, United States Air Force F-16s visited Villa Reynolds for the Southern Falcon joint exercise, known as Aguila (Spanish for Eagle) in Argentina. In 2004, the A-4ARs went abroad for the joint exercise Cruzex, along with Brazilian F-5s and Mirages, Venezuelan F-16s and French Mirage 2000s.[citation needed]
In November 2005 they were deployed to Tandil airbase to enforce a no-fly zone for the Mar del Plata Summit of the Americas and later met Chilean Mirage Elkans, Brazilian AMXs and Uruguayan A-37 at Mendoza for the joint exercise Ceibo.[citation needed]
In July 2006 they were deployed to Cordoba province for the Mercosur's 30th Presidents Summit, while in August and September they went north again to Brazil for the Cruzex III joint exercise with Brazil, Chile, France, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.[citation needed]
In June 2008 they were deployed to Tucumán province for the Mercosur's Presidents Summit.[citation needed]
In August 2009 they were deployed to Bariloche for the UNASUR Presidents summit. Later that month they participated at Reconquista, Santa Fe of the Pre-Salitre official video an exercise of preparation for the Salitre II oficial video of next October in Chile with Chile, Brazil, France and the United States.[8][9]
On 1 May 2010 they participated in the Air Fest 2010 show at Morón Airport and Air Base.video On 25 May 2010 three A-4AR flew over the 9 de Julio Avenue at Buenos Aires as part of the Argentina Bicentennial shows.[10]
In August 2010, the aircraft enforced a no-fly zone at San Juan for the Mercosur's Presidents Summit. On September they joined the rest of the air force aircraft at Reconquista, Santa Fe for the ICARO III integration manoeuvers.[11] On November they deployed to Tandil airbase for the XX Ibero-American Summit held at Mar del Plata.[citation needed]
In January 2016, Argentine Minister of Defence Julio Martinez confirmed that all Air Force Lockheed Martin A-4AR Skyhawk (Fightinghawk) fighters were grounded. Originally this was due to the expiry of the explosive cartridges in their ejection seats, but later it became apparent that there were additional problems.[12] Only 4-5 were found airworthy with the rest in storage at Villa Reynolds.[13]
In May 2017, they participated in the celebrations of the 2017 anniversary of the May Revolution.[14]
By 2020, as few as six of the aircraft were still reported as operational.[15]
Variants edit
- A-4AR
- 32 converted from A-4Ms
- OA-4AR
- 4 converted from TA-4Fs
Operators edit
- Argentine Air Force – 36 received (32 A-4AR, 4 OA-4AR); as few as 6 reported operational in 2020;[16] operational availability reported in 2022 at perhaps 15-20% of 23 aircraft[17]
Accidents edit
As of August 2020[update] four of the type have been lost in 20 years of service:
- 6 July 2005: A-4AR registration C-906 near Justo Daract, San Luis Province, pilot Lt Horacio Martín Flores (29 years old) died.[18]
- 24 August 2005: A-4AR registration C-936 near Río Cuarto, Cordoba, pilot ejected safely.[19]
- 14 February 2013: OA-4AR registration C-902 crashed on landing at Angel Aragonés airport near Santiago del Estero, both pilots ejected safely.[20]
- 5 August 2020: A-4AR registration C-925 near Villa Reynolds, San Luís, pilot Cpt Gonzalo Fabián Britos Venturini ejected but was found dead.[21]
Specifications (A-4AR Fightinghawk) edit
Data from FAA Official site and A-4 Skyhawk
General characteristics
- Crew: 1 (2 in OA-4AR)
- Length: 12.30 m (40 ft 3 in)
- Wingspan: 8.38 m (27 ft 6 in)
- Height: 4.57 m (14 ft 11 in)
- Wing area: 24.15 m2 (259 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 4,900 kg (10,803 lb)
- Gross weight: 11,000 kg (24,251 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 11,136 kg (24,500 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney J52-P-408A turbojet, 50.0 kN (11,200 lbf) thrust
Performance
- Maximum speed: 1,080 km/h (671 mph, 583 kn)
- Range: 3,220 km (2,000 mi, 1,700 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 12,880 m (42,250 ft)
- Rate of climb: 43 m/s (8,440 ft/min)
- Wing loading: 344.4 kg/m2 (70.7 lb/sq ft)
- Thrust/weight: 0.51
Armament
- Guns: 2× 20 mm (0.787 in) Colt Mk 12 cannon, 100 rounds/gun
- Missiles:
- Bombs: 9,900 lb (4,490 kg) on five external hardpoints
See also edit
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References edit
- ^ backing the Humphrey-Kennedy amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1976, the Carter administration placed an embargo on the sale of arms and spare parts to Argentina and on the training of its military personnel
- ^ ... represents our recognition of the importance of Argentina's leadership and cooperation in the field ofinternational peacekeeping, notably during Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, in Haiti, in its role in supervising the peace between Peru and Ecuador, and in nearly a dozen other international peacekeeping efforts ...
- ^ Back at the hands of the state
- ^ (in Spanish)Ministerio de Defensa – República Argentina 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Six A-4M batches Serials 31 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009. C-905 = 159472, C-906 = 158161, C-907 = 158167, C-908 = 158178 C-909 = 158419, C-910 = 158193, C-911 = 158429, C-912 = 159471 C-913 = 159493, C-914 = 159778, C-915 = 159780, C-916 = 160029 C-917 = 158164, C-918 = 158423, C-919 = 158171, C-920 = 158426 C-921 = 159475, C-922 = 160045, C-923 = 159470, C-924 = 160025 C-925 = 158413, C-926 = 160032, C-927 = 160035, C-928 = 160039 C-929 = 160040, C-930 = 160042, C-931 = 160043, C-932 = 159478 C-933 = 159483, C-934 = 159486, C-935 = 159487, C-936 = 159783
- ^ Two seats C-901 BuNo 154328, C-902 BuNo 154294, C-903 BuNo 154651 & C-904 BuNo 153531 are TA-4F built airframes later converted to the OA-4M variant. On the contrary the single seats were originally built as A-4M 30 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- '^ ejercicio pre salitre 2009 FAA site 18 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- '^ A-AR volando en el cielo del Bicentenario Perfil Blogs Archived 29 May 2010 at archive.today
- ^ FUERZA AÉREA REALIZA EJERCICIO ICARO III 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Porfilio, Gabriel (28 January 2016). "Argentinian MoD confirms all fighters grounded". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
- ^ Aguilera, Edgardo (27 January 2016). "No queremos una Armada que no navegue ni una Fuerza Aérea que no vuele". Diario Ambito Financiero (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 April 2016.
- ^ "Veteranos de Malvinas fueron ovacionados durante el desfile por el aniversario del 25 de Mayo". telam.com.ar. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ "Argentine A-4AR fighter jet crashes near Cordoba, pilot dead".
- ^ "Argentine A-4AR fighter jet crashes near Cordoba, pilot dead". 6 August 2020.
- ^ "Le remplacement des A-4AR Fightinghawk argentins plus que jamais d'actualité !". 16 November 2022.
- ^ "Accidentes aéreos en San Luis" 27 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ "Se estrelló un A-4AR de la FAA" Archived 7 November 2005 at archive.today (in Spanish)
- ^ (in Spanish). 14 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
- ^ "Murió un piloto tras eyectarse de un avión de combate de la Fuerza Aérea" (in Spanish). 5 August 2020.
- ^ "A4 AR Fightinghawk". 21 February 2012.
- ^ "Proyecto Pragmalia: 117. Fabricación de Coheteras Mamboreta ARM 657A". 25 June 2009.
- Rivas, Santiago (January 2012). "Argentina's Fightinghawks". Air International. Vol. 82, no. 1. pp. 74–77. ISSN 0306-5634.
External links edit
- (in Spanish)
- (in Spanish) El programa A-4AR avanza
- (in Spanish) Halcones al Sur, llegan los A-4AR
- (in Spanish) La Nacion newspaper 1997 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Nuevos aviones para la Fuerza Aérea
- (in Spanish) La Nacion newspaper 1998 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ejercicio militar con los EE.UU
- (in Spanish) La Nacion newspaper 1998 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Aviones argentinos interceptarán aeronaves norteamericanas
- (in Spanish) La Nacion newspaper 2005 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Habilitan un puente aéreo con EE.UU.
- (in Spanish) "A-4M Skyhawk II y el A-4AR Fightinghawk" 24 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine