People's Redemption Council
The People's Redemption Council (PRC) was a governmental body that ruled Liberia during the early 1980s.[1] It was established after the 1980 Liberian coup d'état wherein Samuel Doe seized power on 12 April 1980.[1] The Council, with Doe as its chairman, promised a complete overhaul of Liberia's society, economy, and political system and the replacement of the corruption of previous regimes with respect for the rights of the Liberian people.[2] The PRC had 17 founding members and was later expanded to 28.[1] The PRC initially functioned as the executive and legislative body in Doe's government.[1] However, over time Doe consolidated power as a central executive.[1][2] In 1984, the PRC was dissolved and replaced by the Interim National Assembly.[2]
Republic of Liberia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980-1984 | |||||
| Capital | Monrovia | ||||
| President | |||||
• 1980-1984 | Samuel Doe | ||||
| ISO 3166 code | LR | ||||
| |||||
History
Context
Since 1847, Liberia operated as an independent state with a constitutional system modeled on that of the United States.[3] For a long portion of its history, its government was dominated by Americo-Liberians, a group of freed slaves and their descendants from the United States that first arrived in Liberia in 1822 in a colony founded by the American Colonization Society.[4][5] After the death of the long-serving president, William Tubman, in 1971, William Tolbert, Jr., became president.[3] Tolbert's administration, like his predecessor's, was characterized by political suppression and a government dominated by the executive.[6] In 1979, civil discord rose to an all-time high due to a 50% increase in rice prices that resulted in the deaths of dozens of Liberians. In addition to an overall lack of development and a stagnant economy, this unrest precipitated the 1980 Liberian coup d'état that would lead to the creation of the PRC.[3][4][6]
Inception and operation
On 12 April 1980, Samuel K. Doe led a group of 17 soldiers in a coup d'état that overthrew and killed then-president William Tolbert.[1][2] By 16 April 1980, Doe's forces were able to begin consolidating power.[5] The group formed the People's Redemption Council as the supreme legislative and executive power with Doe as its chairman.[2] In the wake of the coup, the PRC emphasized a goal of creating a new system of governance and societal organization rooted in support for the country's commoners.[2] Doe, as a native Liberian, claimed to be seeking equality of rights and of status among all Liberians.[7]
Shortly after its formation, the PRC authorized the arrest of over 100 former government officials from the Tolbert administration.[5] Several of them were brutally beaten and executed in the weeks following the coup.[5]
In its first fiscal year, the PRC increased military spending by 150%, which critics used to question body's commitment to a transition towards democracy.[2] By early 1981, Liberian debt had nearly reached $800 million.[5] Under the PRC, Liberia's economy remained dependent on income from abroad.[8] In mid-1981, the PRC created the National Constitutional Commission (NCC), the Constitutional Advisory Assembly (CAA), and Special Elections Commission (SEC) to, respectively, write a new constitution, revise the newly drafted constitution, and run democratic elections.[2]
Shortly after its founding, Doe and the PRC increased the size of the body.[9] Three of these new members were former officials from the Tolbert administration.[2] Over time, conflict between military and civilian members led to division between progressives and conservatives, especially along ethnic lines.[2] Some PRC members criticized their fellow councilmen for engaging in the very corruption that they publicly disavowed.[4] In 1982, Doe and military PRC members executed several civilian PRC members who opposed them,[10] which effectively ended the intra-council conflict.[9][11]
International response
After the coup, the United States, the Organisation of African Unity, and the West African Economic Community criticized Doe and the PRC.[12] Additionally, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank restricted loan terms offered to Liberia under the PRC.[12]
Transition and disbandment
By December 1982, the NCC had completed its task of drafting a constitution.[2] Despite disagreements between the PRC and the NCC concerning the timeline of a transition, the NCC's draft was submitted to the CAA for revision.[2] After their revisions were completed in late 1983, a referendum took place on 3 July 1984, that ratified the constitution.[2]
With the ratification of the new constitution in 1984, the PRC was dissolved and replaced with the Interim National Assembly (INA) on 22 July 1984.[13]
Composition
At its inception, the PRC consisted of 17 soldiers.[1] The PRC quickly grew to include a handful of civilians and several high-ranking members of the previous administration, bringing the PRC's total membership to 28.[9] The PRC was mainly made up of native Liberians and[9] the majority of PRC members were Krahn, similarly to Doe, with a large number of members hailing from the same county as Doe.[9]
Powers
Immediately after the coup, the PRC prohibited organized opposition, dissolved the Legislature of Liberia, and suspended the Constitution, leaving the PRC as the sole executive and legislative body in the national government.[14]
However, despite this consolidation of authority, Doe quickly consolidated executive and legislative power, effectively making the PRC a de facto cabinet rather than a body with powers of its own.[1] Doe preserved his power through clientelism involving the army and by threat/use of force towards his opposition, including within the PRC itself.[9]
Legacy
Immediately after the PRC was disbanded, many of its members pursued positions of authority in the new government. Doe would win election as president in a highly contested and controversial election as the nominee of the National Democratic Party of Liberia.[6][9] Many former PRC members then became members of Doe's presidential cabinet.[2]
While the PRC ruled formally by decree, its decisions and amendments to Liberian law would continue in effect unless and until a successor body rescinded them.[15][16] Under the new constitution, Article 97, referred to by some as "transitional provisions", provided no action taken by the PRC "shall be questioned in any proceedings whatsoever" and prevented any court or tribunal from hearing any case pertaining to the 1980 coup, the suspension of the prior constitution, the establishment and actions of the PRC, or any legal decisions made or penalties imposed by the PRC.[17]
Colonist-native ethnic tension in Liberia had been prevalent since the arrival of the Americo-Liberians in the early 1800s.[12] Doe's favoritism towards the Krahn people increased tensions by encouraging boundaries and status differences among native Liberian ethnic groups.[11] These differences led to sometimes violent relationships with the Gio and Mano peoples.[11]
Under Doe and the PRC, poor nutrition, lack of access to drinking water, unemployment, and rising violent crime rates characterized life in Liberia.[6] In the political sphere, political imprisonment was high and political discourse was suppressed.[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dunn, D. Elwood; Holsoe, Svend (1985). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Metuchen, N.J. & London: The Scarecrow Press. pp. 60–139. ISBN 978-0810817678.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dunn, D. Elwood; Tarr, S. Byron (1988). Liberia: A National Polity in Transition. Metuchen, N.J. & London: The Scarecrow Press. pp. 93–127. ISBN 978-0810820883.
- ^ a b c "Liberia profile". BBC News. 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ a b c Kandeh, Jimmy (1996). "What Does the 'Militariat' Do When it Rules? Military Regimes: The Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia". Review of African Political Economy. 23 (69): 387–404. doi:10.1080/03056249608704204. JSTOR 4006379.
- ^ a b c d e Okolo, Julius Emeka (1981). "Liberia: The Military Coup and its Aftermath". The World Today. 37: 149–157 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b c d e Kieh, George (Winter 2000). "Military Rule in Liberia". Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 28: 327–340. ProQuest 206657255.
- ^ Sherman, Joseph (16 March 2006). "The Challenge of Ethnicity and Conflict". Global Policy Forum.
- ^ Asibey, Andrew Osei (1981). "Liberia: Political Economy of Underdevelopment and Military". Canadian Journal of Development Studies. 2 (2): 386–407. doi:10.1080/02255189.1981.9670004.
- ^ a b c d e f g Adebajo, Adekeye (2002). Liberia's Civil War. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1588260529.
- ^ "Liberia Executes 5 Members of Ruling Council". Washington Post. 15 August 1981. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Conteh-Morgan, Earl; Kadivar, Shireen (1995). "Ethnopolitical Violence in the Liberian Civil War". Journal of Conflict Studies.
- ^ a b c Liebenow, Gus (1981). "The Liberian Coup in Perspective". Current History. 80 (464): 101–134. doi:10.1525/curh.1981.80.464.101. S2CID 147036552. ProQuest 202925264.
- ^ Gehyeka, Sei Rubel (2018). Inside the People's Redemption Council of Liberia: An Untold Story. LifeRich Publishing.
- ^ Sesay, Amadu (Summer 1983). "The Liberian Revolution: Forward March, Stop: About-Face Turn". Journal of Conflict Studies. 3: 48–70 – via The Centre for Digital Scholarship Journals.
- ^ "PRC Decree No. 20" (PDF). People's Redemption Council. 10 October 1980. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "An Act to Repeal Decree No:14 of People's Redemption Council". National Legislature of the Republic of Liberia. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ Davis, Abednego (8 May 2018). . Liberian Observer Corporation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.