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Methuselah

February 01, 2023

This article is about the biblical figure. For other uses, see Methuselah (disambiguation).

Methuselah (US: /məˈθuːzˌlɑː/) (Hebrew: מְתוּשֶׁלַח Məṯūšélaḥ, in pausa מְתוּשָׁלַח‎ Məṯūšālaḥ, "His death shall send" or "Man of the javelin" or "Death of Sword";[1] Greek: Μαθουσάλας Mathousalas)[2] was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He had the longest lifespan of all those given in the Bible, having died at the age 969.[3] According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah. Elsewhere in the Bible, Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1 Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke.

Methuselah
Stained glass window of Methuselah from the southwest transept of Canterbury Cathedral in Kent, England
Born687 AM
Died1656 AM (aged 969)
Known forExceptionally long life
SpouseEdna
ChildrenLamech and other sons and daughters
Parent

His life is described in further detail in extra-biblical religious texts such as the Book of Enoch, Slavonic Enoch, and the Book of Moses. Bible commentators have offered various explanations as to why the Book of Genesis describes him as having died at such an advanced age; some believe that Methuselah's age is the result of a mistranslation, while others believe that his age is used to give the impression that part of Genesis takes place in a very distant past. Methuselah's name has become synonymous with longevity, and he has been portrayed and referenced in film, television and music.

In the Bible

Methuselah is a biblical patriarch[4] mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27, as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah. The following is taken from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible:

When Enoch had lived sixty-five years, he became the father of Methuselah. Enoch walked with God after the birth of Methuselah three hundred years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty-five years. Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him. When Methuselah had lived one hundred eighty-seven years, he became the father of Lamech. Methuselah lived after the birth of Lamech seven hundred eighty-two years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty-nine years; and he died. 5:21–27[5]

According to the Bible, Methuselah died the year of the flood[6] but the Bible does not record whether he died during or prior to the flood. He was also the oldest of all the figures mentioned in the Bible.[3] Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis, in 1 Chronicles 1:3 he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul.[4] Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament, when the Gospel of Luke traces Jesus' lineage back to Adam in Luke 3.[7][4]

In other religious texts

 
A depiction of Methuselah at the Church of San Juan Bautista in Carbonero el Mayor, Segovia Province, Spain

The apocryphal Book of Enoch claims to be revelations of Enoch, transcribed by him and entrusted to be preserved for future generations by his son, Methuselah.[8] In this book, Enoch recounts two visions he has had to Methuselah. The first is about the Genesis flood narrative, and the second chronicles the history of the world from Adam to the Last Judgment. In the latter vision, men are represented as animals – the righteous are white cattle and sheep, the sinners and enemies of Israel are black cattle and wild animals.[9] Following his father's death in the Book of Enoch, Methuselah is designated by God as a priest, while Methuselah's grandson, Noah's brother Nir, is designated by God as his successor.[8] In Slavonic Enoch, Methuselah asks his father for a blessing, and is given instructions on how to live righteously. After their father ascends into heaven, Methuselah and his brothers build an altar and made "a great festivity, praising God who had given such a sign by means of Enoch, who had found favor with Him."[9]

The Book of Jubilees presents itself as "the history of the division of the days of the Law, of the events of the years, the year-weeks, and the jubilees of the world" and claims to be a revelation of God to Moses, given through the Angel of the Presence in addition to the written Law received by Moses on Mount Sinai; and, while the written Law was to be imparted to all, this was to be a secret tradition entrusted only to the saints of each generation, to Enoch, Methuselah, Noah, and Shem, then to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Levi, and finally to the priests and scribes of the latter times.[10]

Rabbinic literature states that when Noah was 480 years old all the righteous men were dead, except Methuselah and himself. At God's command they both announced that 120 years would be given to men for repentance; if in that time they had not mended their evil ways, the earth would be destroyed.[11] But their plea was in vain; even while Noah was engaged in building the ark, the wicked - who were of immense stature as they were descended from the sons of God - made sport of him and his work, saying: "If the Flood should come, it could not harm us. We are too tall; and, moreover, we could close up with our feet [which were of monstrous size] the springs from below." They resorted to these tactics; but God heated the water, and their feet and the flesh of their bodies was scalded.[12][13]

The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ("Book of Jasher")[14] describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness.[15] All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left.[16] God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family).[17] Methuselah lived until the ark was built, but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous.[16] The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960.[18]

Methuselah (Arabic: Mattūshalakh) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of stories of the pre-Islamic prophets, which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic writers like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad.[19]

The Book of Moses, a Mormon text, says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven, Methusaleh stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch – that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah – would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet.[20]

Interpretations

Further information: Biblical longevity
 
Bartolomé Bermejo, Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise, c. 1480. In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell, Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Jesus, along with Solomon, the Queen of Sheba, and Adam and Eve.

Literal

Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists attempt to give certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood.[21] Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve, its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood.[22] The Catholic Encyclopedia says "Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year."[2]

Mistranslation

Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted "months" to "years", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years,[23] but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5[24] using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers "might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10".[25]

Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which "will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years"... "Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth..." and then lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc.[26]

Myth

Yigal Levin states that these long lifespans are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah.[27] Claus Westermann states they are intended to create the impression of a distant past.[28]

Some versions of the Sumerian King List mention a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah.[citation needed] He was the son of En-men-dur-ana, a Sumerian mythological figure often compared to Enoch, as he entered heaven without dying. Ubara-Tutu was the king of Sumer until a flood swept over his land. Although the ages of Methuselah and Ubara-Tutu are different, they both died in a Great Flood.[29] Babylonian writer Berossus also claims that, prior to the events of Babylon's flood myth, kings could live for tens of thousands of years, which bears some similarity to Genesis 5.[30] In Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity, Lucian Boia says that the Bible's portrayal of Methuselah and other long lived figures features "traces of the Mesopatamian legends" found in the Epic of Gilgamesh, where Gilgamesh rules Uruk for 126 years, and his ancestors are said to have ruled for several hundred years each. Boia also notes that tales of kings who lived for thousands of years can be found in both Indian and Chinese mythology, and that the Bible is comparatively "restrained" in depicting early humans as being able to live for hundreds of years, rather than thousands.[31]

Boia notes that following the Flood, the Bible depicts its characters' lifespans as gradually diminishing; Noah's sons lived between 400 and 500 years, while Abraham died at 175, Moses died at 120, and David died at 70, an age that the Bible portrays as old for David's time period. Boia compares early biblical figures and their vast lifespans to the people of the Golden Age in Hesiod's poem Works and Days, whose bodies are perpetually youthful.[32]

Symbolic

Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed.[33] Boia believes that Methuselah serves the symbolic function of linking the Creation and the Flood, as Adam would have died during Methuselah's lifetime and Methuselah could have learned about the Garden of Eden from Adam.[34] The kings of the Sumerian King List lived for over a thousand years, and Mesopotamians believed both that living over a thousand years made someone divine or somewhat divine, and that their contemporary kings were descended from the kings of the Sumerian King List.[citation needed] Robert Gnuse hypothesizes that the author of Genesis made all of its characters die before they turned one-thousand as a polemic against these Mesopotamian beliefs, as well as any claim that a king is divine. Gnuse also believes that the author of Genesis said that Methuselah died before he lived a thousand years to show that he was not divine.[35]

Cultural influence

 
The tree Methuselah

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, Methuselah's name "has become a synonym for longevity".[2] Saying that someone is "as old as Methuselah" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly.[36] In this context, dogs which have lived long lives have been described as "Methuselah dogs".[37]

The word "Methuselarity", a blend of Methuselah and singularity, was coined in 2010 by the biomedical gerontologist Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time where people are expected not to die from age-related causes anymore, however long they live.[38]

A 4,854-year-old[39] Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California is called Methuselah.[40][41]

The lyrics of Ira Gershwin's song "It Ain't Necessarily So" (1935) cast doubt on various aspects of the Bible, such as the idea that Methuselah lived so long, the idea that the devil is evil, the story of Jonah, and the story of David and Goliath.[42]

In the 1970s mathematician John Conway introduced the Game of Life, a cellular automaton. In cellular automata, methuselahs refer to a small initial state of cells that continue to grow for a large number of generations.

In popular culture

The character Flint from the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Requiem for Methuselah" is a nearly-immortal man who was born in ancient Mesopotamia. His identities include Methuselah, Alexander the Great, Solomon, Lazarus of Bethany, Leonardo da Vinci and Johannes Brahms. Flint becomes lonely after living for a time on a deserted planet, and creates an immortal gynoid to keep him company. He eventually begins to slowly die because he left Earth's atmosphere, and dedicates the remainder of his days to the betterment of Mankind.[43]

Thor Kjartansson played a young Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky's 2014 film Noah,[44] with Anthony Hopkins playing the adult one. In the film, Noah's adopted daughter Ila (played by Emma Watson) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her.[44] Aronofsky's version of Methuselah is a hermit who lives on a mountaintop. In this retelling of the Genesis flood narrative, Methuselah dies during the deluge.[6]

In the TV series Altered Carbon, based on Richard K. Morgan's 2002 novel of the same name, a class of people who can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies are called "Meths" or "Methuselahs."[45]

In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct. The film is set to show Methuselah as never aging and possessing "unparalleled survival skills."[46]

The subgiant star HD 140283 is believed to be the oldest extant star discovered, often nicknamed "The Methuselah Star" after the ancient biblical figure.[47] The name is also used to refer to the exoplanet PSR B1620−26 b, which is one of the oldest known exoplanets with an estimated age of 12.7 billion years old.[48]

In 2019, a Titan named Methuselah appears in Godzilla: King of the Monsters, which resides in Outpost 67 in Munich, Germany. In the film, King Ghidorah wakes it up alongside the other titans. It makes an appearance in Godzilla Dominion as well.

Family tree

  1. ^ a b c Genesis 4:1
  2. ^ Genesis 4:2
  3. ^ Genesis 4:25; 5:3
  4. ^ Genesis 4:17
  5. ^ Genesis 4:26; 5:6–7
  6. ^ a b c d Genesis 4:18
  7. ^ Genesis 5:9–10
  8. ^ Genesis 5:12–13
  9. ^ Genesis 5:15–16
  10. ^ a b Genesis 4:19
  11. ^ Genesis 5:18–19
  12. ^ Genesis 4:20
  13. ^ Genesis 4:21
  14. ^ a b Genesis 4:22
  15. ^ Genesis 5:21–22
  16. ^ Genesis 5:25–26
  17. ^ Genesis 5:28–30
  18. ^ a b c Genesis 5:32


See also

References

  1. ^ Klein, Reuven Chaim (2019-10-22). "Bereishis: The Sword of Methusaleh". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  2. ^ a b c Molloy, J. (1911). "Methuselah". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  3. ^ a b Twain, Mark, ed. (1995). The Bible According to Mark Twain: Writings on Heaven, Eden, and the Flood. University of Georgia Press. p. 350. ISBN 9780820316505. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c "Methuselah". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  5. ^ Genesis 5:21–27
  6. ^ a b Krule, Miriam (March 28, 2014). "How Biblically Accurate Is Noah?". Slate. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  7. ^ Luke 3:23–38)
  8. ^ a b Porter, J. R. (2010). The Lost Bible. New York: Metro Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4351-4169-8.
  9. ^ a b   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Enoch, Books of (Ethiopic and Slavonic)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  10. ^   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Jubilees, Book of (Τὰ Ἰωβηλαῖα; known also as Little Genesis [ᾙ Κλεινὴ Γένεσις = "Bereshit Zuṭa"]; Apocalypse of Moses; Life of Adam)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  11. ^ "Book of Jasher 5". www.ccel.org.
  12. ^   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Flood, The (Hebr. ; LXX. κατακλυαμός).". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  13. ^ Citing Pirkei De Rabbi Eliezer 22
  14. ^ "Sefer Ha-Yashar: Or, the Book of Jasher; Referred to in Joshua and Second Samuel". Parry. November 11, 1887. Retrieved November 11, 2021 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ (Jasher 5:7)
  16. ^ a b (Jasher 5:21)
  17. ^ (Jasher 4:20)
  18. ^ (Jasher 5:36)
  19. ^ Ibn Ishāq, Sīrat Rasūl Allāh, tr. A. Guillaume (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 3
  20. ^ "Methuselah". Guide to the Scriptures. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  21. ^ John C. Whitcomb, Jr. and Henry M. Morris, "The Genesis Flood" (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1961), 399–404
  22. ^ Pilch, John J. (1999). The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible. Liturgical Press. pp. 144–146. ISBN 0-8146-2527-4.
  23. ^ Hill, Carol A. (December 2003). "Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis" (PDF). Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 55 (4): 239–51.
  24. ^ Morris, Henry M. (1976). The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House. p. 159. ISBN 0-8010-6004-4. Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born!
  25. ^ Etz, Donald V. (April 1993). "The Numbers of Genesis V 3-31: A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications". Vetus Testamentum. 43 (2): 171–89. doi:10.1163/156853393x00034. JSTOR 1519351. INIST:4293595.
  26. ^ Bennet, Ellen H. (1897). "Cosmogony, or Creation of the World". Astrology: Science of Knowledge and Reason: A Treatise on the Heavenly Bodies in an Easy and Comprehensive Form. New York. pp. 30–7. OCLC 11451986.
  27. ^ Levin, Yigal (October 2001). "Understanding Biblical Genealogies". Currents in Research: Biblical Studies. 9: 11–46.
  28. ^ Westermann. Genesis 1–11: A Commentary. p. 354.
  29. ^ Pritchard, James B. (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955, 1969). 1950 1st edition at Google Books. p.44: "...a flood [will sweep] over the cult-centers; to destroy the seed of mankind; is the decision, the word of the assembly [of the gods]."
  30. ^ Gnuse 2014, p. 172-173.
  31. ^ Boia 1998, p. 13.
  32. ^ Boia 1998, p. 13-14.
  33. ^ Abraham Malamat, "King Lists of the Old Babylonian Period and Biblical Genealogies," Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 (1968): 165. See also the discussion of "ten" in the Gen. genealogies in M. Abot section 5, Jacob Neusner, The Mishnah: A New Translation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), 685. Duane A. Garrett also thinks this is deliberate, thus indicating redaction, Rethinking Genesis: The Sources and Authorship of the First Book of the Bible, Ross-shire, Great Britain: Christian Focus Publications, 2000, p. 99.
  34. ^ Boia 1998, p. 11.
  35. ^ Gnuse 2014, p. 173.
  36. ^ "as old as Methuselah". Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  37. ^ Jónás, Dávid; Sándor, Sára; Tátrai, Kitti; Egyed, Balázs; Kubinyi, Enikö (2020-04-16). "A Preliminary Study to Investigate the Genetic Background of Longevity Based on Whole-Genome Sequence Data of Two Methuselah Dogs". Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 315. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00315. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 7176982. PMID 32373156.
  38. ^ de Grey, Aubrey (2008). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2017-02-24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  39. ^ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  40. ^ "Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest". USFS. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  41. ^ "Ancient Bristlecone Pine Natural History". USFS. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  42. ^ Roncace, Mark; Gray, Patrick (2007). Teaching the Bible Through Popular Culture and the Arts. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 47. ISBN 9781589836754. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  43. ^ Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise; Mirek, Debbie (1999). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. Pocket Books. ISBN 9781451646887. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  44. ^ a b Zuckerman, Esther (March 27, 2014). "Why Emma Watson Is the Secret Key to 'Noah'". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  45. ^ Chaney, Jen (September 2, 2018). "Altered Carbon Is an Over-Stacked Cyberpunk Mess". Vulture.com. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  46. ^ Lodderhose, Diana (28 October 2016). "Joachim Rønning Attached To Direct David Heyman's 'Methuselah' With Tom Cruise". Deadline Hollywood.
  47. ^ "Hubble Finds 'Birth Certificate' of Oldest Known Star". Science Daily. March 7, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
  48. ^ Wilford, John Noble (2003-07-11). "Oldest planet yet is discovered / 'Methuselah' dates back nearly to time of the Big Bang". SFGATE. Retrieved 2022-10-19.

Bibliography

  • Boia, Lucian (1998), Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity, 79 Farringdon Rd, London: Reaktion Books Ltd, ISBN 1-86189-154-7{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  • Gnuse, Robert (2014), Misunderstood Stories: Theological Commentary on Genesis 1-11, Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, ISBN 978-1-62564-007-9

External links

  •   Media related to Methuselah at Wikimedia Commons
  • Methuselah at Curlie
  • Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah
  • Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Methuselah" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

February 01, 2023
methuselah, this, article, about, biblical, figure, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑː, hebrew, תו, məṯūšélaḥ, pausa, תו, məṯūšālaḥ, death, shall, send, javelin, death, sword, greek, Μαθουσάλας, mathousalas, biblical, patriarch, figure, judaism, christianity, isl. This article is about the biblical figure For other uses see Methuselah disambiguation Methuselah US m e ˈ 8 uː z ˌ l ɑː Hebrew מ תו ש ל ח Meṯuselaḥ in pausa מ תו ש ל ח Meṯusalaḥ His death shall send or Man of the javelin or Death of Sword 1 Greek Ma8oysalas Mathousalas 2 was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism Christianity and Islam He had the longest lifespan of all those given in the Bible having died at the age 969 3 According to the Book of Genesis Methuselah was the son of Enoch the father of Lamech and the grandfather of Noah Elsewhere in the Bible Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1 Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke MethuselahStained glass window of Methuselah from the southwest transept of Canterbury Cathedral in Kent EnglandBorn687 AMDied1656 AM aged 969 Known forExceptionally long lifeSpouseEdnaChildrenLamech and other sons and daughtersParentEnoch father His life is described in further detail in extra biblical religious texts such as the Book of Enoch Slavonic Enoch and the Book of Moses Bible commentators have offered various explanations as to why the Book of Genesis describes him as having died at such an advanced age some believe that Methuselah s age is the result of a mistranslation while others believe that his age is used to give the impression that part of Genesis takes place in a very distant past Methuselah s name has become synonymous with longevity and he has been portrayed and referenced in film television and music Contents 1 In the Bible 2 In other religious texts 3 Interpretations 3 1 Literal 3 2 Mistranslation 3 3 Myth 3 4 Symbolic 4 Cultural influence 5 In popular culture 6 Family tree 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External linksIn the Bible EditMethuselah is a biblical patriarch 4 mentioned in Genesis 5 21 27 as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah The following is taken from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible When Enoch had lived sixty five years he became the father of Methuselah Enoch walked with God after the birth of Methuselah three hundred years and had other sons and daughters Thus all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty five years Enoch walked with God then he was no more because God took him When Methuselah had lived one hundred eighty seven years he became the father of Lamech Methuselah lived after the birth of Lamech seven hundred eighty two years and had other sons and daughters Thus all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty nine years and he died 5 21 27 5 According to the Bible Methuselah died the year of the flood 6 but the Bible does not record whether he died during or prior to the flood He was also the oldest of all the figures mentioned in the Bible 3 Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis in 1 Chronicles 1 3 he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul 4 Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament when the Gospel of Luke traces Jesus lineage back to Adam in Luke 3 7 4 In other religious texts Edit A depiction of Methuselah at the Church of San Juan Bautista in Carbonero el Mayor Segovia Province Spain The apocryphal Book of Enoch claims to be revelations of Enoch transcribed by him and entrusted to be preserved for future generations by his son Methuselah 8 In this book Enoch recounts two visions he has had to Methuselah The first is about the Genesis flood narrative and the second chronicles the history of the world from Adam to the Last Judgment In the latter vision men are represented as animals the righteous are white cattle and sheep the sinners and enemies of Israel are black cattle and wild animals 9 Following his father s death in the Book of Enoch Methuselah is designated by God as a priest while Methuselah s grandson Noah s brother Nir is designated by God as his successor 8 In Slavonic Enoch Methuselah asks his father for a blessing and is given instructions on how to live righteously After their father ascends into heaven Methuselah and his brothers build an altar and made a great festivity praising God who had given such a sign by means of Enoch who had found favor with Him 9 The Book of Jubilees presents itself as the history of the division of the days of the Law of the events of the years the year weeks and the jubilees of the world and claims to be a revelation of God to Moses given through the Angel of the Presence in addition to the written Law received by Moses on Mount Sinai and while the written Law was to be imparted to all this was to be a secret tradition entrusted only to the saints of each generation to Enoch Methuselah Noah and Shem then to Abraham Isaac Jacob and Levi and finally to the priests and scribes of the latter times 10 Rabbinic literature states that when Noah was 480 years old all the righteous men were dead except Methuselah and himself At God s command they both announced that 120 years would be given to men for repentance if in that time they had not mended their evil ways the earth would be destroyed 11 But their plea was in vain even while Noah was engaged in building the ark the wicked who were of immense stature as they were descended from the sons of God made sport of him and his work saying If the Flood should come it could not harm us We are too tall and moreover we could close up with our feet which were of monstrous size the springs from below They resorted to these tactics but God heated the water and their feet and the flesh of their bodies was scalded 12 13 The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar Book of Jasher 14 describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness 15 All other very long lived people died and Methuselah was the only one of this class left 16 God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died besides Noah and his family 17 Methuselah lived until the ark was built but died before the flood since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous 16 The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah s age at death as 960 18 Methuselah Arabic Mattushalakh is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of stories of the pre Islamic prophets which also say he was an ancestor of Noah Furthermore early Islamic writers like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad 19 The Book of Moses a Mormon text says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven Methusaleh stayed behind this was so that God s promises to Enoch that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah would be fulfilled The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet 20 Interpretations EditFurther information Biblical longevity Bartolome Bermejo Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise c 1480 In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Jesus along with Solomon the Queen of Sheba and Adam and Eve Literal Edit Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah s 969 years to be 969 solar years Some literalists attempt to give certain arguments for how this could be early humans had a better diet or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood 21 Others introduce theological causes humans were originally to have everlasting life but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve its influence became greater with each generation and God progressively shortened human life particularly after the Flood 22 The Catholic Encyclopedia says Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year 2 Mistranslation Edit Some believe that Methuselah s extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted months to years producing a more credible 969 lunar months or 78 years 23 but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 24 using numbers from the Masoretic Text Donald V Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10 25 Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years which will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem Ham and Japheth and then lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points 93 0 for Adam 91 0 for Cainan 96 9 for Methuselah 95 0 for Noah etc 26 Myth Edit Yigal Levin states that these long lifespans are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah 27 Claus Westermann states they are intended to create the impression of a distant past 28 Some versions of the Sumerian King List mention a character named Ubara Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah citation needed He was the son of En men dur ana a Sumerian mythological figure often compared to Enoch as he entered heaven without dying Ubara Tutu was the king of Sumer until a flood swept over his land Although the ages of Methuselah and Ubara Tutu are different they both died in a Great Flood 29 Babylonian writer Berossus also claims that prior to the events of Babylon s flood myth kings could live for tens of thousands of years which bears some similarity to Genesis 5 30 In Forever Young A Cultural History of Longevity Lucian Boia says that the Bible s portrayal of Methuselah and other long lived figures features traces of the Mesopatamian legends found in the Epic of Gilgamesh where Gilgamesh rules Uruk for 126 years and his ancestors are said to have ruled for several hundred years each Boia also notes that tales of kings who lived for thousands of years can be found in both Indian and Chinese mythology and that the Bible is comparatively restrained in depicting early humans as being able to live for hundreds of years rather than thousands 31 Boia notes that following the Flood the Bible depicts its characters lifespans as gradually diminishing Noah s sons lived between 400 and 500 years while Abraham died at 175 Moses died at 120 and David died at 70 an age that the Bible portrays as old for David s time period Boia compares early biblical figures and their vast lifespans to the people of the Golden Age in Hesiod s poem Works and Days whose bodies are perpetually youthful 32 Symbolic Edit Methuselah s father Enoch who does not die but is taken by God is the seventh patriarch and Methuselah the eighth dies in the year of the Flood which ends the ten generational sequence from Adam to Noah in whose time the world is destroyed 33 Boia believes that Methuselah serves the symbolic function of linking the Creation and the Flood as Adam would have died during Methuselah s lifetime and Methuselah could have learned about the Garden of Eden from Adam 34 The kings of the Sumerian King List lived for over a thousand years and Mesopotamians believed both that living over a thousand years made someone divine or somewhat divine and that their contemporary kings were descended from the kings of the Sumerian King List citation needed Robert Gnuse hypothesizes that the author of Genesis made all of its characters die before they turned one thousand as a polemic against these Mesopotamian beliefs as well as any claim that a king is divine Gnuse also believes that the author of Genesis said that Methuselah died before he lived a thousand years to show that he was not divine 35 Cultural influence Edit The tree Methuselah According to the Catholic Encyclopedia Methuselah s name has become a synonym for longevity 2 Saying that someone is as old as Methuselah is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly 36 In this context dogs which have lived long lives have been described as Methuselah dogs 37 The word Methuselarity a blend of Methuselah and singularity was coined in 2010 by the biomedical gerontologist Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time where people are expected not to die from age related causes anymore however long they live 38 A 4 854 year old 39 Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California is called Methuselah 40 41 The lyrics of Ira Gershwin s song It Ain t Necessarily So 1935 cast doubt on various aspects of the Bible such as the idea that Methuselah lived so long the idea that the devil is evil the story of Jonah and the story of David and Goliath 42 In the 1970s mathematician John Conway introduced the Game of Life a cellular automaton In cellular automata methuselahs refer to a small initial state of cells that continue to grow for a large number of generations In popular culture EditThe character Flint from the Star Trek The Original Series episode Requiem for Methuselah is a nearly immortal man who was born in ancient Mesopotamia His identities include Methuselah Alexander the Great Solomon Lazarus of Bethany Leonardo da Vinci and Johannes Brahms Flint becomes lonely after living for a time on a deserted planet and creates an immortal gynoid to keep him company He eventually begins to slowly die because he left Earth s atmosphere and dedicates the remainder of his days to the betterment of Mankind 43 Thor Kjartansson played a young Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky s 2014 film Noah 44 with Anthony Hopkins playing the adult one In the film Noah s adopted daughter Ila played by Emma Watson is infertile until Methuselah blesses her 44 Aronofsky s version of Methuselah is a hermit who lives on a mountaintop In this retelling of the Genesis flood narrative Methuselah dies during the deluge 6 In the TV series Altered Carbon based on Richard K Morgan s 2002 novel of the same name a class of people who can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies are called Meths or Methuselahs 45 In 2016 it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Ronning to direct The film is set to show Methuselah as never aging and possessing unparalleled survival skills 46 The subgiant star HD 140283 is believed to be the oldest extant star discovered often nicknamed The Methuselah Star after the ancient biblical figure 47 The name is also used to refer to the exoplanet PSR B1620 26 b which is one of the oldest known exoplanets with an estimated age of 12 7 billion years old 48 In 2019 a Titan named Methuselah appears in Godzilla King of the Monsters which resides in Outpost 67 in Munich Germany In the film King Ghidorah wakes it up alongside the other titans It makes an appearance in Godzilla Dominion as well Family tree EditAdam a Eve a Cain a Abel b Seth c Enoch d Enos e Irad f Kenan g Mehujael f Mahalalel h Methushael f Jared i Adah j Lamech f Zillah j Enoch k Jabal l Jubal m Tubal Cain n Naamah n Methuselah o Lamech p Noah q Shem r Ham r Japheth r a b c Genesis 4 1 Genesis 4 2 Genesis 4 25 5 3 Genesis 4 17 Genesis 4 26 5 6 7 a b c d Genesis 4 18 Genesis 5 9 10 Genesis 5 12 13 Genesis 5 15 16 a b Genesis 4 19 Genesis 5 18 19 Genesis 4 20 Genesis 4 21 a b Genesis 4 22 Genesis 5 21 22 Genesis 5 25 26 Genesis 5 28 30 a b c Genesis 5 32See also EditAging Jeanne Calment Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people SalihReferences Edit Klein Reuven Chaim 2019 10 22 Bereishis The Sword of Methusaleh Times of Israel Retrieved 2019 10 22 a b c Molloy J 1911 Methuselah Catholic Encyclopedia Retrieved 2017 11 12 a b Twain Mark ed 1995 The Bible According to Mark Twain Writings on Heaven Eden and the Flood University of Georgia Press p 350 ISBN 9780820316505 Retrieved September 2 2018 a b c Methuselah Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved November 12 2017 Genesis 5 21 27 a b Krule Miriam March 28 2014 How Biblically Accurate Is Noah Slate Retrieved September 13 2018 Luke 3 23 38 a b Porter J R 2010 The Lost Bible New York Metro Books p 38 ISBN 978 1 4351 4169 8 a b This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Singer Isidore et al eds 1901 1906 Enoch Books of Ethiopic and Slavonic The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Singer Isidore et al eds 1901 1906 Jubilees Book of Tὰ Ἰwbhlaῖa known also as Little Genesis ᾙ Kleinὴ Genesis Bereshit Zuṭa Apocalypse of Moses Life of Adam The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls Book of Jasher 5 www ccel org This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Singer Isidore et al eds 1901 1906 Flood The Hebr LXX kataklyamos The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls Citing Pirkei De Rabbi Eliezer 22 Sefer Ha Yashar Or the Book of Jasher Referred to in Joshua and Second Samuel Parry November 11 1887 Retrieved November 11 2021 via Google Books Jasher 5 7 a b Jasher 5 21 Jasher 4 20 Jasher 5 36 Ibn Ishaq Sirat Rasul Allah tr A Guillaume Oxford Oxford University Press 2004 p 3 Methuselah Guide to the Scriptures Retrieved November 12 2017 John C Whitcomb Jr and Henry M Morris The Genesis Flood Grand Rapids Baker Book House 1961 399 404 Pilch John J 1999 The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible Liturgical Press pp 144 146 ISBN 0 8146 2527 4 Hill Carol A December 2003 Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis PDF Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 55 4 239 51 Morris Henry M 1976 The Genesis Record A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings Grand Rapids Michigan Baker Book House p 159 ISBN 0 8010 6004 4 Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born Etz Donald V April 1993 The Numbers of Genesis V 3 31 A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications Vetus Testamentum 43 2 171 89 doi 10 1163 156853393x00034 JSTOR 1519351 INIST 4293595 Bennet Ellen H 1897 Cosmogony or Creation of the World Astrology Science of Knowledge and Reason A Treatise on the Heavenly Bodies in an Easy and Comprehensive Form New York pp 30 7 OCLC 11451986 Levin Yigal October 2001 Understanding Biblical Genealogies Currents in Research Biblical Studies 9 11 46 Westermann Genesis 1 11 A Commentary p 354 Pritchard James B ed Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament Princeton N J Princeton University Press 1955 1969 1950 1st edition at Google Books p 44 a flood will sweep over the cult centers to destroy the seed of mankind is the decision the word of the assembly of the gods Gnuse 2014 p 172 173 Boia 1998 p 13 Boia 1998 p 13 14 Abraham Malamat King Lists of the Old Babylonian Period and Biblical Genealogies Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 1968 165 See also the discussion of ten in the Gen genealogies in M Abot section 5 Jacob Neusner The Mishnah A New Translation New Haven CT Yale University Press 1988 685 Duane A Garrett also thinks this is deliberate thus indicating redaction Rethinking Genesis The Sources and Authorship of the First Book of the Bible Ross shire Great Britain Christian Focus Publications 2000 p 99 Boia 1998 p 11 Gnuse 2014 p 173 as old as Methuselah Cambridge Dictionary Retrieved 2017 11 12 Jonas David Sandor Sara Tatrai Kitti Egyed Balazs Kubinyi Eniko 2020 04 16 A Preliminary Study to Investigate the Genetic Background of Longevity Based on Whole Genome Sequence Data of Two Methuselah Dogs Frontiers in Genetics 11 315 doi 10 3389 fgene 2020 00315 ISSN 1664 8021 PMC 7176982 PMID 32373156 de Grey Aubrey 2008 The singularity and the Methuselarity similarities and differences PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2010 06 13 Retrieved 2017 02 24 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Pinus longaeva Gymnosperm Database March 15 2007 Retrieved 2015 01 04 Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest USFS Retrieved March 11 2013 Ancient Bristlecone Pine Natural History USFS Retrieved March 11 2013 Roncace Mark Gray Patrick 2007 Teaching the Bible Through Popular Culture and the Arts Society of Biblical Literature p 47 ISBN 9781589836754 Retrieved September 2 2018 Okuda Michael Okuda Denise Mirek Debbie 1999 The Star Trek Encyclopedia Pocket Books ISBN 9781451646887 Retrieved September 2 2018 a b Zuckerman Esther March 27 2014 Why Emma Watson Is the Secret Key to Noah The Atlantic Retrieved November 12 2017 Chaney Jen September 2 2018 Altered Carbon Is an Over Stacked Cyberpunk Mess Vulture com Retrieved February 2 2018 Lodderhose Diana 28 October 2016 Joachim Ronning Attached To Direct David Heyman s Methuselah With Tom Cruise Deadline Hollywood Hubble Finds Birth Certificate of Oldest Known Star Science Daily March 7 2013 Retrieved August 11 2013 Wilford John Noble 2003 07 11 Oldest planet yet is discovered Methuselah dates back nearly to time of the Big Bang SFGATE Retrieved 2022 10 19 Bibliography EditBoia Lucian 1998 Forever Young A Cultural History of Longevity 79 Farringdon Rd London Reaktion Books Ltd ISBN 1 86189 154 7 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location link Gnuse Robert 2014 Misunderstood Stories Theological Commentary on Genesis 1 11 Eugene Oregon Cascade Books ISBN 978 1 62564 007 9External links Edit Media related to Methuselah at Wikimedia Commons Methuselah at Curlie Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Methuselah Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Methuselah amp oldid 1136399741, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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