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Wikipedia

Merck & Co.

May 04, 2023

Not to be confused with the Merck Group (Merck KGaA), a distinct but historically related company based in Germany. It does business as EMD in the United States and Canada.

Merck & Co., Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey, and is named for Merck Group, founded in Germany in 1668, of whom it was once the American arm. The company does business as Merck Sharp & Dohme or MSD outside the United States and Canada. It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, generally ranking in the global top five by revenue.[5][6]

Merck & Co., Inc.

The current Merck & Co. logo, designed by Chermayeff & Geismar in 1965. The "MERCK" writing is used in U.S. and Canada (top); outside these countries "MSD" writing is used (bottom).
Merck's branch office campus in Upper Gwynedd Township, Pennsylvania
TypePublic company
IndustryPharmaceutical industry
FoundedJanuary 1891; 132 years ago (1891-01) as a subsidiary of Merck (founded 1668)
1917 as an independent company
Founders
  • Theodore Weicker
  • George Merck
HeadquartersRahway, New Jersey, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Robert M. Davis
(Executive Chairman)
Robert M. Davis
(President and CEO)
Products
Revenue US$42.84 billion (2022)
US$16.44 billion (2022)
US$14.52 billion (2022)
Total assets US$109.2 billion (2022)
Total equity US$45.99 billion (2022)
Number of employees
 69,000 (2022)
Website
  • merck.com (US & Canada)
  • msd.com (international)
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4]

Merck & Co. was originally established as the American affiliate of Merck Group in 1891. Merck develops and produces medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products. It has multiple blockbuster drugs or products each with 2020 revenues including cancer immunotherapy, anti-diabetic medication and vaccines against HPV and chickenpox.

The company is ranked 71st on the 2022 Fortune 500[7] and 87th on the 2022 Forbes Global 2000,[8] both based on 2021 revenues.

Products

 
Gardasil in Japanese packaging (showing the MSD branding)

The company develops medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products. In 2020, the company had 6 blockbuster drugs or products, each with over $1 billion in revenue: Keytruda (pembrolizumab), a humanized antibody used in cancer immunotherapy that had $14.3 billion in 2020 revenue; Januvia (sitagliptin), an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes that had $5.3 billion in 2020 revenue; Gardasil, an HPV vaccine that had $3.9 billion in 2020 revenue; Varivax, a varicella vaccine used to protect against chickenpox that had $1.9 billion in 2020 revenues; Bridion (Sugammadex), a neuromuscular-blocking drug that had $1.2 billion in 2020 revenue; and Pneumovax 23, a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine that had $1.1 billion in 2020 revenue. Other major products by the company include Isentress (raltegravir), an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS that had $857 million in 2020 revenue; Simponi (golimumab), a human monoclonal antibody used as an immunosuppressive drug that had $838 million in 2020 revenue; RotaTeq, a rotavirus vaccine that had $797 million in 2020 revenue; and Lynparza (olaparib), a medication for the maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adults that generated $725 million in 2020 revenue for the company.[1]

Details of Merck's major products are as follows:

  • Januvia (sitagliptin) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In 2013, Januvia was the second largest selling diabetes drug worldwide.[9] Januvia is commonly paired with the generic anti-diabetes drug metformin. It has been popular due in part because unlike many other diabetes drugs, it causes little or no weight gain and is not associated with hypoglycemic episodes.[10][11] Merck also sells a single pill combination drug containing both Januvia and metformin under the trade name Janumet. There has been some concern that treatment with Januvia and other DPP-IV inhibitors may be associated with a modestly increased risk of pancreatitis.[12]
  • Zetia (ezetimibe) is a drug for hypercholesterolemia that acts by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol. Zetia has been controversial, as it was initially approved based on its impact on serum cholesterol levels without proof that it actually impacted the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Results of the IMPROVE-IT study, however, introduced at the 2014 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, showed a statistically significant, albeit modest, benefit in adding Zetia to simvastatin for high-risk, post-acute-coronary-syndrome patients.[13]
  • Remicade (infliximab) is a monoclonal antibody directed toward the cytokine TNF-alpha and used for the treatment of a wide range of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis, and others. Remicade and other TNF-alpha inhibitors exhibit additive therapeutic effects with methotrexate and improve quality of life. Adverse effects include increased risk of infection and certain cancers.[14] Merck had rights to the drug in certain areas, while Janssen Biotech had rights in other areas;[15] in 2017, Merck announced a biosimilar to Remicade, Renflexis.[16]
  • Gardasil (recombinant human papilloma virus vaccine) is a vaccine against multiple serotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV), which is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer worldwide.[17]
  • Isentress (raltegravir) is a human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection. It is the first anti-HIV compound having this mechanism of action.[18] It is part of one of several first line treatment regimens recommended by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.[19]
  • Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is an immune modulator for the treatment of cancer. On September 4, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as a breakthrough therapy for melanoma treatment.[20] In clinical trials, pembrolzumab provided partial tumor regression in about one quarter of patients, many of whom have not seen further progression of their disease in over 6 months of follow-up.[21]
  • Invanz (Ertapenem) is an injectable antibiotic, rights to which Merck has owned since 1999.[22] Merck was in a legal dispute with the Taiwanese company Savior Lifetec over their attempt to secure rights to sell a generic drug version in the United States.[22] Savior has since obtained approval to market generic ertapenem.[23]
  • Mexsana is an antiseptic medicated powder.
  • Mectizan (ivermectin) is an anti-parasitic medicine traditionally used to treat river blindness. It is the focus of Merck's Mectizan Donation Program, wherein Merck has donated doses of the drug to treat millions of people in countries such as Yemen and African nations.
  • Molnupiravir is an antiviral pill to treat COVID-19,[24] developed in partnership with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.

Merck & Co. publishes The Merck Manuals, a series of medical reference books for physicians, nurses, technicians, and veterinarians. These include the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, the world's best-selling medical reference. The Merck Index, a compendium of chemical compounds, was published by Merck & Co. until it was acquired by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2012.

History

Roots and early history

Main article: Merck Group
 
The Angel Pharmacy in Darmstadt, the beginning of the Merck Group

Merck & Co. traces its origins to its former German parent company Merck Group, which was established by the Merck family in 1668 when Friedrich Jacob Merck purchased a drug store in Darmstadt.[25][26] In 1827, Merck Group evolved from a pharmacy to a drug manufacturer company with the commercial manufacture of morphine.[27] Merck perfected the chemical process of deriving morphine from opium and later introduced cocaine, used to treat sinus problems and to add to beverages to boost energy levels.[28]

In 1887 a German-born, long-time Merck employee, Theodore Weicker, went to the United States to represent Merck Group. In 1891, with $200,000 received from E. Merck, Weicker started Merck & Co., with headquarters in lower Manhattan. That year George Merck, the 23-year-old son of the then head of E. Merck (and grandson of the founder) joined Weicker in New York.[29][25][26] Merck & Co. operated from 1891 to 1917 as the US subsidiary of the Merck Group.[26]

Nationalization

After the U.S. entered World War I, due to its German connections, Merck & Co. was the subject of expropriation under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. In 1919, George W. Merck, in partnership with Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers, bought the company back at a U.S. government auction for $3.5 million, but Merck & Co. remained a separate company from its former German parent.[30][31] Merck & Co. holds the trademark rights to the "Merck" name in the United States and Canada, while its former parent company retains the rights in the rest of the world; the right to use the Merck name was the subject of litigation between the two companies in 2016.[32][33][34][35]

In 1929, H. K. Mulford Company merged with Sharp and Dohme, Inc. and brought vaccine technology, including immunization of cavalry horses in World War I and delivery of a diphtheria antitoxin to Merck & Co.

In 1943, Streptomycin was discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers University. It became the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanatoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were a ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission.[36][37] Although Merck's agreement with Rutgers gave it exclusive rights to streptomycin, at Waksman's request the company renegotiated the agreement, returning the rights to the university in exchange for a royalty. The university then set up non-exclusive licenses with seven companies to ensure a reliable supply of the antibiotic.[38]

1950–2000

In the 1950s, thiazide diuretics were developed by Merck scientists Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello[39] and led to the marketing of the first drug of this class, chlorothiazide, under the trade name Duiril in 1958.[40] The research leading to the discovery of chlorothiazide, leading to "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension" was recognized by a special Public Health Award from the Lasker Foundation in 1975.[41]

In 1953, Merck & Co. merged with Philadelphia-based Sharp & Dohme, Inc., becoming the largest U.S. drugmaker. Sharp and Dohme had acquired H. K. Mulford Company in 1929, adding smallpox vaccines to its portfolio.[42][43][44][45][46][25] The combined company kept the trade name Merck in the United States and Canada, and as Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside North America.[35]

In 1965, Merck & Co. acquired Charles Frosst Ltd. of Montreal (founded 1899), creating Merck-Frosst Canada, Inc., as its Canadian subsidiary and pharmaceutical research facility. Merck & Co. closed this facility in July 2010 but remerged in 2011 as Merck Canada.[47][48]

Maurice Hilleman, a scientist at Merck, developed the first mumps vaccine in 1967,[49] the first rubella vaccine in 1969,[50] and the first trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR vaccine) in 1971.[51] The incidence of rubella-associated birth defects fell from up to 10,000 per year in the U.S. to zero in the aftermath of the rubella vaccine's development.[52] Hilleman also developed the first Hepatitis B vaccine and the first varicella vaccine, for chickenpox.[53]

The company was incorporated in New Jersey in 1970. John J. Horan became CEO and Chairman in 1976, serving until 1985.[54] Under his leadership, the company's investment in R&D grew threefold, and Merck became the largest pharmaceutical company in the world.[54][55]

In 1979, Merck scientists developed lovastatin (Mevacor), the first drug of the statin class.[56]

Merck scientist William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura developed ivermectin for veterinary use in 1981, and later put it to human use against Onchocerciasis in 1987–88 with the name Mectizan;[57] today the compound is used against river blindness, lymphatic filariasis, scabies and other parasitic infections.[58][59][60]

In 1982, the company formed a joint venture, KBI Inc., with AstraZeneca.[61] During the late 1980s and 1990s, the company also established joint ventures with DuPont to access research and development expertise, and with Johnson & Johnson to sell over-the-counter consumer medications.[citation needed]

In 1985, Merck received approval for imipenem, the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics. Antibiotics of the carbapenem class play an important role in treatment guidelines for certain hospital-acquired and multi-drug resistant infections.[62] P. Roy Vagelos became CEO and Chairman that year, succeeding Horan.[63]

In 1991, Merck's Kelco subsidiary was responsible for volatile organic compound (VOC) emission pollution in the San Diego area. In 1996 Merck paid $1.8 million for polluting the air. New machines were installed to reduce smog emissions by 680,000 lb (310,000 kg) a year.[64]

In November 1993, Merck & Co. acquired Medco Containment Services for $6 billion.[65][66] Merck & Co. spun Medco off ten years later.[67]

2001–2019

 
Merck Research Laboratories in South San Francisco, California

In May 2002, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation purchased stock in Merck.[68]

From 2002 through 2005, the Australian affiliate of Merck paid publishing house Elsevier an undisclosed amount to produce eight issues of a medical journal, the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine. Although it gave the appearance of being an independent peer-reviewed journal, without any indication that Merck had paid for it, the journal actually reprinted articles that originally appeared in other publications and that were favorable to Merck. The misleading publication came to light in 2009 during a personal injury lawsuit filed over Vioxx; 9 of 29 articles in the journal's second issue referred positively to Vioxx.[69][70] The CEO of Elsevier's Health Sciences Division, Michael Hansen, admitted that the practice was "unacceptable".[71]

In 2005, CEO Raymond Gilmartin retired following Merck's voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx. Former president of manufacturing Richard Clark was named CEO and company president.[72]

In November 2009, Merck & Co. completed a merger with Schering-Plough in a US$41 billion deal.[73][74] Although Merck & Co. was in reality acquiring Schering-Plough, the purchase was declared a "reverse merger", in which "Old" Merck & Co. was renamed Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Schering-Plough renamed as "Merck & Co., Inc.[75] The maneuver was an attempt avoid a "change-of-control" in order to preserve Schering-Plough's rights to market Remicade. A settlement with Johnson & Johnson was reached in 2011, in which Merck agreed to pay $500 million.[15][76] Merck Sharp & Dohme remains a subsidiary of the Merck & Co. parent.[1]

Richard Clark retired as CEO and company president in October 2011 and Kenneth Frazier became CEO.[77]

In October 2013, Merck announced it would cut 8,500 jobs in an attempt to cut $2.5 billion from its costs by 2015. Combined with 7,500 job cuts announced in 2011 and 2012, the layoffs amounted to 20% of its workforce.[78][79]

By 2014, research performed at Merck has led to U.S. FDA approval of 63 new molecular entities.[80]

In August 2014, Merck acquired Idenix Pharmaceuticals for $3.85 billion.[81][82]

In December 2014, the company acquired Swiss biotechnology company OncoEthix for up to $375 million.[83][84]

Between 2010 and 2015, the company cut around 36,450 jobs.[85] During that time, the company sold its consumer health business to Bayer and narrowed the company's focus to immunology, vaccines, diabetes, emerging markets and medicines used in hospitals, like certain antibiotics.[85]

In January 2015, Merck acquired Cubist Pharmaceuticals.[86]

In July 2015, Merck and Ablynx expanded their 18-month-old immuno-oncology collaboration by four years, generating a potential $4.4 billion in milestone payments for the Abylnx.[87] The company also announced it would spend $95 million up front collaborating with cCAM Biotherapeutics and its early-stage treatment similar to Keytruda. Merck & Co. will bring in CM-24, an antibody designed to block the immune checkpoint CEACAM1.[88]

In January 2016, Merck announced two new partnerships; the first with Quartet Medicine and its small molecule pain treatments,[89] the second with Complix investigating intracellular cancer targets,[90] with both collaborations potentially generating up to $595 million and $280 million respectively. Days later the company announced it would acquire IOmet Pharma, with IOmet becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. The acquisition includes IOmets indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO), tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and dual-acting inhibitors.[91]

In July 2016, the company acquired Afferent Pharmaceuticals, developer of a candidate used to block P2RX3 receptors, for approximately $1 billion, plus up to $750 million in milestone payments.[92][93]

In 2017, Merck bought the PARP inhibitor Lynparza from AstraZeneca.[94]

In April 2017, Merck Animal Health acquired Vallée S.A., a Brazilian animal health product manufacturer.[95]

In September 2017, the company announced it would acquire Rigontec, developer of a candidate to target the retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, for $554 million.[96][97]

In October 2017, the company granted the inaugural Merck-AGITG Clinical Research Fellowship in Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Cancer to David Lau, a professional in Melbourne, Australia.[98][99]

In June 2018, Merck acquired Viralytics, an Australian viral cancer drug company, for AUD$502 million.[100]

In 2018, Merck began the submission process for a Biologics License Application to the Food and Drug Administration under the Breakthrough Therapy Designation for an investigational vaccine, called V920, to fight the Zaire strain of the Ebola virus.[101]

In April 2019, the company acquired Immune Design for approximately $300 million, gaining access to its immunotherapy programs.[102][103] It also acquired Antelliq Group for $2.4 billion, or $3.7 billion including debt.[104]

In May 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Peloton Therapeutics, developer of a HIF-2alpha inhibitor for Von Hippel–Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma, for up to $2.2 billion.[105]

In June 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Tilos Therapeutics for up to $773 million.[106]

In November 2019, the company acquired Calporta, which focused on Parkinsons and Alzheimers treatments.[107]

In December 2019, Merck Animal Health acquired Vaki, an aquaculture company, from Pentair.[108]

2020–present

In January 2020, Merck acquired ArQule, developer of ARQ 531, an oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, for $2.7 billion.[109]

In March 2020, Merck was one of ten companies recognised at the inaugural Manufacturing Awards by New Jersey Business magazine and the New Jersey Business and Industry Association.[110]

In June 2020, Merck acquired Themis Bioscience, a company focused on vaccines and immune-modulation therapies for infectious diseases including COVID-19 and cancer.[111][112][113]

Also in June 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired Quantified Ag, a data and analytics company that monitors cattle body temperature and movement in order to detect illness early.[114]

In August 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired IdentiGEN, engaged in DNA-based animal traceability.[115]

In September 2020, Merck acquired $1 billion of Seattle Genetics common stock, and agreed to co-develop ladiratuzumab vedotin.[116][117]

In November 2020, Merck announced it would acquire VelosBio for $2.75 billion, developer of VLS-101, an antibody-drug conjugate designed to target Tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) in both hematological and solid tumors. VLS-101 is currently Phase I and Phase II clinical trials.[118] The company also announced it would acquire OncoImmune for $425 million and its phase 3 candidate, CD24Fc, used in the treatment of patients with severe and critical COVID-19.[119][120]

In February 2021, Merck Animal Health acquired PrognostiX Poultry.[121]

In March 2021, Merck Head of Corporate Affairs Petra Wicklandt represented the company at the Munich Security Conference, where she participated in a tabletop exercise simulating the public health response to the release of a weaponized strain of monkeypox.[122]

In April 2021, Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics for $1.85 billion, expanding its offering in treating autoimmune diseases.[123][124][125]

In June 2021, the U.S. government agreed to spend $1.2 billion to purchase 1.7 million doses of Molnupiravir, a Merck product, if it were to be approved by regulators to treat COVID-19.[126] In October 2021, the company said that the drug reduces the risk of hospitalization or death by around 50% for patients with mild or moderate cases of COVID-19 and that it would seek Emergency Use Authorization for the drug.[127]

In July 2021, Robert M. Davis became CEO, succeeding Kenneth Frazier, who became executive chairman.[128][129][130][131]

In July 2021, Merck completed the corporate spin-off of Organon & Co.[132]

In September 2021, Merck announced it would acquire Acceleron Pharma for $11.5 billion, gaining control over Sotatercept, used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, and luspatercept-aamt.[133]

In September 2022, the company announced it would acquire Vence, a livestock management company for an undisclosed sum, incorporating it within Merck Animal Health.[134]

In December 2022, the company announced a licensing deal with Kelun-Biotech of China whereby it would expand its early cancer pipeline with a set of antibody-drug conjugates; this follows an earlier agreement between the two companies to co-develop such drugs.[135]

In April 2023, Merck announced it would acquire Prometheus Biosciences Inc for $10.8 billion.[136]

Acquisition history

Merck & Co Acquisitions
  • Merck & Co (Founded in 1891 as the US subsidiary of Merck of Darmstadt, later Nationalised by the US government in 1917 during the first World War)
    • Merck & Co
      • Merck & Co
        • H. K. Mulford Company (Acq 1929)
        • Sharp & Dohme, Inc (Acq 1953)
        • Charles E. Frosst Ltd (Acq 1965, restructured into Merck-Frosst Canada, Inc, restructured into Merck Canada in 2011)
        • Medco Containment Services Inc (Acq 1993, Spun off 2003)
      • Schering‑Plough
        • Schering-Plough (Merged 1971)
          • Schering Corporation (Founded 1851)
          • Plough, Inc (Founded 1908)
        • Organon International
          • Alydia Health (Acq 2021)
        • Intervet
        • Diosynth
        • Nobilon
    • Imperial Blue Corporation[137]
      • Idenix Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2014)
    • Maven Corporation[138]
    • OncoEthix (Acq 2015)
    • IOmet Pharma (Acq 2016)
    • Afferent Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2016)
    • Merck Animal Health
      • Vallée S.A. (Acq 2017)
      • Vaki (Acq 2019)
      • Quantified Ag (Acq 2020)
      • IdentiGEN (Acq 2020)
      • PrognostiX Poultry Ltd (Acq 2021)
      • Vence (Acq 2022)
    • Rigontec (Acq 2017)
    • Viralytics (Acq 2018)
    • Antelliq Group (Acq 2018)
    • Cascade Merger Sub, Inc.[139]
      • Immune Design Corp (Acq 2019)
    • Peloton Therapeutics (Acq 2019)
    • Tilos Therapeutics (Acq 2019)
    • Calporta (Acq 2019)
    • Argon Merger Sub, Inc.
      • ArQule, Inc. (Acq 2019)
    • Themis Bioscience (Acq 2020)
    • VelosBio (Acq 2020)
    • OncoImmune (Acq 2020)
    • Astros Merger Sub, Inc.
    • Prometheus Biosciences (Announced 2023)

Philanthropy

Merck Company Foundation

Since it was founded in 1957, the Merck Company Foundation has distributed $740 million in overall charitable distributions including more than $480 million to educational and non-profit organizations.[140][141]

On December 7, 2012, the foundation announced that it was ending its donations to the Boy Scouts of America citing its discrimination against gay people.[142]

Patient assistance programs

Merck & Co. was one of the first American pharmaceutical companies to offer assistance to those unable to afford its medications, beginning a program in the 1950s.[143] Merck & Co. offers seven patient assistance programs, each with specific eligibility requirements.[144][145]

Hilleman Laboratories

Merck and the Wellcome trust jointly fund the Hilleman Laboratories, an India-based non-profit research organization dedicated to the development of low-cost vaccines for use in developing countries. Current projects include the development of low cost, thermostable vaccines for the prevention of cholera, rotavirus, and meningitis.[146]

Merck for Mothers

Merck for Mothers is Merck's global initiative to help create a world where no woman has to die while giving life.[147][non-primary source needed]

Mectizan donation program

In 1987, Merck began a program with UNICEF to donate its new drug Mectizan to "all that need it for as long as needed"[148] in an effort to combat onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, primarily in Africa. Up to that point, the World Health Organization had fought the disease through the use of insecticides to lower the population of its primary vector, the Black Fly.[149] However, when studies in the 1980s showed how effective the drug was at treating and preventing the disease, the WHO agreed to use it instead of its previous strategies.[57] Merck's involvement is considered a key factor in the success against the disease all over the world,[150] and the decision to donate the entirety of the drug to all those in need of it is used as part of the Mectizan Donation Program that covers countries such as Yemen and African countries.[151] More than 700 million people have been treated since the inception of the program with 80 million people still undergoing treatment in Africa, Latin America, and Yemen. Blindness caused by onchocerciasis is decreasing, and there are regions of Latin America and Africa that have been shown to have eliminated the disease altogether.[151]

Lawsuits and controversies

Vioxx

In 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Vioxx (known generically as rofecoxib), a Merck product for treating arthritis. Vioxx was designed as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2. Such compounds were expected to cause less gastrointestinal bleeding than older anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen, which were associated with 20,000 hospitalizations and 2000 deaths each year.[152][non-primary source needed] Vioxx became one of the most prescribed drugs in history.[153]

Thereafter, studies by Merck and by others found an increased risk of heart attack associated with Vioxx use when compared with naproxen. Merck adjusted the labeling of Vioxx to reflect possible cardiovascular risks in 2002.[154]

On September 23, 2004, Merck received information about results from a clinical trial it was conducting that included findings of increased risk of heart attacks among Vioxx users who had been using the medication for over eighteen months.[155] On September 28, 2004, Merck notified the FDA that it was voluntarily withdrawing Vioxx from the market, and it publicly announced the withdrawal on September 30. An analysis for the period 1999–2004, based on U.S. Medical Expenditure Survey data, reported that Vioxx was associated with 46,783 heart attacks, and along with the other popular COX-2 inhibitor Celebrex, an estimated 26,603 deaths from both.[156][non-primary source needed]

About 50,000 people sued Merck, claiming they or their family members had suffered medical problems such as heart attacks or strokes after taking Vioxx.[157] In November 2007, Merck agreed to pay $4.85 billion to settle most of the pending Vioxx lawsuits.[158] The settlement required that claimants provide medical and pharmacy records confirming the occurrence of a heart attack, ischemic stroke, or sudden cardiac death; the receipt of at least 30 Vioxx pills within 60 days prior to the injury or death; and confirmation of Vioxx being used within 14 days of the Vioxx-related event.[159] The settlement was generally viewed by industry analysts and investors as a victory for Merck, considering that original estimates of Merck's liability reached between $10 billion and $25 billion.[158] As of mid-2008, when the plaintiff class had reached the threshold percentage required by Merck to go through with the settlement, plaintiffs had prevailed in only three of the twenty cases that had reached juries, all with relatively small awards.[157]

Merck has refused to consider compensation for Vioxx victims and their families outside the US. This is particularly true in the UK where there are at least 400 victims and the legal protection afforded to the victims and their families is particularly weak.[160]

According to internal e-mail traffic released at a later lawsuit, Merck had a list of doctors critical of Vioxx to be "neutralized" or "discredited". "We may need to seek them out and destroy them where they live," wrote an employee. A Stanford Medical School professor said that Merck was engaged in intimidation of researchers and infringement upon academic freedom.[161]

On May 20, 2008, Merck settled for $58 million with 30 states alleging that Merck engaged in deceptive marketing tactics to promote Vioxx.[162] All its new television pain-advertisements must be vetted by the Food and Drug Administration and changed or delayed upon request until 2018.[163]

Fosamax

Fosamax (alendronate) is a bisphosphonate used for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis and for the prevention of skeletal problems in certain cancers. The American College of Clinical Endocrinology, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the North American Menopause Society and the UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group recommend alendronate and certain other bisphosphonates as first line treatments for post-menopausal osteopotosis.[164][165][166] Long-term treatment with bisphosponates produces anti-fracture and bone mineral density effects that persist for 3–5 years after an initial 3–5 years of treatment.[167] Alendronate reduces the risk of hip, vertebral, and wrist fractures by 35-39%.[168][169]

In December 2013, Merck agreed to pay a total of $27.7 million to 1,200 plaintiffs in a class action lawsuit alleging that the company's osteoporosis drug had caused them to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw. Prior to the settlement, Merck had prevailed in 3 of 5 so-called bellwether trials. Approximately 4000 cases still await adjudication or settlement as of August 2014.[170]

Medicaid overbilling

A fraud investigation by the United States Department of Justice began in 2000 when allegations were brought in two separate lawsuits filed by whistleblowers under the False Claims Act.[171] They alleged that Merck failed to pay proper rebates to Medicaid and other health care programs and paid illegal remuneration to health care providers.[172] On February 7, 2008, Merck agreed to pay more than $650 million to settle charges that it routinely overbilled Medicaid for its most popular medicines. The settlement was one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in history. The federal government received more than $360 million, plus 49 states and Washington, DC, received over $290 million. One whistleblower received a $68 million reward. Merck made the settlement without an admission of liability or wrongdoing.[171][173][174]

"Merck" name legal dispute

In 191 of 193 countries, the original Merck company, the Merck Group of Darmstadt, owns the rights to the "Merck" name. In the United States and Canada, the company trades under the name EMD (an abbreviation of Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt), its legal name here says Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and instead of "Merck Group", the "EMD Group" name is used. In the United States and Canada, Merck & Co. holds the rights to the trademark "Merck", while in the rest of the world the company trades under the name MSD (an abbreviation of Merck, Sharp & Dohme) and its legal name says here Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, NJ, USA.

In 2015 the Merck Group adopted a new logo and said it will be "much more aggressive" about protecting the brand of "the real Merck".[175] Merck of Darmstadt has initiated litigation against its former subsidiary, Merck & Co. (MSD) of Kenilworth, in several countries over infringing use of the Merck name. In 2016, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom ruled that MSD had breached an agreement with its former parent company and that only Merck of Darmstadt is entitled to use the Merck name in the United Kingdom.[35] The judge also held that MSD's use of "Merck" as part of branding on its global websites were directed to the UK and infringed Merck's trade mark rights in the UK.[176]

In response to the ruling, MSD initiated counter-litigation in the United States in January 2016 by filing a federal lawsuit which accused its former parent company of "infringing on its trademark" through actions that included the increased usage of "Merck KGaA" and "MERCK" in branding in the US as well as on its social media presence. Further Merck & Co. has also accused the Merck Group of federal trademark dilution, unfair competition, false advertising, deceptive trade practices, breach of contract, and cybersquatting. The case came to a head when a research scientist believed he was communicating with Merck & Co regarding a research grant in oncology, when in fact he was talking with the Merck Group. As a result, Merck & Co. asked the federal court to stop the Merck Group from using "Merck" on any products or marketing materials in the United States. As a direct result, Merck & Co is seeking "all monetary gains, profits, and advantages" made by the Merck Group and three-times the damage, plus additional punitive damages.[32]

In April 2020, in the course of litigation of Merck against MSD in Switzerland, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled that MSD's use of the "Merck" brand in its global websites could, absent geotargeting mechanisms, have "commercial effect" in Switzerland and could therefore violate Merck's rights (if any) to the "Merck" brand in Switzerland.[177]

Tax fraud

In 2007, Merck paid $2.3 billion to settle allegations of offshore tax fraud between 1993 and 2001.[178]

Propecia

In 2021, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Merck's baldness drug Propecia caused persistent sexual dysfunction in men.[179] The drug has been linked to over 700 incidences of suicidal thoughts[180] and 110 deaths.[179] Merck has been receiving reports since 1998, but never included the risks on the label.[179] In 2015, Merck was sued by consumer-rights law firm Hagens Berman over a wrongful death linked to Propecia.[181]

Environmental violations

Merck & Co. once used methylene chloride, an animal carcinogen on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's list of pollutants, as a solvent in some of its manufacturing processes. Merck chemists and engineers subsequently replaced the compound with others having fewer negative environmental effects. Merck has also modified its equipment to protect the environment, installing a distributed control system that coordinates chemical reactions more efficiently and expedites manufacturing by 50 percent, eliminating the need for the disposal and storage of harmful waste. Biological oxygen demand has also been reduced. In 2011, Merck paid a $1.5 million civil penalty to settle alleged violations of federal environmental laws at its pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Riverside, Pennsylvania and West Point, Pennsylvania.[182]

Public-private engagement

Conferences

Merck was a Conference Supporter for the Virtual ISPOR Asia Pacific conference in September 2020.[183]

Political lobbying

Merck is a contributing member of AcademyHealth, a health research advocacy network that also includes government agencies, universities, pharmaceutical companies and lobbying groups.[184]

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May 04, 2023
merck, confused, with, merck, group, merck, kgaa, distinct, historically, related, company, based, germany, does, business, united, states, canada, american, multinational, pharmaceutical, company, headquartered, rahway, jersey, named, merck, group, founded, g. Not to be confused with the Merck Group Merck KGaA a distinct but historically related company based in Germany It does business as EMD in the United States and Canada Merck amp Co Inc is an American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway New Jersey and is named for Merck Group founded in Germany in 1668 of whom it was once the American arm The company does business as Merck Sharp amp Dohme or MSD outside the United States and Canada It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world generally ranking in the global top five by revenue 5 6 Merck amp Co Inc The current Merck amp Co logo designed by Chermayeff amp Geismar in 1965 The MERCK writing is used in U S and Canada top outside these countries MSD writing is used bottom Merck s branch office campus in Upper Gwynedd Township PennsylvaniaTypePublic companyTraded asNYSE MRKDJIA componentS amp P 100 componentS amp P 500 componentIndustryPharmaceutical industryFoundedJanuary 1891 132 years ago 1891 01 as a subsidiary of Merck founded 1668 1917 as an independent companyFoundersTheodore WeickerGeorge MerckHeadquartersRahway New Jersey U S Area servedWorldwideKey peopleRobert M Davis Executive Chairman Robert M Davis President and CEO ProductsPharmaceuticalsgeneric drugsover the counter drugsvaccinesdiagnosticscontact lensesVeterinary medicineRevenueUS 42 84 billion 2022 Operating incomeUS 16 44 billion 2022 Net incomeUS 14 52 billion 2022 Total assetsUS 109 2 billion 2022 Total equityUS 45 99 billion 2022 Number of employees69 000 2022 Websitemerck wbr com US amp Canada msd wbr com international Footnotes references 1 2 3 4 Merck amp Co was originally established as the American affiliate of Merck Group in 1891 Merck develops and produces medicines vaccines biologic therapies and animal health products It has multiple blockbuster drugs or products each with 2020 revenues including cancer immunotherapy anti diabetic medication and vaccines against HPV and chickenpox The company is ranked 71st on the 2022 Fortune 500 7 and 87th on the 2022 Forbes Global 2000 8 both based on 2021 revenues Contents 1 Products 2 History 2 1 Roots and early history 2 2 Nationalization 2 3 1950 2000 2 4 2001 2019 2 5 2020 present 3 Acquisition history 4 Philanthropy 4 1 Merck Company Foundation 4 2 Patient assistance programs 4 3 Hilleman Laboratories 4 4 Merck for Mothers 4 5 Mectizan donation program 5 Lawsuits and controversies 5 1 Vioxx 5 2 Fosamax 5 3 Medicaid overbilling 5 4 Merck name legal dispute 5 5 Tax fraud 5 6 Propecia 5 7 Environmental violations 6 Public private engagement 6 1 Conferences 6 2 Political lobbying 7 References 8 External linksProducts Edit Gardasil in Japanese packaging showing the MSD branding The company develops medicines vaccines biologic therapies and animal health products In 2020 the company had 6 blockbuster drugs or products each with over 1 billion in revenue Keytruda pembrolizumab a humanized antibody used in cancer immunotherapy that had 14 3 billion in 2020 revenue Januvia sitagliptin an anti diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes that had 5 3 billion in 2020 revenue Gardasil an HPV vaccine that had 3 9 billion in 2020 revenue Varivax a varicella vaccine used to protect against chickenpox that had 1 9 billion in 2020 revenues Bridion Sugammadex a neuromuscular blocking drug that had 1 2 billion in 2020 revenue and Pneumovax 23 a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine that had 1 1 billion in 2020 revenue Other major products by the company include Isentress raltegravir an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV AIDS that had 857 million in 2020 revenue Simponi golimumab a human monoclonal antibody used as an immunosuppressive drug that had 838 million in 2020 revenue RotaTeq a rotavirus vaccine that had 797 million in 2020 revenue and Lynparza olaparib a medication for the maintenance treatment of BRCA mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adults that generated 725 million in 2020 revenue for the company 1 Details of Merck s major products are as follows Januvia sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes In 2013 Januvia was the second largest selling diabetes drug worldwide 9 Januvia is commonly paired with the generic anti diabetes drug metformin It has been popular due in part because unlike many other diabetes drugs it causes little or no weight gain and is not associated with hypoglycemic episodes 10 11 Merck also sells a single pill combination drug containing both Januvia and metformin under the trade name Janumet There has been some concern that treatment with Januvia and other DPP IV inhibitors may be associated with a modestly increased risk of pancreatitis 12 Zetia ezetimibe is a drug for hypercholesterolemia that acts by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol Zetia has been controversial as it was initially approved based on its impact on serum cholesterol levels without proof that it actually impacted the incidence of cardiovascular disease Results of the IMPROVE IT study however introduced at the 2014 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association showed a statistically significant albeit modest benefit in adding Zetia to simvastatin for high risk post acute coronary syndrome patients 13 Remicade infliximab is a monoclonal antibody directed toward the cytokine TNF alpha and used for the treatment of a wide range of autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis Crohn s disease ankylosing spondylitis plaque psoriasis and others Remicade and other TNF alpha inhibitors exhibit additive therapeutic effects with methotrexate and improve quality of life Adverse effects include increased risk of infection and certain cancers 14 Merck had rights to the drug in certain areas while Janssen Biotech had rights in other areas 15 in 2017 Merck announced a biosimilar to Remicade Renflexis 16 Gardasil recombinant human papilloma virus vaccine is a vaccine against multiple serotypes of human papilloma virus HPV which is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer worldwide 17 Isentress raltegravir is a human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection It is the first anti HIV compound having this mechanism of action 18 It is part of one of several first line treatment regimens recommended by the United States Department of Health and Human Services 19 Keytruda pembrolizumab is an immune modulator for the treatment of cancer On September 4 2014 the US Food and Drug Administration FDA approved Pembrolizumab MK 3475 as a breakthrough therapy for melanoma treatment 20 In clinical trials pembrolzumab provided partial tumor regression in about one quarter of patients many of whom have not seen further progression of their disease in over 6 months of follow up 21 Invanz Ertapenem is an injectable antibiotic rights to which Merck has owned since 1999 22 Merck was in a legal dispute with the Taiwanese company Savior Lifetec over their attempt to secure rights to sell a generic drug version in the United States 22 Savior has since obtained approval to market generic ertapenem 23 Mexsana is an antiseptic medicated powder Mectizan ivermectin is an anti parasitic medicine traditionally used to treat river blindness It is the focus of Merck s Mectizan Donation Program wherein Merck has donated doses of the drug to treat millions of people in countries such as Yemen and African nations Molnupiravir is an antiviral pill to treat COVID 19 24 developed in partnership with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics Merck amp Co publishes The Merck Manuals a series of medical reference books for physicians nurses technicians and veterinarians These include the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy the world s best selling medical reference The Merck Index a compendium of chemical compounds was published by Merck amp Co until it was acquired by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2012 History EditRoots and early history Edit Main article Merck Group The Angel Pharmacy in Darmstadt the beginning of the Merck Group Merck amp Co traces its origins to its former German parent company Merck Group which was established by the Merck family in 1668 when Friedrich Jacob Merck purchased a drug store in Darmstadt 25 26 In 1827 Merck Group evolved from a pharmacy to a drug manufacturer company with the commercial manufacture of morphine 27 Merck perfected the chemical process of deriving morphine from opium and later introduced cocaine used to treat sinus problems and to add to beverages to boost energy levels 28 In 1887 a German born long time Merck employee Theodore Weicker went to the United States to represent Merck Group In 1891 with 200 000 received from E Merck Weicker started Merck amp Co with headquarters in lower Manhattan That year George Merck the 23 year old son of the then head of E Merck and grandson of the founder joined Weicker in New York 29 25 26 Merck amp Co operated from 1891 to 1917 as the US subsidiary of the Merck Group 26 Nationalization Edit After the U S entered World War I due to its German connections Merck amp Co was the subject of expropriation under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 In 1919 George W Merck in partnership with Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers bought the company back at a U S government auction for 3 5 million but Merck amp Co remained a separate company from its former German parent 30 31 Merck amp Co holds the trademark rights to the Merck name in the United States and Canada while its former parent company retains the rights in the rest of the world the right to use the Merck name was the subject of litigation between the two companies in 2016 32 33 34 35 In 1929 H K Mulford Company merged with Sharp and Dohme Inc and brought vaccine technology including immunization of cavalry horses in World War I and delivery of a diphtheria antitoxin to Merck amp Co In 1943 Streptomycin was discovered during a Merck funded research program in Selman Waksman s laboratory at Rutgers University It became the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis At the time of its discovery sanatoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis infected people were a ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries with 50 dying within 5 years of admission 36 37 Although Merck s agreement with Rutgers gave it exclusive rights to streptomycin at Waksman s request the company renegotiated the agreement returning the rights to the university in exchange for a royalty The university then set up non exclusive licenses with seven companies to ensure a reliable supply of the antibiotic 38 1950 2000 Edit In the 1950s thiazide diuretics were developed by Merck scientists Karl H Beyer James M Sprague John E Baer and Frederick C Novello 39 and led to the marketing of the first drug of this class chlorothiazide under the trade name Duiril in 1958 40 The research leading to the discovery of chlorothiazide leading to the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension was recognized by a special Public Health Award from the Lasker Foundation in 1975 41 In 1953 Merck amp Co merged with Philadelphia based Sharp amp Dohme Inc becoming the largest U S drugmaker Sharp and Dohme had acquired H K Mulford Company in 1929 adding smallpox vaccines to its portfolio 42 43 44 45 46 25 The combined company kept the trade name Merck in the United States and Canada and as Merck Sharp amp Dohme MSD outside North America 35 In 1965 Merck amp Co acquired Charles Frosst Ltd of Montreal founded 1899 creating Merck Frosst Canada Inc as its Canadian subsidiary and pharmaceutical research facility Merck amp Co closed this facility in July 2010 but remerged in 2011 as Merck Canada 47 48 Maurice Hilleman a scientist at Merck developed the first mumps vaccine in 1967 49 the first rubella vaccine in 1969 50 and the first trivalent measles mumps rubella MMR vaccine in 1971 51 The incidence of rubella associated birth defects fell from up to 10 000 per year in the U S to zero in the aftermath of the rubella vaccine s development 52 Hilleman also developed the first Hepatitis B vaccine and the first varicella vaccine for chickenpox 53 The company was incorporated in New Jersey in 1970 John J Horan became CEO and Chairman in 1976 serving until 1985 54 Under his leadership the company s investment in R amp D grew threefold and Merck became the largest pharmaceutical company in the world 54 55 In 1979 Merck scientists developed lovastatin Mevacor the first drug of the statin class 56 Merck scientist William C Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura developed ivermectin for veterinary use in 1981 and later put it to human use against Onchocerciasis in 1987 88 with the name Mectizan 57 today the compound is used against river blindness lymphatic filariasis scabies and other parasitic infections 58 59 60 In 1982 the company formed a joint venture KBI Inc with AstraZeneca 61 During the late 1980s and 1990s the company also established joint ventures with DuPont to access research and development expertise and with Johnson amp Johnson to sell over the counter consumer medications citation needed In 1985 Merck received approval for imipenem the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics Antibiotics of the carbapenem class play an important role in treatment guidelines for certain hospital acquired and multi drug resistant infections 62 P Roy Vagelos became CEO and Chairman that year succeeding Horan 63 In 1991 Merck s Kelco subsidiary was responsible for volatile organic compound VOC emission pollution in the San Diego area In 1996 Merck paid 1 8 million for polluting the air New machines were installed to reduce smog emissions by 680 000 lb 310 000 kg a year 64 In November 1993 Merck amp Co acquired Medco Containment Services for 6 billion 65 66 Merck amp Co spun Medco off ten years later 67 2001 2019 Edit Merck Research Laboratories in South San Francisco California In May 2002 The Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation purchased stock in Merck 68 From 2002 through 2005 the Australian affiliate of Merck paid publishing house Elsevier an undisclosed amount to produce eight issues of a medical journal the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine Although it gave the appearance of being an independent peer reviewed journal without any indication that Merck had paid for it the journal actually reprinted articles that originally appeared in other publications and that were favorable to Merck The misleading publication came to light in 2009 during a personal injury lawsuit filed over Vioxx 9 of 29 articles in the journal s second issue referred positively to Vioxx 69 70 The CEO of Elsevier s Health Sciences Division Michael Hansen admitted that the practice was unacceptable 71 In 2005 CEO Raymond Gilmartin retired following Merck s voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx Former president of manufacturing Richard Clark was named CEO and company president 72 In November 2009 Merck amp Co completed a merger with Schering Plough in a US 41 billion deal 73 74 Although Merck amp Co was in reality acquiring Schering Plough the purchase was declared a reverse merger in which Old Merck amp Co was renamed Merck Sharp amp Dohme and Schering Plough renamed as Merck amp Co Inc 75 The maneuver was an attempt avoid a change of control in order to preserve Schering Plough s rights to market Remicade A settlement with Johnson amp Johnson was reached in 2011 in which Merck agreed to pay 500 million 15 76 Merck Sharp amp Dohme remains a subsidiary of the Merck amp Co parent 1 Richard Clark retired as CEO and company president in October 2011 and Kenneth Frazier became CEO 77 In October 2013 Merck announced it would cut 8 500 jobs in an attempt to cut 2 5 billion from its costs by 2015 Combined with 7 500 job cuts announced in 2011 and 2012 the layoffs amounted to 20 of its workforce 78 79 By 2014 research performed at Merck has led to U S FDA approval of 63 new molecular entities 80 In August 2014 Merck acquired Idenix Pharmaceuticals for 3 85 billion 81 82 In December 2014 the company acquired Swiss biotechnology company OncoEthix for up to 375 million 83 84 Between 2010 and 2015 the company cut around 36 450 jobs 85 During that time the company sold its consumer health business to Bayer and narrowed the company s focus to immunology vaccines diabetes emerging markets and medicines used in hospitals like certain antibiotics 85 In January 2015 Merck acquired Cubist Pharmaceuticals 86 In July 2015 Merck and Ablynx expanded their 18 month old immuno oncology collaboration by four years generating a potential 4 4 billion in milestone payments for the Abylnx 87 The company also announced it would spend 95 million up front collaborating with cCAM Biotherapeutics and its early stage treatment similar to Keytruda Merck amp Co will bring in CM 24 an antibody designed to block the immune checkpoint CEACAM1 88 In January 2016 Merck announced two new partnerships the first with Quartet Medicine and its small molecule pain treatments 89 the second with Complix investigating intracellular cancer targets 90 with both collaborations potentially generating up to 595 million and 280 million respectively Days later the company announced it would acquire IOmet Pharma with IOmet becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck amp Co The acquisition includes IOmets indoleamine 2 3 dioxygenase 1 IDO tryptophan 2 3 dioxygenase TDO and dual acting inhibitors 91 In July 2016 the company acquired Afferent Pharmaceuticals developer of a candidate used to block P2RX3 receptors for approximately 1 billion plus up to 750 million in milestone payments 92 93 In 2017 Merck bought the PARP inhibitor Lynparza from AstraZeneca 94 In April 2017 Merck Animal Health acquired Vallee S A a Brazilian animal health product manufacturer 95 In September 2017 the company announced it would acquire Rigontec developer of a candidate to target the retinoic acid inducible gene I pathway for 554 million 96 97 In October 2017 the company granted the inaugural Merck AGITG Clinical Research Fellowship in Gastro Intestinal GI Cancer to David Lau a professional in Melbourne Australia 98 99 In June 2018 Merck acquired Viralytics an Australian viral cancer drug company for AUD 502 million 100 In 2018 Merck began the submission process for a Biologics License Application to the Food and Drug Administration under the Breakthrough Therapy Designation for an investigational vaccine called V920 to fight the Zaire strain of the Ebola virus 101 In April 2019 the company acquired Immune Design for approximately 300 million gaining access to its immunotherapy programs 102 103 It also acquired Antelliq Group for 2 4 billion or 3 7 billion including debt 104 In May 2019 Merck announced it would acquire Peloton Therapeutics developer of a HIF 2alpha inhibitor for Von Hippel Lindau disease associated renal cell carcinoma for up to 2 2 billion 105 In June 2019 Merck announced it would acquire Tilos Therapeutics for up to 773 million 106 In November 2019 the company acquired Calporta which focused on Parkinsons and Alzheimers treatments 107 In December 2019 Merck Animal Health acquired Vaki an aquaculture company from Pentair 108 2020 present Edit In January 2020 Merck acquired ArQule developer of ARQ 531 an oral Bruton s tyrosine kinase BTK inhibitor for 2 7 billion 109 In March 2020 Merck was one of ten companies recognised at the inaugural Manufacturing Awards by New Jersey Business magazine and the New Jersey Business and Industry Association 110 In June 2020 Merck acquired Themis Bioscience a company focused on vaccines and immune modulation therapies for infectious diseases including COVID 19 and cancer 111 112 113 Also in June 2020 Merck Animal Health acquired Quantified Ag a data and analytics company that monitors cattle body temperature and movement in order to detect illness early 114 In August 2020 Merck Animal Health acquired IdentiGEN engaged in DNA based animal traceability 115 In September 2020 Merck acquired 1 billion of Seattle Genetics common stock and agreed to co develop ladiratuzumab vedotin 116 117 In November 2020 Merck announced it would acquire VelosBio for 2 75 billion developer of VLS 101 an antibody drug conjugate designed to target Tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 1 ROR1 in both hematological and solid tumors VLS 101 is currently Phase I and Phase II clinical trials 118 The company also announced it would acquire OncoImmune for 425 million and its phase 3 candidate CD24Fc used in the treatment of patients with severe and critical COVID 19 119 120 In February 2021 Merck Animal Health acquired PrognostiX Poultry 121 In March 2021 Merck Head of Corporate Affairs Petra Wicklandt represented the company at the Munich Security Conference where she participated in a tabletop exercise simulating the public health response to the release of a weaponized strain of monkeypox 122 In April 2021 Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics for 1 85 billion expanding its offering in treating autoimmune diseases 123 124 125 In June 2021 the U S government agreed to spend 1 2 billion to purchase 1 7 million doses of Molnupiravir a Merck product if it were to be approved by regulators to treat COVID 19 126 In October 2021 the company said that the drug reduces the risk of hospitalization or death by around 50 for patients with mild or moderate cases of COVID 19 and that it would seek Emergency Use Authorization for the drug 127 In July 2021 Robert M Davis became CEO succeeding Kenneth Frazier who became executive chairman 128 129 130 131 In July 2021 Merck completed the corporate spin off of Organon amp Co 132 In September 2021 Merck announced it would acquire Acceleron Pharma for 11 5 billion gaining control over Sotatercept used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and luspatercept aamt 133 In September 2022 the company announced it would acquire Vence a livestock management company for an undisclosed sum incorporating it within Merck Animal Health 134 In December 2022 the company announced a licensing deal with Kelun Biotech of China whereby it would expand its early cancer pipeline with a set of antibody drug conjugates this follows an earlier agreement between the two companies to co develop such drugs 135 In April 2023 Merck announced it would acquire Prometheus Biosciences Inc for 10 8 billion 136 Acquisition history EditMerck amp Co AcquisitionsMerck amp Co Founded in 1891 as the US subsidiary of Merck of Darmstadt later Nationalised by the US government in 1917 during the first World War Merck amp Co Merck amp Co H K Mulford Company Acq 1929 Sharp amp Dohme Inc Acq 1953 Charles E Frosst Ltd Acq 1965 restructured into Merck Frosst Canada Inc restructured into Merck Canada in 2011 Medco Containment Services Inc Acq 1993 Spun off 2003 Schering Plough Schering Plough Merged 1971 Schering Corporation Founded 1851 Plough Inc Founded 1908 Organon International Alydia Health Acq 2021 Intervet Diosynth Nobilon Imperial Blue Corporation 137 Idenix Pharmaceuticals Acq 2014 Maven Corporation 138 Cubist Pharmaceuticals Trius Therapeutics Acq 2013 Optimer Pharmaceuticals Acq 2013 OncoEthix Acq 2015 IOmet Pharma Acq 2016 Afferent Pharmaceuticals Acq 2016 Merck Animal Health Vallee S A Acq 2017 Vaki Acq 2019 Quantified Ag Acq 2020 IdentiGEN Acq 2020 PrognostiX Poultry Ltd Acq 2021 Vence Acq 2022 Rigontec Acq 2017 Viralytics Acq 2018 Antelliq Group Acq 2018 Cascade Merger Sub Inc 139 Immune Design Corp Acq 2019 Peloton Therapeutics Acq 2019 Tilos Therapeutics Acq 2019 Calporta Acq 2019 Argon Merger Sub Inc ArQule Inc Acq 2019 Themis Bioscience Acq 2020 VelosBio Acq 2020 OncoImmune Acq 2020 Astros Merger Sub Inc Acceleron Pharma Acq 2021 Prometheus Biosciences Announced 2023 Philanthropy EditMerck Company Foundation Edit Since it was founded in 1957 the Merck Company Foundation has distributed 740 million in overall charitable distributions including more than 480 million to educational and non profit organizations 140 141 On December 7 2012 the foundation announced that it was ending its donations to the Boy Scouts of America citing its discrimination against gay people 142 Patient assistance programs Edit Merck amp Co was one of the first American pharmaceutical companies to offer assistance to those unable to afford its medications beginning a program in the 1950s 143 Merck amp Co offers seven patient assistance programs each with specific eligibility requirements 144 145 Hilleman Laboratories Edit Merck and the Wellcome trust jointly fund the Hilleman Laboratories an India based non profit research organization dedicated to the development of low cost vaccines for use in developing countries Current projects include the development of low cost thermostable vaccines for the prevention of cholera rotavirus and meningitis 146 Merck for Mothers Edit Merck for Mothers is Merck s global initiative to help create a world where no woman has to die while giving life 147 non primary source needed Mectizan donation program Edit In 1987 Merck began a program with UNICEF to donate its new drug Mectizan to all that need it for as long as needed 148 in an effort to combat onchocerciasis also known as river blindness primarily in Africa Up to that point the World Health Organization had fought the disease through the use of insecticides to lower the population of its primary vector the Black Fly 149 However when studies in the 1980s showed how effective the drug was at treating and preventing the disease the WHO agreed to use it instead of its previous strategies 57 Merck s involvement is considered a key factor in the success against the disease all over the world 150 and the decision to donate the entirety of the drug to all those in need of it is used as part of the Mectizan Donation Program that covers countries such as Yemen and African countries 151 More than 700 million people have been treated since the inception of the program with 80 million people still undergoing treatment in Africa Latin America and Yemen Blindness caused by onchocerciasis is decreasing and there are regions of Latin America and Africa that have been shown to have eliminated the disease altogether 151 Lawsuits and controversies EditVioxx Edit In 1999 the U S Food and Drug Administration FDA approved Vioxx known generically as rofecoxib a Merck product for treating arthritis Vioxx was designed as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 Such compounds were expected to cause less gastrointestinal bleeding than older anti inflammatory drugs such as naproxen which were associated with 20 000 hospitalizations and 2000 deaths each year 152 non primary source needed Vioxx became one of the most prescribed drugs in history 153 Thereafter studies by Merck and by others found an increased risk of heart attack associated with Vioxx use when compared with naproxen Merck adjusted the labeling of Vioxx to reflect possible cardiovascular risks in 2002 154 On September 23 2004 Merck received information about results from a clinical trial it was conducting that included findings of increased risk of heart attacks among Vioxx users who had been using the medication for over eighteen months 155 On September 28 2004 Merck notified the FDA that it was voluntarily withdrawing Vioxx from the market and it publicly announced the withdrawal on September 30 An analysis for the period 1999 2004 based on U S Medical Expenditure Survey data reported that Vioxx was associated with 46 783 heart attacks and along with the other popular COX 2 inhibitor Celebrex an estimated 26 603 deaths from both 156 non primary source needed About 50 000 people sued Merck claiming they or their family members had suffered medical problems such as heart attacks or strokes after taking Vioxx 157 In November 2007 Merck agreed to pay 4 85 billion to settle most of the pending Vioxx lawsuits 158 The settlement required that claimants provide medical and pharmacy records confirming the occurrence of a heart attack ischemic stroke or sudden cardiac death the receipt of at least 30 Vioxx pills within 60 days prior to the injury or death and confirmation of Vioxx being used within 14 days of the Vioxx related event 159 The settlement was generally viewed by industry analysts and investors as a victory for Merck considering that original estimates of Merck s liability reached between 10 billion and 25 billion 158 As of mid 2008 when the plaintiff class had reached the threshold percentage required by Merck to go through with the settlement plaintiffs had prevailed in only three of the twenty cases that had reached juries all with relatively small awards 157 Merck has refused to consider compensation for Vioxx victims and their families outside the US This is particularly true in the UK where there are at least 400 victims and the legal protection afforded to the victims and their families is particularly weak 160 According to internal e mail traffic released at a later lawsuit Merck had a list of doctors critical of Vioxx to be neutralized or discredited We may need to seek them out and destroy them where they live wrote an employee A Stanford Medical School professor said that Merck was engaged in intimidation of researchers and infringement upon academic freedom 161 On May 20 2008 Merck settled for 58 million with 30 states alleging that Merck engaged in deceptive marketing tactics to promote Vioxx 162 All its new television pain advertisements must be vetted by the Food and Drug Administration and changed or delayed upon request until 2018 163 Fosamax Edit Fosamax alendronate is a bisphosphonate used for the treatment of post menopausal osteoporosis and for the prevention of skeletal problems in certain cancers The American College of Clinical Endocrinology the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists the North American Menopause Society and the UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group recommend alendronate and certain other bisphosphonates as first line treatments for post menopausal osteopotosis 164 165 166 Long term treatment with bisphosponates produces anti fracture and bone mineral density effects that persist for 3 5 years after an initial 3 5 years of treatment 167 Alendronate reduces the risk of hip vertebral and wrist fractures by 35 39 168 169 In December 2013 Merck agreed to pay a total of 27 7 million to 1 200 plaintiffs in a class action lawsuit alleging that the company s osteoporosis drug had caused them to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw Prior to the settlement Merck had prevailed in 3 of 5 so called bellwether trials Approximately 4000 cases still await adjudication or settlement as of August 2014 170 Medicaid overbilling Edit A fraud investigation by the United States Department of Justice began in 2000 when allegations were brought in two separate lawsuits filed by whistleblowers under the False Claims Act 171 They alleged that Merck failed to pay proper rebates to Medicaid and other health care programs and paid illegal remuneration to health care providers 172 On February 7 2008 Merck agreed to pay more than 650 million to settle charges that it routinely overbilled Medicaid for its most popular medicines The settlement was one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in history The federal government received more than 360 million plus 49 states and Washington DC received over 290 million One whistleblower received a 68 million reward Merck made the settlement without an admission of liability or wrongdoing 171 173 174 Merck name legal dispute Edit In 191 of 193 countries the original Merck company the Merck Group of Darmstadt owns the rights to the Merck name In the United States and Canada the company trades under the name EMD an abbreviation of Emanuel Merck Darmstadt its legal name here says Merck KGaA Darmstadt Germany and instead of Merck Group the EMD Group name is used In the United States and Canada Merck amp Co holds the rights to the trademark Merck while in the rest of the world the company trades under the name MSD an abbreviation of Merck Sharp amp Dohme and its legal name says here Merck Sharp amp Dohme LLC a subsidiary of Merck amp Co Inc Kenilworth NJ USA In 2015 the Merck Group adopted a new logo and said it will be much more aggressive about protecting the brand of the real Merck 175 Merck of Darmstadt has initiated litigation against its former subsidiary Merck amp Co MSD of Kenilworth in several countries over infringing use of the Merck name In 2016 the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom ruled that MSD had breached an agreement with its former parent company and that only Merck of Darmstadt is entitled to use the Merck name in the United Kingdom 35 The judge also held that MSD s use of Merck as part of branding on its global websites were directed to the UK and infringed Merck s trade mark rights in the UK 176 In response to the ruling MSD initiated counter litigation in the United States in January 2016 by filing a federal lawsuit which accused its former parent company of infringing on its trademark through actions that included the increased usage of Merck KGaA and MERCK in branding in the US as well as on its social media presence Further Merck amp Co has also accused the Merck Group of federal trademark dilution unfair competition false advertising deceptive trade practices breach of contract and cybersquatting The case came to a head when a research scientist believed he was communicating with Merck amp Co regarding a research grant in oncology when in fact he was talking with the Merck Group As a result Merck amp Co asked the federal court to stop the Merck Group from using Merck on any products or marketing materials in the United States As a direct result Merck amp Co is seeking all monetary gains profits and advantages made by the Merck Group and three times the damage plus additional punitive damages 32 In April 2020 in the course of litigation of Merck against MSD in Switzerland the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled that MSD s use of the Merck brand in its global websites could absent geotargeting mechanisms have commercial effect in Switzerland and could therefore violate Merck s rights if any to the Merck brand in Switzerland 177 Tax fraud Edit In 2007 Merck paid 2 3 billion to settle allegations of offshore tax fraud between 1993 and 2001 178 Propecia Edit In 2021 an investigation by Reuters revealed that Merck s baldness drug Propecia caused persistent sexual dysfunction in men 179 The drug has been linked to over 700 incidences of suicidal thoughts 180 and 110 deaths 179 Merck has been receiving reports since 1998 but never included the risks on the label 179 In 2015 Merck was sued by consumer rights law firm Hagens Berman over a wrongful death linked to Propecia 181 Environmental violations Edit Merck amp Co once used methylene chloride an animal carcinogen on the United States Environmental Protection Agency s list of pollutants as a solvent in some of its manufacturing processes Merck chemists and engineers subsequently replaced the compound with others having fewer negative environmental effects Merck has also modified its equipment to protect the environment installing a distributed control system that coordinates chemical reactions more efficiently and expedites manufacturing by 50 percent eliminating the need for the disposal and storage of harmful waste Biological oxygen demand has also been reduced In 2011 Merck paid a 1 5 million civil penalty to settle alleged violations of federal environmental laws at its pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Riverside Pennsylvania and West Point Pennsylvania 182 Public private engagement EditConferences Edit Merck was a Conference Supporter for the Virtual ISPOR Asia Pacific conference in September 2020 183 Political lobbying Edit Merck is a contributing member of AcademyHealth a health research advocacy network that also includes government agencies universities pharmaceutical companies and lobbying groups 184 References Edit a b c Merck amp Co Inc 2022 Form 10 K Annual Report U S Securities and Exchange Commission February 24 2023 Trentmann Nina March 24 2021 Merck Names 30 Year Company Veteran as CFO The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Merck Appoints Caroline Litchfield Chief Financial Officer Business Wire March 24 2021 Linnane Ciara March 24 2021 Merck names Treasurer Caroline Litchfield CFO effective April 1 MarketWatch The top 10 most profitable pharma companies in 2021 Retrieved 10 March 2023 Pharma 50 The 50 largest pharmaceutical companies in the world Fortune 500 Merck amp Co Fortune Forbes Global 2000 Merck amp Co Forbes Palmer Eric June 17 2014 The top 10 best selling diabetes drugs of 2013 FiercePharma Zhan M Xu T Wu F Tang Y August 2012 Sitagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes a meta analysis Journal of Evidence Based Medicine 5 3 154 65 doi 10 1111 j 1756 5391 2012 01189 x PMID 23672222 S2CID 205981406 Deacon CF Mannucci E Ahren B August 2012 Glycaemic efficacy of glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors as add on therapy to metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes a review and meta analysis Diabetes Obes Metab 14 8 762 7 doi 10 1111 j 1463 1326 2012 01603 x PMID 22471248 S2CID 21833823 Li L Shen J Bala MM et al 2014 Incretin treatment and risk of pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus systematic review and meta analysis of randomised and non randomised studies The BMJ 348 g2366 doi 10 1136 bmj g2366 PMC 3987051 PMID 24736555 AHA IMPROVE IT Proves Ezetimibe Benefit MedpageToday November 17 2014 Aaltonen KJ Virkki LM Malmivaara A Konttinen YT Nordstrom DC Blom M 2012 Systematic review and meta analysis of the efficacy and safety of existing TNF blocking agents in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis PLOS One 7 1 e30275 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 730275A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0030275 PMC 3260264 PMID 22272322 a b Merck and Johnson amp Johnson Reach Agreement on Distribution Rights for Remicade and Simponi Press release Business Wire April 15 2011 Archived from the original on 2012 07 08 Merck Samsung Bioepis Launch Remicade Biosimilar in U S genengnews com July 24 2017 HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION GARDASIL PDF Merck HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION ISENTRESS PDF Merck Drug Database Raltegravir HIV gov Merck Melanoma Drug Is First PD 1 Inhibitor OK d by FDA genengnews com September 5 2014 HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Keytruda PDF Food and Drug Administration a b Jeffrey Jeff August 25 2015 Merck sues Taiwan company over generic antibiotic product American City Business Journals LABEL ERTAPENEM ertapenem sodium injection National Institutes of Health Zimmer Carl 2021 06 17 A Pill to Treat Covid 19 The U S Is Betting on It The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2021 06 24 a b c Key Facts About Merck The New York Times Associated Press November 3 2005 a b c Voinea Cosmina Lelia Kranenburg Hans Van July 14 2017 Nonmarket Strategic Management Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 317 42173 3 The history of heroin From King Tut to cough remedy The Palm Beach Post June 28 2018 Opioid epidemic shares chilling similarities with past drug crises Stat Associated Press October 29 2017 Wilkins Mira 1989 The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914 ISBN 9780674396661 This month in 1917 A tale of two Mercks PM Live April 14 2014 With Merck amp Co Offering Goldman Sachs Emerges from the Shadow of World War I Goldman Sachs a b Legal Wrangle Pits Merck vs Merck genengnews com January 15 2016 Bulik Beth Snyder June 1 2020 In another round of Merck vs Merck Germany based Merck KGaA notches a win in the U K FiercePharma Dauer Ulrike Germany s Merck KGaA Wins Battle Over Name in U K The Wall Street Journal a b c Fight over Merck name sees German firm win in British court Reuters January 15 2016 Kingston W July 2004 Streptomycin Schatz v Waksman and the balance of credit for discovery J Hist Med Allied Sci 59 3 441 62 doi 10 1093 jhmas jrh091 PMID 15270337 S2CID 27465970 Antibacterial Agents Chemistry Mode of Action Mechanisms of Resistance and Clinical Applications Anderson RJ Groundwater PJ Todd A Worsely AJ Wiley 2012 ISBN 9780470972458 See Preface material Tansey E M Reynolds L A eds 2000 Post Penicillin Antibiotics From Acceptance to Resistance A Witness Seminar held at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine London London Wellcome Trust ISBN 978 184129 012 6 Beyer KH 1993 Chlorothiazide How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy Hypertension 22 3 388 91 doi 10 1161 01 hyp 22 3 388 PMID 8349332 Drugs FDA FDA Approved Drugs www accessdata fda gov Retrieved 10 March 2023 Hofschneider Mark All Awards amp Winners Lasker Foundation Retrieved 10 March 2023 Galambos Louis Sewell Jane Eliot August 13 1997 Networks of Innovation Vaccine Development at Merck Sharp and Dohme and Mulford 1895 1995 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 62620 0 Esparza Jose Lederman Seth Nitsche Andreas Damaso Clarissa R June 2020 Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States Introduction of the animal vaccine in 1870 establishment of vaccine farms and the beginnings of the vaccine industry Vaccine 38 30 4773 4779 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2020 05 037 PMC 7294234 PMID 32473878 Schrick Livia Tausch Simon H Dabrowski P Wojciech Damaso Clarissa R Esparza Jose Nitsche Andreas 12 October 2017 An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox New England Journal of Medicine 377 15 1491 1492 doi 10 1056 NEJMc1707600 PMID 29020595 Esparza Jose Lederman Seth Nitsche Andreas Damaso Clarissa R 19 June 2020 Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States Introduction of the animal vaccine in 1870 establishment of vaccine farms and the beginnings of the vaccine industry Vaccine 38 30 4773 4779 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2020 05 037 PMC 7294234 PMID 32473878 CORPORATIONS Merck s Merger Time March 16 1953 Then and Now Chemical Institute of Canada November 2014 Montreal plant among 17 closed by drugmaker Merck Toronto Star July 8 2010 Mumps History of Vaccines College of Physicians of Philadelphia Rubella College of Physicians of Philadelphia 1971 MMR Combination Vaccine Debuts College of Physicians of Philadelphia Abnormal Development Rubella Virus Chickenpox Attenuated Strain Licensed in U S a b Segal David 2011 01 28 John Horan Former Chief of Merck Dies at 90 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 06 28 20th Century Leaders Leadership Harvard Business School www hbs edu Retrieved 2022 06 28 About us Merck com Retrieved 10 March 2023 a b Crump Andy Omura Satoshi 2011 Ivermectin Wonder drug from Japan The human use perspective Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B 87 2 13 28 Bibcode 2011PJAB 87 13C doi 10 2183 pjab 87 13 PMC 3043740 PMID 21321478 Satoshi Omura PhD Retrieved 5 October 2015 Press release NobelPrize org Japanese microbiologist Satoshi Omura shares Nobel Prize for medicine The Japan Times 5 October 2015 Retrieved 5 October 2015 Joint Ventures and Other Equity Method Affiliates U S Securities and Exchange Commission December 31 2014 Solomkin J S Mazuski J E Bradley J S Rodvold K A Goldstein E J Baron E J O Neill P J Chow A W Dellinger E P Eachempati S R Gorbach S Hilfiker M May A K Nathens A B Sawyer R G Bartlett J G 2010 Diagnosis and Management of Complicated Intra abdominal Infection in Adults and Children Guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Infectious Diseases 50 2 133 164 doi 10 1086 649554 PMID 20034345 Nichols Nancy A 1994 11 01 Medicine Management and Mergers An Interview with Merck s P Roy Vagelos Harvard Business Review ISSN 0017 8012 Retrieved 2022 06 28 U S SETTLES 1 8 MILLION POLLUTION CASE WITH MERCK AND MONSANTO United States Environmental Protection Agency September 5 1996 Merck amp Co completes Medco purchase The Baltimore Sun November 19 1993 Archived from the original on May 29 2019 JOHNSON LINDA A November 18 1993 Merck Completes 6 Billion Merger With Medco Associated Press Merck finally spins off Medco Health to shareholders USA Today Associated Press August 20 2003 Bank David Buckman Rebecca 2002 05 17 Gates Foundation Buys Stakes in Drug Makers The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved 2022 06 14 Singer Natasha May 13 2009 Merck paid for medical journal without disclosure The New York Times Lowe Derek May 11 2009 Merck Elsevier and Fakery Science Statement from Michael Hansen CEO of Elsevier s Health Sciences Division Regarding Australia Based Sponsored Journal Practices Between 2000 and 2005 Press release Elsevier May 7 2009 SILBERNER JOANNE May 6 2005 Merck CEO Gilmartin Steps Down NPR Singer Natasha March 10 2009 Merck to Buy Schering Plough for 41 1 Billion The New York Times Berkrot Bill Pierson Ransdell November 3 2009 Merck Schering Plough set to complete merger Reuters Edwards Jim November 10 2009 Merck Legally Changed Its Name 3 Times to Achieve Reverse Merger With Schering CBS News Merck Johnson amp Johnson reach Remicade Simponi deal American City Business Journals April 15 2011 Rubin Ben Fox October 6 2011 Merck Chairman Clark To Retire CEO Frazier to Take Over The Wall Street Journal Smith Aaron October 1 2013 Merck to cut 8 500 more jobs CNN Merck cuts another 8 500 jobs BBC News October 1 2013 Kinch MS Haynesworth A Kinch SL Hoyer D August 2014 An overview of FDA approved new molecular entities 1827 2013 Drug Discovery Today 19 8 1033 9 doi 10 1016 j drudis 2014 03 018 PMID 24680947 Merck Completes Tender Offer to Acquire Idenix Press release Business Wire August 5 2014 Merck acquires Idenix genengnews com June 9 2014 Merck Buys OncoEthix for up to 375M genengnews com December 18 2014 Merck Acquires OncoEthix a Privately Held Oncology Company Developing Novel BET Inhibitors for Hematological and Solid Cancers Press release Business Wire December 18 2014 a b Staton Tracy August 13 2015 Merck tallies 36 000 job cuts in 5 years of restructuring FiercePharma Merck Completes Tender Offer to Acquire Cubist Press release Business Wire January 21 2015 Ablynx Merck amp Co Ink 4B Expansion of Immuno Oncology Collaboration genengnews com Merck signs a 605M deal to bulk up in cancer immunotherapy FierceBiotech July 28 2015 Quartet Merck Partner on Pain Treatments in Up to 595M Alliance genengnews com January 6 2016 Merck amp Co Launches Up to 280M Cancer Collaboration with Complix genengnews com January 6 2016 Merck amp Co Acquires Cancer Immunotherapy Developer IOmet genengnews com January 11 2016 Acquisitions Divestitures Research Collaborations and License Agreements U S Securities and Exchange Commission Merck amp Co to Acquire Afferent Pharmaceuticals for Up to 1 25B genengnews com June 10 2016 Merck looks for a return on its Lynparza investment March 17 2022 Merck Animal Health Completes Acquisition of Vallee S A Press release Business Wire March 22 2017 Merck to Acquire Rigontec Expanding Cancer Immunotherapy Franchise genengnews com September 6 2017 Merck to Acquire Rigontec RIG I Therapeutics Pioneer Advancing Leadership in Immuno Oncology Press release Business Wire September 6 2017 McLean 2017 10 05 Dr David Lau receives Merck AGITG Clinical Research Fellowship GI Cancer Retrieved 2023 04 10 Institute GI Cancer 2020 09 09 Doctor David Lau reflects on the Merck AGITG Clinical Research Fellowship GI Cancer Retrieved 2023 04 10 Bie Ephraim June 20 2018 Merck amp Co completes Viralytics acquisition S amp P Global FDA Accepts Merck s Biologics License Application BLA and Grants Priority Review for V920 the Company s Investigational Vaccine for Ebola Zaire Virus Press release Business Wire September 17 2019 Babu Aakash Jagadeesh February 21 2019 Merck to buy immunotherapy developer Immune Design for 300 million Reuters Merck Completes Tender Offer to Acquire Immune Design Press release Business Wire April 2 2019 Merck Completes Acquisition of Antelliq Corporation to Become Leader in Emerging Digital Technology for Livestock and Companion Animals Press release Business Wire April 1 2019 Repko Melissa September 20 2019 Peloton Therapeutics 2 2 billion deal with Merck took root with an idea for clinical trials The Dallas Morning News Mathias Tamara June 10 2019 Merck to buy Tilos Therapeutics for up to 773 million Reuters COI Pharmaceuticals Announces Acquisition of Calporta by Merck Press release Business Wire November 13 2019 Merck Animal Health Completes Acquisition of Vaki to Further Broaden Its Leadership Position in Aquaculture to Advance Fish Health and Welfare Press release Business Wire December 17 2019 Merck Completes Acquisition of ArQule Press release Business Wire January 16 2020 Inaugural Manufacturing Awards New Jersey Business magazine March 11 2020 Merck Completes Acquisition of Themis Press release Business Wire June 19 2020 Merck to Acquire Themis BioSpace Retrieved 10 March 2023 Erman Julie Steenhuysen May 26 2020 Merck to buy Austrian vaccine maker as it jumps into COVID 19 race Reuters Merck Animal Health Completes Acquisition of Quantified Ag Press release Business Wire June 17 2020 Merck Animal Health Completes Acquisition of IdentiGEN Press release Business Wire August 5 2020 Merck to buy 1 billion stake in Seattle Genetics co develop cancer therapy Reuters 14 September 2020 Roy Trisha September 14 2020 Merck to buy 1 bln stake in Seattle Genetics co develop cancer therapy Reuters Merck Snaps up VelosBio and its ROR1 Inhibitor in 2 75 Billion Deal O Donnell Carl November 23 2020 Merck adds experimental COVID 19 therapy with OncoImmune deal Reuters Merck Bolsters COVID 19 Pipeline with OncoImmune Acquisition BioSpace Retrieved 10 March 2023 Merck Animal Health Completes Acquisition of Poultry Sense Limited Press release Business Wire February 25 2021 Yassif Jaime O Prey Kevin Isaac Christopher November 2021 Strengthening Global Systems to Prevent and Respond to High Consequence Biological Threats PDF Nuclear Threat Initiative Archived PDF from the original on 2022 07 09 Retrieved 2022 07 09 Merck Completes Acquisition of Pandion Therapeutics Press release Business Wire April 1 2021 Merck to buy drug developer Pandion Therapeutics for 1 85 billion Reuters 25 February 2021 Merck Snaps Up Autoimmune Focused Pandion in Massive 1 85 Billion Deal BioSpace Retrieved 10 March 2023 Schumaker Erin June 9 2021 Merck signs 1 2 billion deal with US government for experimental COVID treatment ABC News Taylor Chloe October 1 2021 Merck says its new Covid pill reduces the risk of hospitalization death by half for some patients CNBC Schmidt Ann July 1 2021 Merck s new CEO Robert Davis begins after Ken Frazier s retirement FOXBusiness Bomey Nathan February 4 2021 Kenneth Frazier stepping down as Merck CEO becomes executive chairman USA TODAY Williams Jordan February 4 2021 Merck CEO stepping down at end of June TheHill Brown Courtenay February 4 2021 Merck s Ken Frazier one of just 4 Black CEOs in the Fortune 500 is stepping down Axios Merck Announces Completion of Organon amp Co Spinoff Press release Business Wire June 3 2021 Merck to Acquire Acceleron Pharma Inc Press release Business Wire September 30 2021 Merck Animal Health to Acquire Vence Pagliarulo Ned 22 December 2022 Merck builds out cancer drug pipeline with Kelun Biotech deal BiopharmaDive Archived from the original on 22 December 2022 Retrieved 23 December 2022 https www reuters com markets deals merck late stage talks acquire prometheus biosciences wsj 2023 04 16 SCHEDULE TO TENDER OFFER STATEMENT UNDER SECTION 14 D 1 OR 13 E 1 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Amendment No 8 IDENIX PHARMACEUTICALS INC IMPERIAL BLUE CORPORATION PDF U S Securities and Exchange Commission Merck amp Co Inc Financials SEC Filings SEC Filings Details SCHEDULE TO TENDER OFFER STATEMENT UNDER SECTION 14 D 1 OR 13 E 1 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Amendment No 3 Immune Design Corp PDF U S Securities and Exchange Commission Foundation Merck Responsibility Merck Responsibility Princeton University and The Merck Company Foundation Announce Creation Of New Global Health Scholars Program and Lecture Series PDF May 22 2007 Rushe Dominic December 10 2012 Boy Scouts of America Merck pulls funding in protest at gay ban The Guardian Merck to Create New Patient Assistance Program for Vaccines Retrieved May 20 2008 Archived September 16 2008 at the Wayback Machine Patient Assistance Available Prescription Assistance Programs From Merck amp Co Retrieved May 20 2008 Environmental Social amp Governance ESG MSD Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 10 March 2023 Helfand Carly June 20 2014 Merck JV plans to show up J amp J Sanofi with low cost cholera vaccine FiercePharma Archived from the original on 2015 02 07 MerckforMothers com 4 March 2021 Merck amp Co amp UNICEF USA s Partnership to Save and Protect Children UNICEF Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 Ivermectin History Stanford University February 24 1981 Onchocerciasis Africa s victory over river blindness Africa Recovery Vol 17 No 1 May 2003 p 6 a b History Mectizan 29 January 2018 Fries JF Miller SR Spitz PW Williams CA Hubert HB Bloch DA February 1989 Toward an epidemiology of gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use Gastroenterology 96 2 Pt 2 Suppl 647 55 doi 10 1016 S0016 5085 89 80061 7 PMID 2909442 Shocker Is Vioxx Coming Back as an Orphan Drug www medpagetoday com 2018 05 02 Berenson Alex Harris Gardiner Meier Barry Pollack Andrew November 14 2004 Despite Warnings Drug Giant Took Long Path to Vioxx Recall The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 The Vioxx Fallout American Enterprise Institute September 30 2005 Vaithianathan R Hockey PM Moore TJ Bates DW 2009 Iatrogenic effects of COX 2 inhibitors in the US population findings from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Drug Saf 32 4 335 43 doi 10 2165 00002018 200932040 00007 PMID 19388724 S2CID 41806262 a b Berenson Alex May 30 2008 Courts Reject Two Major Vioxx Verdicts The New York Times a b Merck Agrees to Pay 4 85 Billion in Vioxx Claims The New York Times November 9 2007 Description of Settlement Agreement PDF Vioxx MDL Plaintiffs Steering Committee Official Vioxx Settlement November 9 2007 Giles J November 2008 How Merck Made a Killing Healthy Scepticism Archived from the original on October 27 2008 Alt URL Rout Milanda April 1 2009 Vioxx maker Merck and Co drew up doctor hit list The Australian Arizona gets 2 3 Million from Vioxx Settlement 92 3 KTAR Retrieved May 19 2008 Merck Agrees to Settlement Over Vioxx Ads The New York Times Associated Press May 20 2008 Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women 2010 position statement of The North American Menopause Society Menopause 17 1 25 54 quiz 55 6 2010 doi 10 1097 gme 0b013e3181c617e6 PMID 20061894 S2CID 7980731 Hauk Lisa August 2013 ACOG releases practice bulletin on osteoporosis American Family Physician 88 4 269 75 PMID 23944732 Compston J Bowring C Cooper A et al August 2013 Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group NOGG update 2013 Maturitas 75 4 392 6 doi 10 1016 j maturitas 2013 05 013 PMID 23810490 Eriksen EF Diez Perez A Boonen S January 2014 Update on long term treatment with bisphosphonates for postmenopausal osteoporosis a systematic review Bone 58 126 35 doi 10 1016 j bone 2013 09 023 PMID 24120384 Serrano AJ Begona L Anitua E Cobos R Orive G December 2013 Systematic review and meta analysis of the efficacy and safety of alendronate and zoledronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis Gynecol Endocrinol 29 12 1005 14 doi 10 3109 09513590 2013 813468 PMID 24063695 S2CID 20163452 Gauthier K Bai A Perras C et al 2012 Denosumab Raloxifene and Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Clinical Effectiveness and Harms Internet PMID 24278999 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Merck agrees to proposed 27 7 million settlement over Fosamax lawsuits Reuters December 9 2013 a b Johnson Carrie February 8 2008 Merck to Pay 650 Million In Medicaid Settlement The Washington Post Merck to Pay More than 650 Million to Resolve Claims of Fraudulent Price Reporting and Kickbacks Press release United States Department of Justice February 7 2008 Merck Resolves Federal and State Investigations Related to Certain Past Pricing And Certain Past Sales and Marketing Activities FierceBiotech February 7 2008 Hurdle Jon February 7 2008 Merck reaches settlement in Medicaid rebate probe Reuters Connolly Allison Kitamura Makiko February 10 2014 A Tale of Two Mercks as Protesters Take On Wrong Company Bloomberg News Merck KGaA Darmstadt Germany Announces Favorable UK Court Ruling on Name Use Fierce Pharma FiercePharma January 15 2016 Judgment 4A 335 2019 of 29 April 2020 Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland April 29 2020 Merck Agrees to Settle 2 3 Billion Tax Dispute with IRS CNBC Reuters 2007 02 14 Retrieved 2022 03 10 a b c Exclusive Merck anti baldness drug Propecia has long trail of suicide reports records show Reuters 2021 02 03 Retrieved 2022 02 20 Investigation Finds Merck s Anti Baldness Drug Long Linked to Suicide Reports BioSpace Retrieved 2022 02 20 Merck amp Co Slapped With Wrongful Death Suit Over Popular Hair Loss Drug BioSpace Retrieved 2022 02 20 Merck amp Co Inc Settlement United States Environmental Protection Agency 9 May 2013 ISPOR Asia Pacific 2020 ISPOR Archived from the original on 2022 06 15 Retrieved 2022 06 15 Current Organizational Members AcademyHealth 2020 Archived from the original on 2022 05 08 Retrieved 2022 05 08 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merck amp Co Inc Official website Business data for Merck amp Co BloombergGoogleReutersSEC filingsYahoo Portals Medicine Companies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Merck 26 Co amp oldid 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