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Men's rights movement

January 26, 2023

Not to be confused with the pro-feminist Men's liberation movement.

The men's rights movement (MRM)[1] is a branch of the men's movement. The MRM in particular consists of a variety of groups and individuals (men's rights activists or MRAs) who focus on general social issues and specific government services which adversely impact, or in some cases structurally discriminate against, men and boys. Common topics discussed within the men's rights movement include family law (such as child custody, alimony and marital property distribution), reproduction, suicides, domestic violence against men, circumcision, education, conscription, social safety nets, and health policies. The men's rights movement branched off from the men's liberation movement in the early 1970s, with both groups comprising a part of the larger men's movement.

Many scholars describe the movement or parts of it as a backlash against feminism.[2] As part of the manosphere, the movement, and sectors of the movement, have been described by scholars and commentators as misogynistic,[3][4][5] hateful,[6][5][7] and, in some cases, as advocating violence against women.[5][8][9] In 2018, the Southern Poverty Law Center categorized some men's rights groups as being part of a hate ideology under the umbrella of male supremacy while stating that others "focused on legitimate grievances".[10][11]

History

Forerunners

The term "men's rights" was used at least as early as February 1856 when it appeared in Putnam's Magazine. The author was responding to the issue of women's rights, calling it a "new movement for social reform, and even for political revolution", which the author proposed to counter with men's rights.[12] Ernest Belfort Bax wrote The Legal Subjection of Men in 1896, deriding the women's rights movement as a farcical effort by women—the "privileged sex"—to prove they were "oppressed."[13]

Three loosely connected men's rights organizations formed in Austria in the interwar period. The League for Men's Rights was founded in 1926 with the goal of "combating all excesses of women's emancipation".[14][15][16][17] In 1927, the Justitia League for Family Law Reform and the Aequitas World's League for the Rights of Men split from the League of Men's Rights.[14][15] The three men's rights groups opposed women's entry into the labor market and what they saw as the corrosive influence of the women's movement on social and legal institutions. They criticized marriage and family laws, especially the requirement to pay spousal and child support to former wives and illegitimate children, and supported the use of blood tests to determine paternity.[14][15] Justitia and Aequitas issued their own short-lived journals Men's Rightists Newspaper and Self-Defense where they expressed their views that were heavily influenced by the works of Heinrich Schurtz, Otto Weininger, and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels. The organizations ceased to exist before 1939.[14][15]

Split from men's liberation movement

 
Author Warren Farrell

The modern men's rights movement emerged from the men's liberation movement, which appeared in the first half of the 1970s when scholars began to study feminist ideas and politics.[18][19] The men's liberation movement acknowledged men's institutionalized power while critically examining the consequences of hegemonic masculinity,[18] believing that both men and women suffered in a patriarchal society.[20] In the late 1970s, this movement split into two separate strands with opposing views: the pro-feminist men's movement and the anti-feminist men's rights movement,[18] which sees men as an oppressed group.[20][21][22][23][24] A major concern of the men's rights movement has been the issue of fathers' rights.[20] In the 1980s and 1990s, men's rights activists opposed societal changes sought by feminists and defended the patriarchal gender order in the family, schools and the workplace.[25] Sociologist Michael Kimmel states that their earlier critiques of gender roles "morphed into a celebration of all things masculine and a near infatuation with the traditional masculine role itself".[26]

Organizations

One of the first major men's rights organizations was the Coalition of American Divorce Reform Elements, founded by Richard Doyle in 1971, from which the Men's Rights Association spun off in 1973.[19][27] Free Men Inc. was founded in 1977 in Columbia, Maryland, spawning several chapters over the following years, which eventually merged to form the National Coalition of Free Men (known since 2008 as the National Coalition for Men).[28] Men's Rights, Inc. was also formed in 1977,[20][29][28] the National Organization for Men was founded in 1983,[20] and Fathers and Families was formed in 1994.[30] In the United Kingdom, a men's rights group calling itself the UK Men's Movement began to organize in the early 1990s.[31] The Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) was founded in 2005, and in 2010 claimed to have over 30,000 members.[32][33][34]

 
Protest in New Delhi for men's rights organized by the Save Indian Family Foundation.

Men's rights groups have formed in some European countries during periods of shifts toward conservatism and policies supporting patriarchal family and gender relations.[35] In the United States, the men's rights movement has ideological ties to neoconservatism.[36][37] Men's rights activists have received lobbying support from conservative organizations[38] and their arguments have been covered extensively in neoconservative media.[39]

Fringe political parties focusing on men's rights have been formed including, but not limited to, the Australian Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting),[40] the Israeli Man's Rights in the Family Party,[41][42][43] and the Justice for Men and Boys party in the UK.

Online activism

See also: Manosphere

The men's rights movement has become more vocal and more organized since the development of the Internet,[44][45] where activists tend to congregate.[46][47] Men's-rights websites and forums have proliferated within the online manosphere.[48][49][44] Paul Elam's site A Voice for Men (AVFM) functions as a central point of discussion and organization for men's-rights issues.[50] Other sites dedicated to men's rights are the Fathers Rights Foundation,[51] MGTOW.com (Men Going Their Own Way),[48] and several Reddit forums such as /r/MensRights and /r/TheRedPill.[49][52][53] Men's rights proponents often use the red pill and blue pill metaphor from the film The Matrix to identify each other online;[46][51] those who accept the idea that men are the oppressed victims of a misandrist society are said to have "taken the red pill".[49][54] While some of the groups have adversarial relationships with one another,[54] they tend to be united in their misogyny, promotion of masculinity, and opposition to feminism.[55][56]

Antifeminism

Many scholars consider the men's rights movement a backlash[2] or countermovement[57] to feminism. The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and profeminist ideas.[37][18] Men's rights activists say feminism has radicalized its objective and harmed men.[18][21][58][59] Men's rights activists believe that men are victims of feminism and "feminizing" influences in society,[60] and that entities such as public institutions now discriminate against men.[61][21]

Men's rights activists dispute that men as a group have institutional power and privilege[37][62] and believe that men are victimized and disadvantaged relative to women,[63][64][18][65] including in regard to what had been considered feminist concerns, such as domestic violence, pornography, prostitution, and sexism in mass media.[20] Men's rights groups generally reject the notion that feminism is interested in men's problems,[37] and some men's rights activists have viewed the women's movement as a plot to deliberately conceal discrimination against men and promote gynocentrism.[18][66][64] Warren Farrell and Herb Goldberg have argued that women hold the true power in society through their roles as the primary caregivers of children, and that male power is an illusion.[21]

Sociologist Michael Messner states that the early men's rights movement "appropriates the symmetrical language of sex roles" first used by feminists, which implies a false balance of institutional power between men and women.[18] Masculinities scholar Jonathan A. Allan described the men's rights movement as a reactionary movement that is defined by its opposition to women and feminism but has not yet formulated its own theories and methodologies outside of antifeminism.[60]

Topics

Men's rights proponents are concerned with a wide variety of matters, some of which have spawned their own groups or movements, such as the fathers' rights movement, concerned specifically with divorce and child custody issues.[67] Some, if not all, men's rights issues stem from gender roles and, according to sociologist Allan Johnson, patriarchy.[68]

Adoption

Men's rights activists seek to expand the rights of unwed fathers in case of their child's adoption.[69][70] Warren Farrell argues that in failing to inform the father of a pregnancy, an expectant mother deprives an adopted child of a relationship with the biological father. He proposes that women be legally required to make every reasonable effort to notify the father of her pregnancy within four to five days.[70] In response, philosopher James P. Sterba agrees that, for moral reasons, a woman should inform the father of the pregnancy and adoption, but this should not be imposed as a legal requirement as it might result in undue pressure, for example, to have an abortion.[71]

Anti-dowry laws

Men's rights organizations such as Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) say that women misuse legislation meant to protect them from dowry death and bride burnings.[72] SIFF is a men's rights organization in India that focuses on abuse of anti-dowry laws against men.[73] SIFF has campaigned to abolish Section 498A[74] of the Indian Penal Code, which penalizes cruelty by husbands (and the husband's family) in pursuit of dowry or for driving a wife to suicide.[75][76] SIFF states anti-dowry laws are regularly being abused to settle petty disputes in marriage[77] and that they regularly receive calls from many men who allege their wives have used false dowry claims to imprison them.[78]

Child custody

See also: Fathers' rights movement

Family law is an area of deep concern among men's rights groups. Men's rights adherents argue that the legal system and family courts discriminate against men, especially in regards to child custody after divorce.[79][80][81][82] They believe that men do not have the same contact rights or equitable shared parenting rights as their ex-spouse and use statistics on custody awards as evidence of judicial bias against men.[83] Men's rights advocates seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family law, for example by lobbying for laws that make joint custody the default custody arrangement except in cases where one parent is unfit or unwilling to parent.[84][83] They have appropriated the feminist rhetoric of "rights" and "equality" in their discourse, framing child custody as a matter of basic civil rights.[18][57][85][86] Men's rights activists argue that the lack of contact with their children makes fathers less willing to pay child support.[87] Others cite the discredited parental alienation syndrome (PAS) or parental alienation as a reason to grant custody to fathers; they claim that mothers alienate children from their fathers and make false accusations of abuse in order to seek revenge against fathers.[88][89][90][82]

 
Two protesters from UK-based fathers' rights group Fathers 4 Justice protesting in Peterborough in 2010.

Scholars and critics assert that empirical research does not support the notion of a judicial bias against men[79] and that men's rights advocates distort statistics in a way that ignores the fact that the majority of men do not seek custody, and the overwhelming majority of custody cases are settled outside of court.[83]

Academics critique the rhetorical framing of custody decisions, stating that men's rights advocates appeal for "equal rights" without ever specifying the legal rights they believe have been violated.[91] Scholars and critics assert that the men's rights rhetoric of children's "needs" that accompanies their plea for fathers' rights is merely to deflect criticism that they are motivated by self-interest and masks men's rights advocates' own claims.[57][92][4] Critics argue that abusive men use allegations of parental alienation to counter mothers' legitimate concerns about their and their chlldren's safety.[89][90][82] Deborah Rhode argues that, contrary to the claims of some men's rights activists, research shows that joint legal custody does not increase the likelihood that fathers will pay child support or remain involved parents.[93] Michael Flood argues that the fathers' and men's rights movement seems to prioritize re-establishing paternal authority over the children, rather than actual involvement, and that they prioritize principles of equality over the positive parenting and well-being of the children.[94]

Circumcision

See also: Circumcision controversies, Ethics of circumcision, Forced circumcision, and Violence against men

Observers[who?] have stated that the 'intactivist' movement, an anti-circumcision movement, has some overlap with the men's rights movement.[60][95] Most men's rights activists object to routine neonatal circumcision and say that female genital mutilation has received more attention than male circumcision.[60][96][97][98]

The controversy around non-consensual circumcision of children for non-therapeutic reasons is not exclusive to the men's rights movement, and involves concerns of feminists and medical ethics.[99][100] Some doctors and academics have argued that circumcision is a violation of the right to health and bodily integrity,[101][100][102][103][104] while others have disagreed.[105][106][107][108]

Divorce

Men's rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition to divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s. Up until this time, husbands held legal power and control over wives and children.[109] The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives.[110] Men's rights leader Rich Doyle likened divorce courts to slaughterhouses, considering their judgements unsympathetic and unreasonable.[111]

Men's rights adherents say that men are consciously or unconsciously opting out of marriage and engaging in a "marriage strike" as a result of a perceived lack of benefits in marriage, and the emotional and financial consequences of divorce, including alimony, child custody and support.[112] Men's rights activists have argued that divorce and custody laws violate men's individual rights to equal protection. Law professor Gwendolyn Leachman writes that this sort of framing "downplays the systemic biases that women face that justify protective divorce and custody laws".[113]

Across several countries (including the US and the UK), men file less than a third of opposite-sex divorce cases, and women file over two thirds.[114][115]

Domestic violence

See also: Domestic violence against men

Men's rights groups describe domestic violence committed by women against men as a problem that goes ignored and under-reported,[116][117] in part because men are reluctant to label themselves as victims.[117] They say that women are as aggressive or more aggressive than men in relationships[118] and that domestic violence is gender-symmetrical.[119][120] They cite controversial family conflict research by Murray Straus and Richard Gelles as evidence of gender symmetry.[121][120] Men's rights advocates argue that judicial systems too easily accept false allegations of domestic violence by women against male partners.[122] Men's rights advocates have been critics of legal, policy and practical protections for abused women,[120][123][124] campaigning for domestic violence shelters for battered men[116][117] and for the legal system to be educated about women's violence against men.[116]

In response to such claims, family violence scholar Richard Gelles published an article entitled "Domestic Violence: Not An Even Playing Field" and accused the men's rights movement of distorting his research findings on men's and women's violence to promote a misogynistic agenda.[125] Many domestic violence scholars and advocates have rejected the research cited by men's rights activists as flawed, and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical,[18][126][118][127][128][129] suggesting that their focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the severity of the problem of men's violence against women and children[127] and to undermine services to abused women.[118][129]

Education

See also: Sex differences in education

Men's rights adherents describe the education of boys as being in crisis, with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation compared to girls.[130] Advocates blame the influence of feminism on education for what they believe is discrimination against and systematic oppression of boys in the education system.[131][132] They critique what they describe as the "feminization" of education, stating that the predominance of female teachers, a focus on girls' needs, as well as a curricula and assessment methods that supposedly favour girls, have proved repressive and restrictive to men and boys.[130][133]

Men's rights groups call for increased recognition of masculinity, greater numbers of male role models, more competitive sports, and the increased responsibilities for boys in the school setting. They have also advocated clearer school routines, more traditional school structures, including gender-segregated classrooms, and stricter discipline.[133]

One primary characteristic of men's rights groups is the view of boys as a homogeneous group that shares common educational experiences; this means that it fails to account for how responses to educational approaches may differ by age, disability, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and class.[133]

In Australia, men's rights discourse has influenced government policy documents. Compared to Australia, less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom, where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy.[131] However, Mary Curnock Cook, the British Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) chief executive, argued that in Britain "despite the clear evidence and despite the press coverage, there is a deafening policy silence on the issue. Has the women's movement now become so normalised that we cannot conceive of needing to take positive action to secure equal education outcomes for boys?"[132]

Female privilege

The men's rights movement rejects the concept that men are privileged relative to women. The movement is divided into two groups: those who consider men and women to be harmed equally by sexism, and those who view society as endorsing the degradation of men and upholding what they term "female privilege".[134]

Governmental structures

Men's rights groups have called for governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage.[135][136][137] Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, or for the abolition of the National Commission for Women.[135][138][139] In the United Kingdom, the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing Minister for Women, has been proposed by David Amess, MP and Lord Northbourne, but was rejected by the government headed by Prime Minister Tony Blair.[136][140][141] In the United States, Warren Farrell heads a commission focused on the creation of a White House Council on Boys and Men as a counterpart to the White House Council on Women and Girls, which was formed in March 2009.[130][137]

Health

Men's rights groups view the health issues faced by men, and their shorter life spans compared to women globally, as evidence of discrimination and oppression.[67][142] They claim that feminism has led to women's health issues being privileged at the expense of men's.[143] They highlight certain disparities in funding of men's health issues as compared to women's, stating that, for example, prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast-cancer research.[142][144] David Benatar has argued that putting more money into health research on males may reduce the disparity between men's and women's life expectancy.[145] However, women and minorities had typically been excluded from medical research until the 1990s.[146][147] Viviana Simon states, "Most biomedical and clinical research has been based on the assumption that the male can serve as representative of the species." Medical scholars warn that such false assumptions are still prevalent.[148] Contrary to antifeminist assertions, empirical findings suggest that gender bias against females remains the norm in medicine.[149][150][page needed] Farrell argues that industrialization raised the stress level of men while lowering the stress-level of women by pulling men away from the home and the family, and pushing women closer to home and family. He cites this an explanation why men are more likely to die from all 15 leading causes of death than women at all ages. He argues that the U.S. government having an Office of Research on Women's Health but no Office of Research on Men's Health, along with the U.S. federal government spending twice as much money on Women's health, shows that society considers men more disposable than women.[151][time needed]

Scholars have critiqued these claims,[127][142][152] stating, as Michael Messner puts it, that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men "for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege"[153] and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically.[152] According to Michael Flood, men's health would best be improved by "tackling destructive notions of manhood, an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers' health, and the ignorance of service providers", instead of blaming a feminist health movement.[154] Genevieve Creighton & John L Oliffe have stated that men engage in positive health practices, such as reducing fat intake and alcohol, to conform to positive masculine ideals.[155] Some have argued that biology contributes to the life-expectancy gap. For example, it has been found that females consistently outlive males among primates. Eunuchs, castrated before puberty, have shown to live with varying differences, more than other males, pointing to testosterone levels playing a role in the life-expectancy gap.[156] Luy and Gast found that the female–male life expectancy gap is primarily due to higher mortality rates among specific sub-populations of men. They therefore state that social programs should be narrowly targeted to those sub-populations, rather than to men as a whole.[157]

Homelessness

Glen Poole, author of the book Equality For Men, argues that homelessness is a gendered issue, saying that in Britain, most homeless people are male.[158] A 2018 study focused on three Pennsylvania emergency departments found little difference in the number of men and women who self-reported as homeless; however, the study did not claim to reflect the homeless population in the United States as a whole.[159] [non-primary source needed] For information on the homeless population of the United States as a whole, see Homelessness in the United States.

Incarceration

Men's rights campaigners believe that men receive harsher treatment than women in criminal justice systems around the world. They cite the disproportionate number of men in prison as evidence of this.[160] In the United States,[161] the United Kingdom,[162] Australia,[163] India[164] and across the European Union,[165] 90–95% of prison inmates are male. Studies have shown that, compared with women who commit similar crimes, men are more likely to be incarcerated, receive longer prison sentences, and have to serve a greater portion of their sentences.[166][167][168][169][170][171][172] According to Warren Farrell, a man convicted of murder in the United States is twenty times more likely to receive a death sentence than a woman convicted of murder.[171] There is also evidence that female sex offenders are treated with more leniency than their male counterparts.[173] Farrell believes society considers women to be naturally more innocent and credible, and criticizes battered woman and infanticide defenses.[171] He criticizes conditions in men's prisons and the lack of attention to prison male-to-male rape by authorities.[171]

Military conscription

Main article: Conscription and sexism

Men's rights activists argue that the sole military conscription of men is an example of discrimination against men.[67][174] Historically, most societies have only required men to be conscripted. According to David Benatar, "perhaps the most obvious example of male disadvantage is the long history of social and legal pressures on men, but not on women, to enter the military and to fight in war, thereby risking their lives and bodily and psychological health. Where the pressure to join the military has taken the form of conscription, the costs of avoidance have been self-imposed exile, imprisonment, physical assault or, in the most extreme circumstances, execution."[175] Around 80 countries worldwide still use conscription in various forms, and most of these have a male-only draft.[175] As of 2018, only two countries – Norway and Sweden – required women to be conscripted under the same formal conditions as men.[176][177]

In the United States, all males ages 18–25 are required to register for Selective Service. Failure to do so can result in fines, imprisonment, and ineligibility for student loans and federal employment. Women are not required to register. In 1971, draft resisters in the United States initiated a class-action suit alleging that male-only conscription violated men's rights to equal protection under the US constitution.[178][179] When the case, Rostker v. Goldberg, reached the Supreme Court in 1981, they were supported by a men's rights group and multiple feminist groups, including the National Organization for Women.[179] However, the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act,[178] stating that 'the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity''.[180] The 2016 decision by Defense Secretary Ash Carter to make all combat positions open to women relaunched debate over whether or not women should be required to register for the Selective Service System.[181] In the case National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System, the Southern District Court of Texas ruled the male-only draft unconstitutional.

Paternity fraud

Main articles: Non-paternity event and Paternity fraud

Men's and fathers' rights groups interest in "paternity fraud" or mistaken paternity falls into two main categories: men who are compelled to provide financial support for a child that has been proven by DNA testing not to be their biological offspring, and men who have been led to believe that the children they are raising are their own, and have subsequently discovered otherwise.[182] They hold biological views of fatherhood, emphasizing the imperative of the genetic foundation of paternity rather than social aspects of fatherhood.[182][183] They state that men should not be forced to support children fathered by another man,[184] and that men are harmed because a relationship is created between a man and non-biological children while denying the children and their biological father of that experience and knowledge of their genetic history. In addition, they say non-biological fathers are denied the resources to have their own biological children in another relationship.[182]

Men's rights activists support the use of one-parent consent paternity testing to reassure presumed fathers about the child's paternity;[184] men's and fathers' rights groups have also called for compulsory paternity testing of all children.[182][185][186] They have campaigned vigorously in support of men who have been shown by genetic testing not to be the biological father, but who are nevertheless required to be financially responsible for them.[183] Prompted by these concerns, legislators in certain jurisdictions have supported this biological view and have passed laws providing relief from child support payments when a man is proved not to be the father.[182][183] Australian men's rights groups have opposed the recommendations of a report by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the National Health and Medical Research Council that would require the informed consent of both parents for paternity testing of young children,[184] and laws that would make it illegal to obtain a sample for DNA testing without the individual's informed consent.[187]

Estimates of the extent of misattributed paternity vary considerably. Some campaigners claim that between 10% and 30% of children are being parented by men who are unaware that they are not the biological father, but Professor Leslie Cannold writes that these numbers have been inflated by an order of magnitude, with about 1% seen in Australia and the UK, and 3% observed in the US.[182] Sociologist Michael Gilding asserts that men's rights activists have exaggerated the rate and extent of misattributed paternity, which he estimates at about 1–3%.[185][188][189] Gilding opposed as unnecessary calls for mandatory paternity testing of all children.[185] Even the lowest estimates of the prevalence of paternity fraud suggest it affects tens of thousands of men in the US alone.[190]

Rape

False accusations against men

Main article: False accusation of rape

Men's rights activists are significantly concerned with false accusations of rape and sexual assault,[191] and desire to protect men from the negative consequences of false accusations.[192]

Men's rights proponents believe that the naming of the accused while providing the accuser (victim) with anonymity encourages abuse of this kind.[193][194][195] Men's rights advocates have also claimed that rape "has been used as a scam."[196] Studies from the United States, Australia, and the Britain have found the percentage of estimated false or unsubstantiated rape allegations to be around 2% to 8%.[197][198][199][200] Quoting research including those by Eugene Kanin and the U.S. Air Force, they assert that 40–50% or more of rape allegations may be false.[201][202][203]

To argue the issue of false accusations of rape, the categories of 'false' and 'unsubstantiated' are often conflated, such as the National Coalition for Men citing reports such as the 1996 FBI summary that finds a rate of 8% for unsubstantiated forcible rape, which is four times higher than the average for all index crimes as a whole.[201] Experts emphasize that verified false allegations are a distinct category from unsubstantiated allegations, and conflating the two is fallacious.[204] These figures are widely debated due to the questionable methodology and small sample sizes - see the False accusation of rape page for wider survey estimates.

Sexual violence against men

See also: Rape of males

Men's rights activists have also raised contention on the issue of sexual violence against men, especially in the context of the stigma surrounding male victims of rape and the legal troubles they face, including being counter-sued for rape, child support (See Hermesmann v. Seyer), and lack of action. Men's rights activists have also criticized the lack of attention towards prison male-to-male rape by authorities.[201]

Criminalization of marital rape

Main article: Marital rape

Legislation and judicial decisions criminalizing marital rape are opposed by some men's rights groups in the United Kingdom,[205][206][207][208] the United States[120][209] and India.[210][211] The reasons for opposition include concerns about false allegations related to divorce proceedings,[212][213][214] and the belief that sex within marriage is an irrevocable part of the institution of marriage.[215][216] In India, there has been anxiety about relationships[217] and the future of marriage that such laws have given women "grossly disproportional rights".[218] Virag Dhulia of the Save Indian Family Foundation, a men's rights organization, has opposed recent efforts to criminalize marital rape in India, arguing that "no relationship will work if these rules are enforced".[217]

Critique of men's rights rape discourse

Feminist scholars Lise Gotell and Emily Dutton argue that content on the manosphere reveals anti-feminist pro-rape arguments, including that sexual violence is a gender-neutral problem, feminists are responsible for erasing men's experiences of victimization, false allegations are widespread, and that rape culture is a feminist-produced moral panic. They contend it is important to engage [this topic] as there is a real danger that MRA (Men's Rights Activism) claims could come to define the popular conversation about sexual violence.[219]

Reproductive rights

See also: Paper abortion

Men's rights campaigners assert that while a woman has several legal avenues to opt out of being a mother after conception (abortion, adoption, safe haven laws), a man has no choice in whether he becomes a father and is at the mercy of the mother's decision.[220][221] Moreover, a man who fathers a child as a result of reproductive coercion or a sexual assault by a woman can still be compelled to support the child financially.[222] Cases in Kansas, California and Arizona have established that a male raped as a minor by a woman can be held legally responsible for a child that results from the assault, a situation the director of the National Center for Men described as "off-the-charts ridiculous" that "wouldn't be tolerated" if the genders were reversed.[223] According to Warren Farrell, "Roe v. Wade gave women the vote over their bodies. Men still don't have the vote over theirs—whether in love or war."[224][third-party source needed]

In consequence, some advocate for paper abortion, which would allow the biological father, before the birth of the child, to opt out of any rights, privileges, and responsibilities toward the child, including financial support.

In 2006, the American National Center for Men backed Dubay v. Wells, a lawsuit which concerned whether men should have the opportunity to decline all paternity rights and responsibilities in the event of an unplanned pregnancy. Supporters argued that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women.[225] The case and the appeal were dismissed, with the U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) stating that neither parent has the right to sever their financial responsibilities for a child and that "Dubay's claim that a man's right to disclaim fatherhood would be analogous to a woman's right to abortion rests upon a false analogy".[226][227]

Social security and insurance

Men's rights groups argue that women are given superior social security and tax benefits than men.[37] Warren Farrell states that men in the United States pay more into social security, but in total, women receive more in benefits, and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized.[228][third-party source needed]

Suicide

Main article: Gender differences in suicide

Men's rights activists point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women.[142][143] In the United States for example, the male-to-female suicide death ratio varies, approximately, between 3:1 and 10:1,[229] and some studies have shown a higher suicidal intent in men.[230]

In Australia, 75% of suicides are male,[231][232] with, on average, 6 men killing themselves each day.[233]

Studies have also found an over-representation of women in attempted or incomplete suicides and men in complete suicides.[234] This phenomenon, described as the "gender paradox of suicide," is argued to derive from a tendency for females to use less lethal methods and greater male access and use of lethal methods.[234][235]

Prominent men's rights activists

Most men's rights activists in the United States are white, middle-class, heterosexual men.[47][236][58][237] Prominent advocates include Warren Farrell,[21] Herb Goldberg,[21] Richard Doyle,[238] and Asa Baber.[239][240] Several women have emerged as leading voices of the MRM, including Helen Smith, Christina Hoff Sommers[241] and Erin Pizzey.[242]

Karen DeCrow

Main article: Karen DeCrow

Karen DeCrow was an American attorney, author, and activist and feminist, who served as president of the National Organization for Women from 1974 to 1977, She was also a strong supporter of equal rights for men in child custody decisions, arguing for a "rebuttable presumption" of shared custody after divorce.[243] She also asserted that men as well as women should be allowed the decision not to become a parent, and was an avid supporter of father's rights movements, and argued that domestic violence is a "two-way street."[244] As a result, DeCrow found she was "increasingly at odds with the organization she had once led, though she never broke with it."[244]

Marc Angelucci

Main article: Marc Angelucci

Marc Angelucci was an American attorney, men's rights activist, and the vice-president of the National Coalition for Men (NCFM).[245] As a lawyer, he represented several cases related to men's rights issues, most prominently National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System, in which the federal judge declared the male-only selective-service system unconstitutional, and Woods v. Horton, which ruled that the California State Legislature had unconstitutionally excluded men from domestic violence victim protection programs.[246][247]

Warren Farrell

Main article: Warren Farrell

Warren Farrell is an American educator, activist and author of seven books on men's and women's issues.

Farrell initially came to prominence in the 1970s as a supporter of second wave feminism; he served on the New York City Board of the National Organization for Women (NOW). Generally considered the 'Father of Men's Rights Movement,'" Farrell advocates for "a gender liberation movement, with "both sexes walking a mile in each other's moccasins."[248]

Herb Goldberg

Main article: Herb Goldberg

Herb Goldberg was the author of the book What Men Still Don't Know About Women, Relationships, and Love,The Hazards of Being Male: Surviving the Myth of Masculine Privilege (1975), and What Men Really Want and Men's Secrets related to the formative men's movement. He was a professor emeritus of psychology at California State University, Los Angeles and a practicing psychologist in Los Angeles.[249]

Erin Pizzey

Main article: Erin Pizzey

Erin Pizzey is an English men's rights advocate, domestic abuse advocate and ex-feminist. She is most noted for her controversial theory[250] that most domestic violence between men and women is mutual and reciprocated.[251][failed verification] Pizzey started the largest domestic violence shelter in England in 1971, now known as Refuge,[252] from which she is now banned. Pizzey has released two notable works, Scream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear and Prone to Violence.[253]

Reception

Many authors have characterized the men's rights movement as misogynistic.[254] The Southern Poverty Law Center has stated that while some of the websites, blogs and forums related to the movement "voice legitimate and sometimes disturbing complaints about the treatment of men, what is most remarkable is the misogynistic tone that pervades so many."[126][255][256] After further research into the movement, the SPLC elaborated: "A thinly veiled desire for the domination of women and a conviction that the current system oppresses men in favor of women are the unifying tenets of the male supremacist worldview."[10] Other studies have pointed towards men's rights groups in India trying to change or completely abolish important legal protections for women as a form of "patriarchal anxiety" as well as being hostile towards women.[257]

The venue for the first Men's Rights Conference in the US received death threats, calls, and demonstrations[258] forcing the organizers to raise funds for extra security[259] and eventually change the venue.

Professor Ruth M. Mann of the University of Windsor in Canada suggests that men's rights groups fuel an international rhetoric of hatred and victimization by disseminating misinformation via online forums and websites containing constantly-updated "diatribes against feminism, ex-wives, child support, shelters, and the family law and criminal justice systems."[260] According to Mann, these stories reignite their hatred and reinforce their beliefs that the system is biased against men and that feminism is responsible for a large scale and ongoing "cover-up" of men's victimization. Mann says that although existing legislation in Canada acknowledges that men are also victims of domestic violence, men's rights advocates demand government recognition that men are equally or more victimized by domestic violence, claims not supported by the data.[260] Mann also states that in contrast to feminist groups, who have advocated for domestic violence services on behalf of other historically oppressed groups in addition to women, such as individuals impacted by poverty, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, etc., men's rights groups have attempted to achieve their goals by actively opposing and attempting to dismantle services and supports put in place to protect abused women and children.[260]

Other researchers such as Michael Flood have accused the men's rights movement, particularly the father's rights groups in Australia, of endangering women, children, and even men who are at greater risk of abuse and violence.[4][261] Flood states that the men's rights/father's rights groups in Australia pursue "equality with a vengeance" or equal policies with negative outcomes and motives in order to re-establish paternal authority over the well-being of children and women as well as positive parenting.[261]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Rafail, Patrick; Freitas, Isaac (2019). "Grievance Articulation and Community Reactions in the Men's Rights Movement Online". Social Media + Society. 5 (2): 205630511984138. doi:10.1177/2056305119841387. ISSN 2056-3051.
  2. ^ a b Sources:
    • Clatterbaugh, Kenneth (2007a). "Men's Rights". In Flood, Michael; Gardiner, Judith Kegan; Pease, Bob; Pringle, Keith (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities. Routledge. pp. 430–433. ISBN 978-0-415-33343-6. The concept of men's rights embraces a variety of points of view that are overwhelmingly hostile to feminism or pro-feminism.
    • Maddison, Sarah (1999). (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013.
    • Doyle, Ciara (2004). "The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family". In Herrman, Peter (ed.). Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-59033-900-8.
    • Flood, Michael (2005). "Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism". In Kimmel, Michael S.; Hearn, Jeff; Connell, Raewyn (eds.). Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-7619-2369-5.
    • Finocchiaro, Peter (29 March 2011). "Is the men's rights movement growing?". Salon. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
    • Messner, Michael (2000). Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8039-5577-6.
    • Solinger, Rickie (2013). Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-981141-0.
    • Menzies, Robert (2007). "Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's 'Rights' and Feminist 'Wrongs' in Cyberspace". In Boyd, Susan B (ed.). Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 65–97. ISBN 978-0-7748-1411-9.
    • Dunphy, Richard (2000). Sexual Politics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7486-1247-5.
    • Mills, Martin (2003). "Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters". International Journal of Inclusive Education. 7 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1080/13603110210143644. S2CID 144875158.
  3. ^ Ruzankina, E.A. (2010). "Men's movements and male subjectivity". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc. 49 (1): 8–16. doi:10.2753/aae1061-1959490101. S2CID 144841265.
  4. ^ a b c Dragiewicz, Molly (2011). Equality with a Vengeance: Men's Rights Groups, Battered Women, and Antifeminist Backlash. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-756-2.
  5. ^ a b c Schmitz, Rachel M.; Kazyak, Emily (12 May 2016). "Masculinities in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men's Rights Activist Websites". Social Sciences. 5 (2): 18. doi:10.3390/socsci5020018.
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    • Menzies 2007, p. 71
    • Brod, Harry; Kaufman, Michael, eds. (1994). Theorizing masculinities. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8039-4904-1.
    • Pease, Bob (2000). Recreating men: postmodern masculinity politics. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7619-6205-2.
    • . Canadian Association of University Teachers. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015. Disturbingly, we have seen in the past year the rise of misogynist men's rights groups on campuses and in communities across the country – an alarming trend that requires our attention and action.
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References

Further reading

January 26, 2023
rights, movement, confused, with, feminist, liberation, movement, rights, movement, branch, movement, particular, consists, variety, groups, individuals, rights, activists, mras, focus, general, social, issues, specific, government, services, which, adversely,. Not to be confused with the pro feminist Men s liberation movement The men s rights movement MRM 1 is a branch of the men s movement The MRM in particular consists of a variety of groups and individuals men s rights activists or MRAs who focus on general social issues and specific government services which adversely impact or in some cases structurally discriminate against men and boys Common topics discussed within the men s rights movement include family law such as child custody alimony and marital property distribution reproduction suicides domestic violence against men circumcision education conscription social safety nets and health policies The men s rights movement branched off from the men s liberation movement in the early 1970s with both groups comprising a part of the larger men s movement Many scholars describe the movement or parts of it as a backlash against feminism 2 As part of the manosphere the movement and sectors of the movement have been described by scholars and commentators as misogynistic 3 4 5 hateful 6 5 7 and in some cases as advocating violence against women 5 8 9 In 2018 the Southern Poverty Law Center categorized some men s rights groups as being part of a hate ideology under the umbrella of male supremacy while stating that others focused on legitimate grievances 10 11 Contents 1 History 1 1 Forerunners 1 2 Split from men s liberation movement 1 3 Organizations 1 4 Online activism 1 5 Antifeminism 2 Topics 2 1 Adoption 2 2 Anti dowry laws 2 3 Child custody 2 4 Circumcision 2 5 Divorce 2 6 Domestic violence 2 7 Education 2 8 Female privilege 2 9 Governmental structures 2 10 Health 2 11 Homelessness 2 12 Incarceration 2 13 Military conscription 2 14 Paternity fraud 2 15 Rape 2 15 1 False accusations against men 2 15 2 Sexual violence against men 2 15 3 Criminalization of marital rape 2 15 4 Critique of men s rights rape discourse 2 16 Reproductive rights 2 17 Social security and insurance 2 18 Suicide 3 Prominent men s rights activists 3 1 Karen DeCrow 3 2 Marc Angelucci 3 3 Warren Farrell 3 4 Herb Goldberg 3 5 Erin Pizzey 4 Reception 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further readingHistoryForerunners The term men s rights was used at least as early as February 1856 when it appeared in Putnam s Magazine The author was responding to the issue of women s rights calling it a new movement for social reform and even for political revolution which the author proposed to counter with men s rights 12 Ernest Belfort Bax wrote The Legal Subjection of Men in 1896 deriding the women s rights movement as a farcical effort by women the privileged sex to prove they were oppressed 13 Three loosely connected men s rights organizations formed in Austria in the interwar period The League for Men s Rights was founded in 1926 with the goal of combating all excesses of women s emancipation 14 15 16 17 In 1927 the Justitia League for Family Law Reform and the Aequitas World s League for the Rights of Men split from the League of Men s Rights 14 15 The three men s rights groups opposed women s entry into the labor market and what they saw as the corrosive influence of the women s movement on social and legal institutions They criticized marriage and family laws especially the requirement to pay spousal and child support to former wives and illegitimate children and supported the use of blood tests to determine paternity 14 15 Justitia and Aequitas issued their own short lived journals Men s Rightists Newspaper and Self Defense where they expressed their views that were heavily influenced by the works of Heinrich Schurtz Otto Weininger and Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels The organizations ceased to exist before 1939 14 15 Split from men s liberation movement Author Warren Farrell The modern men s rights movement emerged from the men s liberation movement which appeared in the first half of the 1970s when scholars began to study feminist ideas and politics 18 19 The men s liberation movement acknowledged men s institutionalized power while critically examining the consequences of hegemonic masculinity 18 believing that both men and women suffered in a patriarchal society 20 In the late 1970s this movement split into two separate strands with opposing views the pro feminist men s movement and the anti feminist men s rights movement 18 which sees men as an oppressed group 20 21 22 23 24 A major concern of the men s rights movement has been the issue of fathers rights 20 In the 1980s and 1990s men s rights activists opposed societal changes sought by feminists and defended the patriarchal gender order in the family schools and the workplace 25 Sociologist Michael Kimmel states that their earlier critiques of gender roles morphed into a celebration of all things masculine and a near infatuation with the traditional masculine role itself 26 Organizations One of the first major men s rights organizations was the Coalition of American Divorce Reform Elements founded by Richard Doyle in 1971 from which the Men s Rights Association spun off in 1973 19 27 Free Men Inc was founded in 1977 in Columbia Maryland spawning several chapters over the following years which eventually merged to form the National Coalition of Free Men known since 2008 as the National Coalition for Men 28 Men s Rights Inc was also formed in 1977 20 29 28 the National Organization for Men was founded in 1983 20 and Fathers and Families was formed in 1994 30 In the United Kingdom a men s rights group calling itself the UK Men s Movement began to organize in the early 1990s 31 The Save Indian Family Foundation SIFF was founded in 2005 and in 2010 claimed to have over 30 000 members 32 33 34 Protest in New Delhi for men s rights organized by the Save Indian Family Foundation Men s rights groups have formed in some European countries during periods of shifts toward conservatism and policies supporting patriarchal family and gender relations 35 In the United States the men s rights movement has ideological ties to neoconservatism 36 37 Men s rights activists have received lobbying support from conservative organizations 38 and their arguments have been covered extensively in neoconservative media 39 Fringe political parties focusing on men s rights have been formed including but not limited to the Australian Non Custodial Parents Party Equal Parenting 40 the Israeli Man s Rights in the Family Party 41 42 43 and the Justice for Men and Boys party in the UK Online activism See also Manosphere The men s rights movement has become more vocal and more organized since the development of the Internet 44 45 where activists tend to congregate 46 47 Men s rights websites and forums have proliferated within the online manosphere 48 49 44 Paul Elam s site A Voice for Men AVFM functions as a central point of discussion and organization for men s rights issues 50 Other sites dedicated to men s rights are the Fathers Rights Foundation 51 MGTOW com Men Going Their Own Way 48 and several Reddit forums such as r MensRights and r TheRedPill 49 52 53 Men s rights proponents often use the red pill and blue pill metaphor from the film The Matrix to identify each other online 46 51 those who accept the idea that men are the oppressed victims of a misandrist society are said to have taken the red pill 49 54 While some of the groups have adversarial relationships with one another 54 they tend to be united in their misogyny promotion of masculinity and opposition to feminism 55 56 Antifeminism Many scholars consider the men s rights movement a backlash 2 or countermovement 57 to feminism The men s rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and profeminist ideas 37 18 Men s rights activists say feminism has radicalized its objective and harmed men 18 21 58 59 Men s rights activists believe that men are victims of feminism and feminizing influences in society 60 and that entities such as public institutions now discriminate against men 61 21 Men s rights activists dispute that men as a group have institutional power and privilege 37 62 and believe that men are victimized and disadvantaged relative to women 63 64 18 65 including in regard to what had been considered feminist concerns such as domestic violence pornography prostitution and sexism in mass media 20 Men s rights groups generally reject the notion that feminism is interested in men s problems 37 and some men s rights activists have viewed the women s movement as a plot to deliberately conceal discrimination against men and promote gynocentrism 18 66 64 Warren Farrell and Herb Goldberg have argued that women hold the true power in society through their roles as the primary caregivers of children and that male power is an illusion 21 Sociologist Michael Messner states that the early men s rights movement appropriates the symmetrical language of sex roles first used by feminists which implies a false balance of institutional power between men and women 18 Masculinities scholar Jonathan A Allan described the men s rights movement as a reactionary movement that is defined by its opposition to women and feminism but has not yet formulated its own theories and methodologies outside of antifeminism 60 TopicsMen s rights proponents are concerned with a wide variety of matters some of which have spawned their own groups or movements such as the fathers rights movement concerned specifically with divorce and child custody issues 67 Some if not all men s rights issues stem from gender roles and according to sociologist Allan Johnson patriarchy 68 Adoption Men s rights activists seek to expand the rights of unwed fathers in case of their child s adoption 69 70 Warren Farrell argues that in failing to inform the father of a pregnancy an expectant mother deprives an adopted child of a relationship with the biological father He proposes that women be legally required to make every reasonable effort to notify the father of her pregnancy within four to five days 70 In response philosopher James P Sterba agrees that for moral reasons a woman should inform the father of the pregnancy and adoption but this should not be imposed as a legal requirement as it might result in undue pressure for example to have an abortion 71 Anti dowry laws Men s rights organizations such as Save Indian Family Foundation SIFF say that women misuse legislation meant to protect them from dowry death and bride burnings 72 SIFF is a men s rights organization in India that focuses on abuse of anti dowry laws against men 73 SIFF has campaigned to abolish Section 498A 74 of the Indian Penal Code which penalizes cruelty by husbands and the husband s family in pursuit of dowry or for driving a wife to suicide 75 76 SIFF states anti dowry laws are regularly being abused to settle petty disputes in marriage 77 and that they regularly receive calls from many men who allege their wives have used false dowry claims to imprison them 78 Child custody See also Fathers rights movementFamily law is an area of deep concern among men s rights groups Men s rights adherents argue that the legal system and family courts discriminate against men especially in regards to child custody after divorce 79 80 81 82 They believe that men do not have the same contact rights or equitable shared parenting rights as their ex spouse and use statistics on custody awards as evidence of judicial bias against men 83 Men s rights advocates seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family law for example by lobbying for laws that make joint custody the default custody arrangement except in cases where one parent is unfit or unwilling to parent 84 83 They have appropriated the feminist rhetoric of rights and equality in their discourse framing child custody as a matter of basic civil rights 18 57 85 86 Men s rights activists argue that the lack of contact with their children makes fathers less willing to pay child support 87 Others cite the discredited parental alienation syndrome PAS or parental alienation as a reason to grant custody to fathers they claim that mothers alienate children from their fathers and make false accusations of abuse in order to seek revenge against fathers 88 89 90 82 Two protesters from UK based fathers rights group Fathers 4 Justice protesting in Peterborough in 2010 Scholars and critics assert that empirical research does not support the notion of a judicial bias against men 79 and that men s rights advocates distort statistics in a way that ignores the fact that the majority of men do not seek custody and the overwhelming majority of custody cases are settled outside of court 83 Academics critique the rhetorical framing of custody decisions stating that men s rights advocates appeal for equal rights without ever specifying the legal rights they believe have been violated 91 Scholars and critics assert that the men s rights rhetoric of children s needs that accompanies their plea for fathers rights is merely to deflect criticism that they are motivated by self interest and masks men s rights advocates own claims 57 92 4 Critics argue that abusive men use allegations of parental alienation to counter mothers legitimate concerns about their and their chlldren s safety 89 90 82 Deborah Rhode argues that contrary to the claims of some men s rights activists research shows that joint legal custody does not increase the likelihood that fathers will pay child support or remain involved parents 93 Michael Flood argues that the fathers and men s rights movement seems to prioritize re establishing paternal authority over the children rather than actual involvement and that they prioritize principles of equality over the positive parenting and well being of the children 94 Circumcision See also Circumcision controversies Ethics of circumcision Forced circumcision and Violence against men Observers who have stated that the intactivist movement an anti circumcision movement has some overlap with the men s rights movement 60 95 Most men s rights activists object to routine neonatal circumcision and say that female genital mutilation has received more attention than male circumcision 60 96 97 98 The controversy around non consensual circumcision of children for non therapeutic reasons is not exclusive to the men s rights movement and involves concerns of feminists and medical ethics 99 100 Some doctors and academics have argued that circumcision is a violation of the right to health and bodily integrity 101 100 102 103 104 while others have disagreed 105 106 107 108 Divorce Men s rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition to divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s Up until this time husbands held legal power and control over wives and children 109 The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives 110 Men s rights leader Rich Doyle likened divorce courts to slaughterhouses considering their judgements unsympathetic and unreasonable 111 Men s rights adherents say that men are consciously or unconsciously opting out of marriage and engaging in a marriage strike as a result of a perceived lack of benefits in marriage and the emotional and financial consequences of divorce including alimony child custody and support 112 Men s rights activists have argued that divorce and custody laws violate men s individual rights to equal protection Law professor Gwendolyn Leachman writes that this sort of framing downplays the systemic biases that women face that justify protective divorce and custody laws 113 Across several countries including the US and the UK men file less than a third of opposite sex divorce cases and women file over two thirds 114 115 Domestic violence See also Domestic violence against men Men s rights groups describe domestic violence committed by women against men as a problem that goes ignored and under reported 116 117 in part because men are reluctant to label themselves as victims 117 They say that women are as aggressive or more aggressive than men in relationships 118 and that domestic violence is gender symmetrical 119 120 They cite controversial family conflict research by Murray Straus and Richard Gelles as evidence of gender symmetry 121 120 Men s rights advocates argue that judicial systems too easily accept false allegations of domestic violence by women against male partners 122 Men s rights advocates have been critics of legal policy and practical protections for abused women 120 123 124 campaigning for domestic violence shelters for battered men 116 117 and for the legal system to be educated about women s violence against men 116 In response to such claims family violence scholar Richard Gelles published an article entitled Domestic Violence Not An Even Playing Field and accused the men s rights movement of distorting his research findings on men s and women s violence to promote a misogynistic agenda 125 Many domestic violence scholars and advocates have rejected the research cited by men s rights activists as flawed and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical 18 126 118 127 128 129 suggesting that their focus on women s violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the severity of the problem of men s violence against women and children 127 and to undermine services to abused women 118 129 Education See also Sex differences in education Men s rights adherents describe the education of boys as being in crisis with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation compared to girls 130 Advocates blame the influence of feminism on education for what they believe is discrimination against and systematic oppression of boys in the education system 131 132 They critique what they describe as the feminization of education stating that the predominance of female teachers a focus on girls needs as well as a curricula and assessment methods that supposedly favour girls have proved repressive and restrictive to men and boys 130 133 Men s rights groups call for increased recognition of masculinity greater numbers of male role models more competitive sports and the increased responsibilities for boys in the school setting They have also advocated clearer school routines more traditional school structures including gender segregated classrooms and stricter discipline 133 One primary characteristic of men s rights groups is the view of boys as a homogeneous group that shares common educational experiences this means that it fails to account for how responses to educational approaches may differ by age disability culture ethnicity sexuality religion and class 133 In Australia men s rights discourse has influenced government policy documents Compared to Australia less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy 131 However Mary Curnock Cook the British Universities and Colleges Admissions Service UCAS chief executive argued that in Britain despite the clear evidence and despite the press coverage there is a deafening policy silence on the issue Has the women s movement now become so normalised that we cannot conceive of needing to take positive action to secure equal education outcomes for boys 132 Female privilege The men s rights movement rejects the concept that men are privileged relative to women The movement is divided into two groups those who consider men and women to be harmed equally by sexism and those who view society as endorsing the degradation of men and upholding what they term female privilege 134 Governmental structures Men s rights groups have called for governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education health work and marriage 135 136 137 Men s rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men s Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men or for the abolition of the National Commission for Women 135 138 139 In the United Kingdom the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing Minister for Women has been proposed by David Amess MP and Lord Northbourne but was rejected by the government headed by Prime Minister Tony Blair 136 140 141 In the United States Warren Farrell heads a commission focused on the creation of a White House Council on Boys and Men as a counterpart to the White House Council on Women and Girls which was formed in March 2009 130 137 Health Men s rights groups view the health issues faced by men and their shorter life spans compared to women globally as evidence of discrimination and oppression 67 142 They claim that feminism has led to women s health issues being privileged at the expense of men s 143 They highlight certain disparities in funding of men s health issues as compared to women s stating that for example prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast cancer research 142 144 David Benatar has argued that putting more money into health research on males may reduce the disparity between men s and women s life expectancy 145 However women and minorities had typically been excluded from medical research until the 1990s 146 147 Viviana Simon states Most biomedical and clinical research has been based on the assumption that the male can serve as representative of the species Medical scholars warn that such false assumptions are still prevalent 148 Contrary to antifeminist assertions empirical findings suggest that gender bias against females remains the norm in medicine 149 150 page needed Farrell argues that industrialization raised the stress level of men while lowering the stress level of women by pulling men away from the home and the family and pushing women closer to home and family He cites this an explanation why men are more likely to die from all 15 leading causes of death than women at all ages He argues that the U S government having an Office of Research on Women s Health but no Office of Research on Men s Health along with the U S federal government spending twice as much money on Women s health shows that society considers men more disposable than women 151 time needed Scholars have critiqued these claims 127 142 152 stating as Michael Messner puts it that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege 153 and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically 152 According to Michael Flood men s health would best be improved by tackling destructive notions of manhood an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers health and the ignorance of service providers instead of blaming a feminist health movement 154 Genevieve Creighton amp John L Oliffe have stated that men engage in positive health practices such as reducing fat intake and alcohol to conform to positive masculine ideals 155 Some have argued that biology contributes to the life expectancy gap For example it has been found that females consistently outlive males among primates Eunuchs castrated before puberty have shown to live with varying differences more than other males pointing to testosterone levels playing a role in the life expectancy gap 156 Luy and Gast found that the female male life expectancy gap is primarily due to higher mortality rates among specific sub populations of men They therefore state that social programs should be narrowly targeted to those sub populations rather than to men as a whole 157 Homelessness Glen Poole author of the book Equality For Men argues that homelessness is a gendered issue saying that in Britain most homeless people are male 158 A 2018 study focused on three Pennsylvania emergency departments found little difference in the number of men and women who self reported as homeless however the study did not claim to reflect the homeless population in the United States as a whole 159 non primary source needed For information on the homeless population of the United States as a whole see Homelessness in the United States Incarceration This section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Men s rights movement news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Men s rights campaigners believe that men receive harsher treatment than women in criminal justice systems around the world They cite the disproportionate number of men in prison as evidence of this 160 In the United States 161 the United Kingdom 162 Australia 163 India 164 and across the European Union 165 90 95 of prison inmates are male Studies have shown that compared with women who commit similar crimes men are more likely to be incarcerated receive longer prison sentences and have to serve a greater portion of their sentences 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 According to Warren Farrell a man convicted of murder in the United States is twenty times more likely to receive a death sentence than a woman convicted of murder 171 There is also evidence that female sex offenders are treated with more leniency than their male counterparts 173 Farrell believes society considers women to be naturally more innocent and credible and criticizes battered woman and infanticide defenses 171 He criticizes conditions in men s prisons and the lack of attention to prison male to male rape by authorities 171 Military conscription Main article Conscription and sexism Men s rights activists argue that the sole military conscription of men is an example of discrimination against men 67 174 Historically most societies have only required men to be conscripted According to David Benatar perhaps the most obvious example of male disadvantage is the long history of social and legal pressures on men but not on women to enter the military and to fight in war thereby risking their lives and bodily and psychological health Where the pressure to join the military has taken the form of conscription the costs of avoidance have been self imposed exile imprisonment physical assault or in the most extreme circumstances execution 175 Around 80 countries worldwide still use conscription in various forms and most of these have a male only draft 175 As of 2018 only two countries Norway and Sweden required women to be conscripted under the same formal conditions as men 176 177 In the United States all males ages 18 25 are required to register for Selective Service Failure to do so can result in fines imprisonment and ineligibility for student loans and federal employment Women are not required to register In 1971 draft resisters in the United States initiated a class action suit alleging that male only conscription violated men s rights to equal protection under the US constitution 178 179 When the case Rostker v Goldberg reached the Supreme Court in 1981 they were supported by a men s rights group and multiple feminist groups including the National Organization for Women 179 However the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act 178 stating that the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity but Congress was entitled in the exercise of its constitutional powers to focus on the question of military need rather than equity 180 The 2016 decision by Defense Secretary Ash Carter to make all combat positions open to women relaunched debate over whether or not women should be required to register for the Selective Service System 181 In the case National Coalition for Men v Selective Service System the Southern District Court of Texas ruled the male only draft unconstitutional Paternity fraud Main articles Non paternity event and Paternity fraud Men s and fathers rights groups interest in paternity fraud or mistaken paternity falls into two main categories men who are compelled to provide financial support for a child that has been proven by DNA testing not to be their biological offspring and men who have been led to believe that the children they are raising are their own and have subsequently discovered otherwise 182 They hold biological views of fatherhood emphasizing the imperative of the genetic foundation of paternity rather than social aspects of fatherhood 182 183 They state that men should not be forced to support children fathered by another man 184 and that men are harmed because a relationship is created between a man and non biological children while denying the children and their biological father of that experience and knowledge of their genetic history In addition they say non biological fathers are denied the resources to have their own biological children in another relationship 182 Men s rights activists support the use of one parent consent paternity testing to reassure presumed fathers about the child s paternity 184 men s and fathers rights groups have also called for compulsory paternity testing of all children 182 185 186 They have campaigned vigorously in support of men who have been shown by genetic testing not to be the biological father but who are nevertheless required to be financially responsible for them 183 Prompted by these concerns legislators in certain jurisdictions have supported this biological view and have passed laws providing relief from child support payments when a man is proved not to be the father 182 183 Australian men s rights groups have opposed the recommendations of a report by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the National Health and Medical Research Council that would require the informed consent of both parents for paternity testing of young children 184 and laws that would make it illegal to obtain a sample for DNA testing without the individual s informed consent 187 Estimates of the extent of misattributed paternity vary considerably Some campaigners claim that between 10 and 30 of children are being parented by men who are unaware that they are not the biological father but Professor Leslie Cannold writes that these numbers have been inflated by an order of magnitude with about 1 seen in Australia and the UK and 3 observed in the US 182 Sociologist Michael Gilding asserts that men s rights activists have exaggerated the rate and extent of misattributed paternity which he estimates at about 1 3 185 188 189 Gilding opposed as unnecessary calls for mandatory paternity testing of all children 185 Even the lowest estimates of the prevalence of paternity fraud suggest it affects tens of thousands of men in the US alone 190 Rape False accusations against men Main article False accusation of rape Men s rights activists are significantly concerned with false accusations of rape and sexual assault 191 and desire to protect men from the negative consequences of false accusations 192 Men s rights proponents believe that the naming of the accused while providing the accuser victim with anonymity encourages abuse of this kind 193 194 195 Men s rights advocates have also claimed that rape has been used as a scam 196 Studies from the United States Australia and the Britain have found the percentage of estimated false or unsubstantiated rape allegations to be around 2 to 8 197 198 199 200 Quoting research including those by Eugene Kanin and the U S Air Force they assert that 40 50 or more of rape allegations may be false 201 202 203 To argue the issue of false accusations of rape the categories of false and unsubstantiated are often conflated such as the National Coalition for Men citing reports such as the 1996 FBI summary that finds a rate of 8 for unsubstantiated forcible rape which is four times higher than the average for all index crimes as a whole 201 Experts emphasize that verified false allegations are a distinct category from unsubstantiated allegations and conflating the two is fallacious 204 These figures are widely debated due to the questionable methodology and small sample sizes see the False accusation of rape page for wider survey estimates Sexual violence against men See also Rape of males Men s rights activists have also raised contention on the issue of sexual violence against men especially in the context of the stigma surrounding male victims of rape and the legal troubles they face including being counter sued for rape child support See Hermesmann v Seyer and lack of action Men s rights activists have also criticized the lack of attention towards prison male to male rape by authorities 201 Criminalization of marital rape Main article Marital rape Legislation and judicial decisions criminalizing marital rape are opposed by some men s rights groups in the United Kingdom 205 206 207 208 the United States 120 209 and India 210 211 The reasons for opposition include concerns about false allegations related to divorce proceedings 212 213 214 and the belief that sex within marriage is an irrevocable part of the institution of marriage 215 216 In India there has been anxiety about relationships 217 and the future of marriage that such laws have given women grossly disproportional rights 218 Virag Dhulia of the Save Indian Family Foundation a men s rights organization has opposed recent efforts to criminalize marital rape in India arguing that no relationship will work if these rules are enforced 217 Critique of men s rights rape discourse Feminist scholars Lise Gotell and Emily Dutton argue that content on the manosphere reveals anti feminist pro rape arguments including that sexual violence is a gender neutral problem feminists are responsible for erasing men s experiences of victimization false allegations are widespread and that rape culture is a feminist produced moral panic They contend it is important to engage this topic as there is a real danger that MRA Men s Rights Activism claims could come to define the popular conversation about sexual violence 219 Reproductive rights See also Paper abortion Men s rights campaigners assert that while a woman has several legal avenues to opt out of being a mother after conception abortion adoption safe haven laws a man has no choice in whether he becomes a father and is at the mercy of the mother s decision 220 221 Moreover a man who fathers a child as a result of reproductive coercion or a sexual assault by a woman can still be compelled to support the child financially 222 Cases in Kansas California and Arizona have established that a male raped as a minor by a woman can be held legally responsible for a child that results from the assault a situation the director of the National Center for Men described as off the charts ridiculous that wouldn t be tolerated if the genders were reversed 223 According to Warren Farrell Roe v Wade gave women the vote over their bodies Men still don t have the vote over theirs whether in love or war 224 third party source needed In consequence some advocate for paper abortion which would allow the biological father before the birth of the child to opt out of any rights privileges and responsibilities toward the child including financial support In 2006 the American National Center for Men backed Dubay v Wells a lawsuit which concerned whether men should have the opportunity to decline all paternity rights and responsibilities in the event of an unplanned pregnancy Supporters argued that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women 225 The case and the appeal were dismissed with the U S Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit stating that neither parent has the right to sever their financial responsibilities for a child and that Dubay s claim that a man s right to disclaim fatherhood would be analogous to a woman s right to abortion rests upon a false analogy 226 227 Social security and insurance Men s rights groups argue that women are given superior social security and tax benefits than men 37 Warren Farrell states that men in the United States pay more into social security but in total women receive more in benefits and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized 228 third party source needed Suicide Main article Gender differences in suicide Men s rights activists point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women 142 143 In the United States for example the male to female suicide death ratio varies approximately between 3 1 and 10 1 229 and some studies have shown a higher suicidal intent in men 230 In Australia 75 of suicides are male 231 232 with on average 6 men killing themselves each day 233 Studies have also found an over representation of women in attempted or incomplete suicides and men in complete suicides 234 This phenomenon described as the gender paradox of suicide is argued to derive from a tendency for females to use less lethal methods and greater male access and use of lethal methods 234 235 Prominent men s rights activistsThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2020 Most men s rights activists in the United States are white middle class heterosexual men 47 236 58 237 Prominent advocates include Warren Farrell 21 Herb Goldberg 21 Richard Doyle 238 and Asa Baber 239 240 Several women have emerged as leading voices of the MRM including Helen Smith Christina Hoff Sommers 241 and Erin Pizzey 242 Karen DeCrow Main article Karen DeCrow Karen DeCrow was an American attorney author and activist and feminist who served as president of the National Organization for Women from 1974 to 1977 She was also a strong supporter of equal rights for men in child custody decisions arguing for a rebuttable presumption of shared custody after divorce 243 She also asserted that men as well as women should be allowed the decision not to become a parent and was an avid supporter of father s rights movements and argued that domestic violence is a two way street 244 As a result DeCrow found she was increasingly at odds with the organization she had once led though she never broke with it 244 Marc Angelucci Main article Marc Angelucci Marc Angelucci was an American attorney men s rights activist and the vice president of the National Coalition for Men NCFM 245 As a lawyer he represented several cases related to men s rights issues most prominently National Coalition for Men v Selective Service System in which the federal judge declared the male only selective service system unconstitutional and Woods v Horton which ruled that the California State Legislature had unconstitutionally excluded men from domestic violence victim protection programs 246 247 Warren Farrell Main article Warren Farrell Warren Farrell is an American educator activist and author of seven books on men s and women s issues Farrell initially came to prominence in the 1970s as a supporter of second wave feminism he served on the New York City Board of the National Organization for Women NOW Generally considered the Father of Men s Rights Movement Farrell advocates for a gender liberation movement with both sexes walking a mile in each other s moccasins 248 Herb Goldberg Main article Herb Goldberg Herb Goldberg was the author of the book What Men Still Don t Know About Women Relationships and Love The Hazards of Being Male Surviving the Myth of Masculine Privilege 1975 and What Men Really Want and Men s Secrets related to the formative men s movement He was a professor emeritus of psychology at California State University Los Angeles and a practicing psychologist in Los Angeles 249 Erin Pizzey Main article Erin Pizzey Erin Pizzey is an English men s rights advocate domestic abuse advocate and ex feminist She is most noted for her controversial theory 250 that most domestic violence between men and women is mutual and reciprocated 251 failed verification Pizzey started the largest domestic violence shelter in England in 1971 now known as Refuge 252 from which she is now banned Pizzey has released two notable works Scream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear and Prone to Violence 253 ReceptionMany authors have characterized the men s rights movement as misogynistic 254 The Southern Poverty Law Center has stated that while some of the websites blogs and forums related to the movement voice legitimate and sometimes disturbing complaints about the treatment of men what is most remarkable is the misogynistic tone that pervades so many 126 255 256 After further research into the movement the SPLC elaborated A thinly veiled desire for the domination of women and a conviction that the current system oppresses men in favor of women are the unifying tenets of the male supremacist worldview 10 Other studies have pointed towards men s rights groups in India trying to change or completely abolish important legal protections for women as a form of patriarchal anxiety as well as being hostile towards women 257 The venue for the first Men s Rights Conference in the US received death threats calls and demonstrations 258 forcing the organizers to raise funds for extra security 259 and eventually change the venue Professor Ruth M Mann of the University of Windsor in Canada suggests that men s rights groups fuel an international rhetoric of hatred and victimization by disseminating misinformation via online forums and websites containing constantly updated diatribes against feminism ex wives child support shelters and the family law and criminal justice systems 260 According to Mann these stories reignite their hatred and reinforce their beliefs that the system is biased against men and that feminism is responsible for a large scale and ongoing cover up of men s victimization Mann says that although existing legislation in Canada acknowledges that men are also victims of domestic violence men s rights advocates demand government recognition that men are equally or more victimized by domestic violence claims not supported by the data 260 Mann also states that in contrast to feminist groups who have advocated for domestic violence services on behalf of other historically oppressed groups in addition to women such as individuals impacted by poverty ethnicity disability sexual orientation etc men s rights groups have attempted to achieve their goals by actively opposing and attempting to dismantle services and supports put in place to protect abused women and children 260 Other researchers such as Michael Flood have accused the men s rights movement particularly the father s rights groups in Australia of endangering women children and even men who are at greater risk of abuse and violence 4 261 Flood states that the men s rights father s rights groups in Australia pursue equality with a vengeance or equal policies with negative outcomes and motives in order to re establish paternal authority over the well being of children and women as well as positive parenting 261 See also Feminism portal Law portal Society portalAnti feminism Fathers rights movement by country Honey badger men s rights Masculism Men s rights movement in India Men s studies Men Going Their Own Way Paternal rights and abortion The Red Pill a 2016 documentary about the movement Toxic masculinity Violence against men The War Against BoysFootnotes Rafail Patrick Freitas Isaac 2019 Grievance Articulation and Community Reactions in the Men s Rights Movement Online Social Media Society 5 2 205630511984138 doi 10 1177 2056305119841387 ISSN 2056 3051 a b Sources Clatterbaugh Kenneth 2007a Men s Rights In Flood Michael Gardiner Judith Kegan Pease Bob Pringle Keith eds International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities Routledge pp 430 433 ISBN 978 0 415 33343 6 The concept of men s rights embraces a variety of points of view that are overwhelmingly hostile to feminism or pro feminism Maddison Sarah 1999 Private Men Public Anger The Men s Rights Movement in Australia PDF Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies 4 2 39 52 Archived from the original PDF on 20 October 2013 Doyle Ciara 2004 The Fathers Rights Movement Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family In Herrman Peter ed Citizenship Revisited Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries New York Nova Publishers pp 61 62 ISBN 978 1 59033 900 8 Flood Michael 2005 Men s Collective Struggles for Gender Justice The Case of Antiviolence Activism In Kimmel Michael S Hearn Jeff Connell Raewyn eds Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities Thousand Oaks SAGE Publications p 459 ISBN 978 0 7619 2369 5 Finocchiaro Peter 29 March 2011 Is the men s rights movement growing Salon Retrieved 10 March 2013 Messner Michael 2000 Politics of Masculinities Men in Movements Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield p 41 ISBN 978 0 8039 5577 6 Solinger Rickie 2013 Reproductive Politics What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford Oxford University Press p 130 ISBN 978 0 19 981141 0 Menzies Robert 2007 Virtual Backlash Representation of Men s Rights and Feminist Wrongs in Cyberspace In Boyd Susan B ed Reaction and Resistance Feminism Law and Social Change Vancouver University of British Columbia Press pp 65 97 ISBN 978 0 7748 1411 9 Dunphy Richard 2000 Sexual Politics An Introduction Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press p 88 ISBN 978 0 7486 1247 5 Mills Martin 2003 Shaping the boys agenda the backlash blockbusters International Journal of Inclusive Education 7 1 57 73 doi 10 1080 13603110210143644 S2CID 144875158 Ruzankina E A 2010 Men s movements and male subjectivity Anthropology amp Archeology of Eurasia Armonk New York M E Sharpe Inc 49 1 8 16 doi 10 2753 aae1061 1959490101 S2CID 144841265 a b c Dragiewicz Molly 2011 Equality with a Vengeance Men s Rights Groups Battered Women and Antifeminist Backlash Northeastern University Press ISBN 978 1 55553 756 2 a b c Schmitz Rachel M Kazyak Emily 12 May 2016 Masculinities in Cyberspace An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men s Rights Activist Websites Social Sciences 5 2 18 doi 10 3390 socsci5020018 Ribeiro Manoel Horta Blackburn Jeremy Bradlyn Barry De Cristofaro Emiliano Stringhini Gianluca Long Summer Greenberg Stephanie Zannettou Savvas 2020 The Evolution of the Manosphere Across the Web arXiv 2001 07600 cs CY Goldwag Arthur 15 May 2012 Hatewatch Intelligence report article provokes fury among Men s Rights Activists splcenter org hatewatch Southern Poverty Law Center Retrieved 5 May 2017 Roose Joshua Flood M Alfano M 2020 Challenging the Use of Masculinity as a Recruitment Mechanism in Extremist Narratives A Report to the Victorian Department of Justice and Community Safety PDF Department of Justice and Community Safety dead link Farrell Tracie Fernandez Miriam Novotny Jakub Alani Harith June 2019 Exploring Misogyny across the Manosphere in Reddit PDF WebSci 19 Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science 87 96 doi 10 1145 3292522 3326045 ISBN 9781450362023 S2CID 195776677 a b Male Supremacy Southern Poverty Law Center Retrieved 19 June 2018 Russell Kraft Stephanie 4 April 2018 The Rise of Male Supremacist Groups The New Republic Retrieved 19 March 2019 A word for men s rights Putnam s Magazine 7 38 208 214 February 1856 Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 Retrieved 6 June 2013 Bax E Belfort 1908 1896 The legal subjection of men London The New Age Press OCLC 875136389 Reprinted as Bax E Belfort 2015 The legal subjection of men classic reprint London Forgotten Books ISBN 978 1 330 65750 8 a b c d Malleier Elisabeth 2003 Der Bund fur Mannerrechte Die Bewegung der Mannerrechtler im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit Wiener Geschichtsblatter de 58 3 208 233 a b c d Wrussnig Kerstin Christin 2009 Wollen Sie ein Mann sein oder ein Weiberknecht Zur Mannerrechtsbewegung in Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit PDF MA thesis University of Vienna Men s Rights League in Vienna The New York Times 10 March 1926 p 20 Retrieved 6 June 2013 A League for Men s Rights was founded today to protect men against Austrian feminism which has grown rapidly since the war Healy Maureen 2004 Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire Total War and Everyday Life in World War I Cambridge UP p 272 ISBN 978 0 521 83124 6 As historians Sigrid Augeneder and Gabriella Hauch explain legally removing women from traditional male jobs constituted one facet of the return to a healthy order gesunde Ordnung in the postwar period Hauch discusses the somewhat comical League for Men s Rights founded in the 1920s to protect the endangered existence of men a b c d e f g h i j Messner Michael A June 1998 The limits of The Male Sex Role an analysis of the men s liberation and men s rights movements discourse PDF Gender amp Society 12 3 255 276 doi 10 1177 0891243298012003002 JSTOR 190285 S2CID 143890298 a b Newton 2004 p 190 200 a b c d e f Eagle Jonna 2003 Men s Movements In Carroll Bret ed American Masculinities A Historical Encyclopedia SAGE Publications p 302 ISBN 978 1 4522 6571 1 a b c d e f Maddison Sarah 1999 Private Men Public Anger The Men s Rights Movement in Australia PDF Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies 4 2 39 52 Archived from the original PDF on 20 October 2013 Pease Bob Camilleri Peter 2001 Feminism masculinity and the human services Working with men in the human services Crow s Nest N S W Allen amp Unwin pp 3 4 ISBN 978 1 86508 480 0 Kahn Jack S 2009 An introduction to masculinities Chichester U K Wiley Blackwell p 202 ISBN 978 1 4051 8179 2 Williams Gwyneth I 2001 Masculinity in context an epilogue In Williams Rhys H ed Promise keepers and the new masculinity private lives and public morality Lanham Lexington Books p 107 ISBN 978 0 7391 0230 5 Lingard Bob Mills Martin Weaver Hightower Marcus B 2012 Interrogating recuperative masculinity politics in schooling International Journal of Inclusive Education 16 4 407 421 doi 10 1080 13603116 2011 555095 S2CID 144275951 The concept of recuperative masculinity politics was developed by Lingard and Douglas 1999 to refer to both mythopoetic Biddulph 1995 2010 Bly 1990 and men s rights politics Farrell 1993 Both of these rejected the move to a more equal gender order and more equal gender regimes in all of the major institutions of society e g the family schools universities workplaces sought by feminists and most evident in the political and policy impacts in the 1980s and 1990s from second wave feminism of the 1970s Recuperative was used to specifically indicate the ways in which these politics reinforced defended and wished to recoup the patriarchal gender order and institutional gender regimes Kimmel Michael 2017 Angry White Men American Masculinity at the End of an Era The Nation Institute ISBN 978 1 56858 962 6 Lee Calinda N 2003 Fathers rights In Carroll Bret E ed American Masculinities A Historical Encyclopedia Vol One Thousand Oaks California SAGE Publications p 167 ISBN 978 0 7619 2540 8 a b Ashe 2007 p 63 Pelak Cynthia Fabrizio Taylor Verta Whittier Nancy 2006 Gender movements In Saltzman Chafetz Janet ed Handbook of the sociology of gender New York Springer p 168 ISBN 978 0 387 36218 2 Father s Rights Groups Threaten Women s Gains And Their Safety Political Research Associates Retrieved 20 June 2018 Dunphy 2000 pp 142 143 Karnad Raghu 3 December 2007 Now is that malevolence Outlook magazine Retrieved 28 March 2013 Polanki Pallavi 17 July 2010 Men Who Cry OPEN Archived from the original on 21 July 2010 Retrieved 3 May 2013 Members of men s rights body meet The Times of India 8 October 2008 Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 3 May 2013 Ruxton Sandy van deer Gaag Nikki 2013 Men s involvement in gender equality European perspectives Gender amp Development 21 1 161 175 doi 10 1080 13552074 2013 767522 S2CID 145747752 Menzies 2007 p 77 a b c d e Clatterbaugh 2007a Berman Judy 5 November 2009 Men s rights groups go mainstream Salon Retrieved 21 March 2013 Connell R W Spring 2005 Change among the gatekeepers men masculinities and gender equality in the global arena PDF Signs Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30 3 1801 1825 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 694 8027 doi 10 1086 427525 JSTOR 10 1086 427525 S2CID 15161058 Archived from the original PDF on 17 May 2013 Retrieved 21 March 2013 Sawer Marian 2002 In safe hands Women in the 2001 election In Warhurst John Simms Marian eds 2001 The centenary election St Lucia Qld University of Queensland Press p 255 ISBN 978 0 7022 3303 6 Weitz Udo 26 December 2003 Run up to election shows Israelis are as fragmented as ever USA today Retrieved 23 April 2013 Bennet James 19 January 2003 Israeli parties clamor for votes in divided society The New York Times New York Retrieved 23 April 2013 The Associated Press 2 January 2003 Israel s fringe parties take root The Register Guard Eugene Oregon Retrieved 23 April 2013 a b Kimmel Michael 2017 White men as victims The Men s Rights Movement Angry white men American masculinity as the end of an era 2nd ed New York Nation Books ISBN 978 1 56858 962 6 Chowdhury Romit 2014 Conditions of emergence the formation of men s rights groups in contemporary India Indian Journal of Gender Studies 21 1 27 53 doi 10 1177 0971521513511199 S2CID 144978025 a b Men s rights movement why it is so controversial The Week 19 February 2015 a b Katz Jackson 2015 Engaging men in prevention of violence against women In Johnson Holly Fisher Bonnie Jaquier Veronique eds Critical issues on violence against women international perspectives and promising strategies New York Routledge p 237 ISBN 978 0 415 85624 9 a b Hodapp Christa 2017 Men s Rights Gender and Social Media Lanham Md Lexington Books p xv ISBN 978 1 49 852617 3 The manosphere is a group of loosely associated websites blogs and forums all concerned with masculinity and men s issues and includes input from the MRM pick up artists anti feminists and fathers rights activists a b c Ging Debbie 2019 Alphas Betas and Incels Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere Men and Masculinities 22 4 638 657 doi 10 1177 1097184X17706401 ISSN 1097 184X S2CID 149239953 Hodapp 2017 pp xix xx a b Kelly R Tod 20 October 2013 The Masculine Mystique Inside The Men s Rights Movement MRM The Daily Beast Retrieved 1 April 2015 Rosin Hanna 13 May 2014 Dad s cay in court The perception that family law is unfair to fathers is not exactly true Slate Retrieved 28 July 2015 Clark Flory Tracy 1 July 2014 Feminism is a sexual strategy Inside the angry online men s rights group Red Pill Salon com Retrieved 28 July 2015 a b Zuckerberg Donna 2018 Not All Dead White Men Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press pp 12 16 ISBN 978 0 674 97555 2 Hodapp 2017 p 8 T he MRM is related to the manosphere a loose association of websites and organizations promoting certain forms of masculinity and generally expressing a disdain for feminism Jane Emma A 2017 Systemic misogyny exposed Translating Rapeglish from the Manosphere with a Random Rape Threat Generator International Journal of Cultural Studies 21 6 661 680 doi 10 1177 1367877917734042 ISSN 1367 8779 S2CID 149078033 via ResearchGate Despite some conflicting agendas and tribalism manosphere groups are united by an antagonism towards women a vehement opposition to feminism and the production of hyperbolic misogynist discourse a b c Williams Rhys H 1995 Constructing the Public Good Social Movements and Cultural Resources Social Problems 42 1 134 135 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 1016 677 doi 10 2307 3097008 JSTOR 3097008 Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men s Rights movement As a countermovement to the feminist movement it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law especially divorce and child custody laws The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged Men s Rights groups have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement Similarly along with the appeal to equal rights for fathers the Men s Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children s needs The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self interest alone a b Cahill Charlotte 2010 Men s movement In Chapman Roger ed Culture Wars An Encyclopedia of Issues Viewpoints and Voices Armonk M E Sharpe pp 354 356 ISBN 978 1 84972 713 6 Allen Jonathan A 9 March 2015 Phallic Affect Men and Masculinities 19 22 41 doi 10 1177 1097184X15574338 S2CID 147829870 The men s rights movement is distinct from other explorations of masculinity insofar as the movement itself is fundamentally situated in opposition to feminist theory and activism a b c d Allen Jonathan A 9 March 2015 Phallic Affect Men and Masculinities 19 22 41 doi 10 1177 1097184X15574338 S2CID 147829870 Beasley Chris 2005 Gender and Sexuality Critical Theories Critical Thinkers Thousand Oaks Calif SAGE Publications p 180 ISBN 978 0 7619 6979 2 Kimmel Michael S 1987 Men s Responses to Feminism at the Turn of the Century Gender amp Society 1 3 261 283 doi 10 1177 089124387001003003 S2CID 145428652 Dunphy 2000 p 88 a b Flood Michael 2007 Men s Movement In Flood Michael Gardiner Judith Kegan Pease Bob Pringle Keith eds International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities Routledge pp 418 422 ISBN 978 0 415 33343 6 via XYOnline net Clatterbaugh Kenneth 2007b Anti feminism In Flood Michael Gardiner Judith Kegan Pease Bob Pringle Keith eds International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities Routledge pp 21 22 ISBN 978 0 415 33343 6 Whitaker Stephen 2001 Gender Politics in Men s Movements PDF In Vannoy Dana ed Gender Mosaics Social Perspectives New York Oxford University Press pp 343 351 ISBN 978 0 19 532998 8 Archived from the original PDF on 29 October 2013 a b c Messner 1997 p 41 48 Johnson Allan G 2005 The Gender Knot Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy Philadelphia Temple University Press p 220 ISBN 978 1 59213 383 3 such problems are prominent in many men s lives but this is no organized male response to the patriarchal system whose dynamics produce much of men s loss suffering and grief Contrary to Bly s claim it is not a parallel to the women s movement that is merely on a different timetable It may be a response to genuine emotional and spiritual needs that are met by bringing men together to drum chant and share stories and feelings from their lives It may help to heal some of the damage patriarchy does to men s lives But it is not a movement aimed at the system and the gender dynamics that actually cause that damage Williams Gwyneth 1 January 2002 Fathers rights movement In Judith A Baer ed Historical and Multicultural Encyclopedia of Women s Reproductive Rights in the United States Greenwood Publishing Group p 83 ISBN 978 0 313 30644 0 a b Farrell amp Sterba 2008 p 79 80 Farrell amp Sterba 2008 p 193 94 Ramesh Randeep 13 December 2007 Dowry law making us the victims says India s men s movement The Guardian Retrieved 27 March 2015 Men demand fair play The Times of India 20 November 2009 Archived from the original on 11 September 2011 Retrieved 20 October 2011 Section 498A in The Indian Penal Code indiankanoon org Retrieved 16 May 2017 Buncombe Andrew 2 March 2011 Dowry wars The big issue that has India divided The Independent Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 Retrieved 27 March 2015 Chowdhury Romit 2014 Family Femininity Feminism Structure of Feeling in the Articulation of Men s Rights In Nielsen Kenneth Bo Waldrop Anne eds Women Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India London Anthem Press p 189 ISBN 978 1 78 308269 8 Gilani Iftikhar 6 April 2010 Shoaib Malik controversy to hit Pakistan India relations Daily Times Retrieved 20 October 2011 Dhillon Amrit 24 December 2007 Men say wives use India s pro women laws to torment them The Age Retrieved 20 October 2011 a b Melville Angela Hunter Rosemary 2001 As everybody knows Countering myths of gender bias in family law PDF Griffith Law Review 10 1 124 138 Several authors have observed that men s rights groups claim that the family law system and the Family Court are biased against men despite the lack of supporting empirical research Also available through HeinOnline Messner 1997 pp 41 48 Pease Bob 2002 Men and gender relations Croydon Vic Tertiary Press p 36 ISBN 978 0 86458 218 8 a b c Fidler Barbara Jo Bala Nicholas Saini Michael A 2013 Children Who Resist Post Separation Parental Contact A Differential Approach for Legal and Mental Health Professionals OUP USA pp 2 3 ISBN 978 0 19 989549 6 a b c Crean Susan M 1988 In the name of the fathers the story behind child custody Toronto Amanita pp 107 108 ISBN 978 0 921299 04 2 Clatterbaugh 1997 p 77 Williams Gwyneth I Williams Rhys H 1995 All We Want Is Equality Rhetorical Framing in the Fathers Rights Movement In Best Joel ed Images of Issues Typifying Contemporary Social Problems 2nd ed New York A De Gruyter pp 201 202 ISBN 978 0 202 30539 4 Coltrane Scott Hickman Neal 1992 The Rhetoric of Rights and Needs Moral Discourse in the Reform of Child Custody and Child Support Laws Social Problems 39 4 400 420 doi 10 2307 3097018 JSTOR 3097018 Kamerman SB Kahn AJ eds 1997 Family change and family policies in Great Britain Canada New Zealand and the United States New York Oxford University Press p 182 ISBN 978 0 19 829025 4 Cabrera NJ Tamis LeMonda CS eds 2013 Handbook of father involvement multidisciplinary perspectives 2nd ed London Routledge p 425 ISBN 978 0 415 87867 8 a b Rathus Zoe Parental alienation the debunked theory that women lie about violence is still used in court The Conversation Retrieved 18 March 2020 a b Hill Jess 2 October 2019 Family law inquiry is no sop to Hanson It s a deliberate move to bury previous reviews Jess Hill The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 18 March 2020 Williams Gwyneth I Williams Rhys H 2003 Framing in the fathers rights movement In Loseke Donileen R Best Joel eds Social problems constructionist readings New York de Gruyter p 96 ISBN 978 0 202 30703 9 Ryrstedt Eva 2003 Joint decisions a prerequisite or a drawback in joint parental responsibility Australian Journal of Family Law 17 2 155 206 Research has highlighted that it is usually disaffected fathers and men s rights groups who have masked their own claims behind the rhetoric of the rights of the child to know and be cared for by both parents Rhode DL 1997 Speaking of sex the denial of gender inequality Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press p 194 ISBN 978 0 674 83177 3 Flood Michael 2012 Separated fathers and the fathers rights movement Journal of Family Studies 18 2 3 235 245 doi 10 5172 jfs 2012 18 2 3 235 S2CID 55469150 Song Sandra 16 November 2015 We spoke to an Intactivist fighting for his foreskin Paper Magazine Retrieved 8 November 2016 Meyers Rupert 21 December 2015 Men s Rights Activists are cave dwelling idiots GQ Archived from the original on 20 October 2017 Retrieved 3 November 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Strochlic Nina 3 December 2013 Anti Cutters Slam New CDC Recommendations on Circumcision The Daily Beast Retrieved 8 November 2016 Ross Julianne 10 June 2014 The 8 Biggest Lies Men s Rights Activists Spread About Women Mic com Retrieved 3 November 2016 Povenmire R 1998 1999 Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children The Practice of Circumcision in the United States Journal of Gender Social Policy and the Law 7 1 87 123 PMID 16526136 a b El Salam Seham Abd 2002 2003 The Importance of Genital Mutilations to Gender Power Politics Al Raida 20 99 42 Women s defense of men s right to bodily integrity and their work against MGM will not have a negative impact on their struggle against FGM Denniston George C 1999 Male and female circumcision medical legal and ethical considerations in pediatric practice New York Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers p 348 ISBN 978 0 306 46131 6 Somerville M 2000 Altering baby boys bodies the ethics of infant male circumcision The Ethical Canary Science Society and the Human Spirit Toronto Viking Press ISBN 978 0 670 89302 7 Green James 2007 The Male Herbal The Definitive Health Care Book for Men amp Boys 2nd ed Berkeley Calif Crossing Press ISBN 978 1 58091 175 7 Circumcision A Common Form of Disregard for Men s Rights Glick emphasizes that infants are persons with full civil rights and therefore no one has the right to impose circumcision on them not even parents Earp Brian D 18 February 2014 Female genital mutilation FGM and male circumcision Should there be a separate ethical discourse blog Practical Ethics Faculty of Philosophy University of Oxford Retrieved 19 June 2018 Pdf Alternative pdf Benatar M Benatar D 2003 Between prophylaxis and child abuse the ethics of neonatal male circumcision Am J Bioeth 3 2 35 48 doi 10 1162 152651603766436216 PMID 12859815 S2CID 10798287 Clark PA Eisenman J Szapor S December 2007 Mandatory neonatal male circumcision in Sub Saharan Africa medical and ethical analysis Med Sci Monit 13 12 RA205 13 PMID 18049444 Patrick K December 2007 Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child No BMJ 335 7631 1181 doi 10 1136 bmj 39406 523762 AD PMC 2128676 PMID 18063641 Brusa M Barilan YM October 2009 Cultural circumcision in EU public hospitals an ethical discussion Bioethics 23 8 470 82 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8519 2008 00683 x PMID 19076127 S2CID 205564640 Zaher Claudia Summer 2002 When a woman s marital status determined her legal status a research guide on the common law doctrine of coverture Law Library Journal HeinOnline on behalf of the American Association of Law Libraries 94 3 459 486 Pdf Ashe 2007 p 57 Messner 1997 p 45 Sources Sacks Glenn Thompson Dianna 9 July 2002 Have Anti Father Family Court Policies Led to a Men s Marriage Strike ifeminists com Retrieved 15 July 2013 Smith Helen 2013 The Marriage Strike why men don t marry Men on Strike Why Men Are Boycotting Marriage Fatherhood and the American Dream And Why It Matters New York Encounter Books pp 1 39 ISBN 978 1 59403 675 0 McElroy Wendy 12 August 2003 The Marriage Strike Fox News Opinion Retrieved 15 July 2013 Leachman Gwendolyn 2013 Legal framing In Sarat Austin ed Studies in law Studies in Law Politics and Society Vol 61 Bingley West Yorkshire UK Emerald Publishing pp 25 59 doi 10 1108 S1059 4337 2013 0000061005 ISBN 978 1 78190 619 4 Brinig Margaret Allen Douglas W 2000 These Boots Are Made for Walking Why Most Divorce Filers are Women American Law and Economics Review 2 1 126 129 doi 10 1093 aler 2 1 126 Divorces in England and Wales 2012 ons gov uk Office for National Statistics 2012 a b c Miller Susan L October 2005 Victims as offenders the paradox of women s violence in relationships New Brunswick NJ Rutgers University Press p 16 ISBN 978 0 8135 3671 2 a b c Doward Jamie 21 December 2003 Battered men get their own refuge The Observer London GMG ISSN 0261 3077 OCLC 60623878 Retrieved 22 October 2011 a b c Miller Susan L Lilley Terry G Renzetti Claire M Edleson Jeffrey L 2008 Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence SAGE Publications pp 257 258 ISBN 978 1 4129 1800 8 Dragiewicz Molly 2011 Sex differences Equality with a Vengeance Men s Rights Groups Battered Women and Antifeminist Backlash Boston Northeastern University Press pp 84 85 ISBN 978 1 55553 739 5 a b c d Donileen R Loseke Richard J Gelles Mary M Cavanaugh 2005 Current controversies on family violence SAGE p 92 ISBN 978 0 7619 2106 6 Other men s rights advocacy groups use family conflict research to justify demands to eliminate laws defining marital rape as a crime the Equal Justice Foundation ww ejfi org Citations Haugen David M 2005 Domestic violence opposing viewpoints Detroit Greenhaven Press p 41 ISBN 978 0 7377 2225 3 Menzies 2007 pp 86 87 Meloy Michelle L Miller Susan L 2011 The victimization of women law policies and politics New York Oxford University Press p 34 ISBN 978 0 19 976510 2 Ferraro Kathleen J 2006 Neither angels nor demons women crime and victimization Lebanon NH Northeastern University Press p 270 ISBN 978 1 55553 662 6 Menzies 2007 p 85 Dragiewicz Molly 2011 Introduction Booth v Hvass Equality with a Vengeance Men s Rights Groups Battered Women and Antifeminist Backlash Boston Northeastern University Press pp 3 4 29 ISBN 978 1 55553 739 5 Kimmel Michael 2010 Misframing Men the Politics of Contemporary Masculinities Piscataway Rutgers University Press p 1 ISBN 978 0 8135 4762 6 Richard Gelles oh so magnanimous and dead wrong fathersmanifesto net Retrieved 25 May 2018 a b Potok M Schlatter S Spring 2012 Men s Rights Movement Spreads False Claims about Women Intelligence Report 145 Retrieved 7 March 2013 a b c Flood Michael December 2012 Separated fathers and the fathers rights movement Journal of Family Studies 18 2 3 235 345 doi 10 5172 jfs 2012 18 2 3 235 S2CID 55469150 Pdf Dobash Russell P Dobash R Emerson Wilson Margo Daly Martin February 1992 The myth of sexual symmetry in marital violence Social Problems 39 1 71 91 doi 10 2307 3096914 JSTOR 3096914 S2CID 4058660 a b Kimmel Michael S November 2002 Gender symmetry in domestic violence a substantive and methodological research review Violence Against Women 8 11 1332 1363 doi 10 1177 107780102237407 S2CID 74249845 Pdf a b c Rahim Kanani 9 May 2011 The Need to Create a White House Council on Boys to Men Forbes Retrieved 22 December 2011 a b Mills Martin Francis Becky Skelton Christine 8 June 2009 Gender policies in Australia and the United Kingdom In Martino Wayne Kehler Michael Weaver Hightower Marcus B eds The problem with boys education beyond the backlash Taylor amp Francis pp 38 55 ISBN 978 1 56023 683 2 a b Press Association 5 January 2016 Gender gap in UK degree subjects doubles in eight years UCAS study finds The Guardian Education Retrieved 14 July 2017 a b c Becky Francis Christine Skelton 27 September 2005 Reassessing gender and achievement questioning contemporary key debates Psychology Press pp 18 19 141 ISBN 978 0 415 33324 5 Retrieved 26 December 2011 Clatterbaugh 1997 p 11 Indeed the premise of all men s rights literature is that men are not privileged relative to women Having denied that men are privileged relative to women this movement divides into those who believe that men and women are equally harmed by sexism and those who believe that society has become a bastion of female privilege and male degradation a b What about tax and father s custody rights The Times of India 17 May 2011 Retrieved 22 December 2011 a b FHM For Him Minister BBC News 3 March 2004 Retrieved 22 December 2011 a b Cheryl Wetzstein Guys got it made Think again say advocates Washington Times Retrieved 22 December 2011 Indian husbands want protection from nagging wives Reuters 20 November 2009 Retrieved 22 December 2011 Manigandan KR 9 August 2009 Boys fight for freedom The Times of India Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 Retrieved 22 December 2011 Kallenbach Michael 16 June 2000 Yesterday in Parliament The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 5 May 2010 Minister for Men Hansard UK Parliament Retrieved 24 November 2011 a b c d Christian Haywood Mairtin Mac an Ghaill 1 January 2003 Men and masculinities theory research and social practice Open University Press pp 134 5 ISBN 978 0 335 20892 0 Retrieved 30 December 2011 a b Menzies 2007 p 86 Zernike Kate 21 June 1998 Feminism Has Created Progress But Man Oh Man Look What Else Chicago Tribune Retrieved 30 December 2011 Benatar D 2012 The Second Sexism Discrimination Against Men and Boys John Wiley amp Sons pp 190 ISBN 978 1 118 19230 6 Woods Caira M Applebaum Bethany Green Yvonne Kallgren Deborah L Kappeler Evelyn 2015 Women s Health 30 Years of Progress in the U S Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Reports 130 2 123 127 doi 10 1177 003335491513000204 ISSN 0033 3549 PMC 4315852 PMID 25729100 Berlin Jesse A Ellenberg Susan S 9 October 2009 Inclusion of women in clinical trials BMC Medicine 7 1 56 doi 10 1186 1741 7015 7 56 ISSN 1741 7015 PMC 2763864 PMID 19818115 Simon Viviana 10 June 2005 Wanted Women in Clinical Trials Science 308 5728 1517 doi 10 1126 science 1115616 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 15947140 Allotey Pascale Allotey Reidpath Caitlin Reidpath Daniel D 11 May 2017 Gender bias in clinical case reports A cross sectional study of the big five medical journals PLOS ONE 12 5 e0177386 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1277386A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0177386 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5426670 PMID 28493948 Medicine Institute of Practice Board on Population Health and Public Health Research Committee on Women s Health 27 October 2010 Women s Health Research Progress Pitfalls and Promise National Academies Press ISBN 978 0 309 16337 8 Farrell Warren 2014 The Myth of Male Power Why Men are The Disposable Sex 21st anniversary ed Chapter 7 audiobook a b Messner 1997 p 6 7 Messner 1997 p 6 7 Flood Michael River Jo 20 December 2017 Men s health A critique of men s rights and anti feminist claims xyonline net Creighton Genevieve Oliffe John L 2010 Theorising masculinities and men s health A brief history with a view to practice Health Sociology Review 19 4 413 doi 10 5172 hesr 2010 19 4 409 S2CID 143771206 Robinson David 2 October 2015 Why do women live longer than men BBC Future Luy M Gast K 2014 Do women live longer or do men die earlier Reflections on the causes of sex differences in life expectancy Gerontology 60 2 143 153 doi 10 1159 000355310 PMID 24296637 S2CID 24794334 Poole Glenn Homelessness is a gendered issue and it mostly impacts men The Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 5 March 2017 Feldman Brett J Craen Alexandra M Enyart Joshua Batchelor Timothy Friel Timothy J Dusza Stephen W Greenberg Marna Rayl 1 February 2018 Prevalence of Homelessness by Gender in an Emergency Department Population in Pennsylvania The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 118 2 85 91 doi 10 7556 jaoa 2018 023 ISSN 1945 1997 PMID 29379974 Benatar D 2012 The Second Sexism Discrimination Against Men and Boys John Wiley amp Sons pp 59 60 ISBN 978 1 118 19230 6 Inmate Gender Federal Bureau of Prisons Retrieved 25 June 2021 Prisons data gov uk Retrieved 25 June 2021 Corrective Services Australia gov au 6 March 2021 Retrieved 25 June 2021 Types of Prison Inmates in Central Jails as on 31st December 2016 PDF National Crime Records Bureau of India Retrieved 25 June 2021 Prison statistics EU Eurostat Retrieved 5 June 2021 Study finds large gender disparities in federal criminal cases www law umich edu Retrieved 6 December 2016 Starr Sonja B 29 August 2012 Estimating Gender Disparities in Federal Criminal Cases Rochester NY Social Science Research Network SSRN 2144002 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Mustard David B 6 March 2001 Racial Ethnic and Gender Disparities in Sentencing Evidence from the Us Federal Courts Journal of Law and Economics Rochester NY 44 285 314 doi 10 1086 320276 S2CID 154533225 SSRN 259138 Rhys H Williams 1 January 2001 Promise Keepers and the New Masculinity Private Lives and Public Morality Lexington Books p 107 ISBN 978 0 7391 0231 2 Retrieved 10 June 2013 Menzies 2007 p 73 a b c d Farrell amp Sterba 2008 p 49 56 Men and Women and the Criminal Justice System PDF Parity UK Retrieved 25 June 2021 Goodwin Deborah February 2019 Anything You Can Do I Can Do Shorter An Analysis of Lenient Sentencing for Female Sex Offenders in the United States William amp Mary Journal of Race Gender and Social Justice 25 2 Stephen Blake Boyd W Merle Longwood Mark William Muesse eds 1996 Redeeming men religion and masculinities Westminster John Knox Press p 17 ISBN 978 0 664 25544 2 In contradistinction to profeminism however the men s rights perspective addresses specific legal and cultural factors that put men at a disadvantage The movement is made up of a variety of formal and informal groups that differ in their approaches and issues Men s rights advocates for example target sex specific military conscription and judicial practices that discriminate against men in child custody cases a b Benatar D 2012 The Second Sexism Discrimination Against Men and Boys John Wiley amp Sons pp 35 ISBN 978 1 118 19230 6 Persson Alma Sundevall Fia 22 March 2019 Conscripting women gender soldiering and military service in Sweden 1965 2018 Women s History Review 28 7 1039 1056 doi 10 1080 09612025 2019 1596542 ISSN 0961 2025 Koranyi Balazs Fouche Gwladys 14 June 2014 Char Pravin ed Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military Reuters Oslo Norway Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 Retrieved 31 May 2021 a b Martin Binkin 1993 Who will fight the next war the changing face of the American military Brookings Institution Press p 53 ISBN 978 0 8157 0955 8 Retrieved 12 November 2011 a b Carelli Richard 23 March 1981 Supreme Court to begin hearing male only military draft case Toledo Blade Retrieved 12 November 2011 Rostker v Goldberg at Cornell University Law School Like it or not gender equality may soon come to the US military draft Vox 15 June 2016 a b c d e f Cannold Leslie July August 2008 Who s the father Rethinking the moral crime of paternity fraud Women s Studies International Forum 31 4 249 256 doi 10 1016 j wsif 2008 05 011 Pdf Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine a b c Majumber Mary Anderlik 12 September 2005 Disestablishment Suits In Mark A Rothstein Thomas H Murray Gregory E Kaebnick eds Genetic Ties and the Family The Impact of Paternity Testing on Parents and Children JHU Press pp 172 79 ISBN 978 0 8018 8193 0 a b c Salah Anna 14 December 2005 Teens may be forced to have paternity test abc net au Retrieved 27 October 2012 a b c Shepherd Tory 6 June 2012 Men flock online for peace of mind paternity tests news com au Retrieved 27 October 2012 Who s your daddy Philadelphia Daily News 5 October 2005 I think the best solution is DNA testing at birth said Glenn Sacks a syndicated radio talk show host who focuses on men s issues Dayton Leigh 12 November 2008 Fathers disrupt debate on DNA The Australian Retrieved 27 October 2012 Horrin Adele 30 June 2005 The myth behind paternity fraud Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 27 October 2012 Marinos Sarah 2 December 2012 What you need to know about paternity tests Herald Sun Retrieved 28 August 2013 Henry Ronald K Spring 2006 The Innocent Third Party Victims of Paternity Fraud Family Law Quarterly of the American Bar Association 40 1 Brotman Barbara 30 October 1992 Sex Contract Shares Intimate Knowledge The Chicago Tribune Retrieved 1 November 2012 Michael Kimmel 1992 Anti Feminism in Michael S Kimmel Amy Aronson eds Men and Masculinities A Social Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO published 2003 pp 35 37 ISBN 978 1 57607 774 0 retrieved 23 December 2011 Wendy McElroy 2011 Privacy Rights Eroding Down Slippery Slope amp 124 foxnews com Retrieved 23 December 2011 Farrell 1994 p 161 Rape case protection bid rejected BBC News BBC 7 January 2004 Retrieved 3 November 2012 Men s rights activist Feminists have used rape as a scam Al Jazeera America Al Jazeera 6 June 2014 Retrieved 11 June 2014 Lonsway Archambault Lisak Dr Kimberlya Sgt Joanne Dr David 2009 False Reports Moving Beyond the Issue to Successfully Investigate and Prosecute Non Stranger Sexual Assault PDF www ndaa org Archived from the original PDF on 23 July 2017 FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation 1996 Crime Index Offenses Reported PDF www fbi gov Kelly Liz Regan Linda Lovett Jo 2005 A gap or a chasm Attrition in reported rape cases PDF London Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate ISBN 978 1 84473 555 6 293 Archived from the original PDF on 18 February 2011 Abstracts Database National Criminal Justice Reference Service www ncjrs gov Retrieved 23 December 2015 a b c False Accusations National Coalition For Men 11 January 2009 Retrieved 6 May 2013 Farrell amp Sterba 2008 p 45 McElroy Wendy 2 May 2006 False Rape Accusations May Be More Common Than Thought Fox News Retrieved 6 May 2013 Lisak David Gardinier Lori Nicksa Sarah C Cote Ashley M December 2010 False allegations of sexual assault an analysis of ten years of reported cases Violence Against Women 16 12 1318 1334 doi 10 1177 1077801210387747 ISSN 1552 8448 PMID 21164210 S2CID 15377916 Ashe 2007 p 60 Wykes Maggie Welsh Kirsty 2009 Violence Gender and Justice London SAGE pp 29 37 ISBN 978 1 4129 2336 1 Diduck Allison O Donovan Katherine eds 2007 Feminist Perspectives on Family Law London Routledge pp 160 164 ISBN 978 1 135 30963 3 Dunphy 2000 p 142 excerpt The conservative and unashamedly patriarchal nature of the men s rights lobby is well illustrated by some statements by one of its self proclaimed spokesmen in the UK Roger Whitcomb he reserved particular anger for the House of Lords ruling on marital rape in 1991 a long standing feminist dream Segal Lynne 1994 Straight Sex Tethinking the Politics of Pleasure Berkeley University of California Press p 276 ISBN 978 0 520 20001 2 It is there that 7 February has been declared International Men s Day by the men s rights groups celebrated in Kansas City in 1994 as a day for campaigning against the legal recognition of marital rape Why men s rights activists are against inclusion of marital rape First Post 6 February 2013 Retrieved 10 March 2013 excerpt The Government has not included marital rape in its anti rape ordinance appealing that it is a complex issue that involves multiple stakeholders mens rights activists are constantly clamouring that Section 498 A the Domestic Violence Act is being misused Wallen Joe Lateef Samaan 2 February 2022 Men s rights activists protest introduction of marital rape law in India The Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 4 February 2022 Millar Stuart A 2002 Marital Rape What a Can of Worms Strike at the Root Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 Retrieved 11 October 2012 Farrell 1994 p 338 Spousal rape legislation is blackmail waiting to happen If a man feels he needs to file for divorce his wife can say If you do I ll accuse you of spousal rape Spousal rape legislation is worse than government as substitute husband It s government in the bedroom Spousal Rape Laws CNN 31 July 1992 Tom Williamson President National Coalition of Free Men I don t think that there should be anything called marital rape laws I don t deny that the elements involved with rape can occur in a marriage They certainly do But the problem with the concept of having something called marital rape is that it makes every man vulnerable in a bad situation to blackmail It makes them vulnerable to false accusations for a variety of motivations that we know exists Young Cathy 1 August 1994 Complexities cloud marital rape case William Hetherington has spent nine years in a Michigan prison but proclaims his innocence controversial case that pits one person s word against another in accusations of spousal rape Insight on the News Much of his support has come from men s rights organizations and conservative Christian groups which tend to argue that a crime such as marital rape should not be on the books because consent to sex is part of the marriage covenant Nielsen Kenneth Bo Waldrop Anne eds 2014 Women Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India London Anthem Press p 193 ISBN 978 1 78 308269 8 a b Pandey Vineeta 8 March 2010 Husbands can t get away with marital rape Government DNA Archived from the original on 31 March 2010 Retrieved 30 September 2012 no relationship will work if these rules are enforced Dhillon Amrit 1 November 2006 Women confident law will end culture of abuse South China Morning Post Retrieved 11 October 2012 The All India Harassed Husbands Association protested last week at the law It gives such grossly disproportionate rights to women that men won t want to get married said member Akhil Gupta Gotell Lise 2016 Sexual Violence in the Manosphere Antifeminist Men s Rights Discourses on Rape International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy 5 2 65 80 doi 10 5204 ijcjsd v5i2 310 Smith Helen 2013 Chapter 2 Men on Strike Why Men Are Boycotting Marriage Fatherhood and the American Dream And Why It Matters New York Encounter Books ISBN 978 1 59403 675 0 Janet Bloomfield 31 May 2014 Let s Talk About Reproductive Rights And Why Men Should Have Them Too Thought Catalog Retrieved 16 December 2020 Higdon Michael J 14 February 2011 Fatherhood by Conscription Nonconsensual Insemination and the Duty of Child Support University of Tennessee Legal Studies 139 SSRN 1761333 Arizona Is Requiring A Male Statutory Rape Victim To Pay Child Support Business Insider 2 September 2014 Retrieved 16 December 2020 Farrell Warren 2001 Chapter 1 The Myth of Male Power Why Men Are The Disposable Sex New York Berkley Books ISBN 978 0 425 18144 7 Traister R 13 March 2006 Roe for men Salon Retrieved 17 December 2007 U S Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit case No 06 11016 PDF Jessica Valenti 2012 Why Have Kids A New Mom Explores the Truth About Parenting and Happiness Houghton Mifflin Harcourt pp 103 5 ISBN 978 0 547 89261 0 Retrieved 11 May 2013 Farrell 1994 p 350 Teen Suicide Statistics Adolescent Teenage Suicide Prevention FamilyFirstAid org 2001 Retrieved 11 April 2006 Harriss Louise Hawton Keith Zahl Daniel January 2005 Value of measuring suicidal intent in the assessment of people attending hospital following self poisoning or self injury The British Journal of Psychiatry 186 1 60 66 doi 10 1192 bjp 186 1 60 ISSN 0007 1250 PMID 15630125 Data amp Statistics Lifeline Australia Facts about suicide in Australia Mens health a b Schrijvers Didier L Bollen Jos Sabbe Bernard G C 2012 The gender paradox in suicidal behavior and its impact on the suicidal process Journal of Affective Disorders Journal of Affective Disorders 138 1 2 19 26 doi 10 1016 j jad 2011 03 050 PMID 21529962 Section 3 Gun Ownership Trends and Demographics www people press org Pew Research Center 12 March 2013 Retrieved 30 May 2016 Gavanas Anna 2004 Introduction Fatherhood politics in the United States masculinity sexuality race and marriage Urbana University of Illinois Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 252 02884 7 Despite their claims of victimhood men s and fathers rights advocates are usually white middle class heterosexual men who tend to overlook their institutional and socioeconomical advantages in work and the family Coston Bethany M Kimmel Michael 2013 White men as the new victims reverse discrimination cases and the men s rights movement Nevada Law Journal 13 2 368 385 Where are the Men s Rights guys when it comes to other men Men s Rights is almost entirely a movement of angry straight white men Mason Christopher P 2006 Introduction Crossing into manhood a men s studies curriculum Youngstown Cambria Press ISBN 978 1 934043 30 1 Goldberg Stephanie B February 1997 In all its variations the fathers rights movement is saying one thing Make Room for Daddy ABA Journal 83 2 48 52 JSTOR 27839422 View online Also available via HeinOnline Kimmel Michael S 2006 From anxiety to anger since the 1990s the Self Made Man becomes Angry White Man Manhood in America a cultural history 2nd ed New York Oxford University Press p 302 ISBN 978 0 19 518113 5 Christina Hoff Sommers can t take a single line of criticism Southern Poverty Law Center Retrieved 8 September 2018 Blake Mariah 11 August 2014 The men s rights movement and the women who love it Mother Jones Retrieved 12 August 2014 The Feminist Leader Who Became a Men s Rights Activist The Atlantic 13 June 2014 Retrieved 13 June 2014 a b Young Cathy 13 June 2014 The Feminist Leader Who Became a Men s Rights Activist The Atlantic Retrieved 17 May 2020 Cassens Weiss Debra 14 July 2020 Prominent men s rights lawyer is shot and killed outside his home ABA Journal Retrieved 22 July 2020 Licas Eric 12 July 2020 Men s rights activist fatally shot in front of home in San Bernardino Mountains The San Bernardino Sun Retrieved 22 July 2020 Aviles Gwen 13 July 2020 Men s rights attorney Marc Angelucci s fatal shooting prompts investigation NBC News Retrieved 22 July 2020 Nemko Marty 17 July 2014 Men power money and sex Psychology Today Retrieved 17 February 2017 Herbert Goldberg Obituary Visitation amp Funeral Information www cabotandsonsfh com Retrieved 31 July 2021 Difficult Women by Helen Lewis review a history of feminism in 11 fights The Guardian 5 March 2020 Retrieved 6 August 2021 Ferguson Moira Katrak Ketu H Miner Valerie 2014 originally published 1996 Feminism and Antifeminism From Civil Rights to Culture Wars In Clark VeVe Nelson Garner Shirley Higonnet Margaret Katrak Ketu eds Anti feminism in the Academy Routledge pp 35 66 doi 10 4324 9781315865898 10 ISBN 978 1 317 95907 6 Domestic Violence help for women and children Refuge is a UK national charity about us refuge s 35th birthday 35 years of refuge 22 June 2006 Archived from the original on 22 June 2006 Retrieved 6 August 2021 Worth Carolyn 1979 Scream Quietly or The Neighbours will Hear Erin Pizzey Penguin Books Gt Bt 1974 Reprinted with a postcript in Pelican Books 1979 149 pp Price 2 75 Children Australia 4 4 45 46 doi 10 1017 s0312897000016453 ISSN 1035 0772 S2CID 163740372 See e g Clatterbaugh Kenneth C 1997 Contemporary perspectives on masculinity men women and politics in modern society 2nd ed Boulder Colo Westview Press pp 77 88 ISBN 978 0 8133 2701 3 Kimmel Michael Kaufman Michael 1997 Weekend Warriors In Mary R Walsh ed Women Men and Gender Yale University Press p 407 ISBN 978 0 300 06938 9 Menzies 2007 p 71 Brod Harry Kaufman Michael eds 1994 Theorizing masculinities Thousand Oaks California Sage Publications p 162 ISBN 978 0 8039 4904 1 Pease Bob 2000 Recreating men postmodern masculinity politics Thousand Oaks California SAGE Publications p 140 ISBN 978 0 7619 6205 2 CAUT Statement on December 6 Canadian Association of University Teachers Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 7 May 2015 Disturbingly we have seen in the past year the rise of misogynist men s rights groups on campuses and in communities across the country an alarming trend that requires our attention and action Men s rights movement why it is so controversial The Week 19 February 2015 Retrieved 19 March 2019 Goldwag A Spring 2012 Leader s Suicide Brings Attention to Men s Rights Movement Intelligence Report 145 Retrieved 7 March 2013 Shira Tarrant 11 February 2013 Men Speak Out Views on Gender Sex and Power Routledge p 174 ISBN 978 1 135 12743 5 Retrieved 19 April 2013 Lodhia Sharmila 1 August 2014 Stop importing weapons of family destruction cyberdiscourses patriarchal anxieties and the men s backlash movement in India Violence Against Women 20 8 905 936 doi 10 1177 1077801214546906 ISSN 1552 8448 PMID 25238869 S2CID 538128 Blake Mariah Mad Men Inside the men s rights movement and the army of misogynists and trolls it spawned Mother Jones Retrieved 20 May 2020 Ohlheiser Abby 3 June 2014 A Men s Rights Group Crowdfunded 25 000 for Extra Security Because of Bullies The Atlantic Retrieved 20 May 2020 a b c Mann Ruth M 2008 Men s Rights and Feminist Advocacy in Canadian Domestic Violence Policy Arenas PDF Feminist Criminology 3 1 44 75 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 413 6328 doi 10 1177 1557085107311067 S2CID 145502648 a b Flood Michael March 2010 Fathers rights and the defense of paternal authority in Australia Violence Against Women 16 3 328 347 doi 10 1177 1077801209360918 PMID 20133921 S2CID 206667283 Pdf Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback MachineReferencesAshe Fidelma 2007 The New Politics of Masculinity Men Power and Resistance London Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 30275 3 Farrell W 1994 The Myth of Male Power Berkley Books ISBN 978 0 425 14381 0 Farrell Warren Sterba James P 2008 Does feminism discriminate against men Oxford University Press Incorporated ISBN 978 0 19 531282 9 Messner MA 1997 Politics of Masculinities Men in Movements Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 8039 5577 6 Newton J 2004 From Panthers to Promise Keepers rethinking the men s movement Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 8476 9130 2 Further readingArndt Bettina 2019 MenToo Wilkinson ISBN 978 1 925642 65 0 Baumeister R F 2010 Is There Anything Good About Men How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 537410 0 Coston Bethany M Kimmel Michael 2013 White Men as the New Victims Reverse Discrimination Cases and the Men s Rights Movement Nevada Law Journal 13 2 368 385 Maddison Sarah 1999 Private Men Public Anger The Men s Rights Movement in Australia PDF Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies 4 2 39 52 Archived from the original PDF on 7 June 2016 Retrieved 2 March 2016 Murdoch Simon February 2019 Societal misogyny and the manosphere understanding the UK anti feminist movement PDF State of hate 2019 People vs the elite London Hope Not Hate pp 38 41 Archived from the original PDF on 23 February 2019 Nathanson P Young K K 2001 Spreading Misandry The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 978 0 7735 2272 5 Sharlet Jeff March 2015 Are You Man Enough for the Men s Rights Movement GQ Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Men 27s rights movement amp oldid 1132488054, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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