Monascus purpureus (syn. M. albidus, M. anka, M. araneosus, M. major, M. rubiginosus, and M. vini; simplified Chinese: 红曲霉; traditional Chinese: 紅麴黴; pinyin: hóng qū méi, lit. "red yeast") is a species of mold that is purplish-red in color. It is also known by the names ang-khak rice mold, corn silage mold, maize silage mold, and rice kernel discoloration.
Monascus purpureus
Monascus purpureus growing on white rice (red yeast rice)
The sexual state of M. purpureus is a cleistothecium with a two-layered wall enclosing round, evanescent 8-spored asci, lifted above the substrate on a multihyphal stalk. Ascospores can be heat resistant. The asexual state forms chains of hyaline or brownish chlamydospore-like cells.
Physiology and metabolitesEdit
During growth, Monascus spp. break down starch substrate into several metabolites, including pigments produced as secondary metabolites. The structure of pigments depends on type of substrate and other specific factors during culture, such as pH, temperature, and moisture content.[1]
However, discoveries of cholesterol-lowering statins produced by the mold has prompted research into its possible medical uses. It produces a number of statins. The naturally occurring lovastatins and analogs are called monacolins K, L, J, and also occur in their hydroxyl acid forms along with dehydroxymonacolin and compactin (mevastatin). The prescription drug lovastatin, identical to monacolin K, is the principal statin produced by M. purpureus. Only the open-ring (hydroxy acid) form is pharmacologically active, but it is not produced on a commercial scale.[2][3][4][5]
The mycotoxincitrinin is carefully monitored when Monascus is used in fermented foods. Industrial use of soluble red pigments as food dyes was discontinued in the USA and Europe because of this risk.[6]
ImportanceEdit
Monascus purpureus has been used for over a thousand years in oriental fermented foods, including red kōji-kin, red yeast rice or ank-kak, rice wine, kaoliang brandy, and as the coloring agent for Peking duck.
Commercial speciesEdit
The related fungi M. ruber and M. pilosus are also used in industrial applications.[7]Monascus ruber is also a common food spoilage organism; most strains produce a brown pigment.[8]
^Endo A (2004). "The origin of the statins. 2004". Atheroscler Suppl. 5 (3): 125–130. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2004.08.033. PMID 15531285.
^Edwards JE, Moore RA (2003). "Statins in hypercholesterolaemia: a dose-specific meta-analysis of lipid changes in randomised, double blind trials". BMC Fam Pract. 4: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-4-18. PMC317299. PMID 14969594.
^Becker DJ, Gordon RY, Morris PB, et al. (2008). "Simvastatin vs therapeutic lifestyle changes and supplements: randomized primary prevention trial". Mayo Clin. Proc. 83 (7): 758–764. doi:10.4065/83.7.758. PMID 18613992.
^Duggan, Mark; Hartman, George D (15 August 1989). . US Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^Chen, YP; Tseng, CP; Chien, IL; Wang, WY; Liaw, LL; Yuan, GF (2008). "Exploring the distribution of citrinin biosynthesis related genes among Monascus species". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (24): 11767–11772. doi:10.1021/jf802371b. PMID 19012408.
^Panda BP, Javed S, Ali M (2010). "Production of Angkak Through Co-Culture of Monascus purpureus and Monacus ruber". Braz J Microbiol. 41 (3): 757–64. doi:10.1590/S1517-83822010000300028. PMC3768636. PMID 24031553.
^Samson, Robert A.; Reenen-Hoekstra, Ellen S. van. (1988). Introduction to food-borne fungi (3rd ed.). Baarn: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. ISBN978-9070351168. OCLC 18574153.
Bibhu Prasad Panda, Saleem Javed, Mohd. Ali (2010) Optimization of fermentation parameters for higher lovastatin production in red mold rice through co-culture of Monascus purpureus and Monascus ruber. Food and Bioprocess Technology, Vol. 3, no.3, 373-378 doi:10.1007%2Fs11947-008-0072-z
Mazzanti G, Moro PA, Raschi E, Da Cas R, Menniti-Ippolito F. Adverse reactions to dietary supplements containing red yeast rice: assessment of cases from the Italian surveillance.British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2017; 83(4): 894-908. doi:10.1111/bcp.13171, PMC 5346868, PMID 28093797
External linksEdit
Index Fungorum page (general)
Monascus purpureus page
Website about medicinal use of Monascus purpureus
October 17, 2023
monascus, purpureus, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, specific, problem, formatting, please, help, improve, this, article, july, 2013, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, albidus, anka, araneosus, major, rubiginos. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is formatting Please help improve this article if you can July 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Monascus purpureus syn M albidus M anka M araneosus M major M rubiginosus and M vini simplified Chinese 红曲霉 traditional Chinese 紅麴黴 pinyin hong qu mei lit red yeast is a species of mold that is purplish red in color It is also known by the names ang khak rice mold corn silage mold maize silage mold and rice kernel discoloration Monascus purpureusMonascus purpureus growing on white rice red yeast rice Scientific classificationKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass EurotiomycetidaeOrder EurotialesFamily MonascaceaeGenus MonascusSpecies M purpureusBinomial nameMonascus purpureus Went 1895 Contents 1 Taxonomy and morphology 2 Physiology and metabolites 3 Importance 4 Commercial species 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy and morphology EditThe sexual state of M purpureus is a cleistothecium with a two layered wall enclosing round evanescent 8 spored asci lifted above the substrate on a multihyphal stalk Ascospores can be heat resistant The asexual state forms chains of hyaline or brownish chlamydospore like cells Physiology and metabolites EditDuring growth Monascus spp break down starch substrate into several metabolites including pigments produced as secondary metabolites The structure of pigments depends on type of substrate and other specific factors during culture such as pH temperature and moisture content 1 However discoveries of cholesterol lowering statins produced by the mold has prompted research into its possible medical uses It produces a number of statins The naturally occurring lovastatins and analogs are called monacolins K L J and also occur in their hydroxyl acid forms along with dehydroxymonacolin and compactin mevastatin The prescription drug lovastatin identical to monacolin K is the principal statin produced by M purpureus Only the open ring hydroxy acid form is pharmacologically active but it is not produced on a commercial scale 2 3 4 5 The mycotoxin citrinin is carefully monitored when Monascus is used in fermented foods Industrial use of soluble red pigments as food dyes was discontinued in the USA and Europe because of this risk 6 Importance EditMonascus purpureus has been used for over a thousand years in oriental fermented foods including red kōji kin red yeast rice or ank kak rice wine kaoliang brandy and as the coloring agent for Peking duck Commercial species EditThe related fungi M ruber and M pilosus are also used in industrial applications 7 Monascus ruber is also a common food spoilage organism most strains produce a brown pigment 8 See also EditAspergillus oryzae koji Fungal isolates List of microorganisms used in food and beverage preparation Medicinal molds Medicinal mushrooms Rhizopus oryzae Saccharomyces boulardii Saccharomyces cerevisiae nbsp Fungi portalReferences Edit Chiang Mai Journal of Science Endo A 2004 The origin of the statins 2004 Atheroscler Suppl 5 3 125 130 doi 10 1016 j atherosclerosissup 2004 08 033 PMID 15531285 Edwards JE Moore RA 2003 Statins in hypercholesterolaemia a dose specific meta analysis of lipid changes in randomised double blind trials BMC Fam Pract 4 18 doi 10 1186 1471 2296 4 18 PMC 317299 PMID 14969594 Becker DJ Gordon RY Morris PB et al 2008 Simvastatin vs therapeutic lifestyle changes and supplements randomized primary prevention trial Mayo Clin Proc 83 7 758 764 doi 10 4065 83 7 758 PMID 18613992 Duggan Mark Hartman George D 15 August 1989 Novel HMG CoA reductase inhibitors US Patent and Trademark Office Archived from the original on 14 January 2019 Retrieved 13 January 2019 Chen YP Tseng CP Chien IL Wang WY Liaw LL Yuan GF 2008 Exploring the distribution of citrinin biosynthesis related genes among Monascus species Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 24 11767 11772 doi 10 1021 jf802371b PMID 19012408 Panda BP Javed S Ali M 2010 Production of Angkak Through Co Culture of Monascus purpureus and Monacus ruber Braz J Microbiol 41 3 757 64 doi 10 1590 S1517 83822010000300028 PMC 3768636 PMID 24031553 Samson Robert A Reenen Hoekstra Ellen S van 1988 Introduction to food borne fungi 3rd ed Baarn Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ISBN 978 9070351168 OCLC 18574153 Bibhu Prasad Panda Saleem Javed Mohd Ali 2010 Optimization of fermentation parameters for higher lovastatin production in red mold rice through co culture of Monascus purpureus and Monascus ruber Food and Bioprocess Technology Vol 3 no 3 373 378 doi 10 1007 2Fs11947 008 0072 z Mazzanti G Moro PA Raschi E Da Cas R Menniti Ippolito F Adverse reactions to dietary supplements containing red yeast rice assessment of cases from the Italian surveillance British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2017 83 4 894 908 doi 10 1111 bcp 13171 PMC 5346868 PMID 28093797External links EditIndex Fungorum page synonyms Index Fungorum page general Monascus purpureus page Website about medicinal use of Monascus purpureus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Monascus purpureus amp oldid 1180275441, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
