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Wikipedia

MediaWiki

January 13, 2023

For information about the usage of MediaWiki in Wikipedia, see Help:MediaWiki namespace.
Not to be confused with Wikimedia Foundation.

MediaWiki is a free and open-source wiki software. It is used on Wikipedia and almost all other Wikimedia websites, including Wiktionary, Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata; these sites define a large part of the requirement set for MediaWiki.[5] It was developed for use on Wikipedia in 2002, and given the name "MediaWiki" in 2003.[6] MediaWiki was originally developed by Magnus Manske and improved by Lee Daniel Crocker.[7][8] Its development has since then been coordinated by the Wikimedia Foundation.

MediaWiki
Screenshot
The Main Page of the English Wikipedia running MediaWiki 1.36
Original author(s)Magnus Manske, Lee Daniel Crocker
Developer(s)Wikimedia Foundation
Initial releaseJanuary 25, 2002; 20 years ago (2002-01-25)
Stable release
1.39.1[1]  / 22 December 2022; 22 days ago (22 December 2022)
Repository
Written inPHP[2]
Operating systemWindows, macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris
Size63.81 MB (compressed)
Available in459[3] languages
TypeWiki software
LicenseGPLv2+[4]
Websitemediawiki.org

MediaWiki is written in the PHP programming language and stores all text content into a database. The software is optimized to efficiently handle large projects, which can have terabytes of content and hundreds of thousands of views per second.[5][9] Because Wikipedia is one of the world's largest websites, achieving scalability through multiple layers of caching and database replication has been a major concern for developers. Another major aspect of MediaWiki is its internationalization; its interface is available in more than 300 languages.[10] The software has more than 1,000 configuration settings[11] and more than 1,800 extensions available for enabling various features to be added or changed.[12]

Besides its use on Wikimedia sites, MediaWiki has been used as a knowledge management and content management system on tens of thousands of websites, and thousands of companies, public and private, including the websites Fandom, wikiHow, and major internal installations like Intellipedia and Diplopedia.

License

MediaWiki is free and open-source and is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version. Its documentation, located at www.mediawiki.org, is released under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license and partly in the public domain.[13] Specifically, the manuals and other content at MediaWiki.org are Creative Commons-licensed, while the set of help pages intended to be freely copied into fresh wiki installations and/or distributed with MediaWiki software is public domain. This was done to eliminate legal issues arising from the help pages being imported into wikis with licenses that are incompatible with the Creative Commons license.[14] MediaWiki's development has generally favored the use of open-source media formats.[15]

Development

MediaWiki has an active volunteer community for development and maintenance. Users who have made meaningful contributions to the project by submitting patches are generally, upon request, granted access to commit revisions to the project's Git/Gerrit repository.[16] There are also paid programmers who primarily develop projects for the Wikimedia Foundation. MediaWiki developers participate in the Google Summer of Code by facilitating the assignment of mentors to students wishing to work on MediaWiki core and extension projects.[17] During the year prior to November 2012, there were about two hundred developers who had committed changes to the MediaWiki core or extensions.[18] Major MediaWiki releases are generated approximately every six months by taking snapshots of the development branch, which is kept continuously in a runnable state;[19] minor releases, or point releases, are issued as needed to correct bugs (especially security problems).

MediaWiki is developed on a continuous integration development model, in which software changes are pushed live to Wikimedia sites on regular basis.[19]

MediaWiki also has a public bug tracker, phabricator.wikimedia.org, which runs Phabricator. The site is also used for feature and enhancement requests.

History

 
Magnus Manske in 2012

When Wikipedia was launched in January 2001, it ran on an existing wiki software system, UseModWiki. UseModWiki is written in the Perl programming language, and stores all wiki pages in text (.txt) files. This software soon proved to be limiting, in both functionality and performance. In mid-2001, Magnus Manske—a developer and student at the University of Cologne, as well as a Wikipedia editor—began working on new software that would replace UseModWiki, specifically designed for use by Wikipedia. This software was written in the PHP scripting language, and stored all of its information in a MySQL engine database. The new software was largely developed by August 24, 2001, and a test wiki for it was established shortly thereafter.

The first full implementation of this software was the new Meta Wikipedia on November 9, 2001. There was a desire to have it implemented immediately on the English-language Wikipedia.[20] However, Manske was apprehensive about any potential bugs harming the nascent website during the period of the final exams he had to complete immediately prior to Christmas;[21] this led to the launch on the English-language Wikipedia being delayed until January 25, 2002. The software was then, gradually, deployed on all the Wikipedia language sites of that time. This software was referred to as "the PHP script" and as "phase II", with the name "phase I", retroactively given to the use of UseModWiki.

Increasing usage soon caused load problems to arise again, and soon after, another rewrite of the software began; this time being done by Lee Daniel Crocker, which became known as "phase III". This new software was also written in PHP, with a MySQL backend, and kept the basic interface of the phase II software, but with the added functionality of a wider scalability. The "phase III" software went live on Wikipedia in July 2002.

The Wikimedia Foundation was announced on June 20, 2003. In July, Wikipedia contributor Daniel Mayer suggested the name "MediaWiki" for the software, as a play on "Wikimedia".[22] The MediaWiki name was gradually phased in, beginning in August 2003. The name has frequently caused confusion due to its (intentional) similarity to the "Wikimedia" name (which itself is similar to "Wikipedia").[23]

 
MediaWiki logo until April 1, 2021

The old product logo was created by Erik Möller, using a flower photograph taken by Florence Nibart-Devouard, and was originally submitted to the logo contest for a new Wikipedia logo, held from July 20 to August 27, 2003.[24][25] The logo came in third place, and was chosen to represent MediaWiki rather than Wikipedia, with the second place logo being used for the Wikimedia Foundation.[26] The double square brackets ([[ ]]) symbolize the syntax MediaWiki uses for creating hyperlinks to other wiki pages; while the sunflower represents the diversity of content on Wikipedia, the constant growth, and also the wildness.[27]

Later, Brion Vibber, the Chief Technical Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation,[28] took up the role of Release Manager, and the most active Developer.[6][29]

Major milestones in MediaWiki's development have included: the categorization system (2004); parser functions, (2006); Flagged Revisions, (2008);[30] the "ResourceLoader", a delivery system for CSS and JavaScript (2011);[31] and the VisualEditor, a "what you see is what you get" (WYSIWYG) editing platform (2013).[32]

The contest of designing a new logo was initiated on June 22, 2020, as the old logo was a bitmap image and had "high details", leading to problems when rendering at high and low resolutions, respectively. After two rounds of voting, the new and current MediaWiki logo designed by Serhio Magpie was selected on October 24, 2020, and officially adopted on April 1, 2021.[33]

Version history

Main article: MediaWiki version history

The first version of MediaWiki, 1.1, was released in December 2003.

Sites using MediaWiki

See also: Category:MediaWiki websites
Main article: mw:Sites using MediaWiki
 
Fandom also makes use of MediaWiki.

MediaWiki's most famous use has been in Wikipedia and, to a lesser degree, the Wikimedia Foundation's other projects. Fandom, a wiki hosting service formerly known as Wikia, runs on MediaWiki. Other public wikis that run on MediaWiki include wikiHow and SNPedia. WikiLeaks began as a MediaWiki-based site, but is no longer a wiki.

A number of alternative wiki encyclopedias to Wikipedia run on MediaWiki, including Citizendium, Metapedia, Scholarpedia and Conservapedia. MediaWiki is also used internally by a large number of companies, including Novell and Intel.[34][35]

Notable usages of MediaWiki within governments include Intellipedia, used by the United States Intelligence Community, Diplopedia, used by the United States Department of State, and milWiki, a part of milSuite used by the United States Department of Defense. United Nations agencies such as the United Nations Development Programme and INSTRAW chose to implement their wikis using MediaWiki, because "this software runs Wikipedia and is therefore guaranteed to be thoroughly tested, will continue to be developed well into the future, and future technicians on these wikis will be more likely to have exposure to MediaWiki than any other wiki software."[36]

The Free Software Foundation uses MediaWiki to implement the LibrePlanet site.[37]

Key features

MediaWiki provides a rich core feature set and a mechanism to attach extensions to provide additional functionality.

Internationalization and localisation

Niklas Laxström explains the features that allowed translatewiki.net to provide MediaWiki with more than 300 locales.

Due to the strong emphasis on multilingualism in the Wikimedia projects, internationalization and localization has received significant attention by developers. The user interface has been fully or partially translated into more than 300 languages on translatewiki.net,[10] and can be further customized by site administrators (the entire interface is editable through the wiki).

Several extensions, most notably those collected in the MediaWiki Language Extension Bundle, are designed to further enhance the multilingualism and internationalization of MediaWiki.

Installation and configuration

Installation of MediaWiki requires that the user have administrative privileges on a server running both PHP and a compatible type of SQL database. Some users find that setting up a virtual host is helpful if the majority of one's site runs under a framework (such as Zope or Ruby on Rails) that is largely incompatible with MediaWiki.[38] Cloud hosting can eliminate the need to deploy a new server.[39]

An installation PHP script is accessed via a web browser to initialize the wiki's settings. It prompts the user for a minimal set of required parameters, leaving further changes, such as enabling uploads,[40] adding a site logo,[41] and installing extensions, to be made by modifying configuration settings contained in a file called LocalSettings.php.[42] Some aspects of MediaWiki can be configured through special pages or by editing certain pages; for instance, abuse filters can be configured through a special page,[43] and certain gadgets can be added by creating JavaScript pages in the MediaWiki namespace.[44] The MediaWiki community publishes a comprehensive installation guide.[45]

Markup

One of the earliest differences between MediaWiki (and its predecessor, UseModWiki) and other wiki engines was the use of "free links" instead of CamelCase. When MediaWiki was created, it was typical for wikis to require text like "WorldWideWeb" to create a link to a page about the World Wide Web; links in MediaWiki, on the other hand, are created by surrounding words with double square brackets, and any spaces between them are left intact, e.g. [[World Wide Web]]. This change was logical for the purpose of creating an encyclopedia, where accuracy in titles is important.

MediaWiki uses an extensible[46] lightweight wiki markup designed to be easier to use and learn than HTML. Tools exist for converting content such as tables between MediaWiki markup and HTML.[47] Efforts have been made to create a MediaWiki markup spec, but a consensus seems to have been reached that Wikicode requires context-sensitive grammar rules.[48][49] The following side-by-side comparison illustrates the differences between wiki markup and HTML:

MediaWiki syntax
(the "behind the scenes" code
used to add formatting to text) 		HTML equivalent
(another type of "behind the scenes" code
used to add formatting to text) 		Rendered output
(seen onscreen by a site viewer) 
====A dialogue==== "Take some more [[tea]]," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. "I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone: "so I can't take more." "You mean you can't take ''less''," said the Hatter: "it's '''very''' easy to take ''more'' than nothing." 
<h4>A dialogue</h4> <p>"Take some more <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.</p> <p>"I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone: "so I can't take more."</p> <p>"You mean you can't take <i>less</i>," said the Hatter: "it's <b>very</b> easy to take <i>more</i> than nothing."</p>
A dialogue

"Take some more tea," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.

"I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone: "so I can't take more."

"You mean you can't take less," said the Hatter: "it's very easy to take more than nothing."

(Quotation above from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll)

Editing interface

See also: VisualEditor
 
Editing interface of MediaWiki 1.36, showing the edit toolbar and some examples of wiki syntax

MediaWiki's default page-editing tools have been described as somewhat challenging to learn.[50] A survey of students assigned to use a MediaWiki-based wiki found that when they were asked an open question about main problems with the wiki, 24% cited technical problems with formatting, e.g. "Couldn't figure out how to get an image in. Can't figure out how to show a link with words; it inserts a number."[51]

To make editing long pages easier, MediaWiki allows the editing of a subsection of a page (as identified by its header). A registered user can also indicate whether or not an edit is minor. Correcting spelling, grammar or punctuation are examples of minor edits, whereas adding paragraphs of new text is an example of a non-minor edit.

Sometimes while one user is editing, a second user saves an edit to the same part of the page. Then, when the first user attempts to save the page, an edit conflict occurs. The second user is then given an opportunity to merge their content into the page as it now exists following the first user's page save.

MediaWiki's user interface has been localized in many different languages. A language for the wiki content itself can also be set, to be sent in the "Content-Language" HTTP header and "lang" HTML attribute.

Application programming interface

MediaWiki has an extensible web API (application programming interface) that provides direct, high-level access to the data contained in the MediaWiki databases. Client programs can use the API to log in, get data, and post changes. The API supports thin web-based JavaScript clients and end-user applications (such as vandal-fighting tools). The API can be accessed by the backend of another web site.[52] An extensive Python bot library, Pywikibot,[53] and a popular semi-automated tool called AutoWikiBrowser, also interface with the API.[54] The API is accessed via URLs such as https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=recentchanges. In this case, the query would be asking Wikipedia for information relating to the last 10 edits to the site. One of the perceived advantages of the API is its language independence; it listens for HTTP connections from clients and can send a response in a variety of formats, such as XML, serialized PHP, or JSON.[55] Client code has been developed to provide layers of abstraction to the API.[56]

Rich content

 
Images can be arranged in galleries, a feature that is used extensively for Wikimedia's media archive, Wikimedia Commons.

MediaWiki supports rich content generated through specialized syntax. For example, the software comes with optional support for rendering mathematical formulas using LaTeX and a special parser written in OCaml. Similar functionality for other content, ranging from graphical timelines over mathematical plotting and musical scores to Egyptian hieroglyphs, is available via extensions.

The software has become more powerful at dealing with a wide variety of uploaded media files. Its richest functionality is in the area of images, where image galleries and thumbnails can be generated with relative ease. There is also support for Exif metadata. The use of MediaWiki to operate the Wikimedia Commons, one of the largest free content media archives, has driven the need for further functionality in this area.

For WYSIWYG editing, VisualEditor is available to use in MediaWiki which simplifying editing process for editors and has been bundled since MediaWiki 1.35.[57] Other extensions exist for handling WYSIWYG editing to different degrees.[58]

Tracking edits

Among the features of MediaWiki to assist in tracking edits is a Recent Changes feature that provides a list of recent edits to the wiki. This list contains basic information about those edits such as the editing user, the edit summary, the page edited, as well as any tags (e.g. "possible malware link")[59] added by customizable abuse filters and other extensions to aid in combating unhelpful edits.[60] On more active wikis, so many edits occur that it is hard to track Recent Changes manually. Anti-vandal software, including user-assisted tools,[61] is sometimes employed on such wikis to process Recent Changes items. Server load can be reduced by sending a continuous feed of Recent Changes to an IRC channel that these tools can monitor, eliminating their need to send requests for a refreshed Recent Changes feed to the API.[62][63]

Another important tool is watchlisting. Each logged-in user has a watchlist to which the user can add whatever pages he or she wishes. When an edit is made to one of those pages, a summary of that edit appears on the watchlist the next time it is refreshed.[64] As with the recent changes page, recent edits that appear on the watchlist contain clickable links for easy review of the article history and specific changes made.

There is also the capability to review all edits made by any particular user. In this way, if an edit is identified as problematic, it is possible to check the user's other edits for issues.

MediaWiki allows one to link to specific versions of articles. This has been useful to the scientific community, in that expert peer reviewers could analyse articles, improve them and provide links to the trusted version of that article.[65]

Navigation

Wikilinks

Navigation through the wiki is largely through internal wikilinks. MediaWiki's wikilinks implement page existence detection, in which a link is colored blue if the target page exists on the local wiki and red if it does not. If a user clicks on a red link, they are prompted to create an article with that title. Page existence detection makes it practical for users to create "wikified" articles—that is, articles containing links to other pertinent subjects—without those other articles being yet in existence.

Interwiki links

Interwiki links function much the same way as namespaces. A set of interwiki prefixes can be configured to cause, for instance, a page title of wikiquote:Jimbo Wales to direct the user to the Jimbo Wales article on Wikiquote.[66] Unlike internal wikilinks, interwiki links lack page existence detection functionality, and accordingly there is no way to tell whether a blue interwiki link is broken or not.

Interlanguage links

 
An example of interlanguage links

Interlanguage links are the small navigation links that show up in the sidebar in most MediaWiki skins that connect an article with related articles in other languages within the same Wiki family. This can provide language-specific communities connected by a larger context, with all wikis on the same server or each on its own server.[67]

Previously, Wikipedia used interlanguage links to link an article to other articles on the same topic in other editions of Wikipedia. This was superseded by the launch of Wikidata.[68]

Content organization

Page tabs and associated pages

 
MediaWiki page tabs, using the "Vector" skin. The red coloration of the "discussion" tab indicates that the article does not yet have a talk page. As with any other red wikilink, clicking on it prompts the user to create the page.

Page tabs are displayed at the top of pages. These tabs allow users to perform actions or view pages that are related to the current page. The available default actions include viewing, editing, and discussing the current page. The specific tabs displayed depend on whether the user is logged into the wiki and whether the user has sysop privileges on the wiki. For instance, the ability to move a page or add it to one's watchlist is usually restricted to logged-in users. The site administrator can add or remove tabs by using JavaScript or installing extensions.[69]

Each page has an associated history page from which the user can access every version of the page that has ever existed and generate diffs between two versions of his choice. Users' contributions are displayed not only here, but also via a "user contributions" option on a sidebar. In a 2004 article, Carl Challborn and Teresa Reimann noted that "While this feature may be a slight deviation from the collaborative, 'ego-less' spirit of wiki purists, it can be very useful for educators who need to assess the contribution and participation of individual student users."[70]

Namespaces

"Talk page" redirects here. For talk pages on Wikipedia, see Help:Talk pages.

MediaWiki provides many features beyond hyperlinks for structuring content. One of the earliest such features is namespaces. One of Wikipedia's earliest problems had been the separation of encyclopedic content from pages pertaining to maintenance and communal discussion, as well as personal pages about encyclopedia editors. Namespaces are prefixes before a page title (such as "User:" or "Talk:") that serve as descriptors for the page's purpose and allow multiple pages with different functions to exist under the same title. For instance, a page titled "[[The Terminator]]", in the default namespace, could describe the 1984 movie starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, while a page titled "[[User:The Terminator]]" could be a profile describing a user who chooses this name as a pseudonym. More commonly, each namespace has an associated "Talk:" namespace, which can be used to discuss its contents, such as "User talk:" or "Template talk:". The purpose of having discussion pages is to allow content to be separated from discussion surrounding the content.[71][72]

Namespaces can be viewed as folders that separate different basic types of information or functionality. Custom namespaces can be added by the site administrators. There are 16 namespaces by default for content, with 2 "pseudo-namespaces" used for dynamically generated "Special:" pages and links to media files. Each namespace on MediaWiki is numbered: content page namespaces have even numbers and their associated talk page namespaces have odd numbers.[73]

Category tags

Users can create new categories and add pages and files to those categories by appending one or more category tags to the content text. Adding these tags creates links at the bottom of the page that take the reader to the list of all pages in that category, making it easy to browse related articles.[74] The use of categorization to organize content has been described as a combination of:

Subpages

In addition to namespaces, content can be ordered using subpages. This simple feature provides automatic breadcrumbs of the pattern [[Page title/Subpage title]] from the page after the slash (in this case, "Subpage title") to the page before the slash (in this case, "Page title").

Customization

 
Users can configure custom JavaScript that is executed on every pageview. This has led to JavaScript tools that users can "install", the "navigation popups" tool shown here displays a small preview of an article when hovering over a link title.

If the feature is enabled, users can customize their stylesheets and configure client-side JavaScript to be executed with every pageview. On Wikipedia, this has led to a large number of additional tools and helpers developed through the wiki and shared among users. For instance, navigation popups is a custom JavaScript tool that shows previews of articles when the user hovers over links and also provides shortcuts for common maintenance tasks.[76]

 
A screenshot of a wiki using MediaWiki with a customized skin

The entire MediaWiki user interface can be edited through the wiki itself by users with the necessary permissions (typically called "administrators"). This is done through a special namespace with the prefix "MediaWiki:", where each page title identifies a particular user interface message. Using an extension,[77] it is also possible for a user to create personal scripts, and to choose whether certain sitewide scripts should apply to them by toggling the appropriate options in the user preferences page.

Templates

The "MediaWiki:" namespace was originally also used for creating custom text blocks that could then be dynamically loaded into other pages using a special syntax. This content was later moved into its own namespace, "Template:".

Templates are text blocks that can be dynamically loaded inside another page whenever that page is requested. The template is a special link in double curly brackets (for example "{{Disputed|date=October 2018}}"), which calls the template (in this case located at Template:Disputed) to load in place of the template call.

Templates are structured documents containing attribute–value pairs. They are defined with parameters, to which are assigned values when transcluded on an article page. The name of the parameter is delimited from the value by an equals sign. A class of templates known as infoboxes is used on Wikipedia to collect and present a subset of information about its subject, usually on the top (mobile view) or top right-hand corner (desktop view) of the document.

A related method, called template substitution (called by adding subst: at the beginning of a template link) inserts the contents of the template into the target page (like a copy and paste operation), instead of loading the template contents dynamically whenever the page is loaded. This can lead to inconsistency when using templates, but may be useful in certain cases, and in most cases requires fewer server resources (the actual amount of savings can vary depending on wiki configuration and the complexity of the template).

Templates have found many different uses. Templates enable users to create complex table layouts that are used consistently across multiple pages, and where only the content of the tables gets inserted using template parameters. Templates are frequently used to identify problems with a Wikipedia article by putting a template in the article. This template then outputs a graphical box stating that the article content is disputed or in need of some other attention, and also categorize it so that articles of this nature can be located. Templates are also used on user pages to send users standard messages welcoming them to the site,[78] giving them awards for outstanding contributions,[79][80] warning them when their behavior is considered inappropriate,[81] notifying them when they are blocked from editing,[82] and so on.

Groups and restriction of access

MediaWiki offers flexibility in creating and defining user groups. For instance, it would be possible to create an arbitrary "ninja" group that can block users and delete pages, and whose edits are hidden by default in the recent changes log. It is also possible to set up a group of "autoconfirmed" users that one becomes a member of after making a certain number of edits and waiting a certain number of days.[83] Some groups that are enabled by default are bureaucrats and sysops. Bureaucrats have the power to change other users' rights. Sysops have power over page protection and deletion and the blocking of users from editing. MediaWiki's available controls on editing rights have been deemed sufficient for publishing and maintaining important documents such as a manual of standard operating procedures in a hospital.[84]

When a page consists only of useless content, there are several ways to remove that content. The simplest way, available to all users, is simply to blank the page. However, this interferes with page existence detection, unless an extension is installed to treat blanked pages as though they were nonexistent.[85] Blanking also leaves the content accessible through the history page, an outcome that, while potentially increasing transparency by allowing non-sysops to easily review the content removal decision for appropriateness, might be unacceptable or even unlawful[86] in some cases. Another option is for a sysop to delete the page, and thereby prevent it from being viewed by non-sysops. Another level of deletion, called RevisionDelete, can be used by a group (e.g. "Oversighters") to prevent a page from being viewed by non-members of that group.[87] It is also possible, using certain extensions, to remove content from being viewed through any of the normal channels on the wiki,[88] or even to completely delete revisions from the database.[89]

MediaWiki comes with a basic set of features related to restricting access, but its original and ongoing design is driven by functions that largely relate to content, not content segregation. As a result, with minimal exceptions (related to specific tools and their related "Special" pages), page access control has never been a high priority in core development and developers have stated that users requiring secure user access and authorization controls should not rely on MediaWiki, since it was never designed for these kinds of situations. For instance, it is extremely difficult to create a wiki where only certain users can read and access some pages.[90] Here, wiki engines like Foswiki, MoinMoin and Confluence provide more flexibility by supporting advanced security mechanisms like access control lists.

Extensibility

The MediaWiki codebase contains various hooks using callback functions to add additional PHP code in an extensible way. This allows developers to write extensions without necessarily needing to modify the core or having to submit their code for review. Installing an extension typically consists of adding a line to the configuration file, though in some cases additional changes such as database updates or core patches are required.

Five main extension points were created to allow developers to add features and functionalities to MediaWiki. Hooks are run every time a certain event happens; for instance, the ArticleSaveComplete hook occurs after a save article request has been processed.[91] This can be used, for example, by an extension that notifies selected users whenever a page edit occurs on the wiki from new or anonymous users.[92] New tags can be created to process data with opening and closing tags (<newtag>...</newtag>).[93] Parser functions can be used to create a new command ({{#if:...|...|...}}).[94] New special pages can be created to perform a specific function. These pages are dynamically generated. For example, a special page might show all pages that have one or more links to an external site or it might create a form providing user submitted feedback.[95] Skins allow users to customize the look and feel of MediaWiki.[96] A minor extension point allows the use of Amazon S3 to host image files.[97]

Extensions

Resources to developers

MediaWiki can be made more advanced and useful for various purposes through its extensions. These extensions vary greatly in complexity.

The Wikimedia Foundation operates a Git server where many extensions host their repository. Most of them also have a documentation page on the MediaWiki website.

MediaWiki code review was itself historically facilitated through a MediaWiki extension.[98] As of March 2012, it has been done through Gerrit.

Since version 1.16, MediaWiki uses the jQuery library.[99]

Text manipulation

 
Tim Starling in 2008

Among the most popular extensions is a parser function extension, ParserFunctions, which allows different content to be rendered based on the result of conditional statements.[100] These conditional statements can perform functions such as evaluating whether a parameter is empty, comparing strings, evaluating mathematical expressions, and returning one of two values depending on whether a page exists. It was designed as a replacement for a notoriously inefficient template called {{Qif}}.[101] Schindler recounts the history of the ParserFunctions extension as follows:[30]

In 2006 some Wikipedians discovered that through an intricate and complicated interplay of templating features and CSS they could create conditional wiki text, i.e. text that was displayed if a template parameter had a specific value. This included repeated calls of templates within templates, which bogged down the performance of the whole system. The developers faced the choice of either disallowing the spreading of an obviously desired feature by detecting such usage and explicitly disallowing it within the software or offering an efficient alternative. The latter was done by Tim Starling, who announced the introduction of parser functions, wiki text that calls functions implemented in the underlying software. At first, only conditional text and the computation of simple mathematical expressions were implemented, but this already increased the possibilities for wiki editors enormously. With time further parser functions were introduced, finally leading to a framework that allowed the simple writing of extension functions to add arbitrary functionalities, like e.g. geo-coding services or widgets. This time the developers were clearly reacting to the demand of the community, being forced either to fight the solution of the issue that the community had (i.e. conditional text), or offer an improved technical implementation to replace the previous practice and achieve an overall better performance.

Another parser functions extension, StringFunctions, was developed to allow evaluation of string length, string position, and so on. Wikimedia communities, having created awkward workarounds to accomplish the same functionality,[102] clamored for it to be enabled on their projects.[103] Much of its functionality was eventually integrated into the ParserFunctions extension,[104] albeit disabled by default and accompanied by a warning from Tim Starling that enabling string functions would allow users "to implement their own parsers in the ugliest, most inefficient programming language known to man: MediaWiki wikitext with ParserFunctions."[105]

Since 2012 an extension, Scribunto, has existed that allows for the creation of "modules"—wiki pages written in the scripting language Lua—which can then be run within templates and standard wiki pages. Scribunto has been installed on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia sites since 2013 and is used heavily on those sites. Scribunto code runs significantly faster than corresponding wikitext code using ParserFunctions.[106]

For footnotes and academic-related display

Another very popular extension is a citation extension that enables footnotes to be added to pages using inline references.[107] This extension has, however, been criticized for being difficult to use and requiring the user to memorize complex syntax. A gadget called RefToolbar attempts to make it easier to create citations using common templates. MediaWiki has some extensions that are well-suited for academia, such as mathematics extensions[108] and an extension that allows molecules to be rendered in 3D.[109]

Integration

A generic Widgets extension exists that allows MediaWiki to integrate with virtually anything. Other examples of extensions that could improve a wiki are category suggestion extensions[110] and extensions for inclusion of Flash Videos,[111] YouTube videos,[112] and RSS feeds.[113] Metavid, a site that archives video footage of the U.S. Senate and House floor proceedings, was created using code extending MediaWiki into the domain of collaborative video authoring.[114]

Combating linkspam

There are many spambots that search the web for MediaWiki installations and add linkspam to them, despite the fact that MediaWiki uses the nofollow attribute to discourage such attempts at search engine optimization.[115] Part of the problem is that third party republishers, such as mirrors, may not independently implement the nofollow tag on their websites, so marketers can still get PageRank benefit by inserting links into pages when those entries appear on third party websites.[116] Anti-spam extensions have been developed to combat the problem by introducing CAPTCHAs,[117] blacklisting certain URLs,[118] and allowing bulk deletion of pages recently added by a particular user.[119]

Searches and queries

MediaWiki comes pre-installed with a standard text-based search. Extensions exist to let MediaWiki use more sophisticated third-party search engines, including Elasticsearch (which since 2014 has been in use on Wikipedia), Lucene[120] and Sphinx.[121]

Various MediaWiki extensions have also been created to allow for more complex, faceted search, on both data entered within the wiki and on metadata such as pages' revision history.[122][123]Semantic MediaWiki is one such extension.[124][125]

Database

 
A schematic of the MediaWiki database structure

MediaWiki can use either the MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL or SQLite relational database management system. Support for Oracle Database and Microsoft SQL Server has been dropped since MediaWiki 1.34.[126] A MediaWiki database contains several dozen tables, including a page table that contains page titles, page ids, and other metadata;[127] and a revision table to which is added a new row every time an edit is made, containing the page id, a brief textual summary of the change performed, the user name of the article editor (or its IP address the case of an unregistered user) and a timestamp.[128][129]

In a 4½ year period prior to 2008, the MediaWiki database had 170 schema versions.[130] Possibly the largest schema change was done in 2005 with MediaWiki 1.5, when the storage of metadata was separated from that of content, to improve performance flexibility. When this upgrade was applied to Wikipedia, the site was locked for editing, and the schema was converted to the new version in about 22 hours. Some software enhancement proposals, such as a proposal to allow sections of articles to be watched via watchlist, have been rejected because the necessary schema changes would have required excessive Wikipedia downtime.[131]

Performance and storage

Because it is used to run one of the highest-traffic sites on the Web, Wikipedia, MediaWiki's performance and scalability have been highly optimized.[29] MediaWiki supports Squid, load-balanced database replication, client-side caching, memcached or table-based caching for frequently accessed processing of query results, a simple static file cache, feature-reduced operation, revision compression, and a job queue for database operations. MediaWiki developers have attempted to optimize the software by avoiding expensive algorithms, database queries, etc., caching every result that is expensive and has temporal locality of reference, and focusing on the hot spots in the code through profiling.[132]

MediaWiki code is designed to allow for data to be written to a read-write database and read from read-only databases, although the read-write database can be used for some read operations if the read-only databases are not yet up to date. Metadata, such as article revision history, article relations (links, categories etc.), user accounts and settings can be stored in core databases and cached; the actual revision text, being more rarely used, can be stored as append-only blobs in external storage. The software is suitable for the operation of large-scale wiki farms such as Wikimedia, which had about 800 wikis as of August 2011. However, MediaWiki comes with no built-in GUI to manage such installations.

Empirical evidence shows most revisions in MediaWiki databases tend to differ only slightly from previous revisions. Therefore, subsequent revisions of an article can be concatenated and then compressed, achieving very high data compression ratios of up to 100x.[132]

For more information on the architecture, such as how it stores wikitext and assembles a page, see External links.

Limitations

The parser serves as the de facto standard for the MediaWiki syntax, as no formal syntax has been defined. Due to this lack of a formal definition, it has been difficult to create WYSIWYG editors for MediaWiki, although several WYSIWYG extensions do exist, including the popular VisualEditor.

MediaWiki is not designed to be a suitable replacement for dedicated online forum or blogging software,[133] although extensions do exist to allow for both of these.[134][135]

It is common for new MediaWiki users to make certain mistakes, such as forgetting to sign posts with four tildes (~~~~),[136] or manually entering a plaintext signature,[137] due to unfamiliarity with the idiosyncratic particulars involved in communication on MediaWiki discussion pages. On the other hand, the format of these discussion pages has been cited as a strength by one educator, who stated that it provides more fine-grain capabilities for discussion than traditional threaded discussion forums. For example, instead of 'replying' to an entire message, the participant in a discussion can create a hyperlink to a new wiki page on any word from the original page. Discussions are easier to follow since the content is available via hyperlinked wiki page, rather than a series of reply messages on a traditional threaded discussion forum. However, except in few cases, students were not using this capability, possibly because of their familiarity with the traditional linear discussion style and a lack of guidance on how to make the content more 'link-rich'.[138]

MediaWiki by default has little support for the creation of dynamically assembled documents, or pages that aggregate data from other pages. Some research has been done on enabling such features directly within MediaWiki.[139] The Semantic MediaWiki extension provides these features. It is not in use on Wikipedia, but in more than 1,600 other MediaWiki installations.[140] The Wikibase Repository and Wikibase Repository client are however implemented in Wikidata and Wikipedia respectively, and to some extent provides semantic web features, and linking of centrally stored data to infoboxes in various Wikipedia articles.

Upgrading MediaWiki is usually fully automated, requiring no changes to the site content or template programming. Historically troubles have been encountered when upgrading from significantly older versions.[141]

Security

MediaWiki developers have enacted security standards, both for core code and extensions.[142] SQL queries and HTML output are usually done through wrapper functions that handle validation, escaping, filtering for prevention of cross-site scripting and SQL injection.[143] Many security issues have had to be patched after a MediaWiki version release,[144] and accordingly MediaWiki.org states, "The most important security step you can take is to keep your software up to date" by subscribing to the announcement listserv and installing security updates that are announced.[145]

Developer community

MediaWiki developers are spread around the world, though with a majority in the United States and Europe. Face-to-face meetings and programming sessions for MediaWiki developers have been held once or several times a year since 2004.[146]

Support

Support for MediaWiki users consists of:

  • MediaWiki.org, including the Support Desk.
  • An official mailing list, Mediawiki-l.
  • Several books have been written about MediaWiki administration,[147] including some free online books.[148][149]

Comparison to other online collaboration software

Main article: Comparison of wiki software

Users of online collaboration software are familiar with MediaWiki's functions and layout due to its noted use on Wikipedia. A 2006 overview of social software in academia observed that "Compared to other wikis, MediaWiki is also fairly aesthetically pleasing, though simple, and has an easily customized side menu and stylesheet."[150] However, in one assessment in 2006, Confluence was deemed to be a superior product due to its very usable API and ability to better support multiple wikis.[109]

A 2009 study at the University of Hong Kong compared TWiki to MediaWiki. The authors noted that TWiki has been considered as a collaborative tool for the development of educational papers and technical projects, whereas MediaWiki's most noted use is on Wikipedia. Although both platforms allow discussion and tracking of progress, TWiki has a "Report" part that MediaWiki lacks. Students perceived MediaWiki as being easier to use and more enjoyable than TWiki. When asked whether they recommended using MediaWiki for knowledge management course group project, 15 out of 16 respondents expressed their preference for MediaWiki giving answers of great certainty, such as "of course", "for sure".[151] TWiki and MediaWiki both have flexible plug-in architecture.[152]

A 2009 study that compared students' experience with MediaWiki to that with Google Docs found that students gave the latter a much higher rating on user-friendly layout.[153]

A 2021 study conducted by the Brazilian Nuclear Engineering Institute compared a MediaWiki-based knowledge management system against two others that were based on DSpace and Open Journal Systems, respectively.[154] It highlighted ease of use as an advantage of the MediaWiki-based system, noting that because the Wikimedia Foundation had been developing MediaWiki for a site aimed at the general public (Wikipedia), "its user interface was designed to be more user-friendly from start, and has received large user feedback over a long time", in contrast to DSpace's and OJS's focus on niche audiences.[154]

See also

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External links

  • MediaWiki homepage  
  • PHP wiki engines at Curlie

January 13, 2023
mediawiki, information, about, usage, wikipedia, help, namespace, confused, with, wikimedia, foundation, free, open, source, wiki, software, used, wikipedia, almost, other, wikimedia, websites, including, wiktionary, wikimedia, commons, wikidata, these, sites,. For information about the usage of MediaWiki in Wikipedia see Help MediaWiki namespace Not to be confused with Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki is a free and open source wiki software It is used on Wikipedia and almost all other Wikimedia websites including Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata these sites define a large part of the requirement set for MediaWiki 5 It was developed for use on Wikipedia in 2002 and given the name MediaWiki in 2003 6 MediaWiki was originally developed by Magnus Manske and improved by Lee Daniel Crocker 7 8 Its development has since then been coordinated by the Wikimedia Foundation MediaWikiScreenshotThe Main Page of the English Wikipedia running MediaWiki 1 36Original author s Magnus Manske Lee Daniel CrockerDeveloper s Wikimedia FoundationInitial releaseJanuary 25 2002 20 years ago 2002 01 25 Stable release1 39 1 1 22 December 2022 22 days ago 22 December 2022 Repositorygerrit wbr wikimedia wbr org wbr g wbr mediawiki wbr core wbr Written inPHP 2 Operating systemWindows macOS Linux FreeBSD OpenBSD SolarisSize63 81 MB compressed Available in459 3 languagesTypeWiki softwareLicenseGPLv2 4 Websitemediawiki wbr orgMediaWiki is written in the PHP programming language and stores all text content into a database The software is optimized to efficiently handle large projects which can have terabytes of content and hundreds of thousands of views per second 5 9 Because Wikipedia is one of the world s largest websites achieving scalability through multiple layers of caching and database replication has been a major concern for developers Another major aspect of MediaWiki is its internationalization its interface is available in more than 300 languages 10 The software has more than 1 000 configuration settings 11 and more than 1 800 extensions available for enabling various features to be added or changed 12 Besides its use on Wikimedia sites MediaWiki has been used as a knowledge management and content management system on tens of thousands of websites and thousands of companies public and private including the websites Fandom wikiHow and major internal installations like Intellipedia and Diplopedia Contents 1 License 2 Development 3 History 3 1 Version history 4 Sites using MediaWiki 5 Key features 5 1 Internationalization and localisation 5 2 Installation and configuration 5 3 Markup 5 4 Editing interface 5 5 Application programming interface 5 6 Rich content 5 7 Tracking edits 5 8 Navigation 5 8 1 Wikilinks 5 8 2 Interwiki links 5 8 3 Interlanguage links 5 9 Content organization 5 9 1 Page tabs and associated pages 5 9 2 Namespaces 5 9 3 Category tags 5 9 4 Subpages 5 10 Customization 5 11 Templates 5 12 Groups and restriction of access 5 13 Extensibility 6 Extensions 6 1 Resources to developers 6 2 Text manipulation 6 3 For footnotes and academic related display 6 4 Integration 6 5 Combating linkspam 6 6 Searches and queries 7 Database 8 Performance and storage 9 Limitations 10 Security 11 Developer community 12 Support 13 Comparison to other online collaboration software 14 See also 15 References 16 External linksLicense EditMediaWiki is free and open source and is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version Its documentation located at www mediawiki org is released under the Creative Commons BY SA 3 0 license and partly in the public domain 13 Specifically the manuals and other content at MediaWiki org are Creative Commons licensed while the set of help pages intended to be freely copied into fresh wiki installations and or distributed with MediaWiki software is public domain This was done to eliminate legal issues arising from the help pages being imported into wikis with licenses that are incompatible with the Creative Commons license 14 MediaWiki s development has generally favored the use of open source media formats 15 Development EditMediaWiki has an active volunteer community for development and maintenance Users who have made meaningful contributions to the project by submitting patches are generally upon request granted access to commit revisions to the project s Git Gerrit repository 16 There are also paid programmers who primarily develop projects for the Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki developers participate in the Google Summer of Code by facilitating the assignment of mentors to students wishing to work on MediaWiki core and extension projects 17 During the year prior to November 2012 there were about two hundred developers who had committed changes to the MediaWiki core or extensions 18 Major MediaWiki releases are generated approximately every six months by taking snapshots of the development branch which is kept continuously in a runnable state 19 minor releases or point releases are issued as needed to correct bugs especially security problems MediaWiki is developed on a continuous integration development model in which software changes are pushed live to Wikimedia sites on regular basis 19 MediaWiki also has a public bug tracker phabricator wikimedia org which runs Phabricator The site is also used for feature and enhancement requests History Edit Magnus Manske in 2012 When Wikipedia was launched in January 2001 it ran on an existing wiki software system UseModWiki UseModWiki is written in the Perl programming language and stores all wiki pages in text txt files This software soon proved to be limiting in both functionality and performance In mid 2001 Magnus Manske a developer and student at the University of Cologne as well as a Wikipedia editor began working on new software that would replace UseModWiki specifically designed for use by Wikipedia This software was written in the PHP scripting language and stored all of its information in a MySQL engine database The new software was largely developed by August 24 2001 and a test wiki for it was established shortly thereafter The first full implementation of this software was the new Meta Wikipedia on November 9 2001 There was a desire to have it implemented immediately on the English language Wikipedia 20 However Manske was apprehensive about any potential bugs harming the nascent website during the period of the final exams he had to complete immediately prior to Christmas 21 this led to the launch on the English language Wikipedia being delayed until January 25 2002 The software was then gradually deployed on all the Wikipedia language sites of that time This software was referred to as the PHP script and as phase II with the name phase I retroactively given to the use of UseModWiki Increasing usage soon caused load problems to arise again and soon after another rewrite of the software began this time being done by Lee Daniel Crocker which became known as phase III This new software was also written in PHP with a MySQL backend and kept the basic interface of the phase II software but with the added functionality of a wider scalability The phase III software went live on Wikipedia in July 2002 The Wikimedia Foundation was announced on June 20 2003 In July Wikipedia contributor Daniel Mayer suggested the name MediaWiki for the software as a play on Wikimedia 22 The MediaWiki name was gradually phased in beginning in August 2003 The name has frequently caused confusion due to its intentional similarity to the Wikimedia name which itself is similar to Wikipedia 23 MediaWiki logo until April 1 2021 The old product logo was created by Erik Moller using a flower photograph taken by Florence Nibart Devouard and was originally submitted to the logo contest for a new Wikipedia logo held from July 20 to August 27 2003 24 25 The logo came in third place and was chosen to represent MediaWiki rather than Wikipedia with the second place logo being used for the Wikimedia Foundation 26 The double square brackets symbolize the syntax MediaWiki uses for creating hyperlinks to other wiki pages while the sunflower represents the diversity of content on Wikipedia the constant growth and also the wildness 27 Later Brion Vibber the Chief Technical Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation 28 took up the role of Release Manager and the most active Developer 6 29 Major milestones in MediaWiki s development have included the categorization system 2004 parser functions 2006 Flagged Revisions 2008 30 the ResourceLoader a delivery system for CSS and JavaScript 2011 31 and the VisualEditor a what you see is what you get WYSIWYG editing platform 2013 32 The contest of designing a new logo was initiated on June 22 2020 as the old logo was a bitmap image and had high details leading to problems when rendering at high and low resolutions respectively After two rounds of voting the new and current MediaWiki logo designed by Serhio Magpie was selected on October 24 2020 and officially adopted on April 1 2021 33 Version history Edit Main article MediaWiki version history The first version of MediaWiki 1 1 was released in December 2003 Sites using MediaWiki EditSee also Category MediaWiki websites Main article mw Sites using MediaWiki Fandom also makes use of MediaWiki MediaWiki s most famous use has been in Wikipedia and to a lesser degree the Wikimedia Foundation s other projects Fandom a wiki hosting service formerly known as Wikia runs on MediaWiki Other public wikis that run on MediaWiki include wikiHow and SNPedia WikiLeaks began as a MediaWiki based site but is no longer a wiki A number of alternative wiki encyclopedias to Wikipedia run on MediaWiki including Citizendium Metapedia Scholarpedia and Conservapedia MediaWiki is also used internally by a large number of companies including Novell and Intel 34 35 Notable usages of MediaWiki within governments include Intellipedia used by the United States Intelligence Community Diplopedia used by the United States Department of State and milWiki a part of milSuite used by the United States Department of Defense United Nations agencies such as the United Nations Development Programme and INSTRAW chose to implement their wikis using MediaWiki because this software runs Wikipedia and is therefore guaranteed to be thoroughly tested will continue to be developed well into the future and future technicians on these wikis will be more likely to have exposure to MediaWiki than any other wiki software 36 The Free Software Foundation uses MediaWiki to implement the LibrePlanet site 37 Key features EditMediaWiki provides a rich core feature set and a mechanism to attach extensions to provide additional functionality Internationalization and localisation Edit source source source source source source source source source source Niklas Laxstrom explains the features that allowed translatewiki net to provide MediaWiki with more than 300 locales Due to the strong emphasis on multilingualism in the Wikimedia projects internationalization and localization has received significant attention by developers The user interface has been fully or partially translated into more than 300 languages on translatewiki net 10 and can be further customized by site administrators the entire interface is editable through the wiki Several extensions most notably those collected in the MediaWiki Language Extension Bundle are designed to further enhance the multilingualism and internationalization of MediaWiki Installation and configuration Edit Installation of MediaWiki requires that the user have administrative privileges on a server running both PHP and a compatible type of SQL database Some users find that setting up a virtual host is helpful if the majority of one s site runs under a framework such as Zope or Ruby on Rails that is largely incompatible with MediaWiki 38 Cloud hosting can eliminate the need to deploy a new server 39 An installation PHP script is accessed via a web browser to initialize the wiki s settings It prompts the user for a minimal set of required parameters leaving further changes such as enabling uploads 40 adding a site logo 41 and installing extensions to be made by modifying configuration settings contained in a file called LocalSettings php 42 Some aspects of MediaWiki can be configured through special pages or by editing certain pages for instance abuse filters can be configured through a special page 43 and certain gadgets can be added by creating JavaScript pages in the MediaWiki namespace 44 The MediaWiki community publishes a comprehensive installation guide 45 Markup Edit One of the earliest differences between MediaWiki and its predecessor UseModWiki and other wiki engines was the use of free links instead of CamelCase When MediaWiki was created it was typical for wikis to require text like WorldWideWeb to create a link to a page about the World Wide Web links in MediaWiki on the other hand are created by surrounding words with double square brackets and any spaces between them are left intact e g World Wide Web This change was logical for the purpose of creating an encyclopedia where accuracy in titles is important MediaWiki uses an extensible 46 lightweight wiki markup designed to be easier to use and learn than HTML Tools exist for converting content such as tables between MediaWiki markup and HTML 47 Efforts have been made to create a MediaWiki markup spec but a consensus seems to have been reached that Wikicode requires context sensitive grammar rules 48 49 The following side by side comparison illustrates the differences between wiki markup and HTML MediaWiki syntax the behind the scenes code used to add formatting to text HTML equivalent another type of behind the scenes code used to add formatting to text Rendered output seen onscreen by a site viewer A dialogue Take some more tea the March Hare said to Alice very earnestly I ve had nothing yet Alice replied in an offended tone so I can t take more You mean you can t take less said the Hatter it s very easy to take more than nothing lt h4 gt A dialogue lt h4 gt lt p gt Take some more lt a href wiki Tea title Tea gt tea lt a gt the March Hare said to Alice very earnestly lt p gt lt p gt I ve had nothing yet Alice replied in an offended tone so I can t take more lt p gt lt p gt You mean you can t take lt i gt less lt i gt said the Hatter it s lt b gt very lt b gt easy to take lt i gt more lt i gt than nothing lt p gt A dialogue Take some more tea the March Hare said to Alice very earnestly I ve had nothing yet Alice replied in an offended tone so I can t take more You mean you can t take less said the Hatter it s very easy to take more than nothing Quotation above from Alice s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll Editing interface Edit See also VisualEditor Editing interface of MediaWiki 1 36 showing the edit toolbar and some examples of wiki syntax MediaWiki s default page editing tools have been described as somewhat challenging to learn 50 A survey of students assigned to use a MediaWiki based wiki found that when they were asked an open question about main problems with the wiki 24 cited technical problems with formatting e g Couldn t figure out how to get an image in Can t figure out how to show a link with words it inserts a number 51 To make editing long pages easier MediaWiki allows the editing of a subsection of a page as identified by its header A registered user can also indicate whether or not an edit is minor Correcting spelling grammar or punctuation are examples of minor edits whereas adding paragraphs of new text is an example of a non minor edit Sometimes while one user is editing a second user saves an edit to the same part of the page Then when the first user attempts to save the page an edit conflict occurs The second user is then given an opportunity to merge their content into the page as it now exists following the first user s page save MediaWiki s user interface has been localized in many different languages A language for the wiki content itself can also be set to be sent in the Content Language HTTP header and lang HTML attribute Application programming interface Edit MediaWiki has an extensible web API application programming interface that provides direct high level access to the data contained in the MediaWiki databases Client programs can use the API to log in get data and post changes The API supports thin web based JavaScript clients and end user applications such as vandal fighting tools The API can be accessed by the backend of another web site 52 An extensive Python bot library Pywikibot 53 and a popular semi automated tool called AutoWikiBrowser also interface with the API 54 The API is accessed via URLs such as https en wikipedia org w api php action query amp list recentchanges In this case the query would be asking Wikipedia for information relating to the last 10 edits to the site One of the perceived advantages of the API is its language independence it listens for HTTP connections from clients and can send a response in a variety of formats such as XML serialized PHP or JSON 55 Client code has been developed to provide layers of abstraction to the API 56 Rich content Edit Images can be arranged in galleries a feature that is used extensively for Wikimedia s media archive Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki supports rich content generated through specialized syntax For example the software comes with optional support for rendering mathematical formulas using LaTeX and a special parser written in OCaml Similar functionality for other content ranging from graphical timelines over mathematical plotting and musical scores to Egyptian hieroglyphs is available via extensions The software has become more powerful at dealing with a wide variety of uploaded media files Its richest functionality is in the area of images where image galleries and thumbnails can be generated with relative ease There is also support for Exif metadata The use of MediaWiki to operate the Wikimedia Commons one of the largest free content media archives has driven the need for further functionality in this area For WYSIWYG editing VisualEditor is available to use in MediaWiki which simplifying editing process for editors and has been bundled since MediaWiki 1 35 57 Other extensions exist for handling WYSIWYG editing to different degrees 58 Tracking edits Edit Among the features of MediaWiki to assist in tracking edits is a Recent Changes feature that provides a list of recent edits to the wiki This list contains basic information about those edits such as the editing user the edit summary the page edited as well as any tags e g possible malware link 59 added by customizable abuse filters and other extensions to aid in combating unhelpful edits 60 On more active wikis so many edits occur that it is hard to track Recent Changes manually Anti vandal software including user assisted tools 61 is sometimes employed on such wikis to process Recent Changes items Server load can be reduced by sending a continuous feed of Recent Changes to an IRC channel that these tools can monitor eliminating their need to send requests for a refreshed Recent Changes feed to the API 62 63 Another important tool is watchlisting Each logged in user has a watchlist to which the user can add whatever pages he or she wishes When an edit is made to one of those pages a summary of that edit appears on the watchlist the next time it is refreshed 64 As with the recent changes page recent edits that appear on the watchlist contain clickable links for easy review of the article history and specific changes made There is also the capability to review all edits made by any particular user In this way if an edit is identified as problematic it is possible to check the user s other edits for issues MediaWiki allows one to link to specific versions of articles This has been useful to the scientific community in that expert peer reviewers could analyse articles improve them and provide links to the trusted version of that article 65 Navigation Edit Wikilinks Edit Navigation through the wiki is largely through internal wikilinks MediaWiki s wikilinks implement page existence detection in which a link is colored blue if the target page exists on the local wiki and red if it does not If a user clicks on a red link they are prompted to create an article with that title Page existence detection makes it practical for users to create wikified articles that is articles containing links to other pertinent subjects without those other articles being yet in existence Interwiki links Edit Interwiki links function much the same way as namespaces A set of interwiki prefixes can be configured to cause for instance a page title of wikiquote Jimbo Wales to direct the user to the Jimbo Wales article on Wikiquote 66 Unlike internal wikilinks interwiki links lack page existence detection functionality and accordingly there is no way to tell whether a blue interwiki link is broken or not Interlanguage links Edit An example of interlanguage links Interlanguage links are the small navigation links that show up in the sidebar in most MediaWiki skins that connect an article with related articles in other languages within the same Wiki family This can provide language specific communities connected by a larger context with all wikis on the same server or each on its own server 67 Previously Wikipedia used interlanguage links to link an article to other articles on the same topic in other editions of Wikipedia This was superseded by the launch of Wikidata 68 Content organization Edit Page tabs and associated pages Edit MediaWiki page tabs using the Vector skin The red coloration of the discussion tab indicates that the article does not yet have a talk page As with any other red wikilink clicking on it prompts the user to create the page Page tabs are displayed at the top of pages These tabs allow users to perform actions or view pages that are related to the current page The available default actions include viewing editing and discussing the current page The specific tabs displayed depend on whether the user is logged into the wiki and whether the user has sysop privileges on the wiki For instance the ability to move a page or add it to one s watchlist is usually restricted to logged in users The site administrator can add or remove tabs by using JavaScript or installing extensions 69 Each page has an associated history page from which the user can access every version of the page that has ever existed and generate diffs between two versions of his choice Users contributions are displayed not only here but also via a user contributions option on a sidebar In a 2004 article Carl Challborn and Teresa Reimann noted that While this feature may be a slight deviation from the collaborative ego less spirit of wiki purists it can be very useful for educators who need to assess the contribution and participation of individual student users 70 Namespaces Edit Talk page redirects here For talk pages on Wikipedia see Help Talk pages MediaWiki provides many features beyond hyperlinks for structuring content One of the earliest such features is namespaces One of Wikipedia s earliest problems had been the separation of encyclopedic content from pages pertaining to maintenance and communal discussion as well as personal pages about encyclopedia editors Namespaces are prefixes before a page title such as User or Talk that serve as descriptors for the page s purpose and allow multiple pages with different functions to exist under the same title For instance a page titled The Terminator in the default namespace could describe the 1984 movie starring Arnold Schwarzenegger while a page titled User The Terminator could be a profile describing a user who chooses this name as a pseudonym More commonly each namespace has an associated Talk namespace which can be used to discuss its contents such as User talk or Template talk The purpose of having discussion pages is to allow content to be separated from discussion surrounding the content 71 72 Namespaces can be viewed as folders that separate different basic types of information or functionality Custom namespaces can be added by the site administrators There are 16 namespaces by default for content with 2 pseudo namespaces used for dynamically generated Special pages and links to media files Each namespace on MediaWiki is numbered content page namespaces have even numbers and their associated talk page namespaces have odd numbers 73 Category tags Edit Users can create new categories and add pages and files to those categories by appending one or more category tags to the content text Adding these tags creates links at the bottom of the page that take the reader to the list of all pages in that category making it easy to browse related articles 74 The use of categorization to organize content has been described as a combination of Collaborative tagging systems like del icio us and Hierarchical classifications like the Dewey Decimal Classification 75 Subpages Edit In addition to namespaces content can be ordered using subpages This simple feature provides automatic breadcrumbs of the pattern Page title Subpage title from the page after the slash in this case Subpage title to the page before the slash in this case Page title Customization Edit Users can configure custom JavaScript that is executed on every pageview This has led to JavaScript tools that users can install the navigation popups tool shown here displays a small preview of an article when hovering over a link title If the feature is enabled users can customize their stylesheets and configure client side JavaScript to be executed with every pageview On Wikipedia this has led to a large number of additional tools and helpers developed through the wiki and shared among users For instance navigation popups is a custom JavaScript tool that shows previews of articles when the user hovers over links and also provides shortcuts for common maintenance tasks 76 A screenshot of a wiki using MediaWiki with a customized skin The entire MediaWiki user interface can be edited through the wiki itself by users with the necessary permissions typically called administrators This is done through a special namespace with the prefix MediaWiki where each page title identifies a particular user interface message Using an extension 77 it is also possible for a user to create personal scripts and to choose whether certain sitewide scripts should apply to them by toggling the appropriate options in the user preferences page Templates Edit The MediaWiki namespace was originally also used for creating custom text blocks that could then be dynamically loaded into other pages using a special syntax This content was later moved into its own namespace Template Templates are text blocks that can be dynamically loaded inside another page whenever that page is requested The template is a special link in double curly brackets for example Disputed date October 2018 which calls the template in this case located at Template Disputed to load in place of the template call Templates are structured documents containing attribute value pairs They are defined with parameters to which are assigned values when transcluded on an article page The name of the parameter is delimited from the value by an equals sign A class of templates known as infoboxes is used on Wikipedia to collect and present a subset of information about its subject usually on the top mobile view or top right hand corner desktop view of the document A related method called template substitution called by adding subst at the beginning of a template link inserts the contents of the template into the target page like a copy and paste operation instead of loading the template contents dynamically whenever the page is loaded This can lead to inconsistency when using templates but may be useful in certain cases and in most cases requires fewer server resources the actual amount of savings can vary depending on wiki configuration and the complexity of the template Templates have found many different uses Templates enable users to create complex table layouts that are used consistently across multiple pages and where only the content of the tables gets inserted using template parameters Templates are frequently used to identify problems with a Wikipedia article by putting a template in the article This template then outputs a graphical box stating that the article content is disputed or in need of some other attention and also categorize it so that articles of this nature can be located Templates are also used on user pages to send users standard messages welcoming them to the site 78 giving them awards for outstanding contributions 79 80 warning them when their behavior is considered inappropriate 81 notifying them when they are blocked from editing 82 and so on Groups and restriction of access Edit MediaWiki offers flexibility in creating and defining user groups For instance it would be possible to create an arbitrary ninja group that can block users and delete pages and whose edits are hidden by default in the recent changes log It is also possible to set up a group of autoconfirmed users that one becomes a member of after making a certain number of edits and waiting a certain number of days 83 Some groups that are enabled by default are bureaucrats and sysops Bureaucrats have the power to change other users rights Sysops have power over page protection and deletion and the blocking of users from editing MediaWiki s available controls on editing rights have been deemed sufficient for publishing and maintaining important documents such as a manual of standard operating procedures in a hospital 84 When a page consists only of useless content there are several ways to remove that content The simplest way available to all users is simply to blank the page However this interferes with page existence detection unless an extension is installed to treat blanked pages as though they were nonexistent 85 Blanking also leaves the content accessible through the history page an outcome that while potentially increasing transparency by allowing non sysops to easily review the content removal decision for appropriateness might be unacceptable or even unlawful 86 in some cases Another option is for a sysop to delete the page and thereby prevent it from being viewed by non sysops Another level of deletion called RevisionDelete can be used by a group e g Oversighters to prevent a page from being viewed by non members of that group 87 It is also possible using certain extensions to remove content from being viewed through any of the normal channels on the wiki 88 or even to completely delete revisions from the database 89 MediaWiki comes with a basic set of features related to restricting access but its original and ongoing design is driven by functions that largely relate to content not content segregation As a result with minimal exceptions related to specific tools and their related Special pages page access control has never been a high priority in core development and developers have stated that users requiring secure user access and authorization controls should not rely on MediaWiki since it was never designed for these kinds of situations For instance it is extremely difficult to create a wiki where only certain users can read and access some pages 90 Here wiki engines like Foswiki MoinMoin and Confluence provide more flexibility by supporting advanced security mechanisms like access control lists Extensibility Edit The MediaWiki codebase contains various hooks using callback functions to add additional PHP code in an extensible way This allows developers to write extensions without necessarily needing to modify the core or having to submit their code for review Installing an extension typically consists of adding a line to the configuration file though in some cases additional changes such as database updates or core patches are required Five main extension points were created to allow developers to add features and functionalities to MediaWiki Hooks are run every time a certain event happens for instance the ArticleSaveComplete hook occurs after a save article request has been processed 91 This can be used for example by an extension that notifies selected users whenever a page edit occurs on the wiki from new or anonymous users 92 New tags can be created to process data with opening and closing tags lt newtag gt lt newtag gt 93 Parser functions can be used to create a new command if 94 New special pages can be created to perform a specific function These pages are dynamically generated For example a special page might show all pages that have one or more links to an external site or it might create a form providing user submitted feedback 95 Skins allow users to customize the look and feel of MediaWiki 96 A minor extension point allows the use of Amazon S3 to host image files 97 Extensions EditResources to developers Edit MediaWiki can be made more advanced and useful for various purposes through its extensions These extensions vary greatly in complexity The Wikimedia Foundation operates a Git server where many extensions host their repository Most of them also have a documentation page on the MediaWiki website MediaWiki code review was itself historically facilitated through a MediaWiki extension 98 As of March 2012 it has been done through Gerrit Since version 1 16 MediaWiki uses the jQuery library 99 Text manipulation Edit Tim Starling in 2008 Among the most popular extensions is a parser function extension ParserFunctions which allows different content to be rendered based on the result of conditional statements 100 These conditional statements can perform functions such as evaluating whether a parameter is empty comparing strings evaluating mathematical expressions and returning one of two values depending on whether a page exists It was designed as a replacement for a notoriously inefficient template called Qif 101 Schindler recounts the history of the ParserFunctions extension as follows 30 In 2006 some Wikipedians discovered that through an intricate and complicated interplay of templating features and CSS they could create conditional wiki text i e text that was displayed if a template parameter had a specific value This included repeated calls of templates within templates which bogged down the performance of the whole system The developers faced the choice of either disallowing the spreading of an obviously desired feature by detecting such usage and explicitly disallowing it within the software or offering an efficient alternative The latter was done by Tim Starling who announced the introduction of parser functions wiki text that calls functions implemented in the underlying software At first only conditional text and the computation of simple mathematical expressions were implemented but this already increased the possibilities for wiki editors enormously With time further parser functions were introduced finally leading to a framework that allowed the simple writing of extension functions to add arbitrary functionalities like e g geo coding services or widgets This time the developers were clearly reacting to the demand of the community being forced either to fight the solution of the issue that the community had i e conditional text or offer an improved technical implementation to replace the previous practice and achieve an overall better performance Another parser functions extension StringFunctions was developed to allow evaluation of string length string position and so on Wikimedia communities having created awkward workarounds to accomplish the same functionality 102 clamored for it to be enabled on their projects 103 Much of its functionality was eventually integrated into the ParserFunctions extension 104 albeit disabled by default and accompanied by a warning from Tim Starling that enabling string functions would allow users to implement their own parsers in the ugliest most inefficient programming language known to man MediaWiki wikitext with ParserFunctions 105 Since 2012 an extension Scribunto has existed that allows for the creation of modules wiki pages written in the scripting language Lua which can then be run within templates and standard wiki pages Scribunto has been installed on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia sites since 2013 and is used heavily on those sites Scribunto code runs significantly faster than corresponding wikitext code using ParserFunctions 106 For footnotes and academic related display Edit Another very popular extension is a citation extension that enables footnotes to be added to pages using inline references 107 This extension has however been criticized for being difficult to use and requiring the user to memorize complex syntax A gadget called RefToolbar attempts to make it easier to create citations using common templates MediaWiki has some extensions that are well suited for academia such as mathematics extensions 108 and an extension that allows molecules to be rendered in 3D 109 Integration Edit A generic Widgets extension exists that allows MediaWiki to integrate with virtually anything Other examples of extensions that could improve a wiki are category suggestion extensions 110 and extensions for inclusion of Flash Videos 111 YouTube videos 112 and RSS feeds 113 Metavid a site that archives video footage of the U S Senate and House floor proceedings was created using code extending MediaWiki into the domain of collaborative video authoring 114 Combating linkspam Edit There are many spambots that search the web for MediaWiki installations and add linkspam to them despite the fact that MediaWiki uses the nofollow attribute to discourage such attempts at search engine optimization 115 Part of the problem is that third party republishers such as mirrors may not independently implement the nofollow tag on their websites so marketers can still get PageRank benefit by inserting links into pages when those entries appear on third party websites 116 Anti spam extensions have been developed to combat the problem by introducing CAPTCHAs 117 blacklisting certain URLs 118 and allowing bulk deletion of pages recently added by a particular user 119 Searches and queries Edit MediaWiki comes pre installed with a standard text based search Extensions exist to let MediaWiki use more sophisticated third party search engines including Elasticsearch which since 2014 has been in use on Wikipedia Lucene 120 and Sphinx 121 Various MediaWiki extensions have also been created to allow for more complex faceted search on both data entered within the wiki and on metadata such as pages revision history 122 123 Semantic MediaWiki is one such extension 124 125 Database Edit A schematic of the MediaWiki database structure MediaWiki can use either the MySQL MariaDB PostgreSQL or SQLite relational database management system Support for Oracle Database and Microsoft SQL Server has been dropped since MediaWiki 1 34 126 A MediaWiki database contains several dozen tables including a page table that contains page titles page ids and other metadata 127 and a revision table to which is added a new row every time an edit is made containing the page id a brief textual summary of the change performed the user name of the article editor or its IP address the case of an unregistered user and a timestamp 128 129 In a 4 year period prior to 2008 the MediaWiki database had 170 schema versions 130 Possibly the largest schema change was done in 2005 with MediaWiki 1 5 when the storage of metadata was separated from that of content to improve performance flexibility When this upgrade was applied to Wikipedia the site was locked for editing and the schema was converted to the new version in about 22 hours Some software enhancement proposals such as a proposal to allow sections of articles to be watched via watchlist have been rejected because the necessary schema changes would have required excessive Wikipedia downtime 131 Performance and storage EditBecause it is used to run one of the highest traffic sites on the Web Wikipedia MediaWiki s performance and scalability have been highly optimized 29 MediaWiki supports Squid load balanced database replication client side caching memcached or table based caching for frequently accessed processing of query results a simple static file cache feature reduced operation revision compression and a job queue for database operations MediaWiki developers have attempted to optimize the software by avoiding expensive algorithms database queries etc caching every result that is expensive and has temporal locality of reference and focusing on the hot spots in the code through profiling 132 MediaWiki code is designed to allow for data to be written to a read write database and read from read only databases although the read write database can be used for some read operations if the read only databases are not yet up to date Metadata such as article revision history article relations links categories etc user accounts and settings can be stored in core databases and cached the actual revision text being more rarely used can be stored as append only blobs in external storage The software is suitable for the operation of large scale wiki farms such as Wikimedia which had about 800 wikis as of August 2011 However MediaWiki comes with no built in GUI to manage such installations Empirical evidence shows most revisions in MediaWiki databases tend to differ only slightly from previous revisions Therefore subsequent revisions of an article can be concatenated and then compressed achieving very high data compression ratios of up to 100x 132 For more information on the architecture such as how it stores wikitext and assembles a page see External links Limitations EditThe parser serves as the de facto standard for the MediaWiki syntax as no formal syntax has been defined Due to this lack of a formal definition it has been difficult to create WYSIWYG editors for MediaWiki although several WYSIWYG extensions do exist including the popular VisualEditor MediaWiki is not designed to be a suitable replacement for dedicated online forum or blogging software 133 although extensions do exist to allow for both of these 134 135 It is common for new MediaWiki users to make certain mistakes such as forgetting to sign posts with four tildes 136 or manually entering a plaintext signature 137 due to unfamiliarity with the idiosyncratic particulars involved in communication on MediaWiki discussion pages On the other hand the format of these discussion pages has been cited as a strength by one educator who stated that it provides more fine grain capabilities for discussion than traditional threaded discussion forums For example instead of replying to an entire message the participant in a discussion can create a hyperlink to a new wiki page on any word from the original page Discussions are easier to follow since the content is available via hyperlinked wiki page rather than a series of reply messages on a traditional threaded discussion forum However except in few cases students were not using this capability possibly because of their familiarity with the traditional linear discussion style and a lack of guidance on how to make the content more link rich 138 MediaWiki by default has little support for the creation of dynamically assembled documents or pages that aggregate data from other pages Some research has been done on enabling such features directly within MediaWiki 139 The Semantic MediaWiki extension provides these features It is not in use on Wikipedia but in more than 1 600 other MediaWiki installations 140 The Wikibase Repository and Wikibase Repository client are however implemented in Wikidata and Wikipedia respectively and to some extent provides semantic web features and linking of centrally stored data to infoboxes in various Wikipedia articles Upgrading MediaWiki is usually fully automated requiring no changes to the site content or template programming Historically troubles have been encountered when upgrading from significantly older versions 141 Security EditMediaWiki developers have enacted security standards both for core code and extensions 142 SQL queries and HTML output are usually done through wrapper functions that handle validation escaping filtering for prevention of cross site scripting and SQL injection 143 Many security issues have had to be patched after a MediaWiki version release 144 and accordingly MediaWiki org states The most important security step you can take is to keep your software up to date by subscribing to the announcement listserv and installing security updates that are announced 145 Developer community EditMediaWiki developers are spread around the world though with a majority in the United States and Europe Face to face meetings and programming sessions for MediaWiki developers have been held once or several times a year since 2004 146 Support EditSupport for MediaWiki users consists of MediaWiki org including the Support Desk An official mailing list Mediawiki l Several books have been written about MediaWiki administration 147 including some free online books 148 149 Comparison to other online collaboration software EditMain article Comparison of wiki software Users of online collaboration software are familiar with MediaWiki s functions and layout due to its noted use on Wikipedia A 2006 overview of social software in academia observed that Compared to other wikis MediaWiki is also fairly aesthetically pleasing though simple and has an easily customized side menu and stylesheet 150 However in one assessment in 2006 Confluence was deemed to be a superior product due to its very usable API and ability to better support multiple wikis 109 A 2009 study at the University of Hong Kong compared TWiki to MediaWiki The authors noted that TWiki has been considered as a collaborative tool for the development of educational papers and technical projects whereas MediaWiki s most noted use is on Wikipedia Although both platforms allow discussion and tracking of progress TWiki has a Report part that MediaWiki lacks Students perceived MediaWiki as being easier to use and more enjoyable than TWiki When asked whether they recommended using MediaWiki for knowledge management course group project 15 out of 16 respondents expressed their preference for MediaWiki giving answers of great certainty such as of course for sure 151 TWiki and MediaWiki both have flexible plug in architecture 152 A 2009 study that compared students experience with MediaWiki to that with Google Docs found that students gave the latter a much higher rating on user friendly layout 153 A 2021 study conducted by the Brazilian Nuclear Engineering Institute compared a MediaWiki based knowledge management system against two others that were based on DSpace and Open Journal Systems respectively 154 It highlighted ease of use as an advantage of the MediaWiki based system noting that because the Wikimedia Foundation had been developing MediaWiki for a site aimed at the general public Wikipedia its user interface was designed to be more user friendly from start and has received large user feedback over a long time in contrast to DSpace s and OJS s focus on niche audiences 154 See also Edit Free and open source software portalList of content management systems List of wiki software BlueSpice MediaWiki Semantic MediaWiki XOWA for viewing Wikipedia and other wikis offline PHP a programming language that powers MediaWikiReferences Edit Security and maintenance release 1 35 9 1 38 5 1 39 1 December 22 2022 Retrieved December 22 2022 Reed Sam December 19 2019 Announcing MediaWiki 1 34 0 mediawiki announce Mailing list Archived from the original on December 19 2019 Retrieved December 19 2019 Names php mediawiki github com April 8 2021 Archived from the original on July 15 2021 Retrieved May 19 2021 Copyright mediawiki org Archived from the original on September 19 2015 Retrieved September 7 2015 a b What is MediaWiki January 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