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Wikipedia

Mark Z. Jacobson

March 08, 2023

Mark Zachary Jacobson (born 1965) is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere/Energy Program.[1] He is also a co-founder of the non-profit, Solutions Project.

Mark Jacobson
Born
Mark Zachary Jacobson

1965 (age 57–58)
Alma materStanford University (BA, BS, MS)
University of California, Los Angeles (MS, PhD)
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Los Angeles
Stanford University
ThesisDeveloping, coupling, and applying a gas, aerosol, transport, and radiation model to study urban and regional air pollution (1994)
Doctoral advisorRichard P. Turco
WebsiteOfficial website

Jacobson's career has focused on "better understanding air pollution and global warming problems and developing large-scale clean, renewable energy solutions to them".[2] To that end, he has developed computer models[3] to study the effects of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass burning on air pollution, weather, and climate.

One major use of these models has been to examine the impacts of black and brown carbon particles from human-caused combustion on health and climate. He has concluded that such particles may be the second-leading cause of global warming after carbon dioxide.[4] Due to their short time in the air and their strong health impacts, he has also hypothesized that controlling their emissions may be the fastest method of slowing global warming and will also improve people's health.[5]

In 2009 Jacobson and Mark Delucchi published a paper in Scientific American proposing that the world should move to 100% clean, renewable energy, namely wind, water, and solar power, across all energy sectors.[6] He has traveled extensively granting interviews,[7] promoting[8][9][10] and discussing "the development of technical and economic plans to convert the energy infrastructure of each of the 50 United States, 143 countries, and dozens of cities to those powered with 100% wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes".[11]

Jacobson's 2015 "Stanford University study" on transitioning the 50 states to WWS was cited in House Resolution 540 (2015)[12] as the scientific basis for the first proposed legislation in the United States for the country to move to "100% clean renewable energy." "Many of the assumptions in the Green New Deal appear to be based on his scholarship."[13] Proposed legislation for states to go to 100% renewable energy also originate from Jacobson's work. For example, 2015 New York Senate Bill S5527 states, “This bill builds upon the Jacobson wind, water and solar (WWS) study by Stanford and Cornell professors”.[14]

Jacobson has built his own net-zero home to run on renewable energy.[15]

Jacobson's clean, renewable energy solutions exclude nuclear power, carbon capture, and bioenergy.[16] This has resulted in pushback by some advocates and scientists who support these technologies[17][18] He has published responses to these critics.[19][20] In addition, at least 17 other independent research groups[21] support his results that energy can be supplied with renewables around the world. In addition, over 60 countries now have laws or commitments to move to 100% renewable electricity.[22]

Research

Jacobson has published research on the role of black carbon and other aerosol chemical components on global and regional climates.[23][24]

Jacobson advocates a speedy transition to 100% renewable energy in order to limit climate change, air pollution damage, and energy security issues. Jacobson co-founded the non-profit Solutions Project in 2011 along with Marco Krapels, Mark Ruffalo, and Josh Fox. The Solutions Project was started to combine science, business, and culture in an effort to educate the public and policymakers about the ability U.S. states and communities to switch to a "100% renewable world".

Soot and aerosol

See also: Black carbon

Jacobson, as a PhD student at UCLA under Richard P. Turco, began computer model development in 1990 with the development of algorithms for what is now called GATOR-GCMOM (Gas, Aerosol, Transport, Radiation, General Circulation, Mesoscale, and Ocean Model).[3] This model simulates air pollution, weather, and climate from the local to global scale. Zhang (2008, pp. 2901, 2902) calls Jacobson's model "the first fully-coupled online model in the history that accounts for all major feedbacks among major atmospheric processes based on first principles."[25]

Several of the individual computer code solvers Jacobson developed for GATOR-GCMOM include the gas and aqueous chemistry ordinary differential equations solvers SMVGEAR[26] and SMVGEAR II,[27][28] alongside a slew of other related and different modules,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][excessive citations] The GATOR-GCMOM model has incorporated these processes and has evolved over several decades.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][excessive citations]

One of the most important fields of research that Jacobson has added to, with the aid of GATOR-GCMOM, is re-defining the range of values on exactly how much diffuse tropospheric black carbon from fossil fuel, biofuel, and biomass burning affects the climate. Unlike greenhouse gases, black carbon absorbs solar radiation. It then converts the solar energy to heat, which is re-emitted to the atmosphere. Without such absorption, much of the sunlight would potentially reflect back out to space since it would have struck a more reflective surface. Therefore, as a whole, soot affects the planets albedo, a unit of reflectance. On the other hand, greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere by trapping thermal-infrared heat radiation that is emitted by the surface of the Earth.[43][45]

Jacobson found that, as soot particles in the air age, they grow larger due to condensation by gases and collision/coalescence with other particles. He further found that when a soot particle obtained such a coating, more sunlight enters the particles, bounces around, and eventually gets absorbed by the black carbon. On a global scale, this may result in twice the heating by black carbon as uncoated particles. Upon detailed calculations, he concluded that black carbon may be the second-leading cause of global warming in terms of radiative forcing.[46] Jacobson further found that soot from diesel engines, coal-fired power plants and burning wood is a "major cause of the rapid melting of the Arctic's sea ice.

Jacobson's refinement to the warming impacts of soot and his conclusion that black carbon may be the second leading cause of global warming in terms of radiative forcing was affirmed in the comprehensive review of Bond et al. (2013).[47] For this body of work, he received the Henry G. Houghton Award[23] from the American Meteorological Society in 2005 and the American Geophysical Union Ascent Award in 2013.

Jacobson has also independently modeled and corroborated the work of World Health Organization researchers, who likewise estimate that soot/particulate matter produced from the burning of fossil fuels and biofuels may cause over 1.5 million premature deaths each year from diseases such as respiratory illness, heart disease and asthma. These deaths occur mostly in the developing world where wood, animal dung, kerosene, and coal are used for cooking.[43]

Because of the short atmospheric lifetime of black carbon, in 2002 Jacobson concluded that controlling soot is the fastest way to begin to control global warming and that it will likewise improve human health.[48] However, he cautioned that controlling carbon dioxide, the leading cause of global warming, was imperative for stopping warming.

100% renewable energy

Main article: 100% renewable energy

Jacobson has published papers about transitioning to 100% renewable energy systems, including the grid integration of renewable energy. He has concluded that wind, water, and solar (WWS) power can be scaled up in cost-effective ways to fulfill world energy demands in all energy sectors, In 2009 Jacobson and Mark A. Delucchi published "A Path to Sustainable Energy" in Scientific American.[6] The article addressed several issues related to transitioning to 100% WWS, such as the energy required in a 100% electric world, the worldwide spatial footprint of wind farms, the availability of scarce materials needed to manufacture new systems and the ability to produce reliable energy on demand. Jacobson has updated and expanded this 2009 paper as the years progress, including a two-part article in the journal Energy Policy in 2010.[49] Jacobson and his colleague estimated that 3.8 million wind turbines of 5-Megawatt (MW) size, 49,000 300-MW concentrated solar power plants, 40,000 300-MW solar PV power plants, 1.7 billion 3-kW rooftop PV systems, 5350 100-MW geothermal power plants, and some 270 new 1300-MW hydroelectric power plants would be needed. All of which would require approximately 1% of the world's land to be achieved.

Jacobson and his colleagues then published papers on transitioning three states to 100% renewable/WWS energy by 2050.[50][51][52] In 2015, Jacobson was the lead author of two peer reviewed papers, one of which examined the feasibility of transitioning each of the 50 United States to a 100% energy system, powered exclusively by wind, water and sunlight (WWS), and the other that provided one proposed method to solve the grid reliability problem with high shares of intermittent sources.[53] In 2016 the editorial board of PNAS selected the grid integration study of Jacobson and his co-workers as best paper in the category "Applied Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences" and awarded him a Cozzarelli Prize.[54]

Jacobson has also published papers to transition 139[55] and 143[56] countries as well as 54 towns[57] and cities and 74 metropolitan areas[58] to 100% WWS renewable energy for all purposes. For his work on solving large-scale air pollution and climate problems, Jacobson was awarded the Judi Friedman Lifetime Achievement award in 2018.[59]

Jacobson is co-founder of the non-profit The Solutions Project along with Marco Krapels, Mark Ruffalo, and Josh Fox. This organization "helps to educate the public about science-based 100% renewable energy transition roadmaps and facility a transition to a 100% renewable world".[60]

Opinion on energy systems

See also: Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources and renewable energy debate

Like his PhD advisor Richard P. Turco, who notably coined the phrase "nuclear winter", Jacobson has taken a similar approach to calculating the hypothetical effects of nuclear wars on the climate but has further extended this into providing an analysis that intends to inform policy makers on which energy sources to support, as of 2009.[61] Jacobson's analyses suggest that "nuclear power results in up to 25 times more carbon emissions per unit energy than wind energy".

This analysis is controversial. Jacobson arrived at this conclusion of "25 times more carbon emissions than wind, per unit of energy generated" (68–180.1 g/kWh), by specifically expanding on some concepts that are highly contested.[62][61] These include, though are not limited to, the suggestion that emissions associated with civil nuclear energy should, in the upper limit, include the risk of carbon emissions associated with the burning of cities resulting from a nuclear war aided by the expansion of nuclear energy and weapons to countries previously without them. An assumption that Jacobson's debating opponent similarly raised, during the Ted talk Does the world need nuclear energy? in 2010, with Jacobson heading the debate in the negative.[63] Jacobson assumes, at the high end (180.1 g/kWh), that 4.1 g/kWh are due to some form of nuclear induced burning that will occur once every 30 years. At the low end, 0 g/kWh are due to nuclear induced burning. Responding to a commentary on his work in the Journal Environmental Science and Technology in 2013, James Hansen has characterized Jacobson's analysis on this topic of greenhouse gas emissions, as "lack(ing) credibility" and similarly regards Jacobson's other viewpoint of extra "opportunity-cost" emissions as "dubious". With the foundation of Hansen's incredulity being based on French experience, that decarbonized ~80% of the grid in 15 years, completed 56 reactors in the 15-year period, thus raising the fact that depending on the existence of established regulator certainty & political conditions, nuclear energy facilities have been accelerated through the licensing/planning phase and have therefore rapidly decarbonizated electric grids.[64]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) regard Yale University's Warner and Heath's methodology, used to determine the Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources, as the most credible, reporting that the conceivable range of total-life-cycle nuclear power emission figures, are between 4-110 g/kWh, with the specific median value of 12 g/kWh, being deemed the strongest supported and 11 g/kWh for Wind.[65] While Jacobson's limited lifecycle figures, of 9-70 g/kWh, falls within this IPCC range. The IPCC however, does not factor in Jacobson's "opportunity cost" emissions on any energy source. The IPCC has not provided a detailed explanation for not including Jacobson's "opportunity costs". Aside from the time required for planning, financing, permitting, and constructing a power plant, for every energy source that can be analyzed, the time required and therefore Jacobson's "opportunity costs" also depends on political factors, for example hypothetical legal cases that can stall construction and other issues that can arise from site specific NIMBYISM. It is the delay/opportunity cost CO2 of emissions that are the bulk of the difference between Jacobson's overall emissions for nuclear of 68–180.1 g/kWh and the IPCC's lifecycle emissions.

Decarbonization assessments

Jacobson's 100% renewable world approach is supported by publications among at least 17 international research groups that find 100% renewables possible at low cost throughout the world. It is also supported by the Global 100RE Strategy Group, a coalition of 47 scientists supporting 100% renewable energy to solve the climate problem. His work is also consistent with results from a study out of the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which found that a 100% clean, renewable U.S. electricity grid with no combustion turbines might cost ~4.8 ¢/kWh to keep the grid stable. This is less than the cost of electricity from a new natural gas plant. His work is further supported by a 2016 publication by Mark Cooper, who has previously evaluated the economics of nuclear energy at the Vermont Law School,[66] In 2016 Cooper published,[67] a comparison of the 100% WWS roadmaps of Jacobson with deep decarbonization proposals that included nuclear power and fossil fuels with carbon capture. Cooper concluded that the 100% WWS pathway was the least cost and “Neither fossil fuels with CCS or nuclear power enters the least-cost, low-carbon portfolio.” Earlier publications, from 2011 to 2015, that analyzed, with different methodologies, various strategies to get to a global zero or low carbon economy, by circa 2050, reported that a renewables-alone approach, would be "orders of magnitude" more expensive and more difficult to achieve than other energy paths that have been assessed.[68][69][70][71][72] The more recent studies, including the NREL study, dispute these claims.

Opinions on nuclear energy

See also: Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources

Jacobson argues that if the United States wants to reduce global warming, air pollution and energy instability, it should invest only in the best energy options, and that nuclear power is not one of them.[52] To support his claim, Jacobson provided an analysis in 2009 that intended to inform policy makers on which energy sources are best for solving the air pollution, climate, and energy security problems the world faces.[73] He updated this analysis in his 2020 textbook.[74] Jacobson's analyses suggest that "nuclear power results in up to 25 times more carbon emissions per unit energy than wind energy".

That analysis accounted for some emission sources not included in previous analyses, The primary emissions due to nuclear energy are called “opportunity-cost emissions.” These are the emissions from the background grid due to the long time lag between planning and operation of a nuclear plant (10 to 19 years) versus a wind or solar farm (2 to 5 years), for example. Of the total estimated emissions from nuclear in the 2009 study (68–180.1 g/kWh), 59–106 g/kWh was due to opportunity-cost emissions. Most of the rest (9-70 g/kWh) was due to lifecycle emissions, and a small amount (0-4.1 g/kWh) was due to the risk of carbon emissions associated with the burning of cities resulting from a nuclear war aided by the expansion of nuclear energy to countries previously without them, and the subsequent development of weapons in those countries. Jacobson raised this last assumption during a Ted talk Does the world need nuclear energy? in 2010, with Jacobson heading the debate in the negative.[56]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported a range of total-life-cycle nuclear power emissions as between 4-110 g/kWh[54]  Jacobson's lifecycle emission figures of 9-70 g/kWh fall within this IPCC range. The IPCC however, did not account for "opportunity cost" emissions. The IPCC did not provide any explanation for not including such emissions. Although nuclear advocates have balked at the idea of including even a small risk of emissions[citation needed], even at the high end, from a potential nuclear war arising from the spread of nuclear energy, the IPCC has stated that,

"Barriers to and risks associated with an increasing use of nuclear energy include operational risks and the associated safety concerns, uranium mining risks, financial and regulatory risks, unresolved waste management issues, nuclear weapons proliferation concerns, and adverse public opinion.”[58]

In 2012, Jacobson coauthored a paper estimating the health effects of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The paper projected approximately 180 "cancer-related morbidities" to eventually occur in the public.[66][67] Health physicist Kathryn Higley of Oregon State University wrote in 2012, "The methods of the study were solid, and the estimates were reasonable, although there is still uncertainty around them. But given how much cancer already exists in the world, it would be very difficult to prove that anyone’s cancer was caused by the incident at Fukushima Daiichi." Burton Richter, tenured in Stanford with Jacobson, who analyzed the use of the disputed Linear no-Threshold (LNT) model in the paper, similarly stated in his critique, "It is a first rate job and uses sources of radioactivity measurements that have not been used before to get a very good picture of the geographic distribution of radiation, a very good idea". Richter also noted that "I also think there is too much editorializing about accident potential at Diablo Canyon which makes [Jacobson's] paper sound a bit like an anti-nuclear piece instead of the very good analysis that it is," and "It seems clear that considering only the electricity generated by the Fukushima plant, nuclear is much less damaging to health than coal and somewhat better that [sic] gas even after including the accident. If nuclear power had never been deployed in Japan the effects on the public would have [been] much worse."[75][70]

Critiques of 100% renewable papers

Jacobson's renewable energy solutions exclude nuclear power, carbon capture, and bioenergy.[16] This has resulted in pushback by some scientists.[17] 21 researchers published a critique in 2017 of Jacobson's "100% Renewable" paper of the United States.[18] Jacobson and his coauthors published a response to the critical paper[19] and also requested the journal and authors to either correct "false factual claims" of modeling error or retract the article. After both declined, Jacobson filed a lawsuit against the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Christopher Clack as the principal author of the paper for defamation. Jacobson dismissed his lawsuit without prejudice in 2018 because "It became clear…that it is possible that there could be no end to this case for years."[76]

Publications

Books

  • Jacobson, M. Z., Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling. Cambridge University Press, New York, 656 pp., 1999.
  • Jacobson, M. Z., Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 813 pp., 2005.
  • Jacobson, M. Z., Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation, Cambridge University Press, New York, 399 pp., 2002.
  • Jacobson, M. Z., Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011.
  • Jacobson, M.Z., 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything, Cambridge University Press, New York, 427 pp., 2020.

Selected articles

 
Scholia has an author profile for Mark Z. Jacobson.
  • Bond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.; et al. (6 June 2013). "Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118 (11): 5380–5552. Bibcode:2013JGRD..118.5380B. doi:10.1002/JGRD.50171. ISSN 2169-897X. Wikidata Q55879806.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Jacobson, Mark Z (1 February 2001). "Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols". Nature. 409 (6821): 695–697. doi:10.1038/35055518. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11217854. Wikidata Q46131808.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z (1 January 2001). "Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (D2): 1551–1568. Bibcode:2001JGR...106.1551J. doi:10.1029/2000JD900514. ISSN 0148-0227. Wikidata Q55981483.
  • Streets, David G.; Jiang, Kejun; Hu, Xiulian; Sinton, Jonathan E.; Zhang, Xiao-Quan; Xu, Deying; Jacobson, Mark Z.; James E. Hansen (1 November 2001). "Recent reductions in China's greenhouse gas emissions". Science. 294 (5548): 1835–1837. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1065226. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11729288. S2CID 2660371. Wikidata Q30666428.
additional articles
  • Jacobson, Mark Z (2001). "Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (2): 1551–1568. Bibcode:2001JGR...106.1551J. doi:10.1029/2000JD900514.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z (2002). "Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (D19): 16–22. Bibcode:2002JGRD..107.4410J. doi:10.1029/2001JD001376.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z; Colella, W. G.; Golden, D. M. (2005). "(2005) Cleaning the Air and Improving Health with Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles". Science. 308 (5730): 1901–1905. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1901J. doi:10.1126/science.1109157. PMID 15976300. S2CID 1859983.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z; Archer, Christina L. (2005). "Evaluation of global wind power". Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (D12): 16–22. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11012110A. doi:10.1029/2004JD005462.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z (2009). "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security". Energy and Environmental Science. 2 (2): 148–173 [155]. Bibcode:2009GeCAS..73R.581J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.180.4676. doi:10.1039/b809990c.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z; Delucchi, Mark A. (2011). "Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials". Energy Policy. 39 (3): 1154–1169. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z; Delucchi, Mark A. (2011). "Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies". Energy Policy. 39 (3): 1170–1190. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z; Archer, Christina L. (2012). "Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (39): 15679–15684. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10915679J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208993109. PMC 3465402. PMID 23019353.
  • Jacobson; et al. (2015). "100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States". Energy and Environmental Science. 8 (7): 2093–2117. doi:10.1039/C5EE01283J.
  • Jacobson; et al. (2015). "Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (49): 15060–15065. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215060J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1510028112. PMC 4679003. PMID 26598655.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Cameron, Mary A.; Frew, Bethany A. (27 June 2017). "The United States can keep the grid stable at low cost with 100% clean, renewable energy in all sectors despite inaccurate claims". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (26): E5021–E5023. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5021J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708069114. PMC 5495290. PMID 28630350.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Cameron, Mary A.; Mathiesen, Brian V. (1 August 2018). "Matching demand with supply at low cost in 139 countries among 20 world regions with 100% intermittent wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes". Renewable Energy. 123: 236–248. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.009. S2CID 46784278.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z. (2019). "The health and climate impacts of carbon capture and direct air capture". Energy & Environmental Science. 12 (12): 3567–3574. doi:10.1039/C9EE02709B. S2CID 207925484.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z. (21 January 2009). "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security". Energy & Environmental Science. 2 (2): 148–173. Bibcode:2009GeCAS..73R.581J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.180.4676. doi:10.1039/B809990C.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Bazouin, Guillaume; Bauer, Zack A. F.; Heavey, Christa C.; Fisher, Emma; Morris, Sean B.; Piekutowski, Diniana J. Y.; Vencill, Taylor A.; Yeskoo, Tim W. (3 July 2015). "100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States". Energy & Environmental Science. 8 (7): 2093–2117. doi:10.1039/C5EE01283J.
  • Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Cameron, Mary A.; Coughlin, Stephen J.; Hay, Catherine A.; Manogaran, Indu Priya; Shu, Yanbo; von Krauland, Anna-Katharina (20 December 2019). "Impacts of Green New Deal Energy Plans on Grid Stability, Costs, Jobs, Health, and Climate in 143 Countries". One Earth. 1 (4): 449–463. Bibcode:2019AGUFMPA32A..01J. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.003. S2CID 210964561.
  • M.Z., Jacobson. "100% Wind, Water, and Solar (WWS) All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for Countries, States, Cities, and Towns". Web.stanford.edu.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Atmosphere / Energy Program | Civil and Environmental Engineering". cee.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  2. ^ "Mark Jacobson | Civil and Environmental Engineering". cee.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  3. ^ a b Jacobson, M.Z. "History of, Processes in, and Numerical Techniques in GATOR-GCMOM" (PDF).[self-published source?]
  4. ^ "Soot to Blame for Global Warming?". Wired.
  5. ^ "Study Finds Controlling Soot May Be Fastest Method to Reduce Arctic Ice Loss and Global Warming; Second-Leading Cause of Global Warming After CO2". Green Car Congress.
  6. ^ a b Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, M.A. (November 2009). "A path to sustainable energy by 2030". Scientific American. 301 (5): 58–65. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301e..58J. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1109-58. PMID 19873905.
  7. ^ Fields, Joe (2018-02-22). "Interview with Mark Z. Jacobson". Onalytica. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  8. ^ "Meet the scientist who wants to save the world with just renewables". E&E News.
  9. ^ "Mark Jacobson". MIT Energy Conference. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  10. ^ "An Interview with Stanford University Clean Energy Champion Mark Z. Jacobson". www.sustaineurope.com. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  11. ^ Kovo, Yael (2016-02-10). "Mark Jacobson - Roadmaps for Transitioning all 50 U.S. States to Wind, Water, and Solar Power". NASA. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  12. ^ Grijalva, Raúl M. (4 December 2015). "Text - H.Res.540 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the policies of the United States should support a transition to near zero greenhouse gas emissions, 100 percent clean renewable energy, infrastructure modernization, green jobs, full employment, a sustainable economy, fair wages, affordable energy, expanding the middle class, and ending poverty to promote national economic competitiveness and national security and for the purpose of avoiding adverse impacts of a changing climate". www.congress.gov.
  13. ^ Shepherd, Marshall. "The Climate Science Behind The Green New Deal - A Layperson's Explanation". Forbes.
  14. ^ "NY State Senate Bill S5527". NY State Senate. 3 October 2015.
  15. ^ "Leading Stanford climate scientist builds incredible net zero home, complete with Tesla Powerwall". 30 October 2017. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  16. ^ a b "Sustain Europe" (PDF). web.stanford.edu.
  17. ^ a b Bistline, John E.; Blanford, Geoffrey J. (12 July 2016). "More than one arrow in the quiver: Why '100% renewables' misses the mark". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (28): E3988. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E3988B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1603072113. PMC 4948353. PMID 27364013.
  18. ^ a b Clack, Christopher T. M.; Qvist, Staffan A.; Apt, Jay; Bazilian, Morgan; Brandt, Adam R.; Caldeira, Ken; Davis, Steven J.; Diakov, Victor; Handschy, Mark A.; Hines, Paul D. H.; Jaramillo, Paulina; Kammen, Daniel M.; Long, Jane C. S.; Morgan, M. Granger; Reed, Adam; Sivaram, Varun; Sweeney, James; Tynan, George R.; Victor, David G.; Weyant, John P.; Whitacre, Jay F. (27 June 2017). "Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (26): 6722–6727. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.6722C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1610381114. PMC 5495221. PMID 28630353.
  19. ^ a b Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Cameron, Mary A.; Frew, Bethany A. (27 June 2017). "The United States can keep the grid stable at low cost with 100% clean, renewable energy in all sectors despite inaccurate claims". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (26): E5021–E5023. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5021J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708069114. PMC 5495290. PMID 28630350.
  20. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Cameron, Mary A.; Frew, Bethany A. (12 July 2016). "Reply to Bistline and Blanford: Letter reaffirms conclusions and highlights flaws in previous research". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (28): E3989–E3990. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E3989J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1606802113. PMC 4948352. PMID 27364012.
  21. ^ "Abstracts of 56 Peer-Reviewed Published Journal Articles From 18 Independent Research Groups With 109 Different Authors Supporting the Result That Energy for Electricity, Transportation, Building Heating/Cooling, and/or Industry can be Supplied Reliably with 100% or Near-100% Renewable Energy at Difference Locations Worldwide" (PDF). 7 April 2021.[improper synthesis?]
  22. ^ "RENEWABLES 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT". www.ren21.net.
  23. ^ a b "Search Past Award & Honors Recipients". American Meteorological Society.
  24. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (2014). "Bitz, Ginoux, Jacobson, Nizkorodov, and Yang Receive 2013 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards". Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 95 (29): 266. Bibcode:2014EOSTr..95..266J. doi:10.1002/2014EO290012.
  25. ^ Zhang, Y. (2008). "Online-coupled meteorology and chemistry models: history, current status, and outlook" (PDF).
  26. ^ Z. Jacobson, Mark; Turco, Richard P. (1 January 1994). "SMVGEAR: A sparse-matrix, vectorized gear code for atmospheric models". Atmospheric Environment. 28 (2): 273–284. Bibcode:1994AtmEn..28..273J. doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90102-3.
  27. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (1 September 1995). "Computation of global photochemistry with SMVGEAR II". Atmospheric Environment. 29 (18): 2541–2546. Bibcode:1995AtmEn..29.2541J. doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00194-4.
  28. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (1 February 1998). "Improvement of SMVGEAR II on vector and scalar machines through absolute error tolerance control". Atmospheric Environment. 32 (4): 791–796. Bibcode:1998AtmEn..32..791J. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00315-4.
  29. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Turco, Richard P.; Jensen, Eric J.; Toon, Owen B. (1 April 1994). "Modeling coagulation among particles of different composition and size". Atmospheric Environment. 28 (7): 1327–1338. Bibcode:1994AtmEn..28.1327J. doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90280-1.
  30. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (2002). "Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation, nucleation, condensation, dissolution, and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 107 (D19): AAC 2–1–AAC 2–23. Bibcode:2002JGRD..107.4366J. doi:10.1029/2001JD002044.
  31. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Seinfeld, John H. (1 April 2004). "Evolution of nanoparticle size and mixing state near the point of emission". Atmospheric Environment. 38 (13): 1839–1850. Bibcode:2004AtmEn..38.1839J. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.014.
  32. ^ Jacobson, M. Z.; Kittelson, D. B.; Watts, W. F. (1 December 2005). "Enhanced Coagulation Due to Evaporation and Its Effect on Nanoparticle Evolution". Environmental Science & Technology. 39 (24): 9486–9492. Bibcode:2005EnST...39.9486J. doi:10.1021/es0500299. PMID 16475326.
  33. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Tabazadeh, Azadeh; Turco, Richard P. (1996). "Simulating equilibrium within aerosols and nonequilibrium between gases and aerosols". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 101 (D4): 9079–9091. Bibcode:1996JGR...101.9079J. doi:10.1029/96JD00348.
  34. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (1 September 1999). "Studying the effects of calcium and magnesium on size-distributed nitrate and ammonium with EQUISOLV II". Atmospheric Environment. 33 (22): 3635–3649. Bibcode:1999AtmEn..33.3635J. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00105-3.
  35. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 110 (D7). Bibcode:2005JGRD..110.7302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
  36. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (1 January 1997). "Numerical Techniques to Solve Condensational and Dissolutional Growth Equations When Growth is Coupled to Reversible Reactions". Aerosol Science and Technology. 27 (4): 491–498. Bibcode:1997AerST..27..491J. doi:10.1080/02786829708965489.
  37. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Lu, Rong; Turco, Richard P.; Toon, Owen B. (1 June 1996). "Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system-part I: Gas-phase simulations". Atmospheric Environment. 30 (12): 1939–1963. Bibcode:1996AtmEn..30.1939J. doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00139-5.
  38. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (1 January 1997). "Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system—II. Aerosol module structure and design". Atmospheric Environment. 31 (2): 131–144. Bibcode:1997AtmEn..31..131J. doi:10.1016/1352-2310(96)00202-6.
  39. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (2001). "GATOR-GCMM: A global- through urban-scale air pollution and weather forecast model: 1. Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 106 (D6): 5385–5401. Bibcode:2001JGR...106.5385J. doi:10.1029/2000JD900560.
  40. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (2001). "GATOR-GCMM: 2. A study of daytime and nighttime ozone layers aloft, ozone in national parks, and weather during the SARMAP field campaign". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 106 (D6): 5403–5420. Bibcode:2001JGR...106.5403J. doi:10.1029/2000JD900559.
  41. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Kaufman, Yoram J.; Rudich, Yinon (2007). "Examining feedbacks of aerosols to urban climate with a model that treats 3-D clouds with aerosol inclusions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 112 (D24). Bibcode:2007JGRD..11224205J. doi:10.1029/2007JD008922.
  42. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Streets, David G. (2009). "Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural emissions, and air quality". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 114 (D8). Bibcode:2009JGRD..114.8118J. doi:10.1029/2008JD011476.
  43. ^ a b c Jacobson, Mark Z. (2010). "Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D14). Bibcode:2010JGRD..11514209J. doi:10.1029/2009JD013795.
  44. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (2014). "Effects of biomass burning on climate, accounting for heat and moisture fluxes, black and brown carbon, and cloud absorption effects". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 119 (14): 8980–9002. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.8980J. doi:10.1002/2014JD021861. S2CID 1961014.
  45. ^ David Perlman. Scientists say soot a key factor in warming San Francisco Chronicle, July 28, 2010.
  46. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (February 2001). "Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols". Nature. 409 (6821): 695–697. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..695J. doi:10.1038/35055518. PMID 11217854. S2CID 4423927.
  47. ^ Bond; et al. (2013). "Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118 (11): 5380–5552. Bibcode:2013JGRD..118.5380B. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171.
  48. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z. (2002). "Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 107 (D19): ACH 16–1–ACH 16–22. Bibcode:2002JGRD..107.4410J. doi:10.1029/2001JD001376.
  49. ^ Nancy Folbre (March 28, 2011). "Renewing Support for Renewables". New York Times.
  50. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Howarth, Robert W.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Scobie, Stan R.; Barth, Jannette M.; Dvorak, Michael J.; Klevze, Megan; Katkhuda, Hind; Miranda, Brian; Chowdhury, Navid A.; Jones, Rick; Plano, Larsen; Ingraffea, Anthony R. (1 June 2013). "Examining the feasibility of converting New York State's all-purpose energy infrastructure to one using wind, water, and sunlight". Energy Policy. 57: 585–601. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.036.
  51. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Ingraffea, Anthony R.; Howarth, Robert W.; Bazouin, Guillaume; Bridgeland, Brett; Burkart, Karl; Chang, Martin; Chowdhury, Navid; Cook, Roy; Escher, Giulia; Galka, Mike; Han, Liyang; Heavey, Christa; Hernandez, Angelica; Jacobson, Daniel F.; Jacobson, Dionna S.; Miranda, Brian; Novotny, Gavin; Pellat, Marie; Quach, Patrick; Romano, Andrea; Stewart, Daniel; Vogel, Laura; Wang, Sherry; Wang, Hara; Willman, Lindsay; Yeskoo, Tim (14 August 2014). "A roadmap for repowering California for all purposes with wind, water, and sunlight". Energy. 73: 875–889. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.099.
  52. ^ a b Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Bazouin, Guillaume; Dvorak, Michael J.; Arghandeh, Reza; Bauer, Zack A. F.; Cotte, Ariane; de Moor, Gerrit M. T. H.; Goldner, Elissa G.; Heier, Casey; Holmes, Randall T.; Hughes, Shea A.; Jin, Lingzhi; Kapadia, Moiz; Menon, Carishma; Mullendore, Seth A.; Paris, Emily M.; Provost, Graham A.; Romano, Andrea R.; Srivastava, Chandrika; Vencill, Taylor A.; Whitney, Natasha S.; Yeskoo, Tim W. (1 February 2016). "A 100% wind, water, sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy plan for Washington State". Renewable Energy. 86: 75–88. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.08.003.
  53. ^ "Mark Jacobson interview on David Letterman October 9, 2013". AmericanShows.
  54. ^ . News of the National Academy of Sciences. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  55. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Cameron, Mary A.; Mathiesen, Brian V. (1 August 2018). "Matching demand with supply at low cost in 139 countries among 20 world regions with 100% intermittent wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes". Renewable Energy. 123: 236–248. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.009. S2CID 46784278.
  56. ^ a b Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Cameron, Mary A.; Coughlin, Stephen J.; Hay, Catherine A.; Manogaran, Indu Priya; Shu, Yanbo; Krauland, Anna-Katharina von (20 December 2019). "Impacts of Green New Deal Energy Plans on Grid Stability, Costs, Jobs, Health, and Climate in 143 Countries". One Earth. 1 (4): 449–463. Bibcode:2019AGUFMPA32A..01J. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.003. S2CID 210964561.
  57. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Cameron, Mary A.; Hennessy, Eleanor M.; Petkov, Ivalin; Meyer, Clayton B.; Gambhir, Tanvi K.; Maki, Amanda T.; Pfleeger, Katherine; Clonts, Hailey; McEvoy, Avery L.; Miccioli, Matthew L.; von Krauland, Anna-Katharina; Fang, Rebecca W.; Delucchi, Mark A. (1 October 2018). "100% clean and renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for 53 towns and cities in North America". Sustainable Cities and Society. 42: 22–37. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.031. S2CID 86855462.
  58. ^ a b Jacobson, Mark Z.; von Krauland, Anna-Katharina; Burton, Zachary F.M.; Coughlin, Stephen J.; Jaeggli, Caitlin; Nelli, Daniel; Nelson, Alexander J. H.; Shu, Yanbo; Smith, Miles; Tan, Chor; Wood, Connery D.; Wood, Kelyn D. (20 September 2020). "Transitioning All Energy in 74 Metropolitan Areas, Including 30 Megacities, to 100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS)". Energies. 13 (18): 4934. doi:10.3390/en13184934.
  59. ^ "PACE to Host Forum on 100% Renewable Energy Nov. 8 – par-newhaven.org". par-newhaven.org. 29 September 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  60. ^ Mark Schwarz (February 26, 2014). "Stanford scientist unveils 50-state plan to transform U.S. to renewable energy". Stanford Report.
  61. ^ a b The Guardian. 2009 The carbon footprint of nuclear war
  62. ^ Does Nuclear Energy Really Equate to Nuclear War? January 5, 2011 by Charles Barton
  63. ^ Does the world need nuclear energy?
  64. ^ Pushker A. Kharecha and James E. Hansen. (May 22, 2013). "Response to Comment on "Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power"" (PDF). Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (12): 6718–6719. Bibcode:2013EnST...47.6718K. doi:10.1021/es402211m. hdl:2060/20140017702. PMID 23697846. S2CID 206971716.
  65. ^ Bruckner et al. 2014: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter7.pdf Energy Systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  66. ^ a b The Economics of Nuclear Reactors: Renaissance or Relapse? Vermont Law School, June 2009, p. 1 and p. 8.
  67. ^ a b Cooper, Mark (2016). "The Economic and Institutional Foundations of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change: The Political Economy of Roadmaps to a Sustainable Electricity Future". doi:10.2139/ssrn.2722880. S2CID 155402376. SSRN 2722880. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  68. ^ "Sun, wind and drain". The Economist. 29 July 2014.
  69. ^ Frank, Charles (20 May 2014). "The Net Benefits of Low and No-Carbon Electricity Technologies". Brookings.
  70. ^ a b Joskow, Paul L (1 May 2011). "Comparing the Costs of Intermittent and Dispatchable Electricity Generating Technologies". American Economic Review. 101 (3): 238–241. doi:10.1257/aer.101.3.238. hdl:1814/18239.
  71. ^ Brook, Barry W. (March 2012). "Could nuclear fission energy, etc., solve the greenhouse problem? The affirmative case". Energy Policy. 42: 4–8. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.041.
  72. ^ Loftus, Peter J.; Cohen, Armond M.; Long, Jane C. S.; Jenkins, Jesse D. (January 2015). "A critical review of global decarbonization scenarios: what do they tell us about feasibility?". WIREs Climate Change. 6 (1): 93–112. doi:10.1002/wcc.324. S2CID 4835733.
  73. ^ . News of the National Academy of Sciences. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  74. ^ "POLbook". web.stanford.edu.
  75. ^ THE NET BENEFITS OF LOW AND NO-CARBON ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES. MAY 2014, Charles Frank PDF
  76. ^ "FAQ" (PDF). web.stanford.edu.[self-published source?]

External links

  • Precourt Institute for Energy
  • Jacobson, Mark Z. (2009). "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security". Energy Environ. Sci. 2 (2): 148–173. Bibcode:2009GeCAS..73R.581J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.180.4676. doi:10.1039/b809990c.
  • Mark Z. Jacobson at TED  
    • "Debate: Does the world need nuclear energy?" (TED2010)

March 08, 2023
mark, jacobson, mark, zachary, jacobson, born, 1965, professor, civil, environmental, engineering, stanford, university, director, atmosphere, energy, program, also, founder, profit, solutions, project, mark, jacobsonbornmark, zachary, jacobson1965, alma, mate. Mark Zachary Jacobson born 1965 is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere Energy Program 1 He is also a co founder of the non profit Solutions Project Mark JacobsonBornMark Zachary Jacobson1965 age 57 58 Alma materStanford University BA BS MS University of California Los Angeles MS PhD Scientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of California Los AngelesStanford UniversityThesisDeveloping coupling and applying a gas aerosol transport and radiation model to study urban and regional air pollution 1994 Doctoral advisorRichard P TurcoWebsiteOfficial websiteJacobson s career has focused on better understanding air pollution and global warming problems and developing large scale clean renewable energy solutions to them 2 To that end he has developed computer models 3 to study the effects of fossil fuels biofuels and biomass burning on air pollution weather and climate One major use of these models has been to examine the impacts of black and brown carbon particles from human caused combustion on health and climate He has concluded that such particles may be the second leading cause of global warming after carbon dioxide 4 Due to their short time in the air and their strong health impacts he has also hypothesized that controlling their emissions may be the fastest method of slowing global warming and will also improve people s health 5 In 2009 Jacobson and Mark Delucchi published a paper in Scientific American proposing that the world should move to 100 clean renewable energy namely wind water and solar power across all energy sectors 6 He has traveled extensively granting interviews 7 promoting 8 9 10 and discussing the development of technical and economic plans to convert the energy infrastructure of each of the 50 United States 143 countries and dozens of cities to those powered with 100 wind water and sunlight WWS for all purposes 11 Jacobson s 2015 Stanford University study on transitioning the 50 states to WWS was cited in House Resolution 540 2015 12 as the scientific basis for the first proposed legislation in the United States for the country to move to 100 clean renewable energy Many of the assumptions in the Green New Deal appear to be based on his scholarship 13 Proposed legislation for states to go to 100 renewable energy also originate from Jacobson s work For example 2015 New York Senate Bill S5527 states This bill builds upon the Jacobson wind water and solar WWS study by Stanford and Cornell professors 14 Jacobson has built his own net zero home to run on renewable energy 15 Jacobson s clean renewable energy solutions exclude nuclear power carbon capture and bioenergy 16 This has resulted in pushback by some advocates and scientists who support these technologies 17 18 He has published responses to these critics 19 20 In addition at least 17 other independent research groups 21 support his results that energy can be supplied with renewables around the world In addition over 60 countries now have laws or commitments to move to 100 renewable electricity 22 Contents 1 Research 1 1 Soot and aerosol 1 2 100 renewable energy 1 3 Opinion on energy systems 1 4 Decarbonization assessments 1 5 Opinions on nuclear energy 1 6 Critiques of 100 renewable papers 2 Publications 2 1 Books 2 2 Selected articles 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksResearch EditThis biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately especially if potentially libelous or harmful Find sources Mark Z Jacobson news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Jacobson has published research on the role of black carbon and other aerosol chemical components on global and regional climates 23 24 Jacobson advocates a speedy transition to 100 renewable energy in order to limit climate change air pollution damage and energy security issues Jacobson co founded the non profit Solutions Project in 2011 along with Marco Krapels Mark Ruffalo and Josh Fox The Solutions Project was started to combine science business and culture in an effort to educate the public and policymakers about the ability U S states and communities to switch to a 100 renewable world Soot and aerosol Edit See also Black carbon Jacobson as a PhD student at UCLA under Richard P Turco began computer model development in 1990 with the development of algorithms for what is now called GATOR GCMOM Gas Aerosol Transport Radiation General Circulation Mesoscale and Ocean Model 3 This model simulates air pollution weather and climate from the local to global scale Zhang 2008 pp 2901 2902 calls Jacobson s model the first fully coupled online model in the history that accounts for all major feedbacks among major atmospheric processes based on first principles 25 Several of the individual computer code solvers Jacobson developed for GATOR GCMOM include the gas and aqueous chemistry ordinary differential equations solvers SMVGEAR 26 and SMVGEAR II 27 28 alongside a slew of other related and different modules 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 excessive citations The GATOR GCMOM model has incorporated these processes and has evolved over several decades 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 excessive citations One of the most important fields of research that Jacobson has added to with the aid of GATOR GCMOM is re defining the range of values on exactly how much diffuse tropospheric black carbon from fossil fuel biofuel and biomass burning affects the climate Unlike greenhouse gases black carbon absorbs solar radiation It then converts the solar energy to heat which is re emitted to the atmosphere Without such absorption much of the sunlight would potentially reflect back out to space since it would have struck a more reflective surface Therefore as a whole soot affects the planets albedo a unit of reflectance On the other hand greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere by trapping thermal infrared heat radiation that is emitted by the surface of the Earth 43 45 Jacobson found that as soot particles in the air age they grow larger due to condensation by gases and collision coalescence with other particles He further found that when a soot particle obtained such a coating more sunlight enters the particles bounces around and eventually gets absorbed by the black carbon On a global scale this may result in twice the heating by black carbon as uncoated particles Upon detailed calculations he concluded that black carbon may be the second leading cause of global warming in terms of radiative forcing 46 Jacobson further found that soot from diesel engines coal fired power plants and burning wood is a major cause of the rapid melting of the Arctic s sea ice Jacobson s refinement to the warming impacts of soot and his conclusion that black carbon may be the second leading cause of global warming in terms of radiative forcing was affirmed in the comprehensive review of Bond et al 2013 47 For this body of work he received the Henry G Houghton Award 23 from the American Meteorological Society in 2005 and the American Geophysical Union Ascent Award in 2013 Jacobson has also independently modeled and corroborated the work of World Health Organization researchers who likewise estimate that soot particulate matter produced from the burning of fossil fuels and biofuels may cause over 1 5 million premature deaths each year from diseases such as respiratory illness heart disease and asthma These deaths occur mostly in the developing world where wood animal dung kerosene and coal are used for cooking 43 Because of the short atmospheric lifetime of black carbon in 2002 Jacobson concluded that controlling soot is the fastest way to begin to control global warming and that it will likewise improve human health 48 However he cautioned that controlling carbon dioxide the leading cause of global warming was imperative for stopping warming 100 renewable energy Edit Main article 100 renewable energy Jacobson has published papers about transitioning to 100 renewable energy systems including the grid integration of renewable energy He has concluded that wind water and solar WWS power can be scaled up in cost effective ways to fulfill world energy demands in all energy sectors In 2009 Jacobson and Mark A Delucchi published A Path to Sustainable Energy in Scientific American 6 The article addressed several issues related to transitioning to 100 WWS such as the energy required in a 100 electric world the worldwide spatial footprint of wind farms the availability of scarce materials needed to manufacture new systems and the ability to produce reliable energy on demand Jacobson has updated and expanded this 2009 paper as the years progress including a two part article in the journal Energy Policy in 2010 49 Jacobson and his colleague estimated that 3 8 million wind turbines of 5 Megawatt MW size 49 000 300 MW concentrated solar power plants 40 000 300 MW solar PV power plants 1 7 billion 3 kW rooftop PV systems 5350 100 MW geothermal power plants and some 270 new 1300 MW hydroelectric power plants would be needed All of which would require approximately 1 of the world s land to be achieved Jacobson and his colleagues then published papers on transitioning three states to 100 renewable WWS energy by 2050 50 51 52 In 2015 Jacobson was the lead author of two peer reviewed papers one of which examined the feasibility of transitioning each of the 50 United States to a 100 energy system powered exclusively by wind water and sunlight WWS and the other that provided one proposed method to solve the grid reliability problem with high shares of intermittent sources 53 In 2016 the editorial board of PNAS selected the grid integration study of Jacobson and his co workers as best paper in the category Applied Biological Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and awarded him a Cozzarelli Prize 54 Jacobson has also published papers to transition 139 55 and 143 56 countries as well as 54 towns 57 and cities and 74 metropolitan areas 58 to 100 WWS renewable energy for all purposes For his work on solving large scale air pollution and climate problems Jacobson was awarded the Judi Friedman Lifetime Achievement award in 2018 59 Jacobson is co founder of the non profit The Solutions Project along with Marco Krapels Mark Ruffalo and Josh Fox This organization helps to educate the public about science based 100 renewable energy transition roadmaps and facility a transition to a 100 renewable world 60 Opinion on energy systems Edit See also Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources and renewable energy debate Like his PhD advisor Richard P Turco who notably coined the phrase nuclear winter Jacobson has taken a similar approach to calculating the hypothetical effects of nuclear wars on the climate but has further extended this into providing an analysis that intends to inform policy makers on which energy sources to support as of 2009 61 Jacobson s analyses suggest that nuclear power results in up to 25 times more carbon emissions per unit energy than wind energy This analysis is controversial Jacobson arrived at this conclusion of 25 times more carbon emissions than wind per unit of energy generated 68 180 1 g kWh by specifically expanding on some concepts that are highly contested 62 61 These include though are not limited to the suggestion that emissions associated with civil nuclear energy should in the upper limit include the risk of carbon emissions associated with the burning of cities resulting from a nuclear war aided by the expansion of nuclear energy and weapons to countries previously without them An assumption that Jacobson s debating opponent similarly raised during the Ted talk Does the world need nuclear energy in 2010 with Jacobson heading the debate in the negative 63 Jacobson assumes at the high end 180 1 g kWh that 4 1 g kWh are due to some form of nuclear induced burning that will occur once every 30 years At the low end 0 g kWh are due to nuclear induced burning Responding to a commentary on his work in the Journal Environmental Science and Technology in 2013 James Hansen has characterized Jacobson s analysis on this topic of greenhouse gas emissions as lack ing credibility and similarly regards Jacobson s other viewpoint of extra opportunity cost emissions as dubious With the foundation of Hansen s incredulity being based on French experience that decarbonized 80 of the grid in 15 years completed 56 reactors in the 15 year period thus raising the fact that depending on the existence of established regulator certainty amp political conditions nuclear energy facilities have been accelerated through the licensing planning phase and have therefore rapidly decarbonizated electric grids 64 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC regard Yale University s Warner and Heath s methodology used to determine the Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources as the most credible reporting that the conceivable range of total life cycle nuclear power emission figures are between 4 110 g kWh with the specific median value of 12 g kWh being deemed the strongest supported and 11 g kWh for Wind 65 While Jacobson s limited lifecycle figures of 9 70 g kWh falls within this IPCC range The IPCC however does not factor in Jacobson s opportunity cost emissions on any energy source The IPCC has not provided a detailed explanation for not including Jacobson s opportunity costs Aside from the time required for planning financing permitting and constructing a power plant for every energy source that can be analyzed the time required and therefore Jacobson s opportunity costs also depends on political factors for example hypothetical legal cases that can stall construction and other issues that can arise from site specific NIMBYISM It is the delay opportunity cost CO2 of emissions that are the bulk of the difference between Jacobson s overall emissions for nuclear of 68 180 1 g kWh and the IPCC s lifecycle emissions Decarbonization assessments Edit Jacobson s 100 renewable world approach is supported by publications among at least 17 international research groups that find 100 renewables possible at low cost throughout the world It is also supported by the Global 100RE Strategy Group a coalition of 47 scientists supporting 100 renewable energy to solve the climate problem His work is also consistent with results from a study out of the U S National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL which found that a 100 clean renewable U S electricity grid with no combustion turbines might cost 4 8 kWh to keep the grid stable This is less than the cost of electricity from a new natural gas plant His work is further supported by a 2016 publication by Mark Cooper who has previously evaluated the economics of nuclear energy at the Vermont Law School 66 In 2016 Cooper published 67 a comparison of the 100 WWS roadmaps of Jacobson with deep decarbonization proposals that included nuclear power and fossil fuels with carbon capture Cooper concluded that the 100 WWS pathway was the least cost and Neither fossil fuels with CCS or nuclear power enters the least cost low carbon portfolio Earlier publications from 2011 to 2015 that analyzed with different methodologies various strategies to get to a global zero or low carbon economy by circa 2050 reported that a renewables alone approach would be orders of magnitude more expensive and more difficult to achieve than other energy paths that have been assessed 68 69 70 71 72 The more recent studies including the NREL study dispute these claims Opinions on nuclear energy Edit See also Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources Jacobson argues that if the United States wants to reduce global warming air pollution and energy instability it should invest only in the best energy options and that nuclear power is not one of them 52 To support his claim Jacobson provided an analysis in 2009 that intended to inform policy makers on which energy sources are best for solving the air pollution climate and energy security problems the world faces 73 He updated this analysis in his 2020 textbook 74 Jacobson s analyses suggest that nuclear power results in up to 25 times more carbon emissions per unit energy than wind energy That analysis accounted for some emission sources not included in previous analyses The primary emissions due to nuclear energy are called opportunity cost emissions These are the emissions from the background grid due to the long time lag between planning and operation of a nuclear plant 10 to 19 years versus a wind or solar farm 2 to 5 years for example Of the total estimated emissions from nuclear in the 2009 study 68 180 1 g kWh 59 106 g kWh was due to opportunity cost emissions Most of the rest 9 70 g kWh was due to lifecycle emissions and a small amount 0 4 1 g kWh was due to the risk of carbon emissions associated with the burning of cities resulting from a nuclear war aided by the expansion of nuclear energy to countries previously without them and the subsequent development of weapons in those countries Jacobson raised this last assumption during a Ted talk Does the world need nuclear energy in 2010 with Jacobson heading the debate in the negative 56 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC reported a range of total life cycle nuclear power emissions as between 4 110 g kWh 54 Jacobson s lifecycle emission figures of 9 70 g kWh fall within this IPCC range The IPCC however did not account for opportunity cost emissions The IPCC did not provide any explanation for not including such emissions Although nuclear advocates have balked at the idea of including even a small risk of emissions citation needed even at the high end from a potential nuclear war arising from the spread of nuclear energy the IPCC has stated that Barriers to and risks associated with an increasing use of nuclear energy include operational risks and the associated safety concerns uranium mining risks financial and regulatory risks unresolved waste management issues nuclear weapons proliferation concerns and adverse public opinion 58 In 2012 Jacobson coauthored a paper estimating the health effects of the Fukushima nuclear disaster The paper projected approximately 180 cancer related morbidities to eventually occur in the public 66 67 Health physicist Kathryn Higley of Oregon State University wrote in 2012 The methods of the study were solid and the estimates were reasonable although there is still uncertainty around them But given how much cancer already exists in the world it would be very difficult to prove that anyone s cancer was caused by the incident at Fukushima Daiichi Burton Richter tenured in Stanford with Jacobson who analyzed the use of the disputed Linear no Threshold LNT model in the paper similarly stated in his critique It is a first rate job and uses sources of radioactivity measurements that have not been used before to get a very good picture of the geographic distribution of radiation a very good idea Richter also noted that I also think there is too much editorializing about accident potential at Diablo Canyon which makes Jacobson s paper sound a bit like an anti nuclear piece instead of the very good analysis that it is and It seems clear that considering only the electricity generated by the Fukushima plant nuclear is much less damaging to health than coal and somewhat better that sic gas even after including the accident If nuclear power had never been deployed in Japan the effects on the public would have been much worse 75 70 Critiques of 100 renewable papers Edit Jacobson s renewable energy solutions exclude nuclear power carbon capture and bioenergy 16 This has resulted in pushback by some scientists 17 21 researchers published a critique in 2017 of Jacobson s 100 Renewable paper of the United States 18 Jacobson and his coauthors published a response to the critical paper 19 and also requested the journal and authors to either correct false factual claims of modeling error or retract the article After both declined Jacobson filed a lawsuit against the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Christopher Clack as the principal author of the paper for defamation Jacobson dismissed his lawsuit without prejudice in 2018 because It became clear that it is possible that there could be no end to this case for years 76 Publications EditBooks Edit Jacobson M Z Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling Cambridge University Press New York 656 pp 1999 Jacobson M Z Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling Second Edition Cambridge University Press New York 813 pp 2005 Jacobson M Z Atmospheric Pollution History Science and Regulation Cambridge University Press New York 399 pp 2002 Jacobson M Z Air Pollution and Global Warming History Science and Solutions Cambridge University Press New York 2011 Jacobson M Z 100 Clean Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything Cambridge University Press New York 427 pp 2020 Selected articles Edit Scholia has an author profile for Mark Z Jacobson Bond T C Doherty S J Fahey D W et al 6 June 2013 Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system A scientific assessment Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 118 11 5380 5552 Bibcode 2013JGRD 118 5380B doi 10 1002 JGRD 50171 ISSN 2169 897X Wikidata Q55879806 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Jacobson Mark Z 1 February 2001 Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols Nature 409 6821 695 697 doi 10 1038 35055518 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 11217854 Wikidata Q46131808 Jacobson Mark Z 1 January 2001 Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols Journal of Geophysical Research 106 D2 1551 1568 Bibcode 2001JGR 106 1551J doi 10 1029 2000JD900514 ISSN 0148 0227 Wikidata Q55981483 Streets David G Jiang Kejun Hu Xiulian Sinton Jonathan E Zhang Xiao Quan Xu Deying Jacobson Mark Z James E Hansen 1 November 2001 Recent reductions in China s greenhouse gas emissions Science 294 5548 1835 1837 doi 10 1126 SCIENCE 1065226 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 11729288 S2CID 2660371 Wikidata Q30666428 additional articlesJacobson Mark Z 2001 Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols Journal of Geophysical Research 106 2 1551 1568 Bibcode 2001JGR 106 1551J doi 10 1029 2000JD900514 Jacobson Mark Z 2002 Control of fossil fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming Journal of Geophysical Research 107 D19 16 22 Bibcode 2002JGRD 107 4410J doi 10 1029 2001JD001376 Jacobson Mark Z Colella W G Golden D M 2005 2005 Cleaning the Air and Improving Health with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Science 308 5730 1901 1905 Bibcode 2005Sci 308 1901J doi 10 1126 science 1109157 PMID 15976300 S2CID 1859983 Jacobson Mark Z Archer Christina L 2005 Evaluation of global wind power Journal of Geophysical Research 110 D12 16 22 Bibcode 2005JGRD 11012110A doi 10 1029 2004JD005462 Jacobson Mark Z 2009 Review of solutions to global warming air pollution and energy security Energy and Environmental Science 2 2 148 173 155 Bibcode 2009GeCAS 73R 581J CiteSeerX 10 1 1 180 4676 doi 10 1039 b809990c Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A 2011 Providing all global energy with wind water and solar power Part I Technologies energy resources quantities and areas of infrastructure and materials Energy Policy 39 3 1154 1169 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2010 11 040 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A 2011 Providing all global energy with wind water and solar power Part II Reliability system and transmission costs and policies Energy Policy 39 3 1170 1190 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2010 11 045 Jacobson Mark Z Archer Christina L 2012 Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 39 15679 15684 Bibcode 2012PNAS 10915679J doi 10 1073 pnas 1208993109 PMC 3465402 PMID 23019353 Jacobson et al 2015 100 clean and renewable wind water and sunlight WWS all sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States Energy and Environmental Science 8 7 2093 2117 doi 10 1039 C5EE01283J Jacobson et al 2015 Low cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100 penetration of intermittent wind water and solar for all purposes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 49 15060 15065 Bibcode 2015PNAS 11215060J doi 10 1073 pnas 1510028112 PMC 4679003 PMID 26598655 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Frew Bethany A 27 June 2017 The United States can keep the grid stable at low cost with 100 clean renewable energy in all sectors despite inaccurate claims Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 26 E5021 E5023 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114E5021J doi 10 1073 pnas 1708069114 PMC 5495290 PMID 28630350 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Mathiesen Brian V 1 August 2018 Matching demand with supply at low cost in 139 countries among 20 world regions with 100 intermittent wind water and sunlight WWS for all purposes Renewable Energy 123 236 248 doi 10 1016 j renene 2018 02 009 S2CID 46784278 Jacobson Mark Z 2019 The health and climate impacts of carbon capture and direct air capture Energy amp Environmental Science 12 12 3567 3574 doi 10 1039 C9EE02709B S2CID 207925484 Jacobson Mark Z 21 January 2009 Review of solutions to global warming air pollution and energy security Energy amp Environmental Science 2 2 148 173 Bibcode 2009GeCAS 73R 581J CiteSeerX 10 1 1 180 4676 doi 10 1039 B809990C Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Bazouin Guillaume Bauer Zack A F Heavey Christa C Fisher Emma Morris Sean B Piekutowski Diniana J Y Vencill Taylor A Yeskoo Tim W 3 July 2015 100 clean and renewable wind water and sunlight WWS all sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States Energy amp Environmental Science 8 7 2093 2117 doi 10 1039 C5EE01283J Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Coughlin Stephen J Hay Catherine A Manogaran Indu Priya Shu Yanbo von Krauland Anna Katharina 20 December 2019 Impacts of Green New Deal Energy Plans on Grid Stability Costs Jobs Health and Climate in 143 Countries One Earth 1 4 449 463 Bibcode 2019AGUFMPA32A 01J doi 10 1016 j oneear 2019 12 003 S2CID 210964561 M Z Jacobson 100 Wind Water and Solar WWS All Sector Energy Roadmaps for Countries States Cities and Towns Web stanford edu See also EditAmory Lovins Benjamin K Sovacool Kick The Fossil Fuel Habit Mark Diesendorf Nuclear power debate Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy debate Stephen Thomas Vaclav SmilReferences Edit Atmosphere Energy Program Civil and Environmental Engineering cee stanford edu Retrieved 2017 08 31 Mark Jacobson Civil and Environmental Engineering cee stanford edu Retrieved 2020 07 04 a b Jacobson M Z History of Processes in and Numerical Techniques in GATOR GCMOM PDF self published source Soot to Blame for Global Warming Wired Study Finds Controlling Soot May Be Fastest Method to Reduce Arctic Ice Loss and Global Warming Second Leading Cause of Global Warming After CO2 Green Car Congress a b Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi M A November 2009 A path to sustainable energy by 2030 Scientific American 301 5 58 65 Bibcode 2009SciAm 301e 58J doi 10 1038 scientificamerican1109 58 PMID 19873905 Fields Joe 2018 02 22 Interview with Mark Z Jacobson Onalytica Retrieved 2020 07 04 Meet the scientist who wants to save the world with just renewables E amp E News Mark Jacobson MIT Energy Conference Retrieved 2020 07 04 An Interview with Stanford University Clean Energy Champion Mark Z Jacobson www sustaineurope com Retrieved 2020 07 04 Kovo Yael 2016 02 10 Mark Jacobson Roadmaps for Transitioning all 50 U S States to Wind Water and Solar Power NASA Retrieved 2020 07 04 Grijalva Raul M 4 December 2015 Text H Res 540 114th Congress 2015 2016 Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the policies of the United States should support a transition to near zero greenhouse gas emissions 100 percent clean renewable energy infrastructure modernization green jobs full employment a sustainable economy fair wages affordable energy expanding the middle class and ending poverty to promote national economic competitiveness and national security and for the purpose of avoiding adverse impacts of a changing climate www congress gov Shepherd Marshall The Climate Science Behind The Green New Deal A Layperson s Explanation Forbes NY State Senate Bill S5527 NY State Senate 3 October 2015 Leading Stanford climate scientist builds incredible net zero home complete with Tesla Powerwall 30 October 2017 Retrieved 2020 07 04 a b Sustain Europe PDF web stanford edu a b Bistline John E Blanford Geoffrey J 12 July 2016 More than one arrow in the quiver Why 100 renewables misses the mark Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 28 E3988 Bibcode 2016PNAS 113E3988B doi 10 1073 pnas 1603072113 PMC 4948353 PMID 27364013 a b Clack Christopher T M Qvist Staffan A Apt Jay Bazilian Morgan Brandt Adam R Caldeira Ken Davis Steven J Diakov Victor Handschy Mark A Hines Paul D H Jaramillo Paulina Kammen Daniel M Long Jane C S Morgan M Granger Reed Adam Sivaram Varun Sweeney James Tynan George R Victor David G Weyant John P Whitacre Jay F 27 June 2017 Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low cost grid power with 100 wind water and solar Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 26 6722 6727 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114 6722C doi 10 1073 pnas 1610381114 PMC 5495221 PMID 28630353 a b Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Frew Bethany A 27 June 2017 The United States can keep the grid stable at low cost with 100 clean renewable energy in all sectors despite inaccurate claims Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 26 E5021 E5023 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114E5021J doi 10 1073 pnas 1708069114 PMC 5495290 PMID 28630350 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Frew Bethany A 12 July 2016 Reply to Bistline and Blanford Letter reaffirms conclusions and highlights flaws in previous research Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 28 E3989 E3990 Bibcode 2016PNAS 113E3989J doi 10 1073 pnas 1606802113 PMC 4948352 PMID 27364012 Abstracts of 56 Peer Reviewed Published Journal Articles From 18 Independent Research Groups With 109 Different Authors Supporting the Result That Energy for Electricity Transportation Building Heating Cooling and or Industry can be Supplied Reliably with 100 or Near 100 Renewable Energy at Difference Locations Worldwide PDF 7 April 2021 improper synthesis RENEWABLES 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT www ren21 net a b Search Past Award amp Honors Recipients American Meteorological Society Jacobson Mark Z 2014 Bitz Ginoux Jacobson Nizkorodov and Yang Receive 2013 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 95 29 266 Bibcode 2014EOSTr 95 266J doi 10 1002 2014EO290012 Zhang Y 2008 Online coupled meteorology and chemistry models history current status and outlook PDF Z Jacobson Mark Turco Richard P 1 January 1994 SMVGEAR A sparse matrix vectorized gear code for atmospheric models Atmospheric Environment 28 2 273 284 Bibcode 1994AtmEn 28 273J doi 10 1016 1352 2310 94 90102 3 Jacobson Mark Z 1 September 1995 Computation of global photochemistry with SMVGEAR II Atmospheric Environment 29 18 2541 2546 Bibcode 1995AtmEn 29 2541J doi 10 1016 1352 2310 95 00194 4 Jacobson Mark Z 1 February 1998 Improvement of SMVGEAR II on vector and scalar machines through absolute error tolerance control Atmospheric Environment 32 4 791 796 Bibcode 1998AtmEn 32 791J doi 10 1016 S1352 2310 97 00315 4 Jacobson Mark Z Turco Richard P Jensen Eric J Toon Owen B 1 April 1994 Modeling coagulation among particles of different composition and size Atmospheric Environment 28 7 1327 1338 Bibcode 1994AtmEn 28 1327J doi 10 1016 1352 2310 94 90280 1 Jacobson Mark Z 2002 Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation nucleation condensation dissolution and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107 D19 AAC 2 1 AAC 2 23 Bibcode 2002JGRD 107 4366J doi 10 1029 2001JD002044 Jacobson Mark Z Seinfeld John H 1 April 2004 Evolution of nanoparticle size and mixing state near the point of emission Atmospheric Environment 38 13 1839 1850 Bibcode 2004AtmEn 38 1839J doi 10 1016 j atmosenv 2004 01 014 Jacobson M Z Kittelson D B Watts W F 1 December 2005 Enhanced Coagulation Due to Evaporation and Its Effect on Nanoparticle Evolution Environmental Science amp Technology 39 24 9486 9492 Bibcode 2005EnST 39 9486J doi 10 1021 es0500299 PMID 16475326 Jacobson Mark Z Tabazadeh Azadeh Turco Richard P 1996 Simulating equilibrium within aerosols and nonequilibrium between gases and aerosols Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 101 D4 9079 9091 Bibcode 1996JGR 101 9079J doi 10 1029 96JD00348 Jacobson Mark Z 1 September 1999 Studying the effects of calcium and magnesium on size distributed nitrate and ammonium with EQUISOLV II Atmospheric Environment 33 22 3635 3649 Bibcode 1999AtmEn 33 3635J doi 10 1016 S1352 2310 99 00105 3 Jacobson Mark Z 2005 Studying ocean acidification with conservative stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 110 D7 Bibcode 2005JGRD 110 7302J doi 10 1029 2004JD005220 Jacobson Mark Z 1 January 1997 Numerical Techniques to Solve Condensational and Dissolutional Growth Equations When Growth is Coupled to Reversible Reactions Aerosol Science and Technology 27 4 491 498 Bibcode 1997AerST 27 491J doi 10 1080 02786829708965489 Jacobson Mark Z Lu Rong Turco Richard P Toon Owen B 1 June 1996 Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system part I Gas phase simulations Atmospheric Environment 30 12 1939 1963 Bibcode 1996AtmEn 30 1939J doi 10 1016 1352 2310 95 00139 5 Jacobson Mark Z 1 January 1997 Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system II Aerosol module structure and design Atmospheric Environment 31 2 131 144 Bibcode 1997AtmEn 31 131J doi 10 1016 1352 2310 96 00202 6 Jacobson Mark Z 2001 GATOR GCMM A global through urban scale air pollution and weather forecast model 1 Model design and treatment of subgrid soil vegetation roads rooftops water sea ice and snow Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 106 D6 5385 5401 Bibcode 2001JGR 106 5385J doi 10 1029 2000JD900560 Jacobson Mark Z 2001 GATOR GCMM 2 A study of daytime and nighttime ozone layers aloft ozone in national parks and weather during the SARMAP field campaign Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 106 D6 5403 5420 Bibcode 2001JGR 106 5403J doi 10 1029 2000JD900559 Jacobson Mark Z Kaufman Yoram J Rudich Yinon 2007 Examining feedbacks of aerosols to urban climate with a model that treats 3 D clouds with aerosol inclusions Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112 D24 Bibcode 2007JGRD 11224205J doi 10 1029 2007JD008922 Jacobson Mark Z Streets David G 2009 Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate natural emissions and air quality Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114 D8 Bibcode 2009JGRD 114 8118J doi 10 1029 2008JD011476 a b c Jacobson Mark Z 2010 Short term effects of controlling fossil fuel soot biofuel soot and gases and methane on climate Arctic ice and air pollution health Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 115 D14 Bibcode 2010JGRD 11514209J doi 10 1029 2009JD013795 Jacobson Mark Z 2014 Effects of biomass burning on climate accounting for heat and moisture fluxes black and brown carbon and cloud absorption effects Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 119 14 8980 9002 Bibcode 2014JGRD 119 8980J doi 10 1002 2014JD021861 S2CID 1961014 David Perlman Scientists say soot a key factor in warming San Francisco Chronicle July 28 2010 Jacobson Mark Z February 2001 Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols Nature 409 6821 695 697 Bibcode 2001Natur 409 695J doi 10 1038 35055518 PMID 11217854 S2CID 4423927 Bond et al 2013 Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system A scientific assessment Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 118 11 5380 5552 Bibcode 2013JGRD 118 5380B doi 10 1002 jgrd 50171 Jacobson Mark Z 2002 Control of fossil fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107 D19 ACH 16 1 ACH 16 22 Bibcode 2002JGRD 107 4410J doi 10 1029 2001JD001376 Nancy Folbre March 28 2011 Renewing Support for Renewables New York Times Jacobson Mark Z Howarth Robert W Delucchi Mark A Scobie Stan R Barth Jannette M Dvorak Michael J Klevze Megan Katkhuda Hind Miranda Brian Chowdhury Navid A Jones Rick Plano Larsen Ingraffea Anthony R 1 June 2013 Examining the feasibility of converting New York State s all purpose energy infrastructure to one using wind water and sunlight Energy Policy 57 585 601 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2013 02 036 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Ingraffea Anthony R Howarth Robert W Bazouin Guillaume Bridgeland Brett Burkart Karl Chang Martin Chowdhury Navid Cook Roy Escher Giulia Galka Mike Han Liyang Heavey Christa Hernandez Angelica Jacobson Daniel F Jacobson Dionna S Miranda Brian Novotny Gavin Pellat Marie Quach Patrick Romano Andrea Stewart Daniel Vogel Laura Wang Sherry Wang Hara Willman Lindsay Yeskoo Tim 14 August 2014 A roadmap for repowering California for all purposes with wind water and sunlight Energy 73 875 889 doi 10 1016 j energy 2014 06 099 a b Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Bazouin Guillaume Dvorak Michael J Arghandeh Reza Bauer Zack A F Cotte Ariane de Moor Gerrit M T H Goldner Elissa G Heier Casey Holmes Randall T Hughes Shea A Jin Lingzhi Kapadia Moiz Menon Carishma Mullendore Seth A Paris Emily M Provost Graham A Romano Andrea R Srivastava Chandrika Vencill Taylor A Whitney Natasha S Yeskoo Tim W 1 February 2016 A 100 wind water sunlight WWS all sector energy plan for Washington State Renewable Energy 86 75 88 doi 10 1016 j renene 2015 08 003 Mark Jacobson interview on David Letterman October 9 2013 AmericanShows PNAS Announces Six 2015 Cozzarelli Prize Recipients News of the National Academy of Sciences 1 March 2016 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Mathiesen Brian V 1 August 2018 Matching demand with supply at low cost in 139 countries among 20 world regions with 100 intermittent wind water and sunlight WWS for all purposes Renewable Energy 123 236 248 doi 10 1016 j renene 2018 02 009 S2CID 46784278 a b Jacobson Mark Z Delucchi Mark A Cameron Mary A Coughlin Stephen J Hay Catherine A Manogaran Indu Priya Shu Yanbo Krauland Anna Katharina von 20 December 2019 Impacts of Green New Deal Energy Plans on Grid Stability Costs Jobs Health and Climate in 143 Countries One Earth 1 4 449 463 Bibcode 2019AGUFMPA32A 01J doi 10 1016 j oneear 2019 12 003 S2CID 210964561 Jacobson Mark Z Cameron Mary A Hennessy Eleanor M Petkov Ivalin Meyer Clayton B Gambhir Tanvi K Maki Amanda T Pfleeger Katherine Clonts Hailey McEvoy Avery L Miccioli Matthew L von Krauland Anna Katharina Fang Rebecca W Delucchi Mark A 1 October 2018 100 clean and renewable Wind Water and Sunlight WWS all sector energy roadmaps for 53 towns and cities in North America Sustainable Cities and Society 42 22 37 doi 10 1016 j scs 2018 06 031 S2CID 86855462 a b Jacobson Mark Z von Krauland Anna Katharina Burton Zachary F M Coughlin Stephen J Jaeggli Caitlin Nelli Daniel Nelson Alexander J H Shu Yanbo Smith Miles Tan Chor Wood Connery D Wood Kelyn D 20 September 2020 Transitioning All Energy in 74 Metropolitan Areas Including 30 Megacities to 100 Clean and Renewable Wind Water and Sunlight WWS Energies 13 18 4934 doi 10 3390 en13184934 PACE to Host Forum on 100 Renewable Energy Nov 8 par newhaven org par newhaven org 29 September 2018 Retrieved 23 November 2021 Mark Schwarz February 26 2014 Stanford scientist unveils 50 state plan to transform U S to renewable energy Stanford Report a b The Guardian 2009 The carbon footprint of nuclear war Does Nuclear Energy Really Equate to Nuclear War January 5 2011 by Charles Barton Does the world need nuclear energy Pushker A Kharecha and James E Hansen May 22 2013 Response to Comment on Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power PDF Environ Sci Technol 47 12 6718 6719 Bibcode 2013EnST 47 6718K doi 10 1021 es402211m hdl 2060 20140017702 PMID 23697846 S2CID 206971716 Bruckner et al 2014 http www ipcc ch pdf assessment report ar5 wg3 ipcc wg3 ar5 chapter7 pdf Energy Systems In Climate Change 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Edenhofer O R Pichs Madruga Y Sokona E Farahani S Kadner K Seyboth A Adler I Baum S Brunner P Eickemeier B Kriemann J Savolainen S Schlomer C von Stechow T Zwickel and J C Minx eds Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom and New York NY USA a b The Economics of Nuclear Reactors Renaissance or Relapse Vermont Law School June 2009 p 1 and p 8 a b Cooper Mark 2016 The Economic and Institutional Foundations of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change The Political Economy of Roadmaps to a Sustainable Electricity Future doi 10 2139 ssrn 2722880 S2CID 155402376 SSRN 2722880 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Sun wind and drain The Economist 29 July 2014 Frank Charles 20 May 2014 The Net Benefits of Low and No Carbon Electricity Technologies Brookings a b Joskow Paul L 1 May 2011 Comparing the Costs of Intermittent and Dispatchable Electricity Generating Technologies American Economic Review 101 3 238 241 doi 10 1257 aer 101 3 238 hdl 1814 18239 Brook Barry W March 2012 Could nuclear fission energy etc solve the greenhouse problem The affirmative case Energy Policy 42 4 8 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2011 11 041 Loftus Peter J Cohen Armond M Long Jane C S Jenkins Jesse D January 2015 A critical review of global decarbonization scenarios what do they tell us about feasibility WIREs Climate Change 6 1 93 112 doi 10 1002 wcc 324 S2CID 4835733 PNAS Announces Six 2015 Cozzarelli Prize Recipients News of the National Academy of Sciences 1 March 2016 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 POLbook web stanford edu THE NET BENEFITS OF LOW AND NO CARBON ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES MAY 2014 Charles Frank PDF FAQ PDF web stanford edu self published source External links EditPrecourt Institute for Energy Jacobson Mark Z 2009 Review of solutions to global warming air pollution and energy security Energy Environ Sci 2 2 148 173 Bibcode 2009GeCAS 73R 581J CiteSeerX 10 1 1 180 4676 doi 10 1039 b809990c Mark Z Jacobson at TED Debate Does the world need nuclear energy TED2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mark Z Jacobson amp oldid 1140918994, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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