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Magnoliaceae

February 16, 2024

The Magnoliaceae (/mæɡˌnoʊliˈeɪsii/) are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: Magnolia and Liriodendron (tulip trees).

Magnoliaceae
Temporal range: Cenomanian - recent[1]
Magnolia virginiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Magnoliaceae
Juss.[2]
Genera

Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), the Magnoliaceae have their stamens and pistils in spirals on a conical receptacle.[3] This arrangement is found in some fossil plants and is believed to be a basal or early condition for angiosperms. The flowers also have parts not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals, while angiosperms that evolved later tend to have distinctly differentiated sepals and petals. The poorly differentiated perianth parts that occupy both positions are known as tepals.

The family has about 219 species and ranges across subtropical eastern North America, Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, tropical South America, southern and eastern India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Malesia, China, Japan, and Korea.

Genera edit

The number of genera in Magnoliaceae is a subject of debate. Up to 17 have been recognized, including Alcimandra, Lirianthe, Manglietia, Michelia, Pachylarnax, Parakmeria, Talauma and Yulania.[4] However, many recent studies have opted to merge all genera within subfamily Magnolioideae into the genus Magnolia.[5] Thus, Magnoliaceae would include only two extant genera, Magnolia and Liriodendron.

Description edit

 
Flowers In magnolias, the tepals are arranged in whorls, and the other flower parts are arranged spirally, not in whorls.

The monophyly of Magnoliaceae is supported by a number of shared morphological characters among the various genera in the family. Most have bisexual flowers (with the exception of Kmeria and some species of Magnolia section Gynopodium), showy, fragrant, radial, and with an elongated receptacle. Leaves are alternate, simple, and sometimes lobed. The inflorescence is a solitary, showy flower with indistinguishable petals and sepals. Sepals range from six to many; stamens are numerous and feature short filaments which are poorly differentiated from the anthers. Carpels are usually numerous, distinct, and on an elongated receptacle or torus.[3] The fruit is an etaerio of follicles which usually become closely appressed as they mature and open along the abaxial surface. Seeds have a fleshy coat, aril, and color that ranges from red to orange (except Liriodendron). Magnoliaceae flowers are beetle pollinated, except for Liriodendron, which is bee pollinated. The carpels of Magnolia flowers are especially thick to avoid damage by beetles that land, crawl, and feast on them. The seeds of Magnolioideae are bird-dispersed, while the seeds of Liriodendron are wind-dispersed.

Biogeography edit

Due to its great age, the geographical distribution of the Magnoliaceae has become disjunct or fragmented as a result of major geologic events such as ice ages, continental drift, and mountain formation. This distribution pattern has isolated some species, while keeping others in close contact. Extant species of the Magnoliaceae are widely distributed in temperate and tropical Asia from the Himalayas to Japan and southwest through Malaysia and New Guinea. Asia is home to about two-thirds of the species in Magnoliaceae, with the remainder of the family spread across the Americas with temperate species extending into southern Canada and tropical elements extending into Brazil and the West Indies.

Systematics edit

Foundational Taxonomic and Systematics Research (18th-19th century) edit

The earliest botanical description of the Magnoliaceae as a family is in Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu’s Genera Plantarum, which describes eight genera included within the family (Euryandra, Drymis, Illicium, Michelia, Magnolia, Talauma, Liriodendrum, and Mayna) as well as four genera closely related to the family (Dillenia, Curatella, Ochna, and Quassia).[6] Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum, almost a century later, sorts the family’s genera into three tribes: the Wintereae, including the genera Drimys and Illicium, the Magnolieae, including the genera Talauma, Magnolia, Manglieta, Michelia, and Liriodendron, and the Schizandreae, including the genera Schizandra and Kadsura.[7] In his following work Adansonia, Baillon recognizes Bentham and Hooker’s changes and additions but proposes an alternative taxonomy where he sets aside the Tulipier genus and include all remaining genera under one Magnolieae tribe.[8] From this basic separation, scholars have continued to debate the systematics of the family.

Modern Systematics Research (20th-21st century) edit

Dandy's taxonomic proposal in 1927 sets aside the genus Liriodendron as a part of the subfamily Liriodendreae and includes Bentham and Hooker's four genera in addition to four more (Kmeria, Pachylarnax, Alcimandra, and Elmerrillia) within the Magnolieae tribe.[9] Dandy’s model with eleven genera was widely accepted until molecular evidence brought it into question (Figlar, 2019).[10] Qiu et al. analyzed molecular data in 1995 to investigate the divergences within and between East Asian and East North American species of Magnolia, presenting molecular evidence which shows that Dandy’s section Rytidospermum is not monophyletic.[11] Azuma et al. employ both molecular phylogeny and parsimonious mapping of the chemistry of floral scents in 1999 to propose a phylogenetic tree where, unlike Dandy’s taxonomy, they include Michelia species within the Magnolia genus as a sister group to the subgenus Yulania and also find that the section Rytidospermum is not monophyletic, placing some of its members in a clade with the section Oyama.[12]

The most recent research on the family continues the debate over the genera of the family. Wang et al.’s study analyzes complete chloroplast genome sequences of 86 species in the Magnoliaceae and supports a phylogeny with fifteen major clades, two subfamilies, two genera, and fifteen sections, maintaining Magnolia’s classification as one monophyletic genus.[13] Dong et al. also place Magnolia as the sole genus of the subfamily Magnolioideae made up of fifteen sections.[14] However, Yang et al. and Zhao et al. work with phylogenies of the Magnoliaceae that recognize several genera in the Magnolioideae.[15][16]

Consensus and Debates Today edit

Although phylogenetic trees of the Magnoliaceae still include anywhere from 2 to 17 genera, the broad generic concept (where one genus, Magnolia, is in the Magnolioideae) is largely accepted as a practical construction upheld by molecular and morphological evidence.[13] Even as debates over rank persist, monophyletic groups are largely established with opportunities for further research into endangered and extinct species. The family's place as early angiosperms means that research into its taxonomy and evolutionary history contributes to our broader understanding of the evolution of plant life.

The development of DNA sequencing at the end of the 20th century had a profound impact on the research of phylogenetic relationships within the family. The employment of ndhF and cpDNA sequences has refuted many of the traditionally accepted phylogenetic relationships within the Magnoliaceae. For example, the genera Magnolia and Michelia were shown to be paraphyletic when the remaining four genera of the Magnolioideae are split out. In fact, even many of the subgenera (Magnolia subg. Magnolia, Magnolia subg. Talauma) have been found to be paraphyletic. Although no completely resolved phylogeny for the family has yet been determined, these technological advances have allowed systematists to broadly circumscribe major lineages.[17]

Economic significance edit

As a whole, the Magnoliaceae are not an economically significant family. With the exception of ornamental cultivation, the economic significance of magnolias is generally confined to the use of wood from certain timber species and the use of bark and flowers from several species believed to possess medicinal qualities. The wood of the American tuliptree, Liriodendron tulipifera and the wood of the cucumbertree magnolia, Magnolia acuminata, and, to a lesser degree, that of the Frasier magnolia, Magnolia fraseri, are harvested and marketed collectively as "yellow poplar." This is a lightweight and exceptionally fine-grained wood, lending itself to precision woodworking for purposes such as pipe organ building.

Magnolias have a rich cultural tradition in China, where references to their healing qualities go back thousands of years. The Chinese have long used the bark of Magnolia officinalis, a magnolia native to the mountains of China with large leaves and fragrant white flowers, as a remedy for cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and indigestion. Certain magnolia flowers, such as the buds of Magnolia liliiflora, have been used to treat chronic respiratory and sinus infections and lung congestion. Recently, magnolia bark has become incorporated into alternative medicine in the west, where tablets made from the bark of M. officinalis have been marketed as an aid for anxiety, allergies, asthma, and weight loss. Compounds found in magnolia bark might have antibacterial and antifungal properties, but no large-scale study on the health effects of magnolia bark or flowers has yet been conducted.

References edit

  1. ^ "Magnoliales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
  2. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
  3. ^ a b Zomlefer, Wndy B. (1994). Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 430. ISBN 978-0-8078-4470-0.
  4. ^ "Magnoliaceae in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  5. ^ Figlar, Richard B. (June 2012). "Magnolia Classification Information". www.magnoliasociety.org. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  6. ^ Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV. Parisiis: apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.284.
  7. ^ Bentham, George; Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1862). Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita. Londini: A. Black. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.747.
  8. ^ Baillon, H (1866). Adansonia; recueil d'observations botaniques. Paris, France: H. Baillon and F. Savy.
  9. ^ Dandy, J. E. (1927). "The Genera of Magnolieae". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew). 1927 (7): 257–264. doi:10.2307/4107601. ISSN 0366-4457. JSTOR 4107601.
  10. ^ "Magnolia Classification Information". www.magnoliasociety.org. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  11. ^ Qiu, Yin-Long; Parks, Clifford R.; Chase, Mark W. (December 1995). "Molecular divergence in the eastern Asia– eastern North America disjunct section Rytidospermum of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 82 (12): 1589–1598. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb13862.x. ISSN 0002-9122.
  12. ^ Azuma, Hiroshi; Thien, Leonard B; Kawano, Shoichi (September 1999). "Molecular Phylogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Inferred from cpDNA Sequences and Evolutionary Divergence of the Floral Scents". Journal of Plant Research. 112 (3): 291–306. Bibcode:1999JPlR..112..291A. doi:10.1007/pl00013885. ISSN 0918-9440. S2CID 206862607.
  13. ^ a b Wang, Yu-Bing; Liu, Bin-Bin; Nie, Ze-Long; Chen, Hong-Feng; Chen, Fa-Ju; Figlar, Richard B.; Wen, Jun (2020-05-25). "Major clades and a revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 58 (5): 673–695. doi:10.1111/jse.12588. ISSN 1674-4918.
  14. ^ Dong, Shan-Shan; Wang, Ya-Ling; Xia, Nian-He; Liu, Yang; Liu, Min; Lian, Lian; Li, Na; Li, Ling-Fei; Lang, Xiao-An; Gong, Yi-Qing; Chen, Lu; Wu, Ernest; Zhang, Shou-Zhou (2021-04-08). "Plastid and nuclear phylogenomic incongruences and biogeographic implications of Magnolia s.l. (Magnoliaceae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 60 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1111/jse.12727. ISSN 1674-4918. S2CID 234277919.
  15. ^ Yang, Lin; Tian, Jinhong; Xu, Liu; Zhao, Xueli; Song, Yuyang; Wang, Dawei (2022-08-28). "Comparative Chloroplast Genomes of Six Magnoliaceae Species Provide New Insights into Intergeneric Relationships and Phylogeny". Biology. 11 (9): 1279. doi:10.3390/biology11091279. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 9495354. PMID 36138758.
  16. ^ Zhao, Jianyun; Chen, Hu; Li, Gaiping; Jumaturti, Maimaiti Aisha; Yao, Xiaomin; Hu, Ying (2023-11-16). "Phylogenetics Study to Compare Chloroplast Genomes in Four Magnoliaceae Species". Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 45 (11): 9234–9251. doi:10.3390/cimb45110578. ISSN 1467-3045. PMC 10670740. PMID 37998755.
  17. ^ Azuma, H., García-Franco, J. G., Rico-Gray, V., and Thien, L. B. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions". American Journal of Botany. 88 (12): 2275–2285. doi:10.2307/3558389. JSTOR 3558389. PMID 21669660.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Hunt, D. (ed). 1998. Magnolias and their allies. International Dendrology Society & Magnolia Society. ISBN 0-9517234-8-0

Further reading edit

  • Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. and Oldfield, S. 2007. The Red List of Magnoliaceae Flora & Fauna International (FFI) and Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) report. ISBN 978-1-903703-23-6
  • F. Xu, P. J. Rudall. Comparative floral anatomy and ontogeny in Magnoliaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution April 2006, Volume 258, Issue 1-2, pp 1-15

February 16, 2024
magnoliaceae, flowering, plant, family, magnolia, family, order, magnoliales, consists, genera, magnolia, liriodendron, tulip, trees, temporal, range, cenomanian, recent, preꞒ, nmagnolia, virginianascientific, classificationkingdom, plantaeclade, tracheophytes. The Magnoliaceae m ae ɡ ˌ n oʊ l i ˈ eɪ s i i are a flowering plant family the magnolia family in the order Magnoliales It consists of two genera Magnolia and Liriodendron tulip trees MagnoliaceaeTemporal range Cenomanian recent 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NMagnolia virginianaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MagnoliidsOrder MagnolialesFamily MagnoliaceaeJuss 2 GeneraMagnolia gt 200 species Liriodendron 2 species Unlike most angiosperms whose flower parts are in whorls rings the Magnoliaceae have their stamens and pistils in spirals on a conical receptacle 3 This arrangement is found in some fossil plants and is believed to be a basal or early condition for angiosperms The flowers also have parts not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals while angiosperms that evolved later tend to have distinctly differentiated sepals and petals The poorly differentiated perianth parts that occupy both positions are known as tepals The family has about 219 species and ranges across subtropical eastern North America Mexico and Central America the West Indies tropical South America southern and eastern India Sri Lanka Indochina Malesia China Japan and Korea Contents 1 Genera 2 Description 3 Biogeography 4 Systematics 4 1 Foundational Taxonomic and Systematics Research 18th 19th century 4 2 Modern Systematics Research 20th 21st century 4 3 Consensus and Debates Today 5 Economic significance 6 References 7 Further readingGenera editThe number of genera in Magnoliaceae is a subject of debate Up to 17 have been recognized including Alcimandra Lirianthe Manglietia Michelia Pachylarnax Parakmeria Talauma and Yulania 4 However many recent studies have opted to merge all genera within subfamily Magnolioideae into the genus Magnolia 5 Thus Magnoliaceae would include only two extant genera Magnolia and Liriodendron Description edit nbsp Flowers In magnolias the tepals are arranged in whorls and the other flower parts are arranged spirally not in whorls The monophyly of Magnoliaceae is supported by a number of shared morphological characters among the various genera in the family Most have bisexual flowers with the exception of Kmeria and some species of Magnolia section Gynopodium showy fragrant radial and with an elongated receptacle Leaves are alternate simple and sometimes lobed The inflorescence is a solitary showy flower with indistinguishable petals and sepals Sepals range from six to many stamens are numerous and feature short filaments which are poorly differentiated from the anthers Carpels are usually numerous distinct and on an elongated receptacle or torus 3 The fruit is an etaerio of follicles which usually become closely appressed as they mature and open along the abaxial surface Seeds have a fleshy coat aril and color that ranges from red to orange except Liriodendron Magnoliaceae flowers are beetle pollinated except for Liriodendron which is bee pollinated The carpels ofMagnolia flowers are especially thick to avoid damage by beetles that land crawl and feast on them The seeds of Magnolioideae are bird dispersed while the seeds of Liriodendron are wind dispersed Biogeography editDue to its great age the geographical distribution of the Magnoliaceae has become disjunct or fragmented as a result of major geologic events such as ice ages continental drift and mountain formation This distribution pattern has isolated some species while keeping others in close contact Extant species of the Magnoliaceae are widely distributed in temperate and tropical Asia from the Himalayas to Japan and southwest through Malaysia and New Guinea Asia is home to about two thirds of the species in Magnoliaceae with the remainder of the family spread across the Americas with temperate species extending into southern Canada and tropical elements extending into Brazil and the West Indies Systematics editFoundational Taxonomic and Systematics Research 18th 19th century edit The earliest botanical description of the Magnoliaceae as a family is in Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu s Genera Plantarum which describes eight genera included within the family Euryandra Drymis Illicium Michelia Magnolia Talauma Liriodendrum and Mayna as well as four genera closely related to the family Dillenia Curatella Ochna and Quassia 6 Bentham and Hooker s Genera Plantarum almost a century later sorts the family s genera into three tribes the Wintereae including the genera Drimys and Illicium the Magnolieae including the genera Talauma Magnolia Manglieta Michelia and Liriodendron and the Schizandreae including the genera Schizandra and Kadsura 7 In his following work Adansonia Baillon recognizes Bentham and Hooker s changes and additions but proposes an alternative taxonomy where he sets aside the Tulipier genus and include all remaining genera under one Magnolieae tribe 8 From this basic separation scholars have continued to debate the systematics of the family Modern Systematics Research 20th 21st century edit Dandy s taxonomic proposal in 1927 sets aside the genus Liriodendron as a part of the subfamily Liriodendreae and includes Bentham and Hooker s four genera in addition to four more Kmeria Pachylarnax Alcimandra and Elmerrillia within the Magnolieae tribe 9 Dandy s model with eleven genera was widely accepted until molecular evidence brought it into question Figlar 2019 10 Qiu et al analyzed molecular data in 1995 to investigate the divergences within and between East Asian and East North American species of Magnolia presenting molecular evidence which shows that Dandy s section Rytidospermum is not monophyletic 11 Azuma et al employ both molecular phylogeny and parsimonious mapping of the chemistry of floral scents in 1999 to propose a phylogenetic tree where unlike Dandy s taxonomy they include Michelia species within the Magnolia genus as a sister group to the subgenus Yulania and also find that the section Rytidospermum is not monophyletic placing some of its members in a clade with the section Oyama 12 The most recent research on the family continues the debate over the genera of the family Wang et al s study analyzes complete chloroplast genome sequences of 86 species in the Magnoliaceae and supports a phylogeny with fifteen major clades two subfamilies two genera and fifteen sections maintaining Magnolia s classification as one monophyletic genus 13 Dong et al also place Magnolia as the sole genus of the subfamily Magnolioideae made up of fifteen sections 14 However Yang et al and Zhao et al work with phylogenies of the Magnoliaceae that recognize several genera in the Magnolioideae 15 16 Consensus and Debates Today edit Although phylogenetic trees of the Magnoliaceae still include anywhere from 2 to 17 genera the broad generic concept where one genus Magnolia is in the Magnolioideae is largely accepted as a practical construction upheld by molecular and morphological evidence 13 Even as debates over rank persist monophyletic groups are largely established with opportunities for further research into endangered and extinct species The family s place as early angiosperms means that research into its taxonomy and evolutionary history contributes to our broader understanding of the evolution of plant life The development of DNA sequencing at the end of the 20th century had a profound impact on the research of phylogenetic relationships within the family The employment of ndhF and cpDNA sequences has refuted many of the traditionally accepted phylogenetic relationships within the Magnoliaceae For example the genera Magnolia and Michelia were shown to be paraphyletic when the remaining four genera of the Magnolioideae are split out In fact even many of the subgenera Magnolia subg Magnolia Magnolia subg Talauma have been found to be paraphyletic Although no completely resolved phylogeny for the family has yet been determined these technological advances have allowed systematists to broadly circumscribe major lineages 17 Economic significance editAs a whole the Magnoliaceae are not an economically significant family With the exception of ornamental cultivation the economic significance of magnolias is generally confined to the use of wood from certain timber species and the use of bark and flowers from several species believed to possess medicinal qualities The wood of the American tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera and the wood of the cucumbertree magnolia Magnolia acuminata and to a lesser degree that of the Frasier magnolia Magnolia fraseri are harvested and marketed collectively as yellow poplar This is a lightweight and exceptionally fine grained wood lending itself to precision woodworking for purposes such as pipe organ building Magnolias have a rich cultural tradition in China where references to their healing qualities go back thousands of years The Chinese have long used the bark of Magnolia officinalis a magnolia native to the mountains of China with large leaves and fragrant white flowers as a remedy for cramps abdominal pain nausea diarrhea and indigestion Certain magnolia flowers such as the buds of Magnolia liliiflora have been used to treat chronic respiratory and sinus infections and lung congestion Recently magnolia bark has become incorporated into alternative medicine in the west where tablets made from the bark of M officinalis have been marketed as an aid for anxiety allergies asthma and weight loss Compounds found in magnolia bark might have antibacterial and antifungal properties but no large scale study on the health effects of magnolia bark or flowers has yet been conducted References edit Magnoliales www mobot org Retrieved 2023 06 18 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x a b Zomlefer Wndy B 1994 Guide to Flowering Plant Families The University of North Carolina Press pp 430 ISBN 978 0 8078 4470 0 Magnoliaceae in Flora of China efloras org www efloras org Retrieved 2018 02 23 Figlar Richard B June 2012 Magnolia Classification Information www magnoliasociety org Retrieved 2018 02 23 Jussieu Antoine Laurent de 1789 Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam anno M DCC LXXIV Parisiis apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois doi 10 5962 bhl title 284 Bentham George Hooker Joseph Dalton 1862 Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita Londini A Black doi 10 5962 bhl title 747 Baillon H 1866 Adansonia recueil d observations botaniques Paris France H Baillon and F Savy Dandy J E 1927 The Genera of Magnolieae Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Royal Gardens Kew 1927 7 257 264 doi 10 2307 4107601 ISSN 0366 4457 JSTOR 4107601 Magnolia Classification Information www magnoliasociety org Retrieved 2024 01 04 Qiu Yin Long Parks Clifford R Chase Mark W December 1995 Molecular divergence in the eastern Asia eastern North America disjunct section Rytidospermum of Magnolia Magnoliaceae American Journal of Botany 82 12 1589 1598 doi 10 1002 j 1537 2197 1995 tb13862 x ISSN 0002 9122 Azuma Hiroshi Thien Leonard B Kawano Shoichi September 1999 Molecular Phylogeny of Magnolia Magnoliaceae Inferred from cpDNA Sequences and Evolutionary Divergence of the Floral Scents Journal of Plant Research 112 3 291 306 Bibcode 1999JPlR 112 291A doi 10 1007 pl00013885 ISSN 0918 9440 S2CID 206862607 a b Wang Yu Bing Liu Bin Bin Nie Ze Long Chen Hong Feng Chen Fa Ju Figlar Richard B Wen Jun 2020 05 25 Major clades and a revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58 5 673 695 doi 10 1111 jse 12588 ISSN 1674 4918 Dong Shan Shan Wang Ya Ling Xia Nian He Liu Yang Liu Min Lian Lian Li Na Li Ling Fei Lang Xiao An Gong Yi Qing Chen Lu Wu Ernest Zhang Shou Zhou 2021 04 08 Plastid and nuclear phylogenomic incongruences and biogeographic implications of Magnolia s l Magnoliaceae Journal of Systematics and Evolution 60 1 1 15 doi 10 1111 jse 12727 ISSN 1674 4918 S2CID 234277919 Yang Lin Tian Jinhong Xu Liu Zhao Xueli Song Yuyang Wang Dawei 2022 08 28 Comparative Chloroplast Genomes of Six Magnoliaceae Species Provide New Insights into Intergeneric Relationships and Phylogeny Biology 11 9 1279 doi 10 3390 biology11091279 ISSN 2079 7737 PMC 9495354 PMID 36138758 Zhao Jianyun Chen Hu Li Gaiping Jumaturti Maimaiti Aisha Yao Xiaomin Hu Ying 2023 11 16 Phylogenetics Study to Compare Chloroplast Genomes in Four Magnoliaceae Species Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45 11 9234 9251 doi 10 3390 cimb45110578 ISSN 1467 3045 PMC 10670740 PMID 37998755 Azuma H Garcia Franco J G Rico Gray V and Thien L B 2001 Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions American Journal of Botany 88 12 2275 2285 doi 10 2307 3558389 JSTOR 3558389 PMID 21669660 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Hunt D ed 1998 Magnolias and their allies International Dendrology Society amp Magnolia Society ISBN 0 9517234 8 0Further reading editCicuzza D Newton A and Oldfield S 2007 The Red List of Magnoliaceae Flora amp Fauna International FFI and Botanic Gardens Conservation International BGCI report ISBN 978 1 903703 23 6 F Xu P J Rudall Comparative floral anatomy and ontogeny in Magnoliaceae Plant Systematics and Evolution April 2006 Volume 258 Issue 1 2 pp 1 15 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Magnoliaceae amp oldid 1194012569, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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