John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, OM, PC, PRS (/ˈreɪli/; 12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919) was a British mathematician and physicist who made extensive contributions to science. He spent all of his academic career at the University of Cambridge. Among many honours, he received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies." He served as president of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908 and as chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1908 to 1919.

The Right Honourable The Lord Rayleigh OM PC PRS
Rayleigh in 1904
Born	(1842-11-12)12 November 1842 Langford Grove, Maldon, Essex, England
Died	30 June 1919(1919-06-30) (aged 76) Terling Place, Witham, Essex, England
Nationality	British
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge Eton College
Known for	List Discovery of argon Plateau–Rayleigh instability Rayleigh waves Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh criterion Rayleigh distance Rayleigh–Bénard convection Rayleigh–Brace experiments Rayleigh–Faber–Krahn inequality Rayleigh's criterion Rayleigh's criterion (thermoacoustics) Rayleigh distribution Rayleigh interferometer Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis Rayleigh–Ritz method Rayleigh quotient Rayleigh–Lorentz pendulum Rayleigh–Gans approximation Rayleigh dissipation function Rayleigh fading Rayleigh flow Rayleigh's formulas Rayleigh fractionation Rayleigh law Rayleigh number Rayleigh problem Rayleigh–Carson reciprocity Rayleigh–Plesset equation Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory Rayleigh Still Rayleigh–Taylor instability Rayleigh–Jeans catastrophe Rayleigh–Jeans law Rayleigh's equation Janzen–Rayleigh expansion Rayleigh limit Rayleigh test Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues Rayleigh's energy theorem Rayleigh's theorem Acoustic streaming Anti-reflective coating Bending theory End correction Drag equation Dynamic soaring Duplex theory Optical theorem Photonic crystal Principle of similitude Self-oscillation Ultrasound scattering Sound theory Waveguide Whispering-gallery wave
Spouse	Evelyn Balfour ​ (m. 1871)​
Children	3 sons
Awards	1865 Smith's Prize 1882 Royal Medal 1890 De Morgan Medal 1894 Matteucci Medal 1895 Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science 1895 Faraday Lectureship Prize 1899 Copley Medal 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 Albert Medal 1913 Elliott Cresson Medal 1914 Rumford Medal
Scientific career
Fields	Physics, optics, acoustics
Institutions	Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors	Edward John Routh Sir George Stokes^[1] Lord Kelvin^[2]
Notable students	J. J. Thomson Jagadish Chandra Bose Sir William Ramsay
Signature

Rayleigh provided the first theoretical treatment of the elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the light's wavelength, a phenomenon now known as "Rayleigh scattering", which notably explains why the sky is blue. He studied and described transverse surface waves in solids, now known as "Rayleigh waves". He contributed extensively to fluid dynamics, with concepts such as the Rayleigh number (a dimensionless number associated with natural convection), Rayleigh flow, the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and Rayleigh's criterion for the stability of Taylor–Couette flow. He also formulated the circulation theory of aerodynamic lift. In optics, Rayleigh proposed a well-known criterion for angular resolution. His derivation of the Rayleigh–Jeans law for classical black-body radiation later played an important role in the birth of quantum mechanics (see Ultraviolet catastrophe). Rayleigh's textbook The Theory of Sound (1877) is still used today by acousticians and engineers.

Biography

Strutt was born on 12 November 1842 at Langford Grove in Maldon, Essex. In his early years he suffered from frailty and poor health.^[3] He attended Eton College and Harrow School (each for only a short period),^[4] before going on to the University of Cambridge in 1861 where he studied mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree (Senior Wrangler and 1st Smith's Prize) in 1865, and a Master of Arts in 1868.^[5] He was subsequently elected to a fellowship of Trinity. He held the post until his marriage to Evelyn Balfour, daughter of James Maitland Balfour, in 1871. He had three sons with her.^[4] In 1873, on the death of his father, John Strutt, 2nd Baron Rayleigh, he inherited the Barony of Rayleigh.

He was the second Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge (following James Clerk Maxwell), from 1879 to 1884. He first described dynamic soaring by seabirds in 1883, in the British journal Nature.^[6] From 1887 to 1905 he was professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution.

Around the year 1900 Rayleigh developed the duplex (combination of two) theory of human sound localisation using two binaural cues, interaural phase difference (IPD) and interaural level difference (ILD) (based on analysis of a spherical head with no external pinnae). The theory posits that we use two primary cues for sound lateralisation, using the difference in the phases of sinusoidal components of the sound and the difference in amplitude (level) between the two ears.

 

Caricature of Lord Rayleigh in the London magazine Vanity Fair, 1899

In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies".

During the First World War, he was president of the government's Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which was located at the National Physical Laboratory, and chaired by Richard Glazebrook.^[7]

In 1919, Rayleigh served as president of the Society for Psychical Research.^[8] As an advocate that simplicity and theory be part of the scientific method, Rayleigh argued for the principle of similitude.

Rayleigh was elected fellow of the Royal Society on 12 June 1873, and served as president of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908. From time to time he participated in the House of Lords; however, he spoke up only if politics attempted to become involved in science.

Many of the papers that he wrote on lubrication^[9] are now recognized as early classical contributions to the field of tribology. For these contributions, he was named as one of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.^[10]

He died on 30 June 1919, at his home in Witham, Essex.^[4][11] He was succeeded, as the 4th Lord Rayleigh, by his son Robert John Strutt, another well-known physicist. Lord Rayleigh was buried in the graveyard of All Saints' Church in Terling in Essex. There is a memorial to him by Derwent Wood in St Andrew's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.^[12]

Religious views

Rayleigh was an Anglican. Though he did not write about the relationship of science and religion, he retained a personal interest in spiritual matters.^[13] When his scientific papers were to be published in a collection by the Cambridge University Press, Strutt wanted to include a quotation from the Bible, but he was discouraged from doing so, as he later reported:

When I was bringing out my Scientific Papers I proposed a motto from the Psalms, "The Works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein." The Secretary to the Press suggested with many apologies that the reader might suppose that I was the Lord.^[14][15]

Still, he had his wish and the quotation was printed in the five-volume collection of scientific papers. In a letter to a family member, he wrote about his rejection of materialism and spoke of Jesus Christ as a moral teacher:

I have never thought the materialist view possible, and I look to a power beyond what we see, and to a life in which we may at least hope to take part. What is more, I think that Christ and indeed other spiritually gifted men see further and truer than I do, and I wish to follow them as far as I can.

— Rayleigh (1910)^[16][17][18]

He held an interest in parapsychology and was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR). He was not convinced of spiritualism but remained open to the possibility of supernatural phenomena.^[19] Rayleigh was the president of the SPR in 1919. He gave a presidential address in the year of his death but did not come to any definite conclusions.^[20][21]

Honours and awards

The lunar crater Rayleigh as well as the Martian crater Rayleigh were named in his honour.^[22][23] The asteroid 22740 Rayleigh was named after him on 1 June 2007.^[24] A type of surface waves are known as Rayleigh waves. The rayl, a unit of specific acoustic impedance, is also named for him. Rayleigh was also awarded with (in chronological order):

• Smith's Prize (1864)
• Royal Medal (1882)
• Member of the American Philosophical Society (1886)
• Matteucci Medal (1894)
• Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1897)
• Copley Medal (1899)
• Nobel Prize in Physics (1904)
• Elliott Cresson Medal (1913)
• Rumford Medal (1914)

Lord Rayleigh was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902,^[25] and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902.^[26][27]

He received the degree of Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa) from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.^[28][29]

Sir William Ramsay, his co-worker in the investigation to discover argon described Rayleigh as "the greatest man alive" while speaking to Lady Ramsay during his last illness.^[30]

H. M. Hyndman said of Rayleigh that "no man ever showed less consciousness of great genius".^[30]

Bibliography

 

Theory of sound, 1894

• The Theory of Sound vol. I (London : Macmillan, 1877, 1894) (alternative link: Bibliothèque Nationale de France OR (Cambridge: University Press, reissued 2011, ISBN 978-1-108-03220-9)
• The Theory of Sound vol.II (London : Macmillan, 1878, 1896) (alternative link: Bibliothèque Nationale de France) OR (Cambridge: University Press, reissued 2011, ISBN 978-1-108-03221-6)
• Scientific papers (Vol. 1: 1869–1881)^[31] (Cambridge : University Press, 1899–1920, reissued by the publisher 2011, ISBN 978-0-511-70396-6)
• Scientific papers (Vol. 2: 1881–1887)^[31] (Cambridge : University Press, 1899–1920, reissued by the publisher 2011, ISBN 978-0-511-70397-3)
• Scientific papers (Vol. 3: 1887–1892)^[31] (Cambridge : University Press, 1899–1920, reissued by the publisher 2011, ISBN 978-0-511-70398-0)
• Scientific papers (Vol. 4: 1892–1901)^[31] (Cambridge : University Press, 1899–1920, reissued by the publisher 2011, ISBN 978-0-511-70399-7)
• Scientific papers (Vol. 5: 1902–1910) (Cambridge : University Press, 1899–1920, reissued by the publisher 2011, ISBN 978-0-511-70400-0)
• Scientific papers (Vol. 6: 1911–1919) (Cambridge : University Press, 1899–1920, reissued by the publisher 2011, ISBN 978-0-511-70401-7)

See also

Main article: List of things named after Lord Rayleigh

• Acoustic levitation
• Acoustic radiation pressure
• Aeolian harp
• Breath-figure self-assembly
• Calibrated airspeed
• Capillary breakup rheometry
• Clark cell
• Dawes' limit
• Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics
• Eigenvalue perturbation
• Group velocity
• Hanle effect
• Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem
• Laminar–turbulent transition
• Langmuir–Blodgett trough
• Machmeter
• Moffatt eddies
• Multiple scattering theory
• Parametric oscillator
• Rayl, a unit of specific acoustic impedance.
• Rayleigh frequency
• Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction theory
• Rayleigh mixture distribution
• Rayleigh Medal (Institute of Acoustics)
• Rayleigh Medal (Institute of Physics)
• Rayleigh bandwidth (signal processing)
• Rayleigh quotient iteration
• Rayleigh's quotient in vibrations analysis
• Rayleigh sky model
• Representative layer theory
• Talbot effect
• Thermoacoustics
• Thermoacoustic heat engine
• Virial theorem
• Waveguide (acoustics)
• Waveguide (radio frequency)
• WKB approximation

References

1. "John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) – The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu.
2. Ranford, Paul (September 2019). John William Strutt-- the 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919): Recently studied correspondence. p. 25.
3. "Sketch of Lord Rayleigh". The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation. 25 (46): 840 ff. October 1884.
4. One son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh, was also an eminent physicist and fellow of the Royal Society. "Lord Rayleigh: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904". The Nobel Foundation. 1904. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
5. "Strutt, the Hon. John William (STRT861JW)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
6. RAYLEIGH (1883). "The soaring of birds". Nature. 27 (701): 534–535. Bibcode:1883Natur..27..534R. doi:10.1038/027534a0. S2CID 45898842.
7. Lanchester, Frederick William (1916). Aircraft in Warfare. London: Constable and company Limited. p. 163.
8. . Society for Psychical Research. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
9. Rayleigh, Lord (1918). "I. Notes on the theory of lubrication". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 35 (205): 1–12. doi:10.1080/14786440108635730.
10. Dowson, Duncan (1 January 1979). "Men of Tribology: John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1842–1919) and Beauchamp Tower (1845–1904)". Journal of Lubrication Technology. 101 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1115/1.3453272. ISSN 0022-2305.
11. "John Strutt, Lord Rayleigh". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
12. The Abbey Scientists, Hall, A. R. p. 59: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
13. Peter J. Bowler (2014). Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, University of Chicago Press. p. 35
14. Robert John Strutt Baron Rayleigh (1924). John William Strutt: Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., Sometime President of the Royal Society and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, E. Arnold & Company, p. 307
15. Lord Rayleigh (Robert John Strutt), John William Strutt Baron Rayleigh (1964). "An Appraisal of Rayleigh", Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, U.S. Air Force. p. 1150.
16. Melba Phillips (1992), The Life and Times of Modern Physics: History of Physics II. American Institute of Physics. p. 50
17. As quoted in R. J. Strutt. John William Strutt. p. 361. in Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, by Peter J. Bowler (2014). p. 35
18. Sir William Gavin (1967). Ninety Years of Family Farming: The Story of Lord Rayleigh's and Strutt & Parker Farms. Hutchinson, p. 37
19. DeYoung, Ursula. (2011). A Vision of Modern Science: John Tyndall and the Role of the Scientist in Victorian Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-230-11053-3
20. Haynes, Renee. (1982). The Society for Psychical Research 1882–1982: A History. London: MacDonald & Co. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-356-07875-5
21. Lindsay, Robert Bruce. (1970). Men of Physics Lord Rayleigh–The Man and His Work. Pergamon Press. pp. 227–242. ISBN 978-1-4831-1435-4
22. "Lunar crater Rayleigh". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
23. "Martian crater Rayleigh". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
24. JPL (2008). "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 22740 Rayleigh (1998 SX146)". NASA. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
25. "The Coronation Honours". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.
26. "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36842. London. 9 August 1902. p. 6.
27. "No. 27470". The London Gazette. 2 September 1902. p. 5679.
28. "Foreign degrees for British men of Science". The Times. No. 36867. London. 8 September 1902. p. 4.
29. "Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902–1910". (in Norwegian)
30. Gavin, Sir William (1967). Ninety Years of Family Farming. Hutchinson of London. p. 24.
31. "Review of Scientific Papers by John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, Vols. I–IV". The Athenaeum (3937): 469. 11 April 1903.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John William Strutt.

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh.

 

Wikisource has original works by or about:
John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

• About John William Strutt
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
• Lord Rayleigh – the Last of the Great Victorian Polymaths, GEC Review, Volume 7, No. 3, 1992
• Works by or about John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh at Internet Archive
• Lord Rayleigh on Nobelprize.org  

Honorary titles
Preceded by The Lord Carlingford	Lord Lieutenant of Essex 1892–1901	Succeeded by The Earl of Warwick
Professional and academic associations
Preceded by William Huggins	39th President of the Royal Society 1905–1908	Succeeded by Archibald Geikie
Academic offices
Preceded by The Duke of Devonshire	Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 1908–1919	Succeeded by Arthur Balfour
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by John Strutt	Baron Rayleigh 1873–1919	Succeeded by Robert Strutt