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Living Planet Index

January 20, 2023

For other uses, see Living Planet (disambiguation).

The Living Planet Index (LPI) is an indicator of the state of global biological diversity, based on trends in vertebrate populations of species from around the world. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) manages the index in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Global Living Planet Index from 1970 to 2018

As of 2022, the index is statistically created from journal studies, online databases and government reports for 31,821 populations of 5,230 species of mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian and fish.[1]

Results

According to the 2022 report, monitored wildlife populations declined by 69% on average between 1970 and 2018, [2] suggesting that natural ecosystems are degrading at a rate unprecedented in human history [3] The extent of declines varies with geographic region, with monitored vertebrate populations in Latin America and the Caribbean experiencing average declines of 94%. [1] One of the key drivers of declines has been identified as land-use change and the associated habitat loss and degradation, often linked to unsustainable agriculture, logging, or other development. [1]

Calculation

The Living Planet Database (LPD) has been available online since 2013, and has been maintained by ZSL since 2016. The LPD contains more than 30,000 population trends for more than 5,200 species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.[1]

The global LPI is calculated using these population time-series, which are gathered from a variety of sources such as journals, online databases and government reports.[1]

A generalized additive modelling framework is used to determine the underlying trend in each population time-series. Average rates of change are calculated and aggregated to the species level.[4][5]

Each species trend is aggregated to produce an index for the terrestrial, marine and freshwater systems. This process uses a weighted average method which places most weight on the largest (most species-rich) groups within a biogeographic realm. This is done to counteract the uneven spatial and taxonomic distribution of data in the LPD. The three system indices are then averaged to produce the global LPI.[6]

Criticism

The fact that "all decreases in population size, regardless of whether they bring a population close to extinction, are equally accounted for" has been noted as a limitation.[7]

In 2005, WWF authors identified that the population data was potentially unrepresentative.[8] As of 2009, the database was found to contain too much bird data and gaps in the population coverage of tropical species, although it showed "little evidence of bias toward threatened species".[4] The 2016 report was criticized by a professor at Duke University for over-representing western Europe, where more data were available.[9] Talking to National Geographic, he criticised the attempt to combine data from different regions and ecosystems into a single figure, arguing that such reports are likely motivated by a desire to grab attention and raise money.[10]

A 2017 investigation of the index by members of the ZSL team published in PLOS One found higher declines than had been estimated, and indications that in areas where less data is available, species might be declining more quickly.[6]

In 2020, a re-analysis of the baseline data by McGill University showed that the overall estimated trend of a decline by 60% since 1970 was driven by less than 3% of the studied populations; when some outliers of extreme decline are removed, the decline still exists but is considerably less catastrophic, and when more outliers (roughly amounting to 2.4% of the populations) are removed, the trend shifts to that of a decline between the 1980s and 2000s, but a roughly positive trend after 2000. This extreme sensitivity to outliers indicates that the present approach of the Living Planet Index may be flawed.[11]

Publication

The index was originally developed in 1997 by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in collaboration with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme.[8] WWF first published the index in 1998.[8] Since 2006, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) manages the index in cooperation with WWF.[12]

Results are presented biennially in the WWF Living Planet Report and in publications such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the UN Global Biodiversity Outlook. National and regional reports are now being produced to focus on relevant issues at a smaller scale. The latest edition of the Living Planet Report was released in October 2022.[13]

Coverage

The index is often misinterpreted in the media,[14] with incorrect suggestions that it shows we have lost 69% of all animals or species since 1970.[15] This widespread misinterpretation has led to several articles being published which detail what the LPI does and doesn't show, and how to correctly interpret the trend.[16][17][18]

Convention on Biological Diversity

In April 2002, and again in 2006, at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 188 nations committed themselves to actions to: "… achieve, by 2010, a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels…"[19]

The LPI played a pivotal role in measuring progress towards the CBD's 2010 target.[20][21] It has also been adopted by the CBD as an indicator of progress towards its Nagoya Protocol 2011-2020 targets 5, 6, and 12 (part of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets).[22]

Informing the CBD 2020 strategic plan, the Indicators and Assessments Unit at ZSL is concerned with ensuring the most rigorous and robust methods are implemented for the measurement of population trends, expanding the coverage of the LPI to more broadly represent biodiversity, and disaggregating the index in meaningful ways (such as assessing the changes in exploited or invasive species).[23]

See also

Further reading

  • WWF (2022) "Living Planet Report 2022 – Building a nature-positive society". Almond, R.E.A., Grooten, M., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
  • Westveer, J, Freeman, R., McRae, L., Marconi, V., Almond, R.E.A, and Grooten, M. (2022) "A Deep Dive into the Living Planet Index: A Technical Report". WWF, Gland, Switzerland.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Westveer, J.; Freeman, R.; McRae, L.; Marconi, V.; Almond, R.E.A; Grooten, M. (2022). A Deep Dive into the Living Planet: A Technical Report. Gland, Switzerland: WWF. p. 24.
  2. ^ WWF (2022). Almond, R.E.A.; Grooten, M.; Juffe Bignoli, D.; Peterson, T. (eds.). Living Planet Report 2022 - Building a nature-positive society. Gland, Switzerland: WWF. p. 4. ISBN 978-2-88085-316-7.
  3. ^ Report 2016: Risk and resilience in a new era (PDF) (Report). Living Planet. World Wildlife Fund. pp. 1–148. ISBN 978-2-940529-40-7. Retrieved 29 October 2016. (Summary 13 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine).
  4. ^ a b Collen, B. , Loh, J. , Whitmee, S. , McRae, L. , Amin, R. and Baillie, J. E. (2009). "Monitoring Change in Vertebrate Abundance: the Living Planet Index". Conservation Biology. 23 (2): 317–327. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01117.x. PMID 19040654. S2CID 8423870.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. ^ Loh, J., Green, R.E., Ricketts, T., Lamoreux, J., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V., and Randers, J., 2005. The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 360: 289–295.
  6. ^ a b McRae, Louise; Deinet, Stefanie; Freeman, Robin (3 January 2017). "The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0169156. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1269156M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169156. PMC 5207715. PMID 28045977.
  7. ^ Pereira, HM, Cooper, HD (2006). "Towards the global monitoring of biodiversity change" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 21 (3): 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.015. PMID 16701487. Retrieved 3 November 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c Loh, Jonathan; et al. (2005). "The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1454): 289–95. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1584. PMC 1569448. PMID 15814346.
  9. ^ "WWF report: Mass wildlife loss caused by human consumption". BBC News. 30 October 2018. and Morelle, Rebecca (27 October 2016). "World wildlife 'falls by 58% in 40 years'". BBC News. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  10. ^ Brian Clark Howard (27 October 2016). "World to Lose Two-Thirds of Wild Animals by 2020?". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  11. ^ Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (18 November 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines". Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128.
  12. ^ "Living Planet Index: Partners and Collaborators". Zoological Society of London and WWF. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  13. ^ "About the Living Planet Report 2022". livingplanet.panda.org. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  14. ^ Yong, Ed (31 October 2018). "Wait, Have We Really Wiped Out 60 Percent of Animals?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  15. ^ "Humans wipe out 70% of animals in 50 years". The Times. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  16. ^ "Researchers Report a Staggering Decline in Wildlife. Here's How to Understand It". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  17. ^ "There's a frightening new report about wildlife declines. But many are getting the story wrong". Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  18. ^ "Living Planet Index". Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  19. ^ "Report of the Eighth Meeting of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity" (PDF). UNEP. 15 June 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  20. ^ Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M. et al. (2010) "Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines." Science 328(5982): 1164-1168.
  21. ^ UNEP (2006) Report on the eighth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity In: CBD, editor. pp. 374.
  22. ^ "Aichi Biodiversity Targets". CBD Secretariat. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  23. ^ "Indicators and Assessments Unit". Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 2 November 2018.

External links

January 20, 2023
living, planet, index, other, uses, living, planet, disambiguation, indicator, state, global, biological, diversity, based, trends, vertebrate, populations, species, from, around, world, zoological, society, london, manages, index, cooperation, with, world, wi. For other uses see Living Planet disambiguation The Living Planet Index LPI is an indicator of the state of global biological diversity based on trends in vertebrate populations of species from around the world The Zoological Society of London ZSL manages the index in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF Global Living Planet Index from 1970 to 2018 As of 2022 the index is statistically created from journal studies online databases and government reports for 31 821 populations of 5 230 species of mammal bird reptile amphibian and fish 1 Contents 1 Results 1 1 Calculation 1 2 Criticism 2 Publication 3 Coverage 4 Convention on Biological Diversity 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External linksResults EditAccording to the 2022 report monitored wildlife populations declined by 69 on average between 1970 and 2018 2 suggesting that natural ecosystems are degrading at a rate unprecedented in human history 3 The extent of declines varies with geographic region with monitored vertebrate populations in Latin America and the Caribbean experiencing average declines of 94 1 One of the key drivers of declines has been identified as land use change and the associated habitat loss and degradation often linked to unsustainable agriculture logging or other development 1 Calculation Edit The Living Planet Database LPD has been available online since 2013 and has been maintained by ZSL since 2016 The LPD contains more than 30 000 population trends for more than 5 200 species of fish amphibians reptiles birds and mammals 1 The global LPI is calculated using these population time series which are gathered from a variety of sources such as journals online databases and government reports 1 A generalized additive modelling framework is used to determine the underlying trend in each population time series Average rates of change are calculated and aggregated to the species level 4 5 Each species trend is aggregated to produce an index for the terrestrial marine and freshwater systems This process uses a weighted average method which places most weight on the largest most species rich groups within a biogeographic realm This is done to counteract the uneven spatial and taxonomic distribution of data in the LPD The three system indices are then averaged to produce the global LPI 6 Criticism Edit The fact that all decreases in population size regardless of whether they bring a population close to extinction are equally accounted for has been noted as a limitation 7 In 2005 WWF authors identified that the population data was potentially unrepresentative 8 As of 2009 the database was found to contain too much bird data and gaps in the population coverage of tropical species although it showed little evidence of bias toward threatened species 4 The 2016 report was criticized by a professor at Duke University for over representing western Europe where more data were available 9 Talking to National Geographic he criticised the attempt to combine data from different regions and ecosystems into a single figure arguing that such reports are likely motivated by a desire to grab attention and raise money 10 A 2017 investigation of the index by members of the ZSL team published in PLOS One found higher declines than had been estimated and indications that in areas where less data is available species might be declining more quickly 6 In 2020 a re analysis of the baseline data by McGill University showed that the overall estimated trend of a decline by 60 since 1970 was driven by less than 3 of the studied populations when some outliers of extreme decline are removed the decline still exists but is considerably less catastrophic and when more outliers roughly amounting to 2 4 of the populations are removed the trend shifts to that of a decline between the 1980s and 2000s but a roughly positive trend after 2000 This extreme sensitivity to outliers indicates that the present approach of the Living Planet Index may be flawed 11 Publication EditThe index was originally developed in 1997 by the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF in collaboration with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNEP WCMC the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme 8 WWF first published the index in 1998 8 Since 2006 the Zoological Society of London ZSL manages the index in cooperation with WWF 12 Results are presented biennially in the WWF Living Planet Report and in publications such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the UN Global Biodiversity Outlook National and regional reports are now being produced to focus on relevant issues at a smaller scale The latest edition of the Living Planet Report was released in October 2022 13 Coverage EditThe index is often misinterpreted in the media 14 with incorrect suggestions that it shows we have lost 69 of all animals or species since 1970 15 This widespread misinterpretation has led to several articles being published which detail what the LPI does and doesn t show and how to correctly interpret the trend 16 17 18 Convention on Biological Diversity EditIn April 2002 and again in 2006 at the Convention on Biological Diversity CBD 188 nations committed themselves to actions to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global regional and national levels 19 The LPI played a pivotal role in measuring progress towards the CBD s 2010 target 20 21 It has also been adopted by the CBD as an indicator of progress towards its Nagoya Protocol 2011 2020 targets 5 6 and 12 part of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets 22 Informing the CBD 2020 strategic plan the Indicators and Assessments Unit at ZSL is concerned with ensuring the most rigorous and robust methods are implemented for the measurement of population trends expanding the coverage of the LPI to more broadly represent biodiversity and disaggregating the index in meaningful ways such as assessing the changes in exploited or invasive species 23 See also EditMillennium Development Goals Sustainable development Sustainable Development GoalsFurther reading EditWWF 2022 Living Planet Report 2022 Building a nature positive society Almond R E A Grooten M Juffe Bignoli D amp Petersen T Eds WWF Gland Switzerland Westveer J Freeman R McRae L Marconi V Almond R E A and Grooten M 2022 A Deep Dive into the Living Planet Index A Technical Report WWF Gland Switzerland References Edit a b c d e Westveer J Freeman R McRae L Marconi V Almond R E A Grooten M 2022 A Deep Dive into the Living Planet A Technical Report Gland Switzerland WWF p 24 WWF 2022 Almond R E A Grooten M Juffe Bignoli D Peterson T eds Living Planet Report 2022 Building a nature positive society Gland Switzerland WWF p 4 ISBN 978 2 88085 316 7 Report 2016 Risk and resilience in a new era PDF Report Living Planet World Wildlife Fund pp 1 148 ISBN 978 2 940529 40 7 Retrieved 29 October 2016 Summary Archived 13 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine a b Collen B Loh J Whitmee S McRae L Amin R and Baillie J E 2009 Monitoring Change in Vertebrate Abundance the Living Planet Index Conservation Biology 23 2 317 327 doi 10 1111 j 1523 1739 2008 01117 x PMID 19040654 S2CID 8423870 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Loh J Green R E Ricketts T Lamoreux J Jenkins M Kapos V and Randers J 2005 The Living Planet Index using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity Phil Trans R Soc B 360 289 295 a b McRae Louise Deinet Stefanie Freeman Robin 3 January 2017 The Diversity Weighted Living Planet Index Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator PLOS ONE 12 1 e0169156 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1269156M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0169156 PMC 5207715 PMID 28045977 Pereira HM Cooper HD 2006 Towards the global monitoring of biodiversity change PDF Trends in Ecology amp Evolution 21 3 123 129 doi 10 1016 j tree 2005 10 015 PMID 16701487 Retrieved 3 November 2018 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Loh Jonathan et al 2005 The Living Planet Index using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 360 1454 289 95 doi 10 1098 rstb 2004 1584 PMC 1569448 PMID 15814346 WWF report Mass wildlife loss caused by human consumption BBC News 30 October 2018 and Morelle Rebecca 27 October 2016 World wildlife falls by 58 in 40 years BBC News Retrieved 31 October 2018 Brian Clark Howard 27 October 2016 World to Lose Two Thirds of Wild Animals by 2020 National Geographic Society Retrieved 2 November 2018 Leung Brian Hargreaves Anna L Greenberg Dan A McGill Brian Dornelas Maria Freeman Robin 18 November 2020 Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines Nature 588 7837 267 271 Bibcode 2020Natur 588 267L doi 10 1038 s41586 020 2920 6 hdl 10023 23213 PMID 33208939 S2CID 227065128 Living Planet Index Partners and Collaborators Zoological Society of London and WWF Retrieved 1 November 2018 About the Living Planet Report 2022 livingplanet panda org Retrieved 13 October 2022 Yong Ed 31 October 2018 Wait Have We Really Wiped Out 60 Percent of Animals The Atlantic Retrieved 2 November 2018 Humans wipe out 70 of animals in 50 years The Times Retrieved 13 October 2022 Researchers Report a Staggering Decline in Wildlife Here s How to Understand It The New York Times Retrieved 13 October 2022 There s a frightening new report about wildlife declines But many are getting the story wrong Retrieved 13 October 2022 Living Planet Index Retrieved 13 October 2022 Report of the Eighth Meeting of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity PDF UNEP 15 June 2006 Retrieved 31 October 2018 Butchart S H M Walpole M et al 2010 Global Biodiversity Indicators of Recent Declines Science 328 5982 1164 1168 UNEP 2006 Report on the eighth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity In CBD editor pp 374 Aichi Biodiversity Targets CBD Secretariat Retrieved 2 November 2018 Indicators and Assessments Unit Zoological Society of London Retrieved 2 November 2018 External links Edit Living Planet Index Zoological Society of London ZSL and WWF Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 Retrieved 22 September 2014 LPI at GitHub Portals Environment Ecology Biology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Living Planet Index amp oldid 1127149027, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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