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List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He

April 28, 2024

Main article: Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend
"Hagbard's gallows", a megalithic monument in Asige, Halland, Sweden.

H edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Hache Old English: Hēhca, Middle High German: Hâche, Old Norse: Áki Aurlungatrausti Kemp Malone suggested that the name represented Achiulf (*Hāhiwulf), father of Ermanaric.[1] The name is probably based on Gmc *hanha-, OHG hâhan ("to hang"). The Norse form in the Þiðreks saga is not cognate, see Áki1[1] In German tradition the father of Eckehart, protector of the Harlungen. In the Þiðreks saga, he is the father of their analogues. He also kills Earl Iron,[2] who was the lover of his unfaithful wife Bolfriana. She marries Widege (Vithga) after he dies. In Widsith, he is mentioned in the same line as the Harlungen and as the head of Ermanaric's retinue. In Wolfdietrich, he aids Wolfdietrich and kills his brothers Bauge and Wachsmut who sought to disinherit their brother.[1] Widsith Þiðreks saga, Biterolf und Dietleib, Wolfdietrich, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Hadawardus Latin: Hadawardus Wilhelm Grimm suggests that he may have been the same individual as Hawart in the Nibelungenlied.[1] The first element is from haþu ("battle"),[3] and the second element is from vardu ("guardian").[4] One of Gunther's warriors killed by Walter of Aquitaine.[1] Waltharius
Haddingjar Old Norse: Haddingjar Possibly connected to the Hasdingi dynasty of the Vandals and the Heardingas of the Anglo-Saxons. Attempts have been made to connect them to the deities known as the Alcis as well.[5] The name is the plural of the Odinic hero Haddingus,[6] see below. They appear in Norse traditions of Germanic heroic poetry. They were the youngest of twelve brothers and it was only when they were together that they had the strength of a single man.[6] Gesta danorum V, Hrómundar saga Grípsonar, Guðrúnarkviða II (28), Hervarar saga 3, Orvar-Odd's saga 29, Hyndluljóð 23,
Haddingus Latin: Haddingus See above. The name is identical to that of the Vandalic Hasdingi and they are derived from PGmc *hazda- meaning "long hair as on women".[7] It is a reference to an early tradition on the sacrificial hair of the warriors of Odin.[6] In the Icelandic sources, he always appears with his twin as the Haddingjar, and he had an important position in Scandinavian poetry. He is a typical Odinic hero who is aided by Odin in his many battles, and in the end he spectacularly sacrifices himself to Odin. There are structural similarities between Haddingus and another Odinic hero, king Harald Wartooth, which has led to speculations on how the traditions may be related.[6] Gesta Danorum (I)
Hadd the Hardy Old Norse: Haddr Harði, Latin: Haddir See the etymology of Haddingus, above. He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring's warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth. He was one of the archers sent from Telemark, and the Swedes expected little from these archers that they held to be slow speaking drawlers.[8] During the battle, Ubbi, on the Danish side, cleared a path in his wake with one sword in each hand and blood up to his shoulders. Having killed six champions and wounded 11, he went straight for the archers, so Hadd and Hroald shot 24 arrows in chest and killed him, which took a while.[9] In Gesta Danorum, the archers are described a brave but humble.[10] Seeing Ubbi having killed 25 champions and wounded 11 among the Swedes and the Geats, Haddir, Roald and Grettir stopped the massacre by showering the warrior with arrows and he died having been riddled with 144 arrows, an event that turned the battle against the Danes.[10] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Hadeburg and Sieglinde Middle High German: Hadeburc and Middle High German: Sigelint Likely derived from folk belief.[5] The first element of Haduburg is PGmc *haþu- ("fight"), second element PGmc *burgi, related to Gothic bairgan ("to save, protect").[11] For the etymology of Sieglinde, see Sieglinde. Two mermaids dwelling in the Danube. Hagen/Högni1 steals their clothes and forces them to prophecy the future of the Burgundians at Attila's court. In the Þiðreks saga, he then cuts them in half.[12] Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga
Hadubrand Old High German: Hadubrant or Haðubrant, later German Alebrant, Old Norse: Alibrandr *Haduz or *Hadō mean "battle",[13] and the second element "sword" or "conflagration".[14] The name "Alebrand" has a first element PGmc *ali- ("different, other").[15][16] Son of Hildebrand1. In the original legend, Hildebrand1 probably kills him when his son does not recognize him and insists on fighting him (as alluded to in Ásmundar saga kappabana), but in later versions the two are reconciled.[17] Ásmundar saga kappabana (unnamed). Hildebrandslied, Þiðreks saga, Jüngeres Hildebrandslied
Hagal Old Norse: Hagall The name means "the skillful",[18] from PGmc *χaʒaz ("handy, skillful").[19] It may be attested as Hagala on the Kragehul spear shaft.[20] Hagal was the foster-father of Helgi Hundingsbane. When Helgi had spied in the hall of Hunding, he revealed himself on purpose to Hunding's son Heming by telling a shepherd that he was the man they had thought was Hamal, Hagal's son. As Helgi was Hagal's foster-son, Hunding sent a search party to Hagal led by his evil counsellor Blind. Helgi disguised himself as a female thrall and started grinding the quern. When Blind saw him, he commented that the thrall woman had hard eyes. Hagal answered him that the woman was a Valkyrie and a sister of Sigar and Högni that Helgi had taken captive. Helgi escaped, got on a warship and killed Hunding.[21] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
Hagathio See Aldrian1
Hagbard1 Old Norse: Hagbarðr An originally continental Germanic name (Old High German Hagupart), from the noun *hag- ("paddock, fenced area") or the adjective *hag- ("comfortable, skilled") and *barð- ("beard").[22] The son of Hámundr and the brother of Haki1, he is mentioned in several sources both as a sea-king and as the hero of the Romeo and Juliet couple Hagbard and Signy. Skáldskaparmál, Ynglinga saga (22), Ynglingatal (9, 12), Vellekla (26), Nafnaþulur (Ia2), Gesta Danorum (VII), Völsunga saga (XXV)
Hagbard2 Old Norse: Hagbarðr See Hagbard1 Hagbard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund's son Helgi, who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane. Hunding's sons attacked Helgi but were defeated and killed. The Völsunga saga names his sons Alf2 and Eyjolf, Hervard2 and Hagbard2,[23] but Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and II the names Hjorvard3 and Havard appear instead of Hervard2 and Hagbard2.[24] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming,[21] and the Völsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle.[25] Völsunga saga
Hagen/Högni1 Old English: Hagena, Old Norse: Hǫgni, Middle High German: Hagen(e) von Tronege Not historical.[26] Disputed, possibly based on PGmc *hag- "hedge", a proposed PGmc *haganaz (breeding animal/boar), or related to ON hagr ("service").[27] Hag- also means "fenced area" so it may mean "protector".[22] In the German tradition, vassal of Gunther and friend of Walthar of Aquitaine. The Þiðreks saga, the son of a demon and Gunnarr's half-brother. In the Norse tradition, brother of Gunnarr. In Waltharius, Hagen was a hostage at Attila's court. He refuses to help Gunther against his friend Walter of Aquitaine until the latter has killed Hagen's nephew; Hagen loses an eye and six teeth in the fight, but cuts off Walter's right arm.[28] In the Nibelungenlied, Hagen helps Brunhild plot against Siegfried/Sigurd after Kriemhild has publicly humiliated her. With Gunther's permission, he kills Siegfried by stabbing him in the back. He has Siegfried's treasure sunk in the Rhine. When the Burgundians have gone to Attila's hall, Hagen kills Attila's son after hearing of Bleda's attack on the Burgundian squires. He is captured by Dietrich von Bern and Kriemhild beheads him.[29] In the Norse tradition, Högni refuses to attack Sigurd because they have sworn oaths. When Attila invites them to his hall, he predicts disaster but goes anyway. He has his heart cut out by the Huns.[30] In the Þiðreks saga, he pursues the fleeing Walter of Aquitaine on Attila's orders.[31] Waldere Grípisspá, Brot af Sigurðarkviðu, Sigurðarkviða hin skamma, Dráp Niflunga, Guðrúnarkviða II, Guðrúnarkviða III, Oddrúnargrátr, Atlakviða, Atlamál, Skáldskaparmál, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr Waltharius, Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Walther und Hildegund, Rosengarten zu Worms,
Hagen/Högni2 Old English: Hagena, Old Norse: Hǫgni, Middle High German: Hagen(e), Latin: Höginus (Gesta Danorum) Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea c. 4th century.[32] If the etymology "gardian" is correct, it's possible that he was originally identical with Hagen/Högni1.[33] See Hagen/Högni1 Father of Hildr1. He fights Heoden when the latter kidnaps his daughter. In Widsith he is king of the "Island-Rugians" (Old English: Holmryg[as],[34] but in other sources his people are called by his own name.[35] In Kudrun, he is the son of the king of Ireland; as a child he is carried off by a gryphon to an island. He kills the gryphon and rescues three princess, later becoming a harsh ruler. Later, he keeps his daughter Hildr in strict seclusion and fights against the forces of Heoden when the latter abducts her; he is later reconciled to the marriage. Hagen's refusal of his daughter to Heoden (Etene) is also recounted in Dukus Horant.[36] In Norse sources, he fights Heoden and each night the dead are resurrected by Hildr so that the battle is unending.[37] Widsith, Deor Sörla þáttr, Ragnarsdrápa, Gesta Danorum, Skíðaríma, Skáldskaparmál Kudrun, Dukus Horant
Haki1 Old Norse: Haki, Latin: Haco The name Haki means "hook",[38] from PGmc *χakōn ("hook").[39] The most well-known legendary hero named Haki was the brother of Hagbard1 and avenged him by killing the Danish king Sigar. Sigar's son Sigvaldi chased him away, however. Ynglinga saga relates that with the help of Starkad, he attacked king Hugleik on the Fyrisvellir and killed him and his sons, after which he ruled Sweden for three years. Eventually, Hugleik's cousins Erik and Jorund, who were the sons of the former king Yngvi1, attacked him. He managed to kill Erik and make Jorund flee the battle, but he was mortally wounded. He had a ship loaded with the fallen men and their weapons, and had a bonfire on the ship. He laid himself on the bonfire and steered the burning ship out on the sea, a death that was praised for a long time.[40] Ynglinga saga (22), Nafnaþulur, Völsunga saga (XXV), Gesta Danorum (VII)
Haki2 the Bold Old Norse: Haki enn frœkni Not authentic, but borrowed from another legend.[41] See Haki1 One of Hrólfr kraki's champions.[42] Hrólfs saga kraka
Haki3 Cut-Cheek Old Norse: Haki, Latin: Haco See Haki1 He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth's warriors in the battle against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. He was a great champion and before Starkad killed him, he managed to inflict such wounds on the giant warrior that Starkad received a deep cut between shoulders and neck so one could see what was inside, and on his chest his lungs were falling out, and he lost a right hand finger.[43] In Gesta Danorum, Haco is called the "bravest of the Danes", and cut Starkad's neck to the middle, cut his chest so a lung stuck out and cut off one of Starkad's fingers, of the which the wound took a very long time to heal.[44] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Haki4 the Hadeland Berserk Old Norse: Haki Haðaberserkr See Haki1 In Ragnars saga loðbrókar and Hálfdanar saga svarta, Haki was a berserker from Hadeland who killed Sigurd Hart, the son of Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, while the latter was out hunting. Then he went to Sigurd's home in Ringerike and captured his daughter Raghnild and son Gutthorm2. He intended to marry the 15-year-old girl but being severely wounded the wedding was postponed. In the winter, Halfdan the Black came and took Ragnhild and Gutthorm2 and set fire to Haki's hall killing his men. Haki survived and pursued them until he came to lake Mjøsa, where he committed suicide by falling on his own sword.[45][46] Ragnarssona þáttr, Hálfdanar saga svarta
Hakon Old Norse: Hákon The etymology is contested but the first element is probably from PN Hā- which is from *hanha (probably "horse") or *hauha ("high") and the second element is konr ("son", "descendant").[47] It may also be the same name as OE Hæþcyn, from PN *Haþukunja.[48] A king of Denmark. Gudrun stays with him and his daughter Thora for three years after Sigurd's death.[49] Guðrúnarkviða I, Guðrúnarkvíða II, Völsunga saga
Haklangr Old Norse: Haklangr The name is West Norse and borrowed by the Icelandic saga author from a Norwegian petty king who opposed Harald Fairhair.[42] The name may mean "cleft lip and cleft palate",[38] or "long-chinned".[50] One of Hrólfr kraki's champions.[42] Hrólfs saga kraka
Half Old Norse: Hálfr, Hǫalfr, Hǫ́lfr The legend is attested as early as the 9th c. (Ynglingatal), but the references to the legend are stereotypical which suggests that little of it had survived by the time the sagas were written.[51] The first element há- may have three different derivations in PN: *hanha- ("horse"?), *hauha- ("high") or *haþu- ("battle"),[52][53] while the second element is -ulfr ("wolf")[54] from PN wulfaʀ. The name Haþuwulfaʀ ("battle wolf") is attested on the Istaby Runestone and the Stentoften Runestone.[52] Half is one of the most famous sea-kings from Scandinavian legends. His warriors, the Halfsrekkar, had to submit to harsh rules. After 18 years of successful pillaging, he returned to Hordaland, where his step-father Asmund had ruled in his absence. His step-father received him courteously, swore him allegiance, and invited him and half his warband to a feast in his hall. However, at night, he set fire hall, but the drunk men managed to escape only to be cut down, except for two warriors, Utsteinn and Hrok the Black. The two warriors escaped and joined Half's maternal grandfather Sölvi on Nærøy, who helped them attack Asmund and kill him. They then instated Half's son Hjör as the king of Hordaland.[55][51] He is probably also mentioned in Hyndluljóð, in the Poetic Edda, as Half the Hero, the son of Hildr, as Hálfs saga calls him the son of Hildr and Hjörleif.[56] It also mentions his warrior Innstein.[57] Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka, Hyndluljóð, mentioned in kennings in other sources
Half2 Old Norse: Hálfr See Half, above. See Alf3, who is called Hálfr in Frá dauða Sinfjǫtla, Guðrúnarkviða II and in ch. 38 of Völsunga saga.[58]
Halfdan the Black Old Norse: Halfdanr Svarti PN *Halbadaniz means "half Dane", i.e. with one of the parents Danish.[59] According to legendary sources, he was the son of Gudrød the Hunter of Romerike. He was only one year old when his father died and his brother Olaf Geirstad-Alf became king, but the kingdom partly disintegrated when chiefdoms broke loose. Halfdan was raised by his mother Åsa Haraldsdottir of Agder2 and he became the king of Agder at 18, and also became co-king with his brother over Vestfold. Harald conquered Toten, Land, Hadeland, Romerike and Hedmark. With his first wife, he had a son, Harald, and when both his son and father-in-law Harald Goldbeard had died, he inherited Sogn. With his other consort, Ragnhild daughter of Sigurd Hart, he had the son Harald Fairhair. Halfdan died by going through the ice of Randsfjord. Ringerike, Romerike, Vestfold and Hedmark split his body in four parts each to bury so that the good harvests that had followed his reign would continue in their own districts.[60] Historia Norwegiæ, Saga Hálfdanar svarta, Þáttr Ólafs Geirstaða álfs, Fagrskinna, Ágrip, Ragnarssona þáttr
Halfdan the Mild Old Norse: Hálfdan hinn mildi ok hinn matarilli See Halfdan the Black. Halfdan was the son of Eystein Halfdansson and he succeeded his father as king of Vestfold. He was called Halfdan the Mild, because he was generous, but he was also called hinn matarilli because he was stingy with food. He starved his men but gave them as much gold as other lords gave silver. He was a great warrior and spent a long time raiding. His wife was Hlíf, the daughter of king Dagr of Vestmarir (in modern Vestfold). His preferred to stay at his estate Holt in Vestfold, where he died from illness, and he was buried at Borre.[61] His son was Gudrød the Hunter.[62] Íslendingabók, Ynglingatal, Af Upplendinga konungum, Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga
Halfdan the Valiant Old Norse: Hálfdan snjalli See Halfdan the Black. Halfdan the Valiant is reported to have been great-grandson of Hrothgar from Beowulf,[63] through his father Harald the Old,[64] and grandfather Valdar. In addition, he is the father of Ivar Vidfamne.[64] According to Hervarar saga his wife was Hildr3, daughter of Heidrek Wolfskin,[64] but according to Hversu his wife was instead Hervor daughter of Heidrek. Hervarar saga, Ynglinga saga, Hversu Noregr byggðist, ch. III
Halfdan Whiteshanks Old Norse: Hálfdan hvítbeinn See Halfdan the Black. Halfdan was the son of Olof Trätälja by his wife Sölva (or Sölveig) and the brother of Ingjald. Halfdan was raised by his maternal uncle Sölvi in Solør. When the more intelligent of the Swedish settlers in Värmland realized that the famine was due to overpopulation, they migrated west to Solør, proclaimed Halfdan as their king and he took possession of the land. With the Swedish reinforcements, he conquered Romerike. He became a powerful king and married Ása, the daughter of Eysteinn hinn harðráði (the Hard Ruler) of the Upplanders and the ruler of Hedmark. Halfdan and Åsa2 had two sons, Eysteinn and Guðrøðr. Halfdan took over a large part of Hedmark, Toten, Hadeland and a great deal of the Westfold, and when his brother Ingjald died, he took over Värmland as well. He died of old age and was buried near Skiringssal.[65] The Historia Norwegiæ makes no connection with Olof Trätälja and only says that Halfdan was elected king when he returned from Sweden.[66] Elias Wessén notes the discontinuity between the Yngling naming tradition of Olof and the names of Harald and his descendants who have typical chieftain names.[67] Af Upplendinga konungum, Ynglinga saga, Yngligatal, Historia Norwegiæ
Halga Old English: Hālga, Old Norse: Helgi, Latin: Helgo PN *hailaga ("holy", "consecrated to the gods").[59] Son of the Scylding Halfdan (Healfdene). He and his brother Hroar (Hrothgar) divided the kingdom between each other, and Halga warred with king Adils (Eadgils) of Sweden. Not knowing that Yrsa was his daughter they had the famous Hrolf Kraki. As Saxo said he killed a Hunding, Bugge identified him with Helgi Hundingsbane, but this is rejected[68][69] or ignored by others.[70] Beowulf Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses, Gesta danorum, Hrólfs saga kraka, Skjöldunga saga, Bjarkarímur
Háma1 See Heime/Heimir1
Hamal Old Norse: Hamall The name is derived from hamalt which only has one attested use and that is as a synonym for "pig's snout", when referring to arranging the troops in wedge formation.[71] Hollander translates the name as "castrated male sheep or goat".[18] Hamal was son of Hagal and the foster-brother of Helgi Hundingsbane. When Helgi had spied in the hall of Hunding, he revealed himself on purpose to Hunding's son Heming by telling a shepherd that he was the man they had thought was Hamal, Hagal's son. As Helgi was Hagal's foster-son, Hunding sent a search party to Hagal led by his evil counsellor Blind. Helgi disguised himself as a female thrall and started grinding the quern. When Blind saw him, he commented that the thrall woman had hard eyes. Hagal answered him that the woman was a Valkyrie and a sister of Sigar and Högni that Helgi had taken captive. Helgi escaped, got on a warship and killed Hunding.[21] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
Hámundr Old Norse: Hámundr The first element is probably from PN Hā- which is from *hanha (probably "horse") or *hauha ("high"),[72] and the second is -mundr from PN -munduʀ ("protector").[73] Mentioned as the son of Sigmund and the younger brother of Helgi Hundingsbane and Sinfjötli, in the Poetic Edda[74] and in the Völsunga saga which adds that his mother was Borghild1.[75] Apparently the same character[76][77] is also mentioned in the Völsunga saga (by Brynhild and Gudrun) and in Gesta Danorum (VII) as the father of Haki1 and Hagbard1.[78] Gesta Danorum adds that he had two other sons who were killed early in the feud with Sigar, Helwin and Hamund.[79] Frá dauða Sinfjötla (Poetic Edda), Norna-Gests þáttr, Völsunga saga, Gesta Danorum (VII)
Hamdir Old Norse: Hamðir, Latin: Ammius (Getica) or Harnidus (Annals of Quedlinburg) Not historical.[80] Hamðir is from an older Hamþer, from PN *Hama-þewaʀ. Jordanes' form Ammius is a hypocoristic form of Gothic Hama-þius. The name means "armoured warrior", and is cognate with OHG Hamadeo and Hamideo.[81] In the Norse tradition, Hamdir and Sörli are sons of Gudrun, and the half-brothers of Svanhildr (through their mother Gudrun) and Erpr2 (through their father Jonakr). At Gudrun's urging, they set off to kill Ermanaric in revenge for his killing of Svanhildr. When Hamdir and Sörli encounter Erpr2, they kill him thinking he will not help them, but this means they only maim Ermanaric, who has them killed.[82] Getica Ragnarsdrápa, Guðrúnarhvöt, Hamðismál, Völsunga saga Annals of Quedlinburg
Harald Old Norse: Haraldr The first element of Haraldr is from PGmc *harjaz ("host")[83] and the second one is from PGmc -waldaz ("ruler").[84] A king of the Goths who receives Heidrek in his kingdom. After Heidrek has helped him against two subordinate jarls, he gives him half the kingdom and his daughter Helga. After a while Harald has a son[85] in old age, and Heidrek has Angantýr1. During a famine, the lots are cast which say that the most prominent son has to be sacrificed to Odin, both men claiming that it refers to the other one's son. Heidrek accepts that it is his own son that is to be sacrificed on condition that he is given command over half of the army (or every fourth man). This granted he orders the attack and kills both Harald and his son, claiming afterwards that all the slain were sacrificed to Odin, and he is then king of the Goths.[86] Hervarar saga
Harald Red-Beard Old Norse: Haraldr inn granrauði For the etymology of Haraldr see above. In Ynglinga saga, king Harald Red-Beard of Agder was the father of Åsa2, and he refused to give his daughter to Gudrød the Hunter of Vestfold. The latter would not accept the refusal, and so he attacked Harald's hall in the night and killed both Harald and his son Gyrðr. Gudrød took Åsa2 by force and with her he had the son Halfdan the Black. In revenge, Åsa2 made her servant kill Gudrød with a spear at a banquet, as he was walking down the gangway from his ship. She openly admitted to having asked her servant to do so.[62] Ynglinga saga
Harald the Old Old Norse: Haraldr inn gamli For the etymology of Haraldr see above. Only mentioned in Hversu Noregr byggðist, ch. III as the son of Valdar1, and the grandson of Hrothgar. Harald married Hervor, the daughter of Heidrek, and he was the father of Halfdan the Valiant. Hversu Noregr byggðist, ch. III
Harald Wartooth Old Norse: Haraldr hilditǫnn, Latin: Haraldus Hyldetan Historical existence uncertain, but the Battle of Brávellir may reflect battles in the fifth and sixth centuries between Danes and Swedes.[87] For the etymology of Haraldr see above. The epithet hilditǫnn means "tusk", cf. hilde-tux in Beowulf.[88] He was a legendary Danish king and the son of the Lejre king Hrœrekr Ringslinger with Auðr the Deep-Minded, the daughter of Ivar Vidfamne. According to Saxo Grammaticus (the author of Gesta Danorum), he was a descendant of the Geatish Siklings. When Ivar had killed his father, his mother fled with him to Gardariki, from where he returned after Ivar's death. From his kingdom in Zealand or Scania, he conquered Scandinavia and Northern Germany. When he was old, he met Sigurd Ring, his kinsman and viceroy in Uppsala in the massive Battle of the Brávellir. On Sigurd's side fought the Swedes, many Geats and people from what today is Norway, while Harald led other Scandinavians as well as Frisians and Slavs. Harald fell in the battle.[89] Chronicon Lethrense, Gesta danorum (VII), Hervarar saga, Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum
Harðrefill Old Norse: Harðrefill Fictive.[42] The name is probably not authentic, but composed of the West Norse names Harðrefr (a person from Landanamabók) and Refill (a sea-king).[42] One of Hrólfr kraki's champions.[42] Hrólfs saga kraka
Harek Wand/Wolf Old Norse: Hárekr gandr The first element has several origins, PN *hauha- ("high"), *haþu- ("battle") and *hanha- ("horse"?).[53] The second element is from PGmc *rīkia- ("powerful", "prominent", "rich").[90] Harek was sent by Halfdan the Black with a hundred men to capture the 15 year old Raghnild and her younger brother Gutthorm2 at the homestead of the berserker Haki4 in Hadeland. They closed the door of the hall where Haki's men were asleep and set it aflame killing everyone inside. Then they went to the house where Haki slept with the girl and the boy and took them away. Haki fell on his own sword seeing the sleigh disappear with them over the ice.[91][46] Ragnarssona þáttr, Hálfdanar saga svarta
Harlungen (pl.) Old English: Herelingas, Middle High German: Harlunge; the Annals of Quedlinburg name the brothers as Embrica and Fritla, Biterolf and Dietleib as Middle High German: Imbreke and Fritele. These names correspond to Old English: Emerca and Fridla in Widsith. In the Þiðreks saga, they are named Old Norse: Egarð and Áki. Possible connection to the Wild Hunt.[92] "Belonging to the race or kin of Harilo" or "men of the army (OHG hari)".[92] The name Emerca from a form *ambr-, possibly a form of *amal (Amal dynasty).[93] The name Fritla/Fritele is probably a hypocoristic form of names beginning with PGmc *friðu ("peace") with the diminutive suffix -ilo.[94] The name Egarð is probably from the German Eckehart (see Eckehart), while the name Áki is probably from the figure of Hache.[95] Nephews of Ermanaric and cousins of Dietrich von Bern and wards of Eckehart. They are listed among Ermanaric's men in Widsith. In German sources, Ermanaric has them killed by hanging, urged on by the machinations of Sibeche and Ribestein, and seizes their land and gold. In the Heldenbuch-Prosa, Eckehart avenges them by killing Ermanaric.[33] In the Þiðreks saga, they are the sons of Ermanaric's half-brother Aki Aurlungatrausti (see Hache) and are the fosterchildren of Witige; Sibeche has his wife, whom Ermanaric has raped, accuse them of raping her, so that Ermanaric kills them.[92] Widsith Gesta Danorum (as unnamed nephews killed by Iarmanaricus) Annals of Quedlinburg, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rosengarten zu Worms, Biterolf und Dietleib, Heldenbuch-Prosa.
Hæreð Old English: Hæreð The OE pl. form Hæredas refers to the ON Hǫrðar (Latin Harudes), a name which is probably related to *χaruþaz (OE harað) meaning "forest".[96] The personal name is attested as Haruðr (OWN:Hǫrðr) on the Rök runestone , haruþs (gen).[97] Hygd's father. Beowulf
Hárr the hard-gripping Old Norse: Hárr enn harðgreipi Probably fictive.[42] Hárr means "one-eyed" from PGmc *χaiχaz,[98] or "hoary" from PGmc *χairaz.[99] One of Hrólfr kraki's champions.[42] He is mentioned in one of the few surviving stanzas from Bjarkamál that were recited at dawn before the Battle of Stiklestad, and they concern the last battle of Hrólfr kraki and the Skjöldungs: Hárr the Hard-gripper,/Hrólfr the Marksman,/Noble-born warriors/Who never will flee!/Not for wine do I wake you /Nor for women's lore,/Nay, I wake you for warfare,/The hard battle-play.[100] Bjarkamál
Hartmut von Normandie Middle High German: Hartmuot von Ormandîe First element PGmc *hardu- ("hard"), second elememt PGmc *mōda- ("mind, courage").[101] Spurned suitor for Kudrun; he abducts her with the help of his father Ludwig while the Heodingas are dealing with an attack from Siegfried von Mooren. Kudrun refuses to marry him after her capture and is mistreated by his mother Gerlind. When the Heodingas besiege the Normans, he prevents Gerlind from having Kudrun killed. In the peace arranged after the Normans defeat, Hartmut marries Kudrun's handmaiden Hildeburg2.[92] Kudrun, Bitterwolf und Dietleib
Hartung, Hartunch Latin: Hartunc[h] For the first element, see Hartmut, above. A dwarf captured by Ruodlieb,[35] he is the son of the dwarf king Immung,[15] and the father of Heriburg, whom Ruodlieb marries.[102] Ruodlieb
Hartvin Old Norse: Hartvin The first element is PGmc *hardu ("hard"),[103] the second element is PGmc *wini ("friend").[104] One of king Sigmund's vassals: while the king is away he attempts to seduce the pregnant queen Sisibe (Sieglinde). When she refuses, he and Herman accuse the queen of adultery, and Sigmund orders them to kill the queen. Herman kills Hartvin in order to save the queen's life, and she escapes.[105] Þiðreks saga
Hati Old Norse: Hati Hati means "hateful".[106] In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Hati was a giant that was killed by its hero Helgi Hjörvarðsson, at a fjord named after the giant. Hati's daughter Hrímgerth is upset and starts a raunchy flyting contest with Helgi and his companion Atli2 that ends with Hrimgreth being caught by sunrise and turning to stone.[107][108] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hæþcyn Old English: Hæþcyn In spite of correspondences, there is no consensus on whether Hæþcyn and his brother Herebeald are the origin of the myth of Hǫðr and Baldr, or based on them.[109] The first element in Hæþcyn (PN *Haþukunʀ[110]) is Haþu-, which the same as the Norse theonym Hǫðr[111] ("battle"[112]) while the second element is an OE adaptation of PN *kuniʀ.[110] (*kuni- from *kunja meaning "clan"[113]). It may also be from PN *Haþukunja, and the same name as ON Hákon, above.[48] The Geatish prince Hæþcyn accidentally kills his brother Herebeald with an arrow, and their father king Hrēðel dies from grief.[114] Hæþcyn becomes king, but Eadgils and Ohthere, the sons of the Swedish king Ongenþeow, attack the Geats in Hreosna hill. Later the battle is taken to the Swedes and the Swedish king Ongenþeow rescues his queen from Hæþcyn and kills him at Raven's wood. The following day, the third brother Hygelac arrives and his warrior Eofor kills the Swedish king, and is given Hygelac's daughter as a reward.[115] Hygelac succeeds Hæþcyn and becomes king of the Geats.[110] They also have an unnamed sister who married Ecgþēow, Beowulf's father.[116] Beowulf
Havard Old Norse: Hávarðr The etymology is contested but the first element is probably from PN Hā- which is from *hanha (probably "horse") or *hauha ("high")[117] and the second element is *warduz ("guard, protector").[118] Havard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund's son Helgi, who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane. Helgakviða Hundingsbana I tells that Helgi refused to give his sons compensation, and so they attacked him but were defeated and killed.[119] In Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and II the brothers are named Alf2 and Eyjolf, Hjorvard3 and Havard,[24] but in The Völsunga saga, the names Hervard2 and Hagbard2 appear instead of Hjörvard and Havard.[23] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming,[21] and the Völsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle.[25] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
Hawart Middle High German: Hâwart The first element hâ- could be a contraction of *haga ("fenced in area," or "comfortable, suitable"), *hab ("possession"), *ham- ('"skin, hide, exterior appearance), or *haw, related to OS hauwan ("to strike"). [120] The second element is PGmc *wardu ("guard").[4] An exiled Dane living at Attila's court, associated with Iring. He attacks the Burgundians to avenge Iring's death and is killed by Hagen. In Biterolf und Dietleib, he is involved in Attila's war against the Poles and later fights in the tournament against the Burgundians.[35] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Biterolf und Dietleib

He edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Heaðolaf Old Norse: Heaðolāf From PN *Haþulaibaz,[59] where the first element is from *haþō meaning "battle"[121] and the second element from *-laibaz meaning "descendant" or "heir".[122] Heaðolaf was a Wulfing who was killed by Ecgþeow, who probably belonged to Scylfings, the Swedish royal dynasty. Ecgþeow had to seek the protection of the Danish king Hroðgar, who paid the wergild for him.[123] Beowulf
Healfdene Old English: Healfdene, Old Norse: Halfdan, Latin: Halfdanus or Haldanus PN *Halbadaniz means "half Dane", i.e. with one of the parents Danish.[59] In Beowulf, Healfdene is the son of Beow, and the father of Heorogar, Hroðgar, Halga and a daughter who is married to Onela,[124] but in Ynglinga saga, he drives away king Aun and rules as the king of Sweden until he dies. In the Skjöldunga saga, there are two Halfdanus, and one corresponds to Healfdene in Beowulf. His father Fróði subjugated king Jorund of Sweden and raped his daughter which resulted in Healfdene, who had a claim on the Swedish throne. In Gesta Danorum, there are four Halfdans, of whom the first is the father of Hrothgar/Roe and Halga/Helgo, and number two and three are the same character, and defeat the Swedes, and number two and four become kings of Sweden. Clarke points out that if Healfdene of Beowulf was buried at Uppsala it would give the Scyldings a claim to Swedish throne and it would explain his son Halga's and grandson Hroðulf/Hrólfr kraki's expeditions to Sweden and their hostility with its king Eadgils.[125] Beowulf Skjöldinga saga, Ynglinga saga, Gesta Danorum, Hyndluljóð (14)
Heardred Old English: Heardrēd PN *Hardurādaz,[59] from *hardu- ("hard")[121] and an agent noun of ON ráða ("to give advice").[126] King of the Geats, and the son of king Hygelac, Heardred offers sanctuary to the renegade Swedish princes Eadgils (Aðils) and Eanmund after their uncle Onela (Áli) becomes the king of Sweden. This incurs the wrath of Onela who attacks the Geats and both Heardred and Eanmund are killed. Onela leaves Beowulf as the king of the Geats, who however avenges Heardred by supporting Eadgils in the Battle on the Ice.[127] Beowulf
Hedin (for another Hedin, see Heoden) Old Norse: Heðinn The name is an abbreviation of Ulfheðinn which means "wolfcoat" or "werewolf",[128] see also Heoden, above. In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Hedin is the son of Hjörvard4, a king in Norway, with his wife Alfhild2. Hjörvard4 also had a son named Humlung with his wife Særeith, a son named Hymling with his wife Sinrióth, and a son named Helgi with his wife Sigrlinn. Hedin's half-brother Helgi married the Valkyrie Sváfa1, and avenged his maternal grandfather Svafnir of Svavaland by killing Svafnir's murderer king Hrothmar. One Yule as Hedin was riding home, he met a troll-woman riding in a wolf with reins of snakes. He rejected her request to accompany him, so she cursed him that he would regret it when he drank the bragarfull. Later when he put his hand on the sacred boar and made the holy toast, he said that he would have his brother Helgi's wife Sváfa, which he immediately regretted. When he met his brother, Helgi told him that he might soon die killed in a duel by Hrothmar's son Alf7. As Helgi later lay dying he asked Svafa to marry Hedin, but Hedin told Svafa to kiss him and that she would not see him again until he has avenged Helgi.[129] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Heidrek Old Norse: Heiðrekr, possibly Old English: Heaþoric.[130] Unknown, possibly a historical figure from modern Ukraine.[130] Heiðrekr means "king of the heathlands (the steppe)".[131] He is the son of Höfund, and the grandson of Gudmund of Glæsisvellir. His mother is the shieldmaiden Hervor2. He unintentionally kills his own brother, at a feast, and so he is banished but is given the cursed sword Tyrfing by his mother.[132] He enters the service of Harald, the king of the Goths and marries his daughter Helga. With a ruse he both saves his son with Helga, Angantýr3, and takes over the kingdom.[86] He kidnaps the Hunnish princess Sifka whom he rapes then sends back pregnant with Hlöd, to be raised by Sifka's father Humli.[133] With the daughter of Hrollaugr, the king Garðar (Rus'), he has the daughter Hervor1[134] He is killed by thralls, in the Carpathians, but is avenged by his son Angantýr1 who takes back the cursed sword Tyrfing.[135] Possibly in Widsith[130] Hervarar saga
Heidrek2 Old Norse: Heiðrekr Appears to be an invention of the poet.[136] For Heiðrekr, see above. In the eddic poem Oddrúnargrátr, the father of Borgny.[137][138] He is one of the vassals of Atli (Attila).[136] Oddrúnargrátr
Heidrek3 Wolfskin Old Norse: Heiðrekr úlfhamr For Heiðrekr, see above. According to the Hervarar saga, he was the son of the Gothic king Angantýr1, and like him he ruled for a long time. He was the father of Hild3 who married Halfdan the Valiant, the father of Ivar Vidfamne.[64] According to the Skjöldunga saga he could "turn into a wolf", but this could be figurative.[139][140] In the 14th c. Þórsteins þáttr bæjarmagns he is the son of Gudmund of Glæsisvellir, and the grandson of Gudmund wolf pelt (Úlfhéðinn).[139] Hervarar saga, Skjöldunga saga, Sörla þáttr, Þórsteins þáttr bæjarmagns
Heiðr1 Old Norse: Heiðr Heiðr means "shine" and "beauty".[141] Heiðr was a conventional name for a Völva, a prophetess.[142] Hrólfs saga kraka, Orvar-Odds saga, Hauks þáttr hábrókar, Landnamabók
Heiðr2 Old Norse: Heiðr, Latin: Hetha and Hedæ See Heiðr, above. In Sögubrot, she is a shield-maiden who appears together with the shield-maiden Visma (or Visina) on the Danish king Harald Wartooth's side at the massive Battle of Brávellir against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. She holds one of Harald's flanks with her banner and commands 100 champions. She is also sent out with his right-hand man Bruni to reconnoitre the Swedish troops.[143] In Gesta Danorum, she also leads 100 champions,[144] and when the army has been positioned, she leads the right-hand flank, while Haki3 leads the left, and Visna holds the banner.[145] She survives the battle and after the entreaties of the Danes, the Swedish king appoints her as the ruler of Denmark, but gives Scania to Ale the Strong. The latter cannot accept seeing a woman in such a powerful position so he conspires with her subjects, and takes over her territory and appoints her as his subordinate ruler of Jutland. The Danes later regret having helped him and contract Starkad to kill him.[146] In Chronicon lethrense, Hedæ and Wysna are the two young women who were Harald's standard-bearers. After the battle, the Swedish king appoints Hedæ as the ruler of Denmark and she founds the town of Hedeby.[147] Sögubrot, Chronicon lethrense, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Heime/Heimir1 Old English: Háma, Old Norse: Heimir, Middle High German: Heime Derived from PGMc *haim- ("home")[148] Companion of Witige. The OE poem Widsith mentions Háma and Witege among Ermanaric's as exiles followers, while Beowulf mentions that Háma fled Ermanaric's wrath after stealing the necklace Brosingamen.[148] In some sources he has four elbows. In several epics, he is the leader of Ermarnic's men fighting against Dietrich von Bern, and in Alpharts Tod he kills Alphart with Witiege. In several of the fantastical poems he is one of Dietrich's men.[35] In the Þiðreks saga, he is the son of Brunhild's studmanager, Studas, and joins Dietrich von Bern after the latter defeats him in a fight. Heime lives as an outlaw after Ermanaric forces Dietrich into exile; after Ermanaric's death, he joins a monastery that he latter saves from a giant. When Dietrich finds him at the monastery, Heime kills the monks, but is later killed by another giant.[148] Widsith, Beowulf See Heimir2 Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod, Biterolf und Dietleib
Heimir2 Old Norse: Heimir See Heime1 In Völsunga saga, Brynhild's foster-father, married to her sister Bekkhild and the father of Alsvid. He allows Brynhild to marry whom she wants, and he took care of Sigurd's and Brynhild's daughter Aslaug1.[149][150] He is killed by Áki.2 See Heime1 Grípispá, Helreið Brynhildar, Völsunga saga (24, 25, 29), Ragnars saga loðbrókar See Heime1
Helche Old Norse: Herkja or Erka, Latin: Ospirin (in Waltharius), Middle High German: Helche Possibly Attila's wife Kreka (in some instances spelled Erekan).[151][152] The names Helche/Herkja/Erka is based on the equivalent of OHG hari- ("army").[153] Otto Maenchen-Helfen argued that the Germanic forms represent an originally Hunnish name Erekan, from Turkic *arī(γ)-qan ("pure princess").[152] "Ospirin" means "heavenly bear"[154] and has a first component PGmc *ans- (god), matching her father Oserich.[155] In the continental tradition, first wife of Attila. Daughter of Oserich. Her death in the Nibelungenlied percipates Attila's marriage to Kriemhild. In Dietrichs Flucht, she persuades Attila to help Dietrich von Bern against Ermanaric and has her niece Herrat married to her. When her sons are killed while on campaign with Dietrich in Rabenschlacht, Rüdiger persuades her to forgive him. She appears as Attila's concubine in Guðrúnarkviða III, where she accuses Gudrun of adultery and is killed when the latter accomplishes an ordeal. In the Þiðreks saga, she is abducted by Attila from her father.[153] Guðrúnarkviða III Waltharius, Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht.
Helferich (Hjálprekr) Middle High German: Helferîch, Helpfrîch, Old Norse: Hjálprekr The name appears to derive from the Frankish ruler Chilperic I,[156] however George Gillespie notes that the Norse character's role seems to be more based on his being "helpful" than on any historical origin.[151] First element from PGmc *hilp ("help"),[157] second element PGmc *rīk- ("ruler, powerful").[158][159] One of Dietrich von Bern's vassals, although in the Eckenlied, his opponent. In the Þiðreks saga he is killed by Witige with the sons of Attila with Helche.[151] George Gillespie counts four separate characters with this name,[151] however Arnulf Krause regards them as the same.[160] In the Norse tradition, he is a King of Denmark who helps Sigurd's mother Hjordis and has Sigurd raised by the smith Regin.[161] In Reginsmál, he gives Sigurd a fleet and warriors so he can kill Lyngvi and avenge his father.[162] Reginsmál, Frá dauða Sinfjǫtla, Skáldskaparmál, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Eckenlied, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod, Biterolf und Dietleib, Virginal
Helga Old Norse: Helga A feminine form of Helgi which is derived from the adjective heilagr meaning "holy" and "dedicated to the gods".[163] A Gothic princess and the daughter of king Harald, she is given to Heidrek together with half the Gothic kingdom. Together they have the son Angantýr1. When Heidrek agrees to sacrifice their son Angantýr to Odin to avert a famine, he does so on condition that he is given temporary command of half (or a fourth of) the Gothic army. Instead, of performing the sacrifice, he attacks king Harald killing him and Helga's brother, claiming that all the slain were Odin's sacrifice. Helga is so furious with the deception and the death of her father and brother that she hangs herself in the temple of the goddess (Dís), perhaps Freyja (Vanadís).[164] Hervarar saga
Helgi2 Old Norse: Helgi See Helga. A king of the Huns and father, with Hildr2 of Hildebrand1 in Ásmundar saga kappabanna. Ásmundar saga kappabanna
Helgi Haddingjaskati Old Norse: Helgi Haddingjaskati, Skati haddingja or Haddingjaskaði For etymology, see Helga. Haddingjaskati or Haddingjaskaði means "warrior" or "lord" of the Haddings.[165] According to he Poetic Edda, Helgi and his lover, the Valkyrie Kára, were Helgi Hundingsbane and Sigrún reborn,[166] who in turn were Helgi Hjörvarðsson and Sváfa reborn.[167][168][166] Their story was told in the lost poem Káruljóð, which has partly survived by being used as material for the legendary saga Hrómundar saga Gripssonar.[169] The saga tells that Helgi lost his brother Hröngvid who was killed by Hrómund in a battle at Elfasker, (the islands outside modern-day Gothenburg),[170] and that later Helgi was in the service of the Haddings, the kings of Sweden. The two Haddings challenged a Danish king named Olaf to battle on the ice of lake Vänern, and as Hrómund was in Olaf's service, Helgi could meet him to avenge his brother.[171] During the fight, Helgi was protected by the magic of Kára who was flying in the form of a swan above him. Accidentally, Helgi cut off her leg as he swung his sword into Hrómund, killing her, after which Hrómund killed Helgi.[172] His horse Skæfaðr is mentioned in the Kalvsvísa in the Prose Edda.[173] Hrómundar saga Gripssonar, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Kálfsvísa (Skáldskaparmál, in the Prose Edda)
Helgi Hildibrandsson Old Norse: Helgi Hildibrandsson For etymology, see Helga Helgi is a Hunnish king, and the son of Hildibrand2. He marries Hildr2, the daughter of Buðli2, the king of Sweden, and they have the son Hildibrand1 (Hildigerus) who is sent to be raised by his grandfather Hildibrandr2. However, when Helgi is away pillaging, the aging king is attacked by Danes and killed by the Danish king Álfr4 and his champion Áki1, and they take Hildr2 away. Áki1 marries Hildr2 and they have the son Ásmundr who will later kill Hildibrand1. Later, it is said that Helgi has fallen while raiding.[174] Ásmunds saga kappabana
Helgi Hjörvarðsson Old Norse: Helgi Hjǫrvarðsson For etymology, see Helga Helgi was the son of the Norwegian king Hjörvard4 and the Suebian princess Sigrlinn. When he grew up no name would fit him and he was an ash lad until he met his love, the Valkyrie Sváfa, daughter of king Eylimi. She gave him his name and as a naming gift she told him where there was a damascened sword. She protected him during his battles, such as when he avenged his maternal grandfather king Svafnir by killing king Hrothmar and when he and his friend Atli2 had a flyting with a giantess. Later, they married and she stayed at home. However, a troll woman had put a curse on Helgi's brother Hedin so when he had drunk the bragarfull at Yule and put his hand on the sacrificial boar, he made the holy toast that he would have Sváfa as wife, which he immediately regretted. When he met his brother, Helgi told him that he might soon die killed in a duel by Hrothmar's son Alf7, who wanted to avenge his father's death at Helgi's hands. As Helgi later lay dying he asked Svafa to marry Hedin, but Hedin told Svafa to kiss him and that she would not see him again until he had avenged his brother. Helgi and Sváfa were reborn as Helgi Hundingsbane and Sigrún.[167][168][166] Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
Helgi Hundingsbane Old Norse: Helgi Hundingsbani For etymology, see Helga Helgi and Hamund were the sons of Sigmund and Borghild1. Helgi was visited by the Norns at his birth, and he earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane, by killing a king named Hunding and Helgakviða Hundingsbana I adds that Helgi was only 15 years old. The lay tells that he refused to give Hunding's sons compensation, and so they attacked him but were defeated and killed.[119] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II adds the backstory that Helgi had been sent to be raised by a man named Hagal. As Hunding was at war with Sigmund, Helgi went to Hunding's hall to spy and escaped dressed as a female servant. Helgi went to a warship and after that he killed Hunding.[21] Then he met a Valkyrie named Sigrún who was the daughter of king Högni3, but betrothed to Hothbrodd, the son of king Granmar.[175] The lays and the saga deal with how he battled against Granmar's sons and married her.[176][177] However, the second lay tells that soon Sigrún's brother Dag avenged their father by piercing Helgi with a spear at Fjoturlund, that after his death Helgi visited her one last time, and that when Helgi met Hunding at Valhalla, he humiliated him by having him do menial chores.[178] The Poetic Edda says that Helgi and Sigrún were Helgi Hjörvarðsson and the Valkyrie Sváfa reborn[179] and they would come back as Helgi Haddingjaskati and Kára.[180] Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Helgi the Sharp1 or Helgi the Keen Old Norse: Helgi Hvassi For etymology, see Helga In Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Helgi the Sharp1 was the brother of Hrœrekr Ringslinger, the king of Zealand. Hrœrekr married Auðr the Deep-Minded, the daughter of king Ivar Vidfamne, but Auðr and Helgi felt attracted to each other. King Ivar saw an advantage in this and told Hrœrekr that Auðr was unfaithful with Helgi. Hrœrekr then killed Helgi and after this Hrœrekr was himself soon killed by his father-in-law Ivar who had one opponent less and wanted to include Zealand in his dominions.[181] Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum
Helgi the Sharp2 or Helgi the Keen Old Norse: Helgi Hvassi For etymology, see Helga In Ragnarssona þáttr, Helgi the Sharp2, was the brother of Gudrød Olafsson, and he left the battle where Arnulf of Carinthia slaughtered 100 000 Danes and Norwegians including his brother Gudrød and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye (historically the Battle of Leuven in 891). He informed Sigurd's mother Aslaug1 of her son's death and stayed with her to defend her country, since Sigurd's son Horda-Knut was too young. He married Horda-Knut's twin sister Aslaug2 and they had the son Sigurd Hart.[182] Ragnarssona þáttr
Helm Old English: Helm The name means "protector".[183] Appears in Widsith, line 29, as a Wulfing. Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's wife is called ides Helminga ("lady of the Helmings") in Beowulf (610), which means that she belonged to Helm's clan and was a Wulfing.[184] Widsith
Helmnot Eleuther Latin: Helmnod Eleuther His epithet Eleuther may be a Latinized version of OHG Liutheri.[185] Gunther's vassal, he is killed by Walter of Aquitaine.[151] Waltharius
Heming1 Old Norse: Hæmingr The name is often said to be identical with ON hemingr which meant "the skin on the backside of an animal's leg" and which was used in legal ceremonies,[186] from PGmc *χam(m)inʒaz ("skin of the hide shanks").[187] According to Peterson, it was more likely derived from the word hamr ("disguise"). The name was most common in Scandinavia, which suggests that it originated there.[186] One of the sons of Hunding in Helgakviða Hundingsbana II. When Helgi had spied in the hall of Hunding, he revealed himself on purpose to Heming by telling a shepherd that he was the man they had thought was Hamal, Hagal's son. Helgi was Hamal's foster-son, so Hunding sent a search party to Hamal led by his evil counsellor Blind.[21] Norna-Gests þáttr tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane, Heming's brothers Eyjolf, Hervard and Hjörvard were slain, but Lyngvi, Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd.[188] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Norna-Gests þáttr
Hemming2 Old English: Hemming See Heming1 He is mentioned in Beowulf (1944, 1961) as a kinsman (mæg) of Offa, Eomer and Garmund (Wermund). Beowulf
Hengest Old English: Hengest, Old Norse: Heingestr Unclear if identical with Hengist, brother of Horsa. If so, probably a mythical figure.[189] From PGmc *hangistaz ("stallion").[190] The Danish ruler Hnæf was invited to his Frisian brother-in-law Finn with 60 other Danes. In the morning, they are attacked in the Frisian hall and they defend themselves for five days without losses, but eventually Hnæf is slain. Finn has so few men left that he is unable to continue the attack, so he has to agree on peace with Hnæf's successor Hengest. The remaining Danes stay in Friesland over the winter, but Hengest longs for revenge, and eventually his warriors Guthlaf and Oslaf exhort him to avenge their fallen kinsmen. Finn is attacked and killed, and Hnæf's sister Hildeburh is taken home together with the Frisian royal treasure.[191] Beowulf, Finnsburg Fragment Prose Edda (prologue)
Heoden Old English: Heoden, Henden, Old Norse: Heðinn, Middle High German: Hetel(e) or Eten(e) (Dukus Horant), Latin: Hithinus (Gesta Danorum) Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea, 4th century.[32] *Hetin or *Hetan, based on the equivalent of OE hedin, ON heðinn, both meaning "cape or hood of skin or fur". Name may indicate an animal skin or mask worm as a disguise. MHG "Hetel(e)" probably altered toward OHG hadu- ("conflict") + the suffix -ilo.[192] Abductor of Hildr1. In Kudrun, he sends Horant to woo Hildr for him, who lets herself be abducted. After fighting in which he is wounded, Hildr intervenes and her father Hagen/Högni2 accepts his suit. Later, he accepts Herwig von Seeland's suit for his own daughter Kudrun, although Herwig must initially fight him. When Kudrun is abducted by the Normans, he fights against them and is killed by the Norman king Ludwig.[193] In the Norse sources, he abducts Hildr and is forced to fight an eternal battle against her father, with Hildr resurrecting the dead each night.[192] Widsith Ragnarsdrápa, Gesta Danorum, Skáldskaparmál Kudrun, Dukus Horant
Heorogar Old English: Heorogār PN Herugaizaz[59] from *heruz ("sword")[194] and *gaizaz ("spear").[195] The son of the Scylding Halfdan and the brother of Hrothgar and Halga .[196] He had died early, as told by Hrothgar.[197] Hrothgar gives Heorogar's armour to Beowulf, instead of passing it to one of his sons.[198] Beowulf
Heoroweard Old English: Hērowēard, Old Norse: Hjörvarðr, Latin: Hiartuar PN *Heruwarduz[59] from *heruz ("sword")[194] and *warduz ("guard, protector").[118] IN Hrólfs saga kraka, Heoroweard kills and usurps the throne from Hrólfr Kraki on the incitement of his wife Skuld, Hrothgar's daughter.[199] Beowulf Chronicon Lethrense, Gesta danorum, Skjöldunga saga, Hrólfs saga kraka
Heorrenda Old English: Heorrenda, Middle High German: Hôrant. In Old Norse, an equivalent personal name Hjarrandi is attested.[200] Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea, 4th century.[32] Participle from a verb akin to OHG hurren ("to move quickly"), akin to OE heorr and ON hjarri, both meaning "door hinge'. The German form possibly influenced by MHG hôren ("to hear").[200] Scop or minstrel of Heoden. He is sent by his lord to woe Hildr, whom he abducts.[201] In Deor, the narrator complains that Heorrenda has replaced him as Heoden's minstrel.[202] In the Prose Edda (Skáldskaparamál), he is instead mentioned as the father of Heoden (Heðinn). He is also refererred to in a line in Bósa saga reflecting an older Norse version where he was a minstrel, and he also appears as the minstrel Hjarne in Gesta Danorum (VI).[203] Deor Skáldskaparmál (Prose Edda), Bósa saga, Gesta Danorum Kudrun, Dukus Horant
Herborg Old Norse: Herborg An invention of the poet; however, her story corresponds with the German epic Kudrun.[204] The first element is from *harjaz ("host"),[112] and the second element is PGmc *-berʒō or *-burʒō ("helper", "assistant").[205] A queen of the Huns and foster-mother of Gudrun's sister Gullrönd. She tells Gudrun her sad story to try to make her grieve.[204] Guðrúnarkviða I
Herbort von Dänenland Middle High German: Herbort von Tenelant, Old Norse: Herburt First element PGmc *harja- ("host, army"), second element PGmc *bord- ("board"), probably "shield" in names.[206] Possibly the hero of a lost epic; in Biterolf und Dietleib he boasts of how he abducted Hildeburg2, sister of Hartmut von Normandie, and in the Þiðreks saga is shown to abduct the daughter of King Arthur, Hildr (Hildeburg2). In the Eckenlied, he is mentioned as the son of the hero Ruodlieb and a previous possessor of Ecke's sword (Eckesachs).[102] Biterolf und Dietleib, Þiðreks saga
Herdegen Middle High German: Herdegen, Old Norse: Herðegn First element is PGmc *harja- ("host, army"),[207] and the second element thegan ("hero", "warrior", "servant"),[208] from PGmc *þeʒnaz.[209] One of the retainers of the Harlungen; in the Þiðreks saga, he is the brother of Herbort and is married to Dietrich von Bern's sister, Isolde of Ireland. When Herdegen dies in swordplay with his brother Tristram, Herbort is held responsible and is forced to leave.[210] Biterolf und Dietleib, Þiðreks saga
Herebeald Old English: Herebeald In spite of correspondences, there is no consensus on whether Herebeald and his brother Hæþcyn are the origin of the myth of Hǫðr and Baldr, or based on them.[109] The first element of Herebeald (PN *Hari-baldraʀ) is *Hari-[211] (*harjaz, "host"[112]) and the second elemenet is the same as in the Norse theonym Baldr.[211] The Geatish prince Hæþcyn accidentally kills his brother Herebeald with an arrow, and their father king Hrēðel dies from grief.[114] Hæþcyn succeeds him, but is later killed in battle against the Swedes.[115] The third brother Hygelac succeeds him.[110] They also have an unnamed sister who married Ecgþēow, Beowulf's father.[116] Beowulf
Heregart Middle High German: Heregart The first element is PGmc *harja- ("host, army"),[212] and the second element gard-,[213] from PGmc *ʒarđaz ("house", "family", "court", "yard").[214] Kudrun's most high-born maiden-in-waiting. When she is abducted by Kudrun, she marries the Norman cupbearer and thus avoids the privations of her mistress. When the Normans are defeated, she is beheaded by Wade.[215] Kudrun
Heremod Old English: Heremōd PN *Harimōdaz[59] from *harjaz ("host")[121] and *mōdaz ("mood", "bravery", "wrath").[59] Heremod was a king of the Scyldings who used to be a great warrior. However, he abdicated from his warlike duties, and was therefore banished for neglecting the safety of his people.[216] Beowulf
Hereric1 Old English: Hererīc From PN *Harirīkiaz or *Harirīkaz, where the first element is *harjaz ("host")[121] and the second element is from the adjective *rīkia- ("powerful, prominent, rich") or from *rīkaz ("ruler, prince").[217] Mentioned in line 2206 as the uncle of the Geatish king Heardred.[215] Beowulf
Hereric2 Latin: Herericus See Hereric1 The king of Burgundy and father of Hildegund, whom he sends as a hostage to Attila the Hun.[215] Waltharius
Hergrímr Old Norse: Hergrímr The first element is from *harjaz ("host"),[112] and the second element is grímr which means "mask", but it may have been conflated with grimmr meaning "cruel".[14] In the U-version of Hervarar saga, Hergrímr kidnaps Ogn2 álfasprengi from her betrothed, the giant Starkad Ala-Warrior. Hergrímr has the son Grímr with her before Starkad finds him and challenges him to a holmgang. Starkad fights with four swords at once and kills him, and when Ogn sees Hergrímr die, she kills herself rather than return to Starkad. The latter takes all the riches Hergrímr owned and also his son and raises him as his own. Grímr is the grandfather of Arngrim, the berserker.[218] Hervarar saga (U)
Heribrand Old High German: Heribrant, Middle High German: Herebrant, Old Norse: Herbrandr and Old Norse: Reginballdr The first element of Heribrand is PGmc *harja ("army, host"),[219] the second element is *branda ("sword").[220] The name Reginballdr comes from PGmc *ragan ("council," but possibly also "divine powers" as in ON ragnar),[221] the second element is PGmc balda ("bold, brave, strong").[222] Hildebrand1's father in the Hildebrandslied. In Wolfdietrich B, he is a son of Berchtung; he is imprisoned by Wolfdietrich's brothers and freed by Wolfdietrich. In Wolfdietrich D, he raises Wolfdietrich's son Hugdietrich, marries Amie, and receives Garte (Garda) as a fief. In the Þiðreks saga, Herbrandr is the son of Reginbaldr, which is also the name of Hildebrand1's father in the saga,[223] but there is no stated relationship to Hildebrand1.[102] Hildebrandslied, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Virginal, Wolfdietrich
Heriburg Latin: Heriburg} See Herborg. The daughter of Hartung, Ruodlieb marries her.[215] Ruodlieb
Herleif See Hjörleif, Leif
Herman Old Norse: Herman The first element is OHG hari, PGmc *harja ("army, host"),[224] and the second element is PGmc *manna ("man").[225] A Swabian count in the service of Sigmund; he accuses Queen Sisibe (Sieglinde) of adultery together with Hartvin. When Sigmund orders the pregnant queen's death, he saves her life by killing Hartvin and allowing her to escape into the woods.[105] Þiðreks saga
Hermanafrid Middle High German: Irnfrit Historical king of the Thuringii, died c. 531.[226] First element PGmc *ermana- ("universal"),[158] second element PGmc *friþu- ("peace").[227] King of the Thuringii and lord of Iring. In the Deeds of the Saxons, his vassal Iring murders him. In later epics, he is the exiled Thuringian and lives at Attila's court. He is killed by Volker in the Nibelungenlied.[226] 'Deeds of the Saxons, Nibelungenlied, Biterolf und Dietleib
Herrat Middle High German: Herrât, Old Norse: Herrað According to Gillespie, the name shares the same first element with Theodoric's mother Ereleuva.[228] (Gottfried Schramm instead derives the first element of Erelieva's name from a different element, *era-, of unclear meaning).[229] First element PGmc *harja- ("host, army"), second element PGmc *rādi- ("council" or "supplies").[230] The wife of Dietrich von Bern; her relatives vary, but she is usually related to Helche and Attila.[228] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Die Rabenschlacht, Biterolf und Dietleib, Heldebuch-Prosa
Herrauðr Old Norse: Herrauðr, Herruðr, Herrøðr, Latin: Herroth The first element Herr- is from PGmc *harjaz ("host").[231] The second element -røðr is from PN *friþuʀ ("love and peace"),[232] while the second element -uðr is from a root meaning "love".[233] The second element rauðr means "red".[234] In Bósa saga, the Geatish prince Herrauðr is the knightly son of king Hringr of Östergötland, and the blood-brother of the undaunted Bósi. When king Hring wants to hang them for manslaughter, Bósi's foster-mother, the sorceress Busla makes the king give up with a runic riddle (buslubœn) that he can't solve. In repentance Herrauðr and Bósi have to retrieve a dragon's egg from Bjarmaland. Herrauðr saves the princess Hleiðr from human sacrifice and they become engaged. When they are back, the Battle of Brávellir takes place, king Hring dies and Hleiðr is kidnapped by Bjarmians. They save Hleiðr from a forced marriage during great adventures and battles, and even the sexual athlete Bósi settles down with princess Edda. The dragon's egg hatches and Herrauðr gives it to his and Hleið's daughter. The only one who can marry the daughter is the one who kills the serpent, Ragnar Lodbrok.[235] In Ragnar's saga, Herruðr is the jarl of Gautland (Götaland) and had given his daughter Thora a heather-snake that grew so it encircled her bower. He swore he would give his daughter to the man who killed it, and this man was Ragnar Lodbrok.[236] In the Tale of Ragnar's sons, this account is summarized but he is called Herrauðr and the jarl of Västergötland.[237] In Gesta Danorum (IX), he is a Swedish ruler whose friends found some snakes were they were hunting together. He gave them to Thora, but through feeding they became so large that the terrorized the countryside, and so he promised to give his daughter to whoever killed them, which Ragnar did. He is later reported to have died.[238] Bósi and Herrauðr's saga, Tale of Ragnar's Sons, Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok, Krákumál, Gesta Danorum IX
Hertnit Middle High German: Hertnît, Old Norse: Hertnið[228] The first element Hert- is from hardu ("hard"),[239] from PGmc *χarđuz.[240] The second element nit is from nitha ("envy, spite"), PGmnc *nīþan or *nīþaz.[241] In German sources, the king of the Rus' and aids Attila and Dietrich von Bern. In the Þiðreks saga, the son of Oserich (Osantrix), king of the Veleti. He is married to the sorceress Ostacia and attacks king Isung of Britain.[228] Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rosengarten zu Worms, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Hervard1 Old Norse: Hervarðr The first element herr is from PGmc *harjaz ("host"),[231] and the second element vǫrðr is from PN *varðuʀ ("watchman", "guard").[242] One of the twelve berserker sons of Arngrim. For a summary, see those of Angantýr2, Hjörvard1 Arngrimsson, Hjalmar, and Ingeborg. The name was also used by his niece Hervor2 when she had run away from home and was the leader of a group of pillaging Vikings,[243] see Hervor2. Hervarar saga, Orvar-Odd's saga, Gesta Danorum, Hyndluljóð
Hervard2 Old Norse: Hervarðr See Hervard1 Hervard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund's son Helgi, who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane. Hunding's sons attacked Helgi but were defeated and killed. The Völsunga saga lists the sons of Hunding as Alf2 and Eyjolf, Hervard2 and Hagbard2,[23] but Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and II the names Hjorvard3 and Havarth appear instead of Hervard2 and Hagbard2.[24] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming,[21] and the Völsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle.[25] Norna-Gests þáttr tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane, Eyjolf, Hervard and Hjörvard were slain, but Lyngvi, Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd.[188] Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Hervor1 Old Norse: Hervǫr Unknown, possibly a historical figure from modern Ukraine.[130] ON Hervǫr is composed of her ("host") and the feminine form of varr, from *warjaz ("defender"). These elements agree with her role, as the protector of the eastern frontier.[244] Daughter of Heidrek with Hergerðr (only named in the U version) the princess of Garðar (Rus'), sister of Angantyr, half-sister of Hlöd. According to the R version she was raised in England at the court of the jarl Fróðmar, but later it agrees with the HU versions in making Ormar her foster-father.[134] She is stationed at a fortress on the Gothic eastern frontier near Mirkwood and falls in the first battle against the Hunnish invasion force.[245] She is a shield-maiden. Hervarar saga
Hervor2 Old Norse: Hervǫr Based on Hervor1 See Hervor1 Daughter of Angantýr2 and Sváfa2, she grows up with her grandfather Bjarmarr, the ruler of the Swedish colony in Aldeigjuborg on Lake Ladoga. She is beautiful but violent and unruly, and she spent time as a highwayman until she was taken home by her grandfather. She runs away again and calling herself Hervard, she becomes the captain of a Viking ship, which takes her to Samsø where she takes her inheritance Tyrfing from her father Angantýr. She goes to Gudmund of Glæsisvellir but has to leave after killing a courtier. After some time as a Viking again, she returns home to Bjarmarr. She marries Gudmund's son Höfund and they have the sons Heidrek and Angantýr.[243] When Heidrek is banished from the kingdom for killing his brother, she gives him the heirloom Tyrfing.[246] Hervarar saga
Hervör alvitr Old Norse: Hervǫr alvitr For etymology of first name, see Hervor. The second name, ON alvitr means either "omniscient" or "supernatural being, Valkyrie".[247] A valkyrie and swan maiden. The wife of Wayland the Smith. Völundarkviða
Herwig von Seeland Middle High German: Herwîc von Sêlant First element PGmc *harja-, OHG hari ("host, army"), second element PGmc wīga-, related to Gothic weihan ("to fight").[248] Suitor for marriage with Kudrun and her eventual husband. His suit for Kudrun is only accepted after he defeats her father Heoden in battle. He aids Hetel when Kudrun is abducted by the Normans Ludwig and Hartmut and Hetel is killed. Eventually, he successfully defeats the Normans.[200] Kudrun

Citations edit

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  50. ^ Byock 2013, p. 347.
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  52. ^ a b de Vries 2000, p. 204.
  53. ^ a b Peterson 2007, pp. 102, 107.
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  85. ^ The son is not named in the more original R version, but called Halfdan in the U and H ones.
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  148. ^ a b c Gillespie 1973, p. 65.
  149. ^ Finch 1965, p. 41, 48, 50.
  150. ^ Gentry et al. 2011, p. 84.
  151. ^ a b c d e Gillespie 1973, p. 67.
  152. ^ a b Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 408.
  153. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 66.
  154. ^ Krause 2010, p. 214.
  155. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 103.
  156. ^ Gentry et al. 2011, p. 61.
  157. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 840–841.
  158. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 30.
  159. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1253–1255.
  160. ^ Krause 2010, p. 121.
  161. ^ Krause 2010, p. 135.
  162. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 258.
  163. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 128.
  164. ^ Tolkien 1960, pp. 24–26.
  165. ^ Olrik 1919, pp. 423f.
  166. ^ a b c Ellis 1968, p. 139.
  167. ^ a b Hollander 1928, p. 200ff.
  168. ^ a b Jónsson 1932, pp. 197ff.
  169. ^ Chadwick 1921, p. 60.
  170. ^ Chadwick 1921, pp. 63–65.
  171. ^ Chadwick 1921, p. 71.
  172. ^ Chadwick 1921, pp. 72–73.
  173. ^ Gade 2017, p. 664.
  174. ^ Finlay 2010, pp. 127ff.
  175. ^ Finch 1965, pp. 14f.
  176. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 224ff.
  177. ^ Finch 1965, pp. 14ff.
  178. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 234.
  179. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 210.
  180. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 237.
  181. ^ Nerman 1925, pp. 244f.
  182. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 71f.
  183. ^ Malone 1962, p. 143.
  184. ^ Malone 1962, p. 169.
  185. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 35.
  186. ^ a b Peterson 2007, p. 129.
  187. ^ Orel 2003, p. 158.
  188. ^ a b Chadwick 1921, pp. 23ff.
  189. ^ Uecker 1972, p. 119.
  190. ^ Naumann 2018, p. 50.
  191. ^ Klaeber 2008, pp. f273.
  192. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 72.
  193. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 71–72.
  194. ^ a b Peterson 2004, p. 11.
  195. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 25.
  196. ^ Kightley 2016, p. 408.
  197. ^ Kightley 2016, p. 417.
  198. ^ Kightley 2016, pp. 418f.
  199. ^ Byock 1999, p. 94.
  200. ^ a b c Gillespie 1973, p. 71.
  201. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 80–81.
  202. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 81.
  203. ^ Malone 1933, p. 39.
  204. ^ a b Gentry et al. 2011, p. 85.
  205. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 43.
  206. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 759, 767 328-329.
  207. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 760, 779.
  208. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1406.
  209. ^ Orel 2003, p. 418.
  210. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 68–69.
  211. ^ a b Nerman 1925, p. 91.
  212. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 760, 770.
  213. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 798f.
  214. ^ Orel 2003, p. 126.
  215. ^ a b c d Gillespie 1973, p. 69.
  216. ^ Sebo 2018, p. 838.
  217. ^ Peterson 2004, pp. 22, 38.
  218. ^ Tolkien 1960, pp. 66f.
  219. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 760, 767.
  220. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 333.
  221. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1221, 1223.
  222. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 233–234.
  223. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 76.
  224. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 760, 774.
  225. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 1088–1089.
  226. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 86.
  227. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 476–477, 526.
  228. ^ a b c d Gillespie 1973, p. 70.
  229. ^ Schramm 2013, p. 140.
  230. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 759, 777, 1203–1204.
  231. ^ a b Peterson 2007, pp. 129, 131.
  232. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 67, 131.
  233. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 244.
  234. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 484.
  235. ^ Naumann 2016, p. 54.
  236. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 5ff.
  237. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 64.
  238. ^ Fisher 2015, pp. 635f, 645.
  239. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 749ff.
  240. ^ Orel 2003, p. 162.
  241. ^ Orel 2003, p. 288.
  242. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 131, 247.
  243. ^ a b Tolkien 1960, pp. 10ff.
  244. ^ Pritsak 1981, pp. 205f.
  245. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 53.
  246. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 22.
  247. ^ Simek 1993, p. 146.
  248. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 760, 781–782, 1576–1577.

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April 28, 2024
list, figures, germanic, heroic, legend, main, article, lists, figures, germanic, heroic, legend, hagbard, gallows, megalithic, monument, asige, halland, sweden, contents, citations, general, sourcesh, editfigure, names, medieval, languages, historical, origin. Main article Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend Hagbard s gallows a megalithic monument in Asige Halland Sweden Contents 1 H 2 He 3 Citations 4 General sourcesH editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Hache Old English Hehca Middle High German Hache Old Norse Aki Aurlungatrausti Kemp Malone suggested that the name represented Achiulf Hahiwulf father of Ermanaric 1 The name is probably based on Gmc hanha OHG hahan to hang The Norse form in the THidreks saga is not cognate see Aki1 1 In German tradition the father of Eckehart protector of the Harlungen In the THidreks saga he is the father of their analogues He also kills Earl Iron 2 who was the lover of his unfaithful wife Bolfriana She marries Widege Vithga after he dies In Widsith he is mentioned in the same line as the Harlungen and as the head of Ermanaric s retinue In Wolfdietrich he aids Wolfdietrich and kills his brothers Bauge and Wachsmut who sought to disinherit their brother 1 Widsith THidreks saga Biterolf und Dietleib Wolfdietrich Heldenbuch Prosa Hadawardus Latin Hadawardus Wilhelm Grimm suggests that he may have been the same individual as Hawart in the Nibelungenlied 1 The first element is from hathu battle 3 and the second element is from vardu guardian 4 One of Gunther s warriors killed by Walter of Aquitaine 1 Waltharius Haddingjar Old Norse Haddingjar Possibly connected to the Hasdingi dynasty of the Vandals and the Heardingas of the Anglo Saxons Attempts have been made to connect them to the deities known as the Alcis as well 5 The name is the plural of the Odinic hero Haddingus 6 see below They appear in Norse traditions of Germanic heroic poetry They were the youngest of twelve brothers and it was only when they were together that they had the strength of a single man 6 Gesta danorum V Hromundar saga Gripsonar Gudrunarkvida II 28 Hervarar saga 3 Orvar Odd s saga 29 Hyndluljod 23 Haddingus Latin Haddingus See above The name is identical to that of the Vandalic Hasdingi and they are derived from PGmc hazda meaning long hair as on women 7 It is a reference to an early tradition on the sacrificial hair of the warriors of Odin 6 In the Icelandic sources he always appears with his twin as the Haddingjar and he had an important position in Scandinavian poetry He is a typical Odinic hero who is aided by Odin in his many battles and in the end he spectacularly sacrifices himself to Odin There are structural similarities between Haddingus and another Odinic hero king Harald Wartooth which has led to speculations on how the traditions may be related 6 Gesta Danorum I Hadd the Hardy Old Norse Haddr Hardi Latin Haddir See the etymology of Haddingus above He appears at the massive Battle of Bravellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring s warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth He was one of the archers sent from Telemark and the Swedes expected little from these archers that they held to be slow speaking drawlers 8 During the battle Ubbi on the Danish side cleared a path in his wake with one sword in each hand and blood up to his shoulders Having killed six champions and wounded 11 he went straight for the archers so Hadd and Hroald shot 24 arrows in chest and killed him which took a while 9 In Gesta Danorum the archers are described a brave but humble 10 Seeing Ubbi having killed 25 champions and wounded 11 among the Swedes and the Geats Haddir Roald and Grettir stopped the massacre by showering the warrior with arrows and he died having been riddled with 144 arrows an event that turned the battle against the Danes 10 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Hadeburg and Sieglinde Middle High German Hadeburc and Middle High German Sigelint Likely derived from folk belief 5 The first element of Haduburg is PGmc hathu fight second element PGmc burgi related to Gothic bairgan to save protect 11 For the etymology of Sieglinde see Sieglinde Two mermaids dwelling in the Danube Hagen Hogni1 steals their clothes and forces them to prophecy the future of the Burgundians at Attila s court In the THidreks saga he then cuts them in half 12 Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Hadubrand Old High German Hadubrant or Hadubrant later German Alebrant Old Norse Alibrandr Haduz or Hadō mean battle 13 and the second element sword or conflagration 14 The name Alebrand has a first element PGmc ali different other 15 16 Son of Hildebrand1 In the original legend Hildebrand1 probably kills him when his son does not recognize him and insists on fighting him as alluded to in Asmundar saga kappabana but in later versions the two are reconciled 17 Asmundar saga kappabana unnamed Hildebrandslied THidreks saga Jungeres Hildebrandslied Hagal Old Norse Hagall The name means the skillful 18 from PGmc xaʒaz handy skillful 19 It may be attested as Hagala on the Kragehul spear shaft 20 Hagal was the foster father of Helgi Hundingsbane When Helgi had spied in the hall of Hunding he revealed himself on purpose to Hunding s son Heming by telling a shepherd that he was the man they had thought was Hamal Hagal s son As Helgi was Hagal s foster son Hunding sent a search party to Hagal led by his evil counsellor Blind Helgi disguised himself as a female thrall and started grinding the quern When Blind saw him he commented that the thrall woman had hard eyes Hagal answered him that the woman was a Valkyrie and a sister of Sigar and Hogni that Helgi had taken captive Helgi escaped got on a warship and killed Hunding 21 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Hagathio See Aldrian1 Hagbard1 Old Norse Hagbardr An originally continental Germanic name Old High German Hagupart from the noun hag paddock fenced area or the adjective hag comfortable skilled and bard beard 22 The son of Hamundr and the brother of Haki1 he is mentioned in several sources both as a sea king and as the hero of the Romeo and Juliet couple Hagbard and Signy Skaldskaparmal Ynglinga saga 22 Ynglingatal 9 12 Vellekla 26 Nafnathulur Ia2 Gesta Danorum VII Volsunga saga XXV Hagbard2 Old Norse Hagbardr See Hagbard1 Hagbard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund s son Helgi who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane Hunding s sons attacked Helgi but were defeated and killed The Volsunga saga names his sons Alf2 and Eyjolf Hervard2 and Hagbard2 23 but Helgakvida Hundingsbana I and II the names Hjorvard3 and Havard appear instead of Hervard2 and Hagbard2 24 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming 21 and the Volsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle 25 Volsunga saga Hagen Hogni1 Old English Hagena Old Norse Hǫgni Middle High German Hagen e von Tronege Not historical 26 Disputed possibly based on PGmc hag hedge a proposed PGmc haganaz breeding animal boar or related to ON hagr service 27 Hag also means fenced area so it may mean protector 22 In the German tradition vassal of Gunther and friend of Walthar of Aquitaine The THidreks saga the son of a demon and Gunnarr s half brother In the Norse tradition brother of Gunnarr In Waltharius Hagen was a hostage at Attila s court He refuses to help Gunther against his friend Walter of Aquitaine until the latter has killed Hagen s nephew Hagen loses an eye and six teeth in the fight but cuts off Walter s right arm 28 In the Nibelungenlied Hagen helps Brunhild plot against Siegfried Sigurd after Kriemhild has publicly humiliated her With Gunther s permission he kills Siegfried by stabbing him in the back He has Siegfried s treasure sunk in the Rhine When the Burgundians have gone to Attila s hall Hagen kills Attila s son after hearing of Bleda s attack on the Burgundian squires He is captured by Dietrich von Bern and Kriemhild beheads him 29 In the Norse tradition Hogni refuses to attack Sigurd because they have sworn oaths When Attila invites them to his hall he predicts disaster but goes anyway He has his heart cut out by the Huns 30 In the THidreks saga he pursues the fleeing Walter of Aquitaine on Attila s orders 31 Waldere Gripisspa Brot af Sigurdarkvidu Sigurdarkvida hin skamma Drap Niflunga Gudrunarkvida II Gudrunarkvida III Oddrunargratr Atlakvida Atlamal Skaldskaparmal Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr Waltharius Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Walther und Hildegund Rosengarten zu Worms Hagen Hogni2 Old English Hagena Old Norse Hǫgni Middle High German Hagen e Latin Hoginus Gesta Danorum Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea c 4th century 32 If the etymology gardian is correct it s possible that he was originally identical with Hagen Hogni1 33 See Hagen Hogni1 Father of Hildr1 He fights Heoden when the latter kidnaps his daughter In Widsith he is king of the Island Rugians Old English Holmryg as 34 but in other sources his people are called by his own name 35 In Kudrun he is the son of the king of Ireland as a child he is carried off by a gryphon to an island He kills the gryphon and rescues three princess later becoming a harsh ruler Later he keeps his daughter Hildr in strict seclusion and fights against the forces of Heoden when the latter abducts her he is later reconciled to the marriage Hagen s refusal of his daughter to Heoden Etene is also recounted in Dukus Horant 36 In Norse sources he fights Heoden and each night the dead are resurrected by Hildr so that the battle is unending 37 Widsith Deor Sorla thattr Ragnarsdrapa Gesta Danorum Skidarima Skaldskaparmal Kudrun Dukus Horant Haki1 Old Norse Haki Latin Haco The name Haki means hook 38 from PGmc xakōn hook 39 The most well known legendary hero named Haki was the brother of Hagbard1 and avenged him by killing the Danish king Sigar Sigar s son Sigvaldi chased him away however Ynglinga saga relates that with the help of Starkad he attacked king Hugleik on the Fyrisvellir and killed him and his sons after which he ruled Sweden for three years Eventually Hugleik s cousins Erik and Jorund who were the sons of the former king Yngvi1 attacked him He managed to kill Erik and make Jorund flee the battle but he was mortally wounded He had a ship loaded with the fallen men and their weapons and had a bonfire on the ship He laid himself on the bonfire and steered the burning ship out on the sea a death that was praised for a long time 40 Ynglinga saga 22 Nafnathulur Volsunga saga XXV Gesta Danorum VII Haki2 the Bold Old Norse Haki enn frœkni Not authentic but borrowed from another legend 41 See Haki1 One of Hrolfr kraki s champions 42 Hrolfs saga kraka Haki3 Cut Cheek Old Norse Haki Latin Haco See Haki1 He appears at the massive Battle of Bravellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth s warriors in the battle against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring He was a great champion and before Starkad killed him he managed to inflict such wounds on the giant warrior that Starkad received a deep cut between shoulders and neck so one could see what was inside and on his chest his lungs were falling out and he lost a right hand finger 43 In Gesta Danorum Haco is called the bravest of the Danes and cut Starkad s neck to the middle cut his chest so a lung stuck out and cut off one of Starkad s fingers of the which the wound took a very long time to heal 44 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Haki4 the Hadeland Berserk Old Norse Haki Hadaberserkr See Haki1 In Ragnars saga lodbrokar and Halfdanar saga svarta Haki was a berserker from Hadeland who killed Sigurd Hart the son of Sigurd Snake in the Eye while the latter was out hunting Then he went to Sigurd s home in Ringerike and captured his daughter Raghnild and son Gutthorm2 He intended to marry the 15 year old girl but being severely wounded the wedding was postponed In the winter Halfdan the Black came and took Ragnhild and Gutthorm2 and set fire to Haki s hall killing his men Haki survived and pursued them until he came to lake Mjosa where he committed suicide by falling on his own sword 45 46 Ragnarssona thattr Halfdanar saga svarta Hakon Old Norse Hakon The etymology is contested but the first element is probably from PN Ha which is from hanha probably horse or hauha high and the second element is konr son descendant 47 It may also be the same name as OE Haethcyn from PN Hathukunja 48 A king of Denmark Gudrun stays with him and his daughter Thora for three years after Sigurd s death 49 Gudrunarkvida I Gudrunarkvida II Volsunga saga Haklangr Old Norse Haklangr The name is West Norse and borrowed by the Icelandic saga author from a Norwegian petty king who opposed Harald Fairhair 42 The name may mean cleft lip and cleft palate 38 or long chinned 50 One of Hrolfr kraki s champions 42 Hrolfs saga kraka Half Old Norse Halfr Hǫalfr Hǫ lfr The legend is attested as early as the 9th c Ynglingatal but the references to the legend are stereotypical which suggests that little of it had survived by the time the sagas were written 51 The first element ha may have three different derivations in PN hanha horse hauha high or hathu battle 52 53 while the second element is ulfr wolf 54 from PN wulfaʀ The name Hathuwulfaʀ battle wolf is attested on the Istaby Runestone and the Stentoften Runestone 52 Half is one of the most famous sea kings from Scandinavian legends His warriors the Halfsrekkar had to submit to harsh rules After 18 years of successful pillaging he returned to Hordaland where his step father Asmund had ruled in his absence His step father received him courteously swore him allegiance and invited him and half his warband to a feast in his hall However at night he set fire hall but the drunk men managed to escape only to be cut down except for two warriors Utsteinn and Hrok the Black The two warriors escaped and joined Half s maternal grandfather Solvi on Naeroy who helped them attack Asmund and kill him They then instated Half s son Hjor as the king of Hordaland 55 51 He is probably also mentioned in Hyndluljod in the Poetic Edda as Half the Hero the son of Hildr as Halfs saga calls him the son of Hildr and Hjorleif 56 It also mentions his warrior Innstein 57 Halfs saga ok Halfsrekka Hyndluljod mentioned in kennings in other sources Half2 Old Norse Halfr See Half above See Alf3 who is called Halfr in Fra dauda Sinfjǫtla Gudrunarkvida II and in ch 38 of Volsunga saga 58 Halfdan the Black Old Norse Halfdanr Svarti PN Halbadaniz means half Dane i e with one of the parents Danish 59 According to legendary sources he was the son of Gudrod the Hunter of Romerike He was only one year old when his father died and his brother Olaf Geirstad Alf became king but the kingdom partly disintegrated when chiefdoms broke loose Halfdan was raised by his mother Asa Haraldsdottir of Agder2 and he became the king of Agder at 18 and also became co king with his brother over Vestfold Harald conquered Toten Land Hadeland Romerike and Hedmark With his first wife he had a son Harald and when both his son and father in law Harald Goldbeard had died he inherited Sogn With his other consort Ragnhild daughter of Sigurd Hart he had the son Harald Fairhair Halfdan died by going through the ice of Randsfjord Ringerike Romerike Vestfold and Hedmark split his body in four parts each to bury so that the good harvests that had followed his reign would continue in their own districts 60 Historia Norwegiae Saga Halfdanar svarta THattr olafs Geirstada alfs Fagrskinna Agrip Ragnarssona thattr Halfdan the Mild Old Norse Halfdan hinn mildi ok hinn matarilli See Halfdan the Black Halfdan was the son of Eystein Halfdansson and he succeeded his father as king of Vestfold He was called Halfdan the Mild because he was generous but he was also called hinn matarilli because he was stingy with food He starved his men but gave them as much gold as other lords gave silver He was a great warrior and spent a long time raiding His wife was Hlif the daughter of king Dagr of Vestmarir in modern Vestfold His preferred to stay at his estate Holt in Vestfold where he died from illness and he was buried at Borre 61 His son was Gudrod the Hunter 62 Islendingabok Ynglingatal Af Upplendinga konungum Historia Norwegiae Ynglinga saga Halfdan the Valiant Old Norse Halfdan snjalli See Halfdan the Black Halfdan the Valiant is reported to have been great grandson of Hrothgar from Beowulf 63 through his father Harald the Old 64 and grandfather Valdar In addition he is the father of Ivar Vidfamne 64 According to Hervarar saga his wife was Hildr3 daughter of Heidrek Wolfskin 64 but according to Hversu his wife was instead Hervor daughter of Heidrek Hervarar saga Ynglinga saga Hversu Noregr byggdist ch III Halfdan Whiteshanks Old Norse Halfdan hvitbeinn See Halfdan the Black Halfdan was the son of Olof Tratalja by his wife Solva or Solveig and the brother of Ingjald Halfdan was raised by his maternal uncle Solvi in Solor When the more intelligent of the Swedish settlers in Varmland realized that the famine was due to overpopulation they migrated west to Solor proclaimed Halfdan as their king and he took possession of the land With the Swedish reinforcements he conquered Romerike He became a powerful king and married Asa the daughter of Eysteinn hinn hardradi the Hard Ruler of the Upplanders and the ruler of Hedmark Halfdan and Asa2 had two sons Eysteinn and Gudrodr Halfdan took over a large part of Hedmark Toten Hadeland and a great deal of the Westfold and when his brother Ingjald died he took over Varmland as well He died of old age and was buried near Skiringssal 65 The Historia Norwegiae makes no connection with Olof Tratalja and only says that Halfdan was elected king when he returned from Sweden 66 Elias Wessen notes the discontinuity between the Yngling naming tradition of Olof and the names of Harald and his descendants who have typical chieftain names 67 Af Upplendinga konungum Ynglinga saga Yngligatal Historia Norwegiae Halga Old English Halga Old Norse Helgi Latin Helgo PN hailaga holy consecrated to the gods 59 Son of the Scylding Halfdan Healfdene He and his brother Hroar Hrothgar divided the kingdom between each other and Halga warred with king Adils Eadgils of Sweden Not knowing that Yrsa was his daughter they had the famous Hrolf Kraki As Saxo said he killed a Hunding Bugge identified him with Helgi Hundingsbane but this is rejected 68 69 or ignored by others 70 Beowulf Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses Gesta danorum Hrolfs saga kraka Skjoldunga saga Bjarkarimur Hama1 See Heime Heimir1 Hamal Old Norse Hamall The name is derived from hamalt which only has one attested use and that is as a synonym for pig s snout when referring to arranging the troops in wedge formation 71 Hollander translates the name as castrated male sheep or goat 18 Hamal was son of Hagal and the foster brother of Helgi Hundingsbane When Helgi had spied in the hall of Hunding he revealed himself on purpose to Hunding s son Heming by telling a shepherd that he was the man they had thought was Hamal Hagal s son As Helgi was Hagal s foster son Hunding sent a search party to Hagal led by his evil counsellor Blind Helgi disguised himself as a female thrall and started grinding the quern When Blind saw him he commented that the thrall woman had hard eyes Hagal answered him that the woman was a Valkyrie and a sister of Sigar and Hogni that Helgi had taken captive Helgi escaped got on a warship and killed Hunding 21 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Hamundr Old Norse Hamundr The first element is probably from PN Ha which is from hanha probably horse or hauha high 72 and the second is mundr from PN munduʀ protector 73 Mentioned as the son of Sigmund and the younger brother of Helgi Hundingsbane and Sinfjotli in the Poetic Edda 74 and in the Volsunga saga which adds that his mother was Borghild1 75 Apparently the same character 76 77 is also mentioned in the Volsunga saga by Brynhild and Gudrun and in Gesta Danorum VII as the father of Haki1 and Hagbard1 78 Gesta Danorum adds that he had two other sons who were killed early in the feud with Sigar Helwin and Hamund 79 Fra dauda Sinfjotla Poetic Edda Norna Gests thattr Volsunga saga Gesta Danorum VII Hamdir Old Norse Hamdir Latin Ammius Getica or Harnidus Annals of Quedlinburg Not historical 80 Hamdir is from an older Hamther from PN Hama thewaʀ Jordanes form Ammius is a hypocoristic form of Gothic Hama thius The name means armoured warrior and is cognate with OHG Hamadeo and Hamideo 81 In the Norse tradition Hamdir and Sorli are sons of Gudrun and the half brothers of Svanhildr through their mother Gudrun and Erpr2 through their father Jonakr At Gudrun s urging they set off to kill Ermanaric in revenge for his killing of Svanhildr When Hamdir and Sorli encounter Erpr2 they kill him thinking he will not help them but this means they only maim Ermanaric who has them killed 82 Getica Ragnarsdrapa Gudrunarhvot Hamdismal Volsunga saga Annals of Quedlinburg Harald Old Norse Haraldr The first element of Haraldr is from PGmc harjaz host 83 and the second one is from PGmc waldaz ruler 84 A king of the Goths who receives Heidrek in his kingdom After Heidrek has helped him against two subordinate jarls he gives him half the kingdom and his daughter Helga After a while Harald has a son 85 in old age and Heidrek has Angantyr1 During a famine the lots are cast which say that the most prominent son has to be sacrificed to Odin both men claiming that it refers to the other one s son Heidrek accepts that it is his own son that is to be sacrificed on condition that he is given command over half of the army or every fourth man This granted he orders the attack and kills both Harald and his son claiming afterwards that all the slain were sacrificed to Odin and he is then king of the Goths 86 Hervarar saga Harald Red Beard Old Norse Haraldr inn granraudi For the etymology of Haraldr see above In Ynglinga saga king Harald Red Beard of Agder was the father of Asa2 and he refused to give his daughter to Gudrod the Hunter of Vestfold The latter would not accept the refusal and so he attacked Harald s hall in the night and killed both Harald and his son Gyrdr Gudrod took Asa2 by force and with her he had the son Halfdan the Black In revenge Asa2 made her servant kill Gudrod with a spear at a banquet as he was walking down the gangway from his ship She openly admitted to having asked her servant to do so 62 Ynglinga saga Harald the Old Old Norse Haraldr inn gamli For the etymology of Haraldr see above Only mentioned in Hversu Noregr byggdist ch III as the son of Valdar1 and the grandson of Hrothgar Harald married Hervor the daughter of Heidrek and he was the father of Halfdan the Valiant Hversu Noregr byggdist ch III Harald Wartooth Old Norse Haraldr hilditǫnn Latin Haraldus Hyldetan Historical existence uncertain but the Battle of Bravellir may reflect battles in the fifth and sixth centuries between Danes and Swedes 87 For the etymology of Haraldr see above The epithet hilditǫnn means tusk cf hilde tux in Beowulf 88 He was a legendary Danish king and the son of the Lejre king Hrœrekr Ringslinger with Audr the Deep Minded the daughter of Ivar Vidfamne According to Saxo Grammaticus the author of Gesta Danorum he was a descendant of the Geatish Siklings When Ivar had killed his father his mother fled with him to Gardariki from where he returned after Ivar s death From his kingdom in Zealand or Scania he conquered Scandinavia and Northern Germany When he was old he met Sigurd Ring his kinsman and viceroy in Uppsala in the massive Battle of the Bravellir On Sigurd s side fought the Swedes many Geats and people from what today is Norway while Harald led other Scandinavians as well as Frisians and Slavs Harald fell in the battle 89 Chronicon Lethrense Gesta danorum VII Hervarar saga Sogubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum Hardrefill Old Norse Hardrefill Fictive 42 The name is probably not authentic but composed of the West Norse names Hardrefr a person from Landanamabok and Refill a sea king 42 One of Hrolfr kraki s champions 42 Hrolfs saga kraka Harek Wand Wolf Old Norse Harekr gandr The first element has several origins PN hauha high hathu battle and hanha horse 53 The second element is from PGmc rikia powerful prominent rich 90 Harek was sent by Halfdan the Black with a hundred men to capture the 15 year old Raghnild and her younger brother Gutthorm2 at the homestead of the berserker Haki4 in Hadeland They closed the door of the hall where Haki s men were asleep and set it aflame killing everyone inside Then they went to the house where Haki slept with the girl and the boy and took them away Haki fell on his own sword seeing the sleigh disappear with them over the ice 91 46 Ragnarssona thattr Halfdanar saga svarta Harlungen pl Old English Herelingas Middle High German Harlunge the Annals of Quedlinburg name the brothers as Embrica and Fritla Biterolf and Dietleib as Middle High German Imbreke and Fritele These names correspond to Old English Emerca and Fridla in Widsith In the THidreks saga they are named Old Norse Egard and Aki Possible connection to the Wild Hunt 92 Belonging to the race or kin of Harilo or men of the army OHG hari 92 The name Emerca from a form ambr possibly a form of amal Amal dynasty 93 The name Fritla Fritele is probably a hypocoristic form of names beginning with PGmc fridu peace with the diminutive suffix ilo 94 The name Egard is probably from the German Eckehart see Eckehart while the name Aki is probably from the figure of Hache 95 Nephews of Ermanaric and cousins of Dietrich von Bern and wards of Eckehart They are listed among Ermanaric s men in Widsith In German sources Ermanaric has them killed by hanging urged on by the machinations of Sibeche and Ribestein and seizes their land and gold In the Heldenbuch Prosa Eckehart avenges them by killing Ermanaric 33 In the THidreks saga they are the sons of Ermanaric s half brother Aki Aurlungatrausti see Hache and are the fosterchildren of Witige Sibeche has his wife whom Ermanaric has raped accuse them of raping her so that Ermanaric kills them 92 Widsith Gesta Danorum as unnamed nephews killed by Iarmanaricus Annals of Quedlinburg THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rosengarten zu Worms Biterolf und Dietleib Heldenbuch Prosa Haered Old English Haered The OE pl form Haeredas refers to the ON Hǫrdar Latin Harudes a name which is probably related to xaruthaz OE harad meaning forest 96 The personal name is attested as Harudr OWN Hǫrdr on the Rok runestone haruths gen 97 Hygd s father Beowulf Harr the hard gripping Old Norse Harr enn hardgreipi Probably fictive 42 Harr means one eyed from PGmc xaixaz 98 or hoary from PGmc xairaz 99 One of Hrolfr kraki s champions 42 He is mentioned in one of the few surviving stanzas from Bjarkamal that were recited at dawn before the Battle of Stiklestad and they concern the last battle of Hrolfr kraki and the Skjoldungs Harr the Hard gripper Hrolfr the Marksman Noble born warriors Who never will flee Not for wine do I wake you Nor for women s lore Nay I wake you for warfare The hard battle play 100 Bjarkamal Hartmut von Normandie Middle High German Hartmuot von Ormandie First element PGmc hardu hard second elememt PGmc mōda mind courage 101 Spurned suitor for Kudrun he abducts her with the help of his father Ludwig while the Heodingas are dealing with an attack from Siegfried von Mooren Kudrun refuses to marry him after her capture and is mistreated by his mother Gerlind When the Heodingas besiege the Normans he prevents Gerlind from having Kudrun killed In the peace arranged after the Normans defeat Hartmut marries Kudrun s handmaiden Hildeburg2 92 Kudrun Bitterwolf und Dietleib Hartung Hartunch Latin Hartunc h For the first element see Hartmut above A dwarf captured by Ruodlieb 35 he is the son of the dwarf king Immung 15 and the father of Heriburg whom Ruodlieb marries 102 Ruodlieb Hartvin Old Norse Hartvin The first element is PGmc hardu hard 103 the second element is PGmc wini friend 104 One of king Sigmund s vassals while the king is away he attempts to seduce the pregnant queen Sisibe Sieglinde When she refuses he and Herman accuse the queen of adultery and Sigmund orders them to kill the queen Herman kills Hartvin in order to save the queen s life and she escapes 105 THidreks saga Hati Old Norse Hati Hati means hateful 106 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hati was a giant that was killed by its hero Helgi Hjorvardsson at a fjord named after the giant Hati s daughter Hrimgerth is upset and starts a raunchy flyting contest with Helgi and his companion Atli2 that ends with Hrimgreth being caught by sunrise and turning to stone 107 108 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Haethcyn Old English Haethcyn In spite of correspondences there is no consensus on whether Haethcyn and his brother Herebeald are the origin of the myth of Hǫdr and Baldr or based on them 109 The first element in Haethcyn PN Hathukunʀ 110 is Hathu which the same as the Norse theonym Hǫdr 111 battle 112 while the second element is an OE adaptation of PN kuniʀ 110 kuni from kunja meaning clan 113 It may also be from PN Hathukunja and the same name as ON Hakon above 48 The Geatish prince Haethcyn accidentally kills his brother Herebeald with an arrow and their father king Hredel dies from grief 114 Haethcyn becomes king but Eadgils and Ohthere the sons of the Swedish king Ongentheow attack the Geats in Hreosna hill Later the battle is taken to the Swedes and the Swedish king Ongentheow rescues his queen from Haethcyn and kills him at Raven s wood The following day the third brother Hygelac arrives and his warrior Eofor kills the Swedish king and is given Hygelac s daughter as a reward 115 Hygelac succeeds Haethcyn and becomes king of the Geats 110 They also have an unnamed sister who married Ecgtheow Beowulf s father 116 Beowulf Havard Old Norse Havardr The etymology is contested but the first element is probably from PN Ha which is from hanha probably horse or hauha high 117 and the second element is warduz guard protector 118 Havard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund s son Helgi who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane Helgakvida Hundingsbana I tells that Helgi refused to give his sons compensation and so they attacked him but were defeated and killed 119 In Helgakvida Hundingsbana I and II the brothers are named Alf2 and Eyjolf Hjorvard3 and Havard 24 but in The Volsunga saga the names Hervard2 and Hagbard2 appear instead of Hjorvard and Havard 23 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming 21 and the Volsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle 25 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Hawart Middle High German Hawart The first element ha could be a contraction of haga fenced in area or comfortable suitable hab possession ham skin hide exterior appearance or haw related to OS hauwan to strike 120 The second element is PGmc wardu guard 4 An exiled Dane living at Attila s court associated with Iring He attacks the Burgundians to avenge Iring s death and is killed by Hagen In Biterolf und Dietleib he is involved in Attila s war against the Poles and later fights in the tournament against the Burgundians 35 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage Biterolf und DietleibHe editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Headolaf Old Norse Headolaf From PN Hathulaibaz 59 where the first element is from hathō meaning battle 121 and the second element from laibaz meaning descendant or heir 122 Headolaf was a Wulfing who was killed by Ecgtheow who probably belonged to Scylfings the Swedish royal dynasty Ecgtheow had to seek the protection of the Danish king Hrodgar who paid the wergild for him 123 Beowulf Healfdene Old English Healfdene Old Norse Halfdan Latin Halfdanus or Haldanus PN Halbadaniz means half Dane i e with one of the parents Danish 59 In Beowulf Healfdene is the son of Beow and the father of Heorogar Hrodgar Halga and a daughter who is married to Onela 124 but in Ynglinga saga he drives away king Aun and rules as the king of Sweden until he dies In the Skjoldunga saga there are two Halfdanus and one corresponds to Healfdene in Beowulf His father Frodi subjugated king Jorund of Sweden and raped his daughter which resulted in Healfdene who had a claim on the Swedish throne In Gesta Danorum there are four Halfdans of whom the first is the father of Hrothgar Roe and Halga Helgo and number two and three are the same character and defeat the Swedes and number two and four become kings of Sweden Clarke points out that if Healfdene of Beowulf was buried at Uppsala it would give the Scyldings a claim to Swedish throne and it would explain his son Halga s and grandson Hrodulf Hrolfr kraki s expeditions to Sweden and their hostility with its king Eadgils 125 Beowulf Skjoldinga saga Ynglinga saga Gesta Danorum Hyndluljod 14 Heardred Old English Heardred PN Harduradaz 59 from hardu hard 121 and an agent noun of ON rada to give advice 126 King of the Geats and the son of king Hygelac Heardred offers sanctuary to the renegade Swedish princes Eadgils Adils and Eanmund after their uncle Onela Ali becomes the king of Sweden This incurs the wrath of Onela who attacks the Geats and both Heardred and Eanmund are killed Onela leaves Beowulf as the king of the Geats who however avenges Heardred by supporting Eadgils in the Battle on the Ice 127 Beowulf Hedin for another Hedin see Heoden Old Norse Hedinn The name is an abbreviation of Ulfhedinn which means wolfcoat or werewolf 128 see also Heoden above In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hedin is the son of Hjorvard4 a king in Norway with his wife Alfhild2 Hjorvard4 also had a son named Humlung with his wife Saereith a son named Hymling with his wife Sinrioth and a son named Helgi with his wife Sigrlinn Hedin s half brother Helgi married the Valkyrie Svafa1 and avenged his maternal grandfather Svafnir of Svavaland by killing Svafnir s murderer king Hrothmar One Yule as Hedin was riding home he met a troll woman riding in a wolf with reins of snakes He rejected her request to accompany him so she cursed him that he would regret it when he drank the bragarfull Later when he put his hand on the sacred boar and made the holy toast he said that he would have his brother Helgi s wife Svafa which he immediately regretted When he met his brother Helgi told him that he might soon die killed in a duel by Hrothmar s son Alf7 As Helgi later lay dying he asked Svafa to marry Hedin but Hedin told Svafa to kiss him and that she would not see him again until he has avenged Helgi 129 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Heidrek Old Norse Heidrekr possibly Old English Heathoric 130 Unknown possibly a historical figure from modern Ukraine 130 Heidrekr means king of the heathlands the steppe 131 He is the son of Hofund and the grandson of Gudmund of Glaesisvellir His mother is the shieldmaiden Hervor2 He unintentionally kills his own brother at a feast and so he is banished but is given the cursed sword Tyrfing by his mother 132 He enters the service of Harald the king of the Goths and marries his daughter Helga With a ruse he both saves his son with Helga Angantyr3 and takes over the kingdom 86 He kidnaps the Hunnish princess Sifka whom he rapes then sends back pregnant with Hlod to be raised by Sifka s father Humli 133 With the daughter of Hrollaugr the king Gardar Rus he has the daughter Hervor1 134 He is killed by thralls in the Carpathians but is avenged by his son Angantyr1 who takes back the cursed sword Tyrfing 135 Possibly in Widsith 130 Hervarar saga Heidrek2 Old Norse Heidrekr Appears to be an invention of the poet 136 For Heidrekr see above In the eddic poem Oddrunargratr the father of Borgny 137 138 He is one of the vassals of Atli Attila 136 Oddrunargratr Heidrek3 Wolfskin Old Norse Heidrekr ulfhamr For Heidrekr see above According to the Hervarar saga he was the son of the Gothic king Angantyr1 and like him he ruled for a long time He was the father of Hild3 who married Halfdan the Valiant the father of Ivar Vidfamne 64 According to the Skjoldunga saga he could turn into a wolf but this could be figurative 139 140 In the 14th c THorsteins thattr baejarmagns he is the son of Gudmund of Glaesisvellir and the grandson of Gudmund wolf pelt Ulfhedinn 139 Hervarar saga Skjoldunga saga Sorla thattr THorsteins thattr baejarmagns Heidr1 Old Norse Heidr Heidr means shine and beauty 141 Heidr was a conventional name for a Volva a prophetess 142 Hrolfs saga kraka Orvar Odds saga Hauks thattr habrokar Landnamabok Heidr2 Old Norse Heidr Latin Hetha and Hedae See Heidr above In Sogubrot she is a shield maiden who appears together with the shield maiden Visma or Visina on the Danish king Harald Wartooth s side at the massive Battle of Bravellir against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring She holds one of Harald s flanks with her banner and commands 100 champions She is also sent out with his right hand man Bruni to reconnoitre the Swedish troops 143 In Gesta Danorum she also leads 100 champions 144 and when the army has been positioned she leads the right hand flank while Haki3 leads the left and Visna holds the banner 145 She survives the battle and after the entreaties of the Danes the Swedish king appoints her as the ruler of Denmark but gives Scania to Ale the Strong The latter cannot accept seeing a woman in such a powerful position so he conspires with her subjects and takes over her territory and appoints her as his subordinate ruler of Jutland The Danes later regret having helped him and contract Starkad to kill him 146 In Chronicon lethrense Hedae and Wysna are the two young women who were Harald s standard bearers After the battle the Swedish king appoints Hedae as the ruler of Denmark and she founds the town of Hedeby 147 Sogubrot Chronicon lethrense Gesta Danorum VIII Heime Heimir1 Old English Hama Old Norse Heimir Middle High German Heime Derived from PGMc haim home 148 Companion of Witige The OE poem Widsith mentions Hama and Witege among Ermanaric s as exiles followers while Beowulf mentions that Hama fled Ermanaric s wrath after stealing the necklace Brosingamen 148 In some sources he has four elbows In several epics he is the leader of Ermarnic s men fighting against Dietrich von Bern and in Alpharts Tod he kills Alphart with Witiege In several of the fantastical poems he is one of Dietrich s men 35 In the THidreks saga he is the son of Brunhild s studmanager Studas and joins Dietrich von Bern after the latter defeats him in a fight Heime lives as an outlaw after Ermanaric forces Dietrich into exile after Ermanaric s death he joins a monastery that he latter saves from a giant When Dietrich finds him at the monastery Heime kills the monks but is later killed by another giant 148 Widsith Beowulf See Heimir2 THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Alpharts Tod Biterolf und Dietleib Heimir2 Old Norse Heimir See Heime1 In Volsunga saga Brynhild s foster father married to her sister Bekkhild and the father of Alsvid He allows Brynhild to marry whom she wants and he took care of Sigurd s and Brynhild s daughter Aslaug1 149 150 He is killed by Aki 2 See Heime1 Gripispa Helreid Brynhildar Volsunga saga 24 25 29 Ragnars saga lodbrokar See Heime1 Helche Old Norse Herkja or Erka Latin Ospirin in Waltharius Middle High German Helche Possibly Attila s wife Kreka in some instances spelled Erekan 151 152 The names Helche Herkja Erka is based on the equivalent of OHG hari army 153 Otto Maenchen Helfen argued that the Germanic forms represent an originally Hunnish name Erekan from Turkic ari g qan pure princess 152 Ospirin means heavenly bear 154 and has a first component PGmc ans god matching her father Oserich 155 In the continental tradition first wife of Attila Daughter of Oserich Her death in the Nibelungenlied percipates Attila s marriage to Kriemhild In Dietrichs Flucht she persuades Attila to help Dietrich von Bern against Ermanaric and has her niece Herrat married to her When her sons are killed while on campaign with Dietrich in Rabenschlacht Rudiger persuades her to forgive him She appears as Attila s concubine in Gudrunarkvida III where she accuses Gudrun of adultery and is killed when the latter accomplishes an ordeal In the THidreks saga she is abducted by Attila from her father 153 Gudrunarkvida III Waltharius Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Helferich Hjalprekr Middle High German Helferich Helpfrich Old Norse Hjalprekr The name appears to derive from the Frankish ruler Chilperic I 156 however George Gillespie notes that the Norse character s role seems to be more based on his being helpful than on any historical origin 151 First element from PGmc hilp help 157 second element PGmc rik ruler powerful 158 159 One of Dietrich von Bern s vassals although in the Eckenlied his opponent In the THidreks saga he is killed by Witige with the sons of Attila with Helche 151 George Gillespie counts four separate characters with this name 151 however Arnulf Krause regards them as the same 160 In the Norse tradition he is a King of Denmark who helps Sigurd s mother Hjordis and has Sigurd raised by the smith Regin 161 In Reginsmal he gives Sigurd a fleet and warriors so he can kill Lyngvi and avenge his father 162 Reginsmal Fra dauda Sinfjǫtla Skaldskaparmal Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Eckenlied Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Alpharts Tod Biterolf und Dietleib Virginal Helga Old Norse Helga A feminine form of Helgi which is derived from the adjective heilagr meaning holy and dedicated to the gods 163 A Gothic princess and the daughter of king Harald she is given to Heidrek together with half the Gothic kingdom Together they have the son Angantyr1 When Heidrek agrees to sacrifice their son Angantyr to Odin to avert a famine he does so on condition that he is given temporary command of half or a fourth of the Gothic army Instead of performing the sacrifice he attacks king Harald killing him and Helga s brother claiming that all the slain were Odin s sacrifice Helga is so furious with the deception and the death of her father and brother that she hangs herself in the temple of the goddess Dis perhaps Freyja Vanadis 164 Hervarar saga Helgi2 Old Norse Helgi See Helga A king of the Huns and father with Hildr2 of Hildebrand1 in Asmundar saga kappabanna Asmundar saga kappabanna Helgi Haddingjaskati Old Norse Helgi Haddingjaskati Skati haddingja or Haddingjaskadi For etymology see Helga Haddingjaskati or Haddingjaskadi means warrior or lord of the Haddings 165 According to he Poetic Edda Helgi and his lover the Valkyrie Kara were Helgi Hundingsbane and Sigrun reborn 166 who in turn were Helgi Hjorvardsson and Svafa reborn 167 168 166 Their story was told in the lost poem Karuljod which has partly survived by being used as material for the legendary saga Hromundar saga Gripssonar 169 The saga tells that Helgi lost his brother Hrongvid who was killed by Hromund in a battle at Elfasker the islands outside modern day Gothenburg 170 and that later Helgi was in the service of the Haddings the kings of Sweden The two Haddings challenged a Danish king named Olaf to battle on the ice of lake Vanern and as Hromund was in Olaf s service Helgi could meet him to avenge his brother 171 During the fight Helgi was protected by the magic of Kara who was flying in the form of a swan above him Accidentally Helgi cut off her leg as he swung his sword into Hromund killing her after which Hromund killed Helgi 172 His horse Skaefadr is mentioned in the Kalvsvisa in the Prose Edda 173 Hromundar saga Gripssonar Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Kalfsvisa Skaldskaparmal in the Prose Edda Helgi Hildibrandsson Old Norse Helgi Hildibrandsson For etymology see Helga Helgi is a Hunnish king and the son of Hildibrand2 He marries Hildr2 the daughter of Budli2 the king of Sweden and they have the son Hildibrand1 Hildigerus who is sent to be raised by his grandfather Hildibrandr2 However when Helgi is away pillaging the aging king is attacked by Danes and killed by the Danish king Alfr4 and his champion Aki1 and they take Hildr2 away Aki1 marries Hildr2 and they have the son Asmundr who will later kill Hildibrand1 Later it is said that Helgi has fallen while raiding 174 Asmunds saga kappabana Helgi Hjorvardsson Old Norse Helgi Hjǫrvardsson For etymology see Helga Helgi was the son of the Norwegian king Hjorvard4 and the Suebian princess Sigrlinn When he grew up no name would fit him and he was an ash lad until he met his love the Valkyrie Svafa daughter of king Eylimi She gave him his name and as a naming gift she told him where there was a damascened sword She protected him during his battles such as when he avenged his maternal grandfather king Svafnir by killing king Hrothmar and when he and his friend Atli2 had a flyting with a giantess Later they married and she stayed at home However a troll woman had put a curse on Helgi s brother Hedin so when he had drunk the bragarfull at Yule and put his hand on the sacrificial boar he made the holy toast that he would have Svafa as wife which he immediately regretted When he met his brother Helgi told him that he might soon die killed in a duel by Hrothmar s son Alf7 who wanted to avenge his father s death at Helgi s hands As Helgi later lay dying he asked Svafa to marry Hedin but Hedin told Svafa to kiss him and that she would not see him again until he had avenged his brother Helgi and Svafa were reborn as Helgi Hundingsbane and Sigrun 167 168 166 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgi Hundingsbane Old Norse Helgi Hundingsbani For etymology see Helga Helgi and Hamund were the sons of Sigmund and Borghild1 Helgi was visited by the Norns at his birth and he earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane by killing a king named Hunding and Helgakvida Hundingsbana I adds that Helgi was only 15 years old The lay tells that he refused to give Hunding s sons compensation and so they attacked him but were defeated and killed 119 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II adds the backstory that Helgi had been sent to be raised by a man named Hagal As Hunding was at war with Sigmund Helgi went to Hunding s hall to spy and escaped dressed as a female servant Helgi went to a warship and after that he killed Hunding 21 Then he met a Valkyrie named Sigrun who was the daughter of king Hogni3 but betrothed to Hothbrodd the son of king Granmar 175 The lays and the saga deal with how he battled against Granmar s sons and married her 176 177 However the second lay tells that soon Sigrun s brother Dag avenged their father by piercing Helgi with a spear at Fjoturlund that after his death Helgi visited her one last time and that when Helgi met Hunding at Valhalla he humiliated him by having him do menial chores 178 The Poetic Edda says that Helgi and Sigrun were Helgi Hjorvardsson and the Valkyrie Svafa reborn 179 and they would come back as Helgi Haddingjaskati and Kara 180 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr Helgi the Sharp1 or Helgi the Keen Old Norse Helgi Hvassi For etymology see Helga In Sogubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum Helgi the Sharp1 was the brother of Hrœrekr Ringslinger the king of Zealand Hrœrekr married Audr the Deep Minded the daughter of king Ivar Vidfamne but Audr and Helgi felt attracted to each other King Ivar saw an advantage in this and told Hrœrekr that Audr was unfaithful with Helgi Hrœrekr then killed Helgi and after this Hrœrekr was himself soon killed by his father in law Ivar who had one opponent less and wanted to include Zealand in his dominions 181 Sogubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum Helgi the Sharp2 or Helgi the Keen Old Norse Helgi Hvassi For etymology see Helga In Ragnarssona thattr Helgi the Sharp2 was the brother of Gudrod Olafsson and he left the battle where Arnulf of Carinthia slaughtered 100 000 Danes and Norwegians including his brother Gudrod and Sigurd Snake in the Eye historically the Battle of Leuven in 891 He informed Sigurd s mother Aslaug1 of her son s death and stayed with her to defend her country since Sigurd s son Horda Knut was too young He married Horda Knut s twin sister Aslaug2 and they had the son Sigurd Hart 182 Ragnarssona thattr Helm Old English Helm The name means protector 183 Appears in Widsith line 29 as a Wulfing Wealhtheow Hrothgar s wife is called ides Helminga lady of the Helmings in Beowulf 610 which means that she belonged to Helm s clan and was a Wulfing 184 Widsith Helmnot Eleuther Latin Helmnod Eleuther His epithet Eleuther may be a Latinized version of OHG Liutheri 185 Gunther s vassal he is killed by Walter of Aquitaine 151 Waltharius Heming1 Old Norse Haemingr The name is often said to be identical with ON hemingr which meant the skin on the backside of an animal s leg and which was used in legal ceremonies 186 from PGmc xam m inʒaz skin of the hide shanks 187 According to Peterson it was more likely derived from the word hamr disguise The name was most common in Scandinavia which suggests that it originated there 186 One of the sons of Hunding in Helgakvida Hundingsbana II When Helgi had spied in the hall of Hunding he revealed himself on purpose to Heming by telling a shepherd that he was the man they had thought was Hamal Hagal s son Helgi was Hamal s foster son so Hunding sent a search party to Hamal led by his evil counsellor Blind 21 Norna Gests thattr tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane Heming s brothers Eyjolf Hervard and Hjorvard were slain but Lyngvi Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd 188 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Norna Gests thattr Hemming2 Old English Hemming See Heming1 He is mentioned in Beowulf 1944 1961 as a kinsman maeg of Offa Eomer and Garmund Wermund Beowulf Hengest Old English Hengest Old Norse Heingestr Unclear if identical with Hengist brother of Horsa If so probably a mythical figure 189 From PGmc hangistaz stallion 190 The Danish ruler Hnaef was invited to his Frisian brother in law Finn with 60 other Danes In the morning they are attacked in the Frisian hall and they defend themselves for five days without losses but eventually Hnaef is slain Finn has so few men left that he is unable to continue the attack so he has to agree on peace with Hnaef s successor Hengest The remaining Danes stay in Friesland over the winter but Hengest longs for revenge and eventually his warriors Guthlaf and Oslaf exhort him to avenge their fallen kinsmen Finn is attacked and killed and Hnaef s sister Hildeburh is taken home together with the Frisian royal treasure 191 Beowulf Finnsburg Fragment Prose Edda prologue Heoden Old English Heoden Henden Old Norse Hedinn Middle High German Hetel e or Eten e Dukus Horant Latin Hithinus Gesta Danorum Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea 4th century 32 Hetin or Hetan based on the equivalent of OE hedin ON hedinn both meaning cape or hood of skin or fur Name may indicate an animal skin or mask worm as a disguise MHG Hetel e probably altered toward OHG hadu conflict the suffix ilo 192 Abductor of Hildr1 In Kudrun he sends Horant to woo Hildr for him who lets herself be abducted After fighting in which he is wounded Hildr intervenes and her father Hagen Hogni2 accepts his suit Later he accepts Herwig von Seeland s suit for his own daughter Kudrun although Herwig must initially fight him When Kudrun is abducted by the Normans he fights against them and is killed by the Norman king Ludwig 193 In the Norse sources he abducts Hildr and is forced to fight an eternal battle against her father with Hildr resurrecting the dead each night 192 Widsith Ragnarsdrapa Gesta Danorum Skaldskaparmal Kudrun Dukus Horant Heorogar Old English Heorogar PN Herugaizaz 59 from heruz sword 194 and gaizaz spear 195 The son of the Scylding Halfdan and the brother of Hrothgar and Halga 196 He had died early as told by Hrothgar 197 Hrothgar gives Heorogar s armour to Beowulf instead of passing it to one of his sons 198 Beowulf Heoroweard Old English Heroweard Old Norse Hjorvardr Latin Hiartuar PN Heruwarduz 59 from heruz sword 194 and warduz guard protector 118 IN Hrolfs saga kraka Heoroweard kills and usurps the throne from Hrolfr Kraki on the incitement of his wife Skuld Hrothgar s daughter 199 Beowulf Chronicon Lethrense Gesta danorum Skjoldunga saga Hrolfs saga kraka Heorrenda Old English Heorrenda Middle High German Horant In Old Norse an equivalent personal name Hjarrandi is attested 200 Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea 4th century 32 Participle from a verb akin to OHG hurren to move quickly akin to OE heorr and ON hjarri both meaning door hinge The German form possibly influenced by MHG horen to hear 200 Scop or minstrel of Heoden He is sent by his lord to woe Hildr whom he abducts 201 In Deor the narrator complains that Heorrenda has replaced him as Heoden s minstrel 202 In the Prose Edda Skaldskaparamal he is instead mentioned as the father of Heoden Hedinn He is also refererred to in a line in Bosa saga reflecting an older Norse version where he was a minstrel and he also appears as the minstrel Hjarne in Gesta Danorum VI 203 Deor Skaldskaparmal Prose Edda Bosa saga Gesta Danorum Kudrun Dukus Horant Herborg Old Norse Herborg An invention of the poet however her story corresponds with the German epic Kudrun 204 The first element is from harjaz host 112 and the second element is PGmc berʒō or burʒō helper assistant 205 A queen of the Huns and foster mother of Gudrun s sister Gullrond She tells Gudrun her sad story to try to make her grieve 204 Gudrunarkvida I Herbort von Danenland Middle High German Herbort von Tenelant Old Norse Herburt First element PGmc harja host army second element PGmc bord board probably shield in names 206 Possibly the hero of a lost epic in Biterolf und Dietleib he boasts of how he abducted Hildeburg2 sister of Hartmut von Normandie and in the THidreks saga is shown to abduct the daughter of King Arthur Hildr Hildeburg2 In the Eckenlied he is mentioned as the son of the hero Ruodlieb and a previous possessor of Ecke s sword Eckesachs 102 Biterolf und Dietleib THidreks saga Herdegen Middle High German Herdegen Old Norse Herdegn First element is PGmc harja host army 207 and the second element thegan hero warrior servant 208 from PGmc theʒnaz 209 One of the retainers of the Harlungen in the THidreks saga he is the brother of Herbort and is married to Dietrich von Bern s sister Isolde of Ireland When Herdegen dies in swordplay with his brother Tristram Herbort is held responsible and is forced to leave 210 Biterolf und Dietleib THidreks saga Herebeald Old English Herebeald In spite of correspondences there is no consensus on whether Herebeald and his brother Haethcyn are the origin of the myth of Hǫdr and Baldr or based on them 109 The first element of Herebeald PN Hari baldraʀ is Hari 211 harjaz host 112 and the second elemenet is the same as in the Norse theonym Baldr 211 The Geatish prince Haethcyn accidentally kills his brother Herebeald with an arrow and their father king Hredel dies from grief 114 Haethcyn succeeds him but is later killed in battle against the Swedes 115 The third brother Hygelac succeeds him 110 They also have an unnamed sister who married Ecgtheow Beowulf s father 116 Beowulf Heregart Middle High German Heregart The first element is PGmc harja host army 212 and the second element gard 213 from PGmc ʒarđaz house family court yard 214 Kudrun s most high born maiden in waiting When she is abducted by Kudrun she marries the Norman cupbearer and thus avoids the privations of her mistress When the Normans are defeated she is beheaded by Wade 215 Kudrun Heremod Old English Heremōd PN Harimōdaz 59 from harjaz host 121 and mōdaz mood bravery wrath 59 Heremod was a king of the Scyldings who used to be a great warrior However he abdicated from his warlike duties and was therefore banished for neglecting the safety of his people 216 Beowulf Hereric1 Old English Hereric From PN Haririkiaz or Haririkaz where the first element is harjaz host 121 and the second element is from the adjective rikia powerful prominent rich or from rikaz ruler prince 217 Mentioned in line 2206 as the uncle of the Geatish king Heardred 215 Beowulf Hereric2 Latin Herericus See Hereric1 The king of Burgundy and father of Hildegund whom he sends as a hostage to Attila the Hun 215 Waltharius Hergrimr Old Norse Hergrimr The first element is from harjaz host 112 and the second element is grimr which means mask but it may have been conflated with grimmr meaning cruel 14 In the U version of Hervarar saga Hergrimr kidnaps Ogn2 alfasprengi from her betrothed the giant Starkad Ala Warrior Hergrimr has the son Grimr with her before Starkad finds him and challenges him to a holmgang Starkad fights with four swords at once and kills him and when Ogn sees Hergrimr die she kills herself rather than return to Starkad The latter takes all the riches Hergrimr owned and also his son and raises him as his own Grimr is the grandfather of Arngrim the berserker 218 Hervarar saga U Heribrand Old High German Heribrant Middle High German Herebrant Old Norse Herbrandr and Old Norse Reginballdr The first element of Heribrand is PGmc harja army host 219 the second element is branda sword 220 The name Reginballdr comes from PGmc ragan council but possibly also divine powers as in ON ragnar 221 the second element is PGmc balda bold brave strong 222 Hildebrand1 s father in the Hildebrandslied In Wolfdietrich B he is a son of Berchtung he is imprisoned by Wolfdietrich s brothers and freed by Wolfdietrich In Wolfdietrich D he raises Wolfdietrich s son Hugdietrich marries Amie and receives Garte Garda as a fief In the THidreks saga Herbrandr is the son of Reginbaldr which is also the name of Hildebrand1 s father in the saga 223 but there is no stated relationship to Hildebrand1 102 Hildebrandslied THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Virginal Wolfdietrich Heriburg Latin Heriburg See Herborg The daughter of Hartung Ruodlieb marries her 215 Ruodlieb Herleif See Hjorleif Leif Herman Old Norse Herman The first element is OHG hari PGmc harja army host 224 and the second element is PGmc manna man 225 A Swabian count in the service of Sigmund he accuses Queen Sisibe Sieglinde of adultery together with Hartvin When Sigmund orders the pregnant queen s death he saves her life by killing Hartvin and allowing her to escape into the woods 105 THidreks saga Hermanafrid Middle High German Irnfrit Historical king of the Thuringii died c 531 226 First element PGmc ermana universal 158 second element PGmc frithu peace 227 King of the Thuringii and lord of Iring In the Deeds of the Saxons his vassal Iring murders him In later epics he is the exiled Thuringian and lives at Attila s court He is killed by Volker in the Nibelungenlied 226 Deeds of the Saxons Nibelungenlied Biterolf und Dietleib Herrat Middle High German Herrat Old Norse Herrad According to Gillespie the name shares the same first element with Theodoric s mother Ereleuva 228 Gottfried Schramm instead derives the first element of Erelieva s name from a different element era of unclear meaning 229 First element PGmc harja host army second element PGmc radi council or supplies 230 The wife of Dietrich von Bern her relatives vary but she is usually related to Helche and Attila 228 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Die Rabenschlacht Biterolf und Dietleib Heldebuch Prosa Herraudr Old Norse Herraudr Herrudr Herrodr Latin Herroth The first element Herr is from PGmc harjaz host 231 The second element rodr is from PN frithuʀ love and peace 232 while the second element udr is from a root meaning love 233 The second element raudr means red 234 In Bosa saga the Geatish prince Herraudr is the knightly son of king Hringr of Ostergotland and the blood brother of the undaunted Bosi When king Hring wants to hang them for manslaughter Bosi s foster mother the sorceress Busla makes the king give up with a runic riddle buslubœn that he can t solve In repentance Herraudr and Bosi have to retrieve a dragon s egg from Bjarmaland Herraudr saves the princess Hleidr from human sacrifice and they become engaged When they are back the Battle of Bravellir takes place king Hring dies and Hleidr is kidnapped by Bjarmians They save Hleidr from a forced marriage during great adventures and battles and even the sexual athlete Bosi settles down with princess Edda The dragon s egg hatches and Herraudr gives it to his and Hleid s daughter The only one who can marry the daughter is the one who kills the serpent Ragnar Lodbrok 235 In Ragnar s saga Herrudr is the jarl of Gautland Gotaland and had given his daughter Thora a heather snake that grew so it encircled her bower He swore he would give his daughter to the man who killed it and this man was Ragnar Lodbrok 236 In the Tale of Ragnar s sons this account is summarized but he is called Herraudr and the jarl of Vastergotland 237 In Gesta Danorum IX he is a Swedish ruler whose friends found some snakes were they were hunting together He gave them to Thora but through feeding they became so large that the terrorized the countryside and so he promised to give his daughter to whoever killed them which Ragnar did He is later reported to have died 238 Bosi and Herraudr s saga Tale of Ragnar s Sons Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok Krakumal Gesta Danorum IX Hertnit Middle High German Hertnit Old Norse Hertnid 228 The first element Hert is from hardu hard 239 from PGmc xarđuz 240 The second element nit is from nitha envy spite PGmnc nithan or nithaz 241 In German sources the king of the Rus and aids Attila and Dietrich von Bern In the THidreks saga the son of Oserich Osantrix king of the Veleti He is married to the sorceress Ostacia and attacks king Isung of Britain 228 THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rosengarten zu Worms Heldenbuch Prosa Hervard1 Old Norse Hervardr The first element herr is from PGmc harjaz host 231 and the second element vǫrdr is from PN varduʀ watchman guard 242 One of the twelve berserker sons of Arngrim For a summary see those of Angantyr2 Hjorvard1 Arngrimsson Hjalmar and Ingeborg The name was also used by his niece Hervor2 when she had run away from home and was the leader of a group of pillaging Vikings 243 see Hervor2 Hervarar saga Orvar Odd s saga Gesta Danorum Hyndluljod Hervard2 Old Norse Hervardr See Hervard1 Hervard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund s son Helgi who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane Hunding s sons attacked Helgi but were defeated and killed The Volsunga saga lists the sons of Hunding as Alf2 and Eyjolf Hervard2 and Hagbard2 23 but Helgakvida Hundingsbana I and II the names Hjorvard3 and Havarth appear instead of Hervard2 and Hagbard2 24 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming 21 and the Volsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle 25 Norna Gests thattr tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane Eyjolf Hervard and Hjorvard were slain but Lyngvi Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd 188 Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr Hervor1 Old Norse Hervǫr Unknown possibly a historical figure from modern Ukraine 130 ON Hervǫr is composed of her host and the feminine form of varr from warjaz defender These elements agree with her role as the protector of the eastern frontier 244 Daughter of Heidrek with Hergerdr only named in the U version the princess of Gardar Rus sister of Angantyr half sister of Hlod According to the R version she was raised in England at the court of the jarl Frodmar but later it agrees with the HU versions in making Ormar her foster father 134 She is stationed at a fortress on the Gothic eastern frontier near Mirkwood and falls in the first battle against the Hunnish invasion force 245 She is a shield maiden Hervarar saga Hervor2 Old Norse Hervǫr Based on Hervor1 See Hervor1 Daughter of Angantyr2 and Svafa2 she grows up with her grandfather Bjarmarr the ruler of the Swedish colony in Aldeigjuborg on Lake Ladoga She is beautiful but violent and unruly and she spent time as a highwayman until she was taken home by her grandfather She runs away again and calling herself Hervard she becomes the captain of a Viking ship which takes her to Samso where she takes her inheritance Tyrfing from her father Angantyr She goes to Gudmund of Glaesisvellir but has to leave after killing a courtier After some time as a Viking again she returns home to Bjarmarr She marries Gudmund s son Hofund and they have the sons Heidrek and Angantyr 243 When Heidrek is banished from the kingdom for killing his brother she gives him the heirloom Tyrfing 246 Hervarar saga Hervor alvitr Old Norse Hervǫr alvitr For etymology of first name see Hervor The second name ON alvitr means either omniscient or supernatural being Valkyrie 247 A valkyrie and swan maiden The wife of Wayland the Smith Volundarkvida Herwig von Seeland Middle High German Herwic von Selant First element PGmc harja OHG hari host army second element PGmc wiga related to Gothic weihan to fight 248 Suitor for marriage with Kudrun and her eventual husband His suit for Kudrun is only accepted after he defeats her father Heoden in battle He aids Hetel when Kudrun is abducted by the Normans Ludwig and Hartmut and Hetel is killed Eventually he successfully defeats the Normans 200 KudrunCitations edit a b c d e Gillespie 1973 p 56 Gentry et al 2011 p 104 Forstemann 1900 pp 788 797 a b Forstemann 1900 p 1538 a b Krause 2010 p 108 a b c d Simek 1993 p 127 Kroesen 1987 p 406 Waggoner 2009 p 55 Waggoner 2009 p 56 a b Fisher 2015 p 546 Forstemann 1900 pp 788 794 346 Gillespie 1973 p 57 Peterson 2007 p 27 a b Peterson 2007 p 24 a b Gillespie 1973 p 85 Forstemann 1900 pp 79 81 Gillespie 1973 pp 56 57 a b Hollander 1928 p 224 Orel 2003 p 149f de Vries 2000 p 202 a b c d e f g Hollander 1928 p 224f a b Peterson 2007 p 102 a b c Finch 1965 p 15 a b c Hollander 1928 pp 214 228 a b c Finch 1965 p 15 20 Ghosh 2007 p 235 Gillespie 1973 p 60 Gillespie 1973 pp 57 58 Gillespie 1973 p 58 Gillespie 1973 p 59 Gillespie 1973 pp 59 60 a b c Uecker 1972 p 100 a b Gillespie 1973 p 62 Schneider 1962 p 368 a b c d Gillespie 1973 p 64 Gillespie 1973 p 61 Gillespie 1973 pp 61 62 a b Peterson 2007 p 103 Orel 2003 p 154 Westrin 1909a pp 1063f Olrik 1919 p 367 a b c d e f g h Olrik 1919 p 368 Waggoner 2009 p 53 57 Fisher 2015 p 547 Waggoner 2009 pp 72f a b Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 50f Peterson 2007 pp 102 103 a b de Vries 2000 p 203 Gentry et al 2011 p 83 Byock 2013 p 347 a b Seelow 2016 p 262 a b de Vries 2000 p 204 a b Peterson 2007 pp 102 107 Peterson 2007 pp 107 241 Westrin 1909b pp 1077f Bellows 1923 p 223 note 19 Bellows 1923 p 222 Finch 1965 p 21 note 2 62 note 2 a b c d e f g h i Peterson 2004 p 38 Overland 1909 p 1082 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 44 a b Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 45 Tolkien 1960 p 59 note 3 a b c d Tolkien 1960 p 59 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 42f Kunin 2001 p 79 Wessen 1952 p 75 Wessen 1927 p 79 Kendrick 1930 p 82 Fulk amp Cain 2013 p 297 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 235 Peterson 2007 pp 103 105 Peterson 2007 pp 105 166 Hollander 1928 p 238 Finch 1965 p 14 Byock 1990 p 119 Finch 1965 p 45 note 2 Finch 1965 p 45 Fisher 2015 p 477 481 Uecker 1972 pp 65 66 de Vries 2000 p 207 Gentry et al 2011 p 124 Peterson 2007 pp 106 129 Peterson 2007 pp 106 245 The son is not named in the more original R version but called Halfdan in the U and H ones a b Tolkien 1960 pp 23ff Krause 2010 p 114 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 261 Rosenberg 1909 p 1443 Peterson 2007 pp 107 183 Waggoner 2009 p 72 a b c d Gillespie 1973 p 63 Forstemann 1900 p 98 Gillespie 1973 p 47 Paff 1959 p 20 Orel 2003 p 164 The Scandinavian Runic text Data Base gives the forms Harudr East Norse and Hǫrdr West Norse Lena Peterson 2007 p 305 interpretes it as a mythical person with the older form Harudr but also gives the alternative form Hardr Orel 2003 p 151 Orel 2003 p 153 Garmonsway Simpson amp Ellis Davidson 1968 p 156 Forstemann 1900 pp 750 756 1126 1127 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 68 Forstemann 1900 pp 749 759 Forstemann 1900 pp 1608 1609 a b Gillespie 1973 pp 69 124 Hollander 1928 p 202 Hollander 1928 p 202ff Jonsson 1932 pp 199ff a b Klaeber 2008 p clxxxiv a b c d Nerman 1925 p 92 Nerman 1925 p 90 a b c d Peterson 2004 p 9 Peterson 2004 p 13 a b Nerman 1925 p 89 a b Earl 2015 p 36 a b Nerman 1925 p 88 Peterson 2007 pp 102 108 a b Peterson 2004 p 27 a b Hollander 1928 p 214 Kaufmann 1968 pp 160 161 170 180 a b c d Peterson 2004 pp 9 38 Peterson 2004 pp 37 38 Shaull 2016 p 264f Newton 1993 p 55 Clarke 1911 pp 130ff Peterson 2004 pp 8 38 Newton 1993 pp 101ff Hollander 1928 p 197 Hollander 1928 p 197ff a b c d Uecker 1972 p 76 Pritsak 1981 p 204 Tolkien 1960 pp 20ff Tolkien 1960 p 26 a b Tolkien 1960 p 30 Tolkien 1960 p 46 a b Hollander 1928 p 324 note 1 Orchard 1997 p 77 Hollander 1928 p 324 a b Gudmundsdottir 2007 pp 289f Tolkien 1960 p 59 note 2 Peterson 2007 p 169 Clunies Ross 2012 p 130 Waggoner 2009 pp 53f Fisher 2015 p 537 Fisher 2015 p 545 Fisher 2015 pp 551ff Niles 2007 p 337 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 65 Finch 1965 p 41 48 50 Gentry et al 2011 p 84 a b c d e Gillespie 1973 p 67 a b Maenchen Helfen 1973 p 408 a b Gillespie 1973 p 66 Krause 2010 p 214 Gillespie 1973 p 103 Gentry et al 2011 p 61 Forstemann 1900 pp 840 841 a b Gillespie 1973 p 30 Forstemann 1900 pp 1253 1255 Krause 2010 p 121 Krause 2010 p 135 Hollander 1928 p 258 Peterson 2007 p 128 Tolkien 1960 pp 24 26 Olrik 1919 pp 423f a b c Ellis 1968 p 139 a b Hollander 1928 p 200ff a b Jonsson 1932 pp 197ff Chadwick 1921 p 60 Chadwick 1921 pp 63 65 Chadwick 1921 p 71 Chadwick 1921 pp 72 73 Gade 2017 p 664 Finlay 2010 pp 127ff Finch 1965 pp 14f Hollander 1928 p 224ff Finch 1965 pp 14ff Hollander 1928 p 234 Hollander 1928 p 210 Hollander 1928 p 237 Nerman 1925 pp 244f Waggoner 2009 pp 71f Malone 1962 p 143 Malone 1962 p 169 Gillespie 1973 p 35 a b Peterson 2007 p 129 Orel 2003 p 158 a b Chadwick 1921 pp 23ff Uecker 1972 p 119 Naumann 2018 p 50 Klaeber 2008 pp f273 a b Gillespie 1973 p 72 Gillespie 1973 pp 71 72 a b Peterson 2004 p 11 Peterson 2004 p 25 Kightley 2016 p 408 Kightley 2016 p 417 Kightley 2016 pp 418f Byock 1999 p 94 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 71 Gillespie 1973 pp 80 81 Gillespie 1973 p 81 Malone 1933 p 39 a b Gentry et al 2011 p 85 Peterson 2007 p 43 Forstemann 1900 pp 759 767 328 329 Forstemann 1900 pp 760 779 Forstemann 1900 p 1406 Orel 2003 p 418 Gillespie 1973 pp 68 69 a b Nerman 1925 p 91 Forstemann 1900 pp 760 770 Forstemann 1900 pp 798f Orel 2003 p 126 a b c d Gillespie 1973 p 69 Sebo 2018 p 838 Peterson 2004 pp 22 38 Tolkien 1960 pp 66f Forstemann 1900 pp 760 767 Forstemann 1900 p 333 Forstemann 1900 pp 1221 1223 Forstemann 1900 pp 233 234 Gillespie 1973 p 76 Forstemann 1900 pp 760 774 Forstemann 1900 pp 1088 1089 a b Gillespie 1973 p 86 Forstemann 1900 pp 476 477 526 a b c d Gillespie 1973 p 70 Schramm 2013 p 140 Forstemann 1900 pp 759 777 1203 1204 a b Peterson 2007 pp 129 131 Peterson 2007 pp 67 131 Peterson 2007 p 244 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 484 Naumann 2016 p 54 Waggoner 2009 pp 5ff Waggoner 2009 p 64 Fisher 2015 pp 635f 645 Forstemann 1900 pp 749ff Orel 2003 p 162 Orel 2003 p 288 Peterson 2007 pp 131 247 a b Tolkien 1960 pp 10ff Pritsak 1981 pp 205f Tolkien 1960 p 53 Tolkien 1960 p 22 Simek 1993 p 146 Forstemann 1900 pp 760 781 782 1576 1577 General sources editBellows Henry Adams 1923 The Poetic Edda New York The American Scandinavian Foundation Byock Jesse 1990 The Saga of the Volsungs The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer University of California Press ISBN 0 520 23285 2 Byock Jesse 1999 The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki Penguin Classics ISBN 014043593X Byock Jesse 2013 Viking Language 1 Learn Old Norse Runes and Icelandic sagas Jules William Press ISBN 978 1480216440 Stories and Ballads of the Far Past Translated by Chadwick Nora Kershaw Cambridge at the University Press 1921 Clarke M G 1911 Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period being Studies ofBeowulfand Other Old English Poems Cambridge University Press Cleasby Richard Vigfusson Gudbrand 1874 An Icelandic English dictionary Oxford Clarendon Press Clunies Ross Margaret 2012 Poetry in Fornaldarsogur Origins Nature and Purpose In Lassen Annette Ney Agneta Jakobsson Armann eds The Legendary Sagas Origins and Development University of Iceland Press Reykjavik pp 121 138 ISBN 978 9979 54 9680 Earl James W 2015 The Swedish Wars in Beowulf Journal of English and Germanic Philology 114 1 32 60 doi 10 5406 jenglgermphil 114 1 0032 S2CID 162204472 Ellis Hilda Roderick 1968 The Road to Hel a Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature American Anthropologist Greenwood Press Publishers New York doi 10 1525 AA 1944 46 3 02A00210 S2CID 160666598 The Saga of the Volsungs PDF Translated by Finch R G London and Edinburgh Nelson 1965 Finlay Alison 2010 The Saga of Asmundr Killer of Champions Introduction PDF In Arnold Martin Finlay Alison eds Making History Essays on theFornaldarsogur Viking Society for Northern Research pp 119 124 ISBN 978 0 903521 84 0 Heimskringla PDF Vol 1 Translated by Finlay Alison Faulkes Anthony Viking Society for Northern Research University College London 2016 ISBN 978 0 903521 86 4 Friis Jensen Karsten ed 2015 Gesta Danorum History of the Danes Translated by Fisher R G Oxford Clarendon Press Forstemann Ernst 1900 Altdeutsches Namenbuch Band 1 Personennamen 2 ed Bonn Bonn P Hanstein Gade Kari Ellen Marold Edith eds 2017 Anonymous THulur Kalfsvisa 1 Poetry from Treatises on Poetics Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages Vol 3 Turnhout Brepols ISBN 978 2 503 51894 7 Gentry Francis G McConnell Winder Muller Ulrich Wunderlich Werner eds 2011 2002 The Nibelungen Tradition An Encyclopedia New York Abingdon Routledge ISBN 978 0 8153 1785 2 Fulk R D Cain Christopher M 2013 A History of Old English Literature Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 118 45323 0 Garmonsway G N Simpson Jacqueline Ellis Davidson Hilda 1968 Beowulf and its Analogues M Dent amp Sons ltd SBN 460 03804 4 Ghosh Shami 2007 On the origins of Germanic heroic poetry a case study of the legend of the Burgundians Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 129 2 220 252 doi 10 1515 BGSL 2007 220 S2CID 161148492 Gillespie George T 1973 Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature 700 1600 Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names Oxford Oxford University ISBN 978 0 19 815718 2 Gudmundsdottir Adalheidur 2007 The Werewolf in Medieval Icelandic Literature The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 106 3 277 303 doi 10 2307 27712657 JSTOR 27712657 S2CID 19255743 The Poetic Edda Translated by Hollander Lee M Texas University Press 1928 De Gamle Eddadigte Translated by Jonsson Finnur G E C Gats forlag Kobenhavn 1932 Kaufmann Hennig 1968 Erganzungsband zu Ernst Forstemann Personennamen Wilhelm Fink Kendrick T D 1930 A History of the Vikings Methuen amp Co Ltd London ISBN 014043593X Stories and Ballads of the Far Past Translated by Kershaw N Cambridge at the University Press 1921 Kightley Michael R 2016 The Brothers of Beowulf Fraternal Tensions and the Reticent Style ELH 83 2 407 429 doi 10 1353 elh 2016 0015 S2CID 164186249 Klaeber Friedrich 2008 Fulk R D Bjork Robert E Niles John D eds Klaeber s Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg University of Toronto Press pp 274 277 ISBN 978 0 8020 9843 6 Krause Arnulf 2010 Reclams Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie und Heldensage Reclam ISBN 978 3 15 010778 2 Kroesen Riti 1987 One Hadingus Two Haddingjar Scandinavian Studies 54 4 404 435 JSTOR 40918880 Phelpstead Carl ed 2001 A History of Norway and the Passion and Miracles of the Blessed olafr PDF Translated by Kunin Devra Viking Society for Northern Research ISBN 978 0 903521 48 2 Malone Kemp 1933 Deor London Methuen amp Co lmt Malone Kemp 1936 Wisith 1962 ed Rosenkilde and Bagger Copenhagen Maenchen Helfen Otto J 1973 Knight Max ed The World of the Huns Studies in Their History and Culture University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 01596 8 Naumann Hans Peter 2016 Bosa saga ok Herrauds In Pulsiano Philip Wolf Kirsten eds Medieval Scandinavia an Encyclopedia New York Routledge Revivals p 54 ISBN 978 1 315 16132 7 Naumann Hans Peter 2018 Metrische Runeninschriften in Skandinavien Einfuhrung Edition und Kommentare Narr Francke Attempto Verlag ISBN 978 3 7720 8652 6 Nerman Birger 1925 Svenska rikets uppkomst Stockholm Generalstabens litografiska anstalt Newton Sam 1993 The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre Viking Kingdom of East Anglia Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780859914727 Niles John D 2007 Niles John D Osbourne Marijane eds Beowulf and Lejre Temple Arizona ACMRS ISBN 978 0 86698 368 6 Olrik Axel 1919 The Heroic Legends of Denmark Translated by Hollander Lee M New York The American Scandinavian Foundation Orchard Andy 1997 Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend Cassel ISBN 0 304 34520 2 Orel Vladimir E 2003 A Handbook of Germanic Etymology Brill ISBN 978 90 04 12875 0 Overland O A 1909 Halfdan Svarte In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 10 2 ed p 1082 Paff William J 1959 The Geographical and Ethnic Names in the THidriks Saga A Study in Germanic Heroic Legend Mouton amp co Peterson Lena 2004 Lexikon over urnordiska personnamn Uppsala Institutet for sprak och folkminnen Peterson Lena 2007 Nordiskt runnamnslexikon Uppsala Institutet for sprak och folkminnen Pritsak Omeljan 1981 The origin of Rus Harvard University Press pp 188 225 Rosenberg C 1909 Harald Hildetand In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 10 2 ed p 1443 Schneider Hermann 1933 Nordgermanische Heldensage Vol II I Walter de Gruyter amp CO Berlin and Leipzig Schneider Hermann 1962 Germanische Heldensage Bd 1 Deutsche Heldensage 2 ed de Gruyter Schramm Gottfried 2013 Zweigliedrige Personennamen im Germanischen Ein Bildetyp als gebrochener Widerschein fruher Heldenlieder de Gruyter doi 10 1515 9783110324747 ISBN 978 3 11 032444 0 Sebo Erin 2018 Foreshadowing the End in Beowulf English Studies 99 8 836 847 doi 10 1080 0013838X 2018 1516016 S2CID 165213602 Seelow Hubert 2016 Halfs Saga Ok Halfsrekka In Pulsiano Philip Wolf Kirsten eds Medieval Scandinavia an Encyclopedia New York Routledge Revivals p 262 ISBN 978 1 315 16132 7 Shaull Erin M 2016 Ecgtheow Brother of Ongentheow and the Problem of Beowulf s Swedishness Neophilologus 101 2 263 275 doi 10 1007 s11061 016 9508 2 S2CID 164608334 Simek Rudolf 1993 Dictionary of Northern Mythology Translated by Hall Angela D S Brewer ISBN 0 85991 369 4 The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise PDF Translated by Tolkien Christopher 1960 de Vries Jan 1962 Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch 2000 ed Brill ISBN 90 04 05436 7 Uecker Heiko 1972 Germanische Heldensage Stuttgart Metzler ISBN 3476101061 The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok Translated by Waggoner Ben Troth Publications New Haven Connecticut 2009 ISBN 978 0 578 02138 6 Wessen Elias 1927 Eddadikterna om Helge Hundingsbane Fornvannen Wessen Elias 1952 Wessen Elias Helgason Jon Knudsen Trygve Skautrup Peter eds Ynglingsaga Svenska bokforlaget Norstedts Stockholm Ejnar Munksgaard Kobenhavn Dreyers forlag Oslo Westrin Th 1909a Hake In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 10 2 ed pp 1063f Westrin Th 1909b Half In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 10 2 ed pp 1077f Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of figures in Germanic heroic legend H He amp oldid 1191993714, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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