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Library and information science

July 10, 2023

Library and information science(s) or studies (LIS)[1][2] is an interdisciplinary field of study that deals generally with organization, access, collection, and protection/regulation of information, whether in physical or digital forms.

In spite of various trends to merge the two fields, some consider the two original disciplines, library science and information science, to be separate.[3][4] However, it is common today to use the terms synonymously or to drop the term "library" and to speak about information departments or I-schools.[5] There have also been attempts to revive the concept of documentation and to speak of Library, information and documentation studies (or science).[6]

Relations between library science, information science and LIS

Tefko Saracevic (1992, p. 13)[3] argued that library science and information science are separate fields:

The common ground between library science and information science, which is a strong one, is in the sharing of their social role and in their general concern with the problems of effective utilization of graphic records. But there are also very significant differences in several critical respects, among them in: (1) selection of problems addressed and in the way they were defined; (2) theoretical questions asked and frameworks established;(3) the nature and degree of experimentation and empirical development and the resulting practical knowledge/competencies derived; (4) tools and approaches used; and (5) the nature and strength of interdisciplinary relations established and the dependence of the progress and evolution of interdisciplinary approaches. All of these differences warrant the conclusion that librarianship and information science are two different fields in a robust interdisciplinary relation, rather than the same field, or one being a special case of the other.

Another indication of the different uses of the two terms are the indexing in UMI's Dissertations Abstracts. In Dissertations Abstracts Online in November 2011 were 4888 dissertations indexed with the descriptor LIBRARY SCIENCE and 9053 with the descriptor INFORMATION SCIENCE. For the year 2009 the numbers were 104 LIBRARY SCIENCE and 514 INFORMATION SCIENCE. 891 dissertations were indexed with both terms (36 in 2009).[citation needed]

It should be considered that information science grew out of documentation science and therefore has a tradition for considering scientific and scholarly communication, bibliographic databases, subject knowledge and terminology etc. Library science, on the other hand has mostly concentrated on libraries and their internal processes and best practices.[citation needed] It is also relevant to consider that information science used to be done by scientists, while librarianship has been split between public libraries and scholarly research libraries. Library schools have mainly educated librarians for public libraries and not shown much interest in scientific communication and documentation. When information scientists from 1964 entered library schools, they brought with them competencies in relation to information retrieval in subject databases, including concepts such as recall and precision, Boolean search techniques, query formulation and related issues. Subject bibliographic databases and citation indexes provided a major step forward in information dissemination – and also in the curriculum at library schools.

Julian Warner (2010)[7] suggests that the information and computer science tradition in information retrieval may broadly be characterized as query transformation, with the query articulated verbally by the user in advance of searching and then transformed by a system into a set of records. From librarianship and indexing, on the other hand, has been an implicit stress on selection power enabling the user to make relevant selections.

Library science

Library science (often termed library studies, bibliothecography, and library economy)[note 1] is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information. Martin Schrettinger, a Bavarian librarian, coined the discipline within his work (1808–1828) Versuch eines vollständigen Lehrbuchs der Bibliothek-Wissenschaft oder Anleitung zur vollkommenen Geschäftsführung eines Bibliothekars.[8] Rather than classifying information based on nature-oriented elements, as was previously done in his Bavarian library, Schrettinger organized books in alphabetical order.[9] The first American school for library science was founded by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University in 1887.[10][11]

Historically, library science has also included archival science.[12] This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of selected user groups, how people interact with classification systems and technology, how information is acquired, evaluated and applied by people in and outside libraries as well as cross-culturally, how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries, the ethics that guide library service and organization, the legal status of libraries and information resources, and the applied science of computer technology used in documentation and records management.

There is no generally agreed-upon distinction between the terms library science and librarianship. To a certain extent, they are interchangeable perhaps differing most significantly in connotation. The term library and information studies (alternatively library and information science[1][2]), abbreviated as LIS, is most often used;[13] most librarians consider it as only a terminological variation, intended to emphasize the scientific and technical foundations of the subject and its relationship with information science. LIS should not be confused with information theory, the mathematical study of the concept of information. Library philosophy has been contrasted with library science as the study of the aims and justifications of librarianship as opposed to the development and refinement of techniques.[14]

Difficulties defining LIS

"The question, 'What is library and information science?' does not elicit responses of the same internal conceptual coherence as similar inquiries as to the nature of other fields, e.g., 'What is chemistry?', 'What is economics?', 'What is medicine?' Each of those fields, though broad in scope, has clear ties to basic concerns of their field. [...] Neither LIS theory nor practice is perceived to be monolithic nor unified by a common literature or set of professional skills. Occasionally, LIS scholars (many of whom do not self-identify as members of an interreading LIS community, or prefer names other than LIS), attempt, but are unable, to find core concepts in common. Some believe that computing and internetworking concepts and skills underlie virtually every important aspect of LIS, indeed see LIS as a sub-field of computer science! [Footnote III.1] Others claim that LIS is principally a social science accompanied by practical skills such as ethnography and interviewing. Historically, traditions of public service, bibliography, documentalism, and information science have viewed their mission, their philosophical toolsets, and their domain of research differently. Still others deny the existence of a greater metropolitan LIS, viewing LIS instead as a loosely organized collection of specialized interests often unified by nothing more than their shared (and fought-over) use of the descriptor information. Indeed, claims occasionally arise to the effect that the field even has no theory of its own." (Konrad, 2007, p. 652–653).

A multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or monodisciplinary field?

The Swedish researcher Emin Tengström (1993)[15] described cross-disciplinary research as a process, not a state or structure. He differentiates three levels of ambition regarding cross-disciplinary research:

What is described here is a view of social fields as dynamic and changing. Library and information science is viewed as a field that started as a multidisciplinary field based on literature, psychology, sociology, management, computer science etc., which is developing towards an academic discipline in its own right. However, the following quote seems to indicate that LIS is actually developing in the opposite direction:

Chua & Yang (2008)[16] studied papers published in Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology in the period 1988–1997 and found, among other things: "Top authors have grown in diversity from those being affiliated predominantly with library/information-related departments to include those from information systems management, information technology, business, and the humanities. Amid heterogeneous clusters of collaboration among top authors, strongly connected crossdisciplinary coauthor pairs have become more prevalent. Correspondingly, the distribution of top keywords' occurrences that leans heavily on core information science has shifted towards other subdisciplines such as information technology and socio behavioral science."

A more recent study revealed that 31% of the papers published in 31 LIS journals from 2007 through 2012 were by authors in academic departments of library and information science (i.e., those offering degree programs accredited by the American Library Association or similar professional organizations in other countries). Faculty in departments of computer science (10%), management (10%), communication (3%), the other social sciences (9%), and the other natural sciences (7%) were also represented. Nearly one-quarter of the papers in the 31 journals were by practicing librarians, and 6% were by others in non-academic (e.g., corporate) positions.[17]

As a field with its own body of interrelated concepts, techniques, journals, and professional associations, LIS is clearly a discipline. But by the nature of its subject matter and methods LIS is just as clearly an interdiscipline, drawing on many adjacent fields (see below).

A fragmented adhocracy

Richard Whitley (1984,[18] 2000)[19] classified scientific fields according to their intellectual and social organization and described management studies as a 'fragmented adhocracy', a field with a low level of coordination around a diffuse set of goals and a non-specialized terminology; but with strong connections to the practice in the business sector. Åström (2006)[20] applied this conception to the description of LIS.

Scattering of the literature

Meho & Spurgin (2005)[21] found that in a list of 2,625 items published between 1982 and 2002 by 68 faculty members of 18 schools of library and information science, only 10 databases provided significant coverage of the LIS literature. Results also show that restricting the data sources to one, two, or even three databases leads to inaccurate rankings and erroneous conclusions. Because no database provides comprehensive coverage of the LIS literature, researchers must rely on a wide range of disciplinary and multidisciplinary databases for ranking and other research purposes. Even when the nine most comprehensive databases in LIS was searched and combined, 27.0% (or 710 of 2,635) of the publications remain not found.

The study confirms earlier research that LIS literature is highly scattered and is not limited to standard LIS databases. What was not known or verified before, however, is that a significant amount of this literature is indexed in the interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary databases of Inside Conferences and INSPEC. Other interdisciplinary databases, such as America: History and Life, were also found to be very useful and complementary to traditional LIS databases, particularly in the areas of archives and library history. (Meho & Spurgin, 2005, p.1329).

The unique concern of library and information science

"Concern for people becoming informed is not unique to LIS, and thus is insufficient to differentiate LIS from other fields. LIS are a part of a larger enterprise." (Konrad, 2007, p. 655)[22]

"The unique concern of LIS is recognized as: Statement of the core concern of LIS: Humans becoming informed (constructing meaning) via intermediation between inquirers and instrumented records. No other field has this as its concern." (Konrad, 2007, p. 660)

"Note that the promiscuous term information does not appear in the above statement circumscribing the field's central concerns: The detrimental effects of the ambiguity this term provokes are discussed above (Part III). Furner [Furner 2004, 427] has shown that discourse in the field is improved where specific terms are utilized in place of the i-word for specific senses of that term." (Konrad, 2007, p. 661).

Michael Buckland wrote: "Educational programs in library, information and documentation are concerned with what people know, are not limited to technology, and require wide-ranging expertise. They differ fundamentally and importantly from computer science programs and from the information systems programs found in business schools."[23]

Bawden and Robinson argue that while information science has overlaps with numerous other disciplines with interest in studying communication, it is unique in that it is concerned with all aspects of the communication chain.[24]: 6, 8  For example, computer science may be interested in the indexing and retrieval, sociology with user studies, and publishing (business) with dissemination, whereas information science is interested in the study of all of these individual areas and the interactions between them.[24]: 6 

The organization of information and information resources is one of the fundamental aspects of LIS.[24]: 106  and is an example of both LIS's uniqueness and its multidisciplinary origins. Some of the main tools used by LIS toward this end to provide access to the digital resources of modern times (particularly theory relating to indexing and classification) originated in 19th century to assist humanity's effort to make its intellectual output accessible by recording, identifying, and providing bibliographic control of printed knowledge.[24]: 105  The origin for some of these tools were even earlier. For example, in the 17th century, during the 'golden age of libraries', publishers and sellers seeking to take advantage of the burgeoning book trade developed descriptive catalogs of their wares for distribution – a practice was adopted and further extrapolated by many libraries of the time to cover areas like philosophy, sciences, linguistics, medicine, etc.[25]: 120  In this way, a business concern of publishers – keeping track of and advertising inventory – was developed into a system for organizing and preserving information by the library.

The development of metadata is another area that exemplifies the aim of LIS to be something more than a mishmash of several disciplines – that uniqueness Bawden and Robinson describe. Pre-Internet classification systems and cataloging systems were mainly concerned with two objectives: 1. to provide rich bibliographic descriptions and relations between information objects and 2. to facilitate sharing of this bibliographic information across library boundaries.[26]: 14  The development of the Internet and the information explosion that followed found many communities needing mechanisms for the description, authentication and management of their information.[26]: 15  These communities developed taxonomies and controlled vocabularies to describe their knowledge as well as unique information architectures to communicate these classifications and libraries found themselves as liaison or translator between these metadata systems.[26]: 15–16  Of course the concerns of cataloging in the Internet era have gone beyond simple bibliographic descriptions. The need for descriptive information about the ownership and copyright of a digital product – a publishing concern – and description for the different formats and accessibility features of a resource – a sociological concern – show the continued development and cross discipline necessity of resource description.[26]: 15 

In the 21st century, the usage of open data, open source and open protocols like OAI-PMH has allowed thousands of libraries and institutions to collaborate on the production of global metadata services previously offered only by increasingly expensive commercial proprietary products. Examples include BASE and Unpaywall, which automates the search of an academic paper across thousands of repositories by libraries and research institutions.[27]

Christopher M. Owusu-Ansah argued that "many African universities have employed distance education to expand access to education and digital libraries can ensure seamless access to information for distance learners."[28]

LIS theories

Julian Warner (2010, p. 4–5)[7] suggests that

Two paradigms, the cognitive and the physical, have been distinguished in information retrieval research, but they share the assumption of the value of delivering relevant records (Ellis 1984, 19;[29] Belkin and Vickery 1985, 114[30]). For the purpose of discussion here, they can be considered a single heterogeneous paradigm, linked but not united by this common assumption. The value placed on query transformation is dissonant with common practice, where users may prefer to explore an area and may value fully informed exploration. Some dissenting research discussions have been more congruent with practice, advocating explorative capability—the ability to explore and make discriminations between representations of objects—as the fundamental design principle for information retrieval systems.

Among other approaches, Evidence Based Library and Information Practice should also be mentioned.

Theory and practice

Many practicing librarians do not contribute to LIS scholarship but focus on daily operations within their own libraries or library systems. Other practicing librarians, particularly in academic libraries, do perform original scholarly LIS research and contribute to the academic end of the field.

Whether or not individual professional librarians contribute to scholarly research and publication, many are involved with and contribute to the advancement of the profession and of library science through local, state, regional, national, and international library or information organizations.

Library science is very closely related to issues of knowledge organization; however, the latter is a broader term that covers how knowledge is represented and stored (computer science/linguistics), how it might be automatically processed (artificial intelligence), and how it is organized outside the library in global systems such as the internet. In addition, library science typically refers to a specific community engaged in managing holdings as they are found in university and government libraries, while knowledge organization, in general, refers to this and also to other communities (such as publishers) and other systems (such as the Internet). The library system is thus one socio-technical structure for knowledge organization.[31]

The terms information organization and knowledge organization are often used synonymously.[32]: 106  The fundamentals of their study (particularly theory relating to indexing and classification) and many of the main tools used by the disciplines in modern times to provide access to digital resources (abstracting,[metadata], resource description, systematic and alphabetic subject description, and terminology) originated in the 19th century and were developed, in part, to assist in making humanity's intellectual output accessible by recording, identifying, and providing bibliographic control of printed knowledge.[32] : 105 

Information has been published that analyses the relations between the philosophy of information (PI), library and information science (LIS), and social epistemology (SE).[33]

Ethics

Practicing library professionals and members of the American Library Association recognize and abide by the ALA Code of Ethics. According to the American Library Association, "In a political system grounded in an informed citizenry, we are members of a profession explicitly committed to intellectual freedom and freedom of access to information. We have a special obligation to ensure the free flow of information and ideas to present and future generations."[34] The ALA Code of Ethics was adopted in the winter of 1939, and updated on June 29, 2021.[34]

Education and training

Main article: Education for librarianship

Academic courses in library science include collection management, information systems and technology, research methods, information literacy, cataloging and classification, preservation, reference, statistics and management. Library science is constantly evolving, incorporating new topics like database management, information architecture and information management, among others. With the mounting acceptance of Wikipedia as a valued and reliable reference source, many libraries, museums, and archives have introduced the role of Wikipedian in residence. As a result, some universities are including coursework relating to Wikipedia and Knowledge Management in their MLIS programs.

Most schools in the US only offer a master's degree in library science or an MLIS and do not offer an undergraduate degree in the subject. About fifty schools have this graduate program, and seven are still being ranked. Many have online programs, which makes attending more convenient if the college is not in a student's immediate vicinity. According to US News' online journal, the University of Illinois is at the top of the list of best MLIS programs provided by universities. Second is the University of North Carolina and third is the University of Washington.[35][a]

Most professional library jobs require a professional post-baccalaureate degree in library science or one of its equivalent terms. In the United States and Canada the certification usually comes from a master's degree granted by an ALA-accredited institution, so even non-scholarly librarians have an original academic background. In the United Kingdom, however, there have been moves to broaden the entry requirements to professional library posts, such that qualifications in, or experience of, a number of other disciplines have become more acceptable. In Australia, a number of institutions offer degrees accepted by the ALIA (Australian Library and Information Association). Global standards of accreditation or certification in librarianship have yet to be developed.[36]

In academic regalia in the United States, the color for library science is lemon.

The Master of Library Science (MLIS) is the master's degree that is required for most professional librarian positions in the United States and Canada. The MLIS is a relatively recent degree; an older and still common degree designation for librarians to acquire is the Master of Library Science (MLS), or Master of Science in Library Science (MSLS) degree. According to the American Library Association (ALA), "The master's degree in library and information studies is frequently referred to as the MLS; however, ALA-accredited degrees have various names such as Master of Arts, Master of Librarianship, Master of Library and Information Studies, or Master of Science. The degree name is determined by the program. The [ALA] Committee for Accreditation evaluates programs based on their adherence to the Standards for Accreditation of Master's Programs in Library and Information Studies, not based on the name of the degree

Employment outlook and opportunities

According to U.S. News & World Report, library and information science ranked as one of the "Best Careers of 2008".[37] The median annual salary for 2020 was reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics as $60,820 in the United States.[38] Additional salary breakdowns available by metropolitan area show that the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metropolitan area has the highest average salary at $86,380.[39] In September 2021, the BLS projected growth for the field "to grow 9 percent from 2020 to 2030", which is "about as fast as the average for all occupations".[38] The 2010–2011 Occupational Outlook Handbook states, "Workers in this occupation tend to be older than workers in the rest of the economy. As a result, there may be more workers retiring from this occupation than other occupations. However, relatively large numbers of graduates from MLS programs may cause competition in some areas and for some jobs."[40]

Types of librarianship

Public

Main article: Public library

The study of librarianship for public libraries covers issues such as cataloging; collection development for a diverse community; information literacy; readers' advisory; community standards; public services-focused librarianship; serving a diverse community of adults, children, and teens; intellectual freedom; censorship; and legal and budgeting issues. The public library as a commons or public sphere based on the work of Jürgen Habermas has become a central metaphor in the 21st century.[41]

Most people are familiar with municipal public libraries, but there are, in fact, four different types of public libraries: association libraries, municipal public libraries, school district libraries, and special district public libraries. It is important to be able to distinguish among the four. Each receives its funding through different sources, each is established by a different set of voters, and not all are subject to municipal civil service governance.[42]

School

Main article: School library

The study of school librarianship covers library services for children in primary through secondary school. In some regions, the local government may have stricter standards for the education and certification of school librarians (who are often considered a special case of teacher), than for other librarians, and the educational program will include those local criteria. School librarianship may also include issues of intellectual freedom, pedagogy, information literacy, and how to build a cooperative curriculum with the teaching staff.

Academic

Main article: Academic library

The study of academic librarianship covers library services for colleges and universities. Issues of special importance to the field may include copyright; technology, digital libraries, and digital repositories; academic freedom; open access to scholarly works; as well as specialized knowledge of subject areas important to the institution and the relevant reference works. Librarians often divide focus individually as liaisons on particular schools within a college or university.

Some academic librarians are considered faculty, and hold similar academic ranks to those of professors, while others are not. In either case, the minimal qualification is a Master of Arts in Library Studies or a Master of Arts in Library Science. Some academic libraries may only require a master's degree in a specific academic field or a related field, such as educational technology.

Archival

The study of archives includes the training of archivists, librarians specially trained to maintain and build archives of records intended for historical preservation. Special issues include physical preservation, conservation, and restoration of materials and mass deacidification; specialist catalogs; solo work; access; and appraisal. Many archivists are also trained historians specializing in the period covered by the archive.

The archival mission includes three major goals: To identify papers and records with enduring value, preserve the identified papers, and make the papers available to others.[43]

There are significant differences between libraries and archives, including differences in collections, records creation, item acquisition, and preferred behavior in the institution. The major difference in collections is that library collections typically comprise published items (books, magazines, etc.), while archival collections are usually unpublished works (letters, diaries, etc.) In managing their collections, libraries will categorize items individually, but archival items never stand alone. An archival record gains meaning and importance from its relationship to the entire collection; therefore archival items are usually received by the archive in a group or batch. Library collections are created by many individuals, as each author and illustrator create their own publication; in contrast, an archive usually collects the records of one person, family, institution, or organization, so the archival items will have fewer sources of authors.[43]

Another difference between a library and an archive is that library materials are created explicitly by authors or others who are working intentionally. They choose to write and publish a book, for example, and that occurs. Archival materials are not created intentionally. Instead, the items in an archive are what remains after a business, institution, or person conducts their normal business practices. The collection of letters, documents, receipts, ledger books, etc. was created with the intention to perform daily tasks, they were not created in order to populate a future archive.[43]

As for item acquisition, libraries receive items individually, but archival items will usually become part of the archive's collection as a cohesive group.[43]

Behavior in an archive differs from behavior in a library, as well. In most libraries, patrons are allowed and encouraged to browse the stacks, because the books are openly available to the public. Archival items almost never circulate, and someone interested in viewing documents must request them of the archivist and may only view them in a closed reading room.[43] Those who wish to visit an archive will usually begin with an entrance interview. This is an opportunity for the archivist to register the researcher, confirm their identity, and determine their research needs. This is also the opportune time for the archivist to review reading room rules, which vary but typically include policies on privacy, photocopying, the use of finding aids, and restrictions on food, drinks, and other activities or items that could damage the archival materials.[43]

Special

Main article: Special library

Special libraries are libraries established to meet the highly specialized requirements of professional or business groups. A library is special depending on whether it covers a specialized collection, a special subject, or a particular group of users, or even the type of parent organization. A library can be special if it only serves a particular group of users such as lawyers, doctors, nurses, etc. These libraries are called professional libraries and special librarians include almost any other form of librarianship, including those who serve in medical libraries (and hospitals or medical schools), corporations, news agencies, government organizations, or other special collections. The issues at these libraries are specific to their industries but may include solo work, corporate financing, specialized collection development, and extensive self-promotion to potential patrons. Special librarians have their own professional organization, the Special Libraries Association (SLA).

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)[44] is considered a special library. Its mission is to support, preserve, make accessible, and collaborate in the scholarly research and educational outreach activities of UCAR/NCAR.

Another is the Federal Bureau of Investigation Library.[45] According to its website, "The FBI Library supports the FBI in its statutory mission to uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the United States from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; and to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies.

A further example would be the classified CIA Library. It is a resource to employees of the Central Intelligence Agency, containing over 125,000 written materials, subscribes to around 1,700 periodicals, and had collections in three areas: Historical Intelligence, Circulating, and Reference.[46] In February 1997, three librarians working at the institution spoke to Information Outlook, a publication of the SLA, revealing that the library had been created in 1947, the importance of the library in disseminating information to employees, even with a small staff, and how the library organizes its materials.[47] In May 2021, an unnamed gay librarian, for the institution, was shown in a recruitment video for the agency.[48][49]

Preservation

Main article: Preservation (library and archival science)

Preservation librarians most often work in academic libraries. Their focus is on the management of preservation activities that seek to maintain access to content within books, manuscripts, archival materials, and other library resources. Examples of activities managed by preservation librarians include binding, conservation, digital and analog reformatting, digital preservation, and environmental monitoring.

History

 
The Library of Alexandria, an early library.
See also: Librarian § History

17th century

 
Portrait of Gabriel Naudé, author of Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque (1627), later translated into English in 1661

The earliest text on "library operations", Advice on Establishing a Library was published in 1627 by French librarian and scholar Gabriel Naudé. Naudé wrote prolifically, producing works on many subjects including politics, religion, history, and the supernatural. He put into practice all the ideas put forth in Advice when given the opportunity to build and maintain the library of Cardinal Jules Mazarin.[50]

19th century

 

Martin Schrettinger wrote the second textbook (the first in Germany) on the subject from 1808 to 1829.

Thomas Jefferson, whose library at Monticello consisted of thousands of books, devised a classification system inspired by the Baconian method, which grouped books more or less by subject rather than alphabetically, as it was previously done.[51]

The Jefferson collection provided the start of what became the Library of Congress.[52]

The first American school of librarianship opened at Columbia University under the leadership of Melvil Dewey, noted for his 1876 decimal classification, on January 5, 1887, as the School of Library Economy. The term library economy was common in the U.S. until 1942, with the term, library science, predominant through much of the 20th century. Key events are described in "History of American Library Science: Its Origins and Early Development."[53]

20th century

Later, the term was used in the title of S. R. Ranganathan's The Five Laws of Library Science, published in 1931, and in the title of Lee Pierce Butler's 1933 book, An Introduction to Library Science (University of Chicago Press).

S. R. Ranganathan conceived the five laws of library science and the development of the first major analytical-synthetic classification system, the colon classification.[54]

In the United States, Lee Pierce Butler's new approach advocated research using quantitative methods and ideas in the social sciences with the aim of using librarianship to address society's information needs. He was one of the first faculty at the University of Chicago Graduate Library School, which changed the structure and focus of education for librarianship in the twentieth century. This research agenda went against the more procedure-based approach of the "library economy," which was mostly confined to practical problems in the administration of libraries.

William Stetson Merrill's A Code for Classifiers, released in several editions from 1914 to 1939,[55] is an example of a more pragmatic approach, where arguments stemming from in-depth knowledge about each field of study are employed to recommend a system of classification. While Ranganathan's approach was philosophical, it was also tied more to the day-to-day business of running a library. A reworking of Ranganathan's laws was published in 1995 which removes the constant references to books. Michael Gorman's Our Enduring Values: Librarianship in the 21st Century features the eight principles necessary by library professionals and incorporates knowledge and information in all their forms, allowing for digital information to be considered.

In the English-speaking world the term "library science" seems to have been used for the first time in India[56] in the 1916 book Punjab Library Primer, written by Asa Don Dickinson and published by the University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.[57] This university was the first in Asia to begin teaching "library science". The Punjab Library Primer was the first textbook on library science published in English anywhere in the world. The first textbook in the United States was the Manual of Library Economy by James Duff Brown, published in 1903. In 1923, C. C. Williamson, who was appointed by the Carnegie Corporation, published an assessment of library science education entitled "The Williamson Report," which designated that universities should provide library science training.[58] This report had a significant impact on library science training and education. Library research and practical work, in the area of information science, have remained largely distinct both in training and in research interests.

From Library Science to LIS

By the late 1960s, mainly due to the meteoric rise of human computing power and the new academic disciplines formed therefrom, academic institutions began to add the term "information science" to their names. The first school to do this was at the University of Pittsburgh in 1964.[59] More schools followed during the 1970s and 1980s, and by the 1990s almost all library schools in the USA had added information science to their names. Although there are exceptions, similar developments have taken place in other parts of the world. In Denmark, for example, the 'Royal School of Librarianship' changed its English name to The Royal School of Library and Information Science in 1997.

21st century

The digital age has transformed how information is accessed and retrieved. "The library is now a part of a complex and dynamic educational, recreational, and informational infrastructure."[60] Mobile devices and applications with wireless networking, high-speed computers and networks, and the computing cloud have deeply impacted and developed information science and information services.[61] The evolution of the library sciences maintains its mission of access equity and community space, as well as the new means for information retrieval called information literacy skills. All catalogs, databases, and a growing number of books are available on the Internet. In addition, the expanding free access to open-source journals and sources such as Wikipedia has fundamentally impacted how information is accessed. Information literacy is the ability to "determine the extent of information needed, access the needed information effectively and efficiently, evaluate information and its sources critically, incorporate selected information into one's knowledge base, use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose, and understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information, and access and use information ethically and legally."[62]

Journals

(see also List of LIS Journals in India page, Category:Library science journals and Journal Citation Reports for listing according to Impact factor)

Some core journals in LIS are:

Important bibliographical databases in LIS are, among others, Social Sciences Citation Index and Library and Information Science Abstracts[64]

Conferences

This is a list of some of the major conferences in the field.

Common subfields

An advertisement for a full Professor in information science at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, spring 2011, provides one view of which subdisciplines are well-established:[67] "The research and teaching/supervision must be within some (and at least one) of these well-established information science areas

There are other ways to identify subfields within LIS, for example bibliometric mapping and comparative studies of curricula. Bibliometric maps of LIS have been produced by, among others, Vickery & Vickery (1987, frontispiece),[68] White & McCain (1998),[69] Åström (2002),[70] 2006) and Hassan-Montero & Herrero-Solana (2007).[71] An example of a curriculum study is Kajberg & Lørring, 2005.[72] In this publication are the following data reported (p 234): "Degree of overlap of the ten curricular themes with subject areas in the current curricula of responding LIS schools

There is often an overlap between these subfields of LIS and other fields of study. Most information retrieval research, for example, belongs to computer science. Knowledge management is considered a subfield of management or organizational studies.[73]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) used the term "library economy" for class 19 in its first edition from 1876. In the second edition (and all subsequent editions) it was moved to class 20. The term "library economy" was used until (and including) the 14th edition (1942). From the 15th edition (1951) class 20 was termed library science, which was used until (and including) 17th edition (1965) when it was replaced by "library and information sciences" (LIS) from the 18th edition (1971) and forward.
  1. ^ All the listings can be found here.[dead link]

References

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  2. ^ a b Library and Information Sciences is the name used in the Dewey Decimal Classification for class 20 from the 18th edition (1971) to the 22nd edition (2003)
  3. ^ a b Saracevic, Tefko (1992). Information science: origin, evolution and relations. In: Conceptions of library and information science. Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives. Edited by Pertti Vakkari & Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham (pp. 5–27).
  4. ^ Miksa, Francis L. (1992). Library and information science: two paradigms. In: Conceptions of library and information science. Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives. Edited by Pertti Vakkari & Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham (pp. 229–252).
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  6. ^ Rayward, W. B. (Ed.) (2004). Aware and responsible. Papers of the Nordic- International Colloquium on Social and Cultural Awareness and responsibility in Library, Information, and Documentation Studies (SCARLID). Lanham, MD:
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Further reading

  • Åström, Fredrik (September 5, 2008). "Formalizing a discipline: The institutionalization of library and information science research in the Nordic countries". Journal of Documentation. 64 (5): 721–737. doi:10.1108/00220410810899736.
  • Bawden, David; Robinson, Lyn (August 20, 2012). Introduction to Information Science. ISBN 978-1555708610.
  • Järvelin, Kalervo; Vakkari, Pertti (January 1993). "The evolution of library and information science 1965–1985: A content analysis of journal articles". Information Processing & Management. 29 (1): 129–144. doi:10.1016/0306-4573(93)90028-C.
  • McNicol, Sarah (March 2003). "LIS: the interdisciplinary research landscape". Journal of Librarianship and Information Science. 35 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1177/096100060303500103. S2CID 220912521.
  • Dick, Archie L. (1995). "Library and Information Science as a Social Science: Neutral and Normative Conceptions". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 65 (2): 216–235. doi:10.1086/602777. JSTOR 4309022. S2CID 142825177.
  • International Journal of Library Science (ISSN 0975-7546)
  • Lafontaine, Gerard S. (1958). Dictionary of Terms Used in the Paper, Printing, and Allied Industries. Toronto: H. Smith Paper Mills. 110 p.
  • The Oxford Guide to Library Research (2005) – ISBN 0195189981
  • Thompson, Elizabeth H. (1943). A.L.A. Glossary of Library Terms, with a Selection of Terms in Related Fields, prepared under the direction of the Committee on Library Terminology of the American Library Association. Chicago, Ill.: American Library Association. viii, 189 p. ISBN 978-0838900000
  • V-LIB 1.2 (2008 Vartavan Library Classification, over 700 fields of sciences & arts classified according to a relational philosophy, currently sold under license in the UK by Rosecastle Ltd. (see Vartavan-Frame)

External links

  •   Media related to Library and information science at Wikimedia Commons
  • LISNews.org – librarian and information science news
  • LISWire.com – librarian and information science wire
  • Library and Information Science at Curlie

July 10, 2023
library, information, science, this, article, unclear, citation, style, references, used, made, clearer, with, different, consistent, style, citation, footnoting, july, 2023, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, studies, interdisciplinary, field, stud. This article has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting July 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Library and information science s or studies LIS 1 2 is an interdisciplinary field of study that deals generally with organization access collection and protection regulation of information whether in physical or digital forms In spite of various trends to merge the two fields some consider the two original disciplines library science and information science to be separate 3 4 However it is common today to use the terms synonymously or to drop the term library and to speak about information departments or I schools 5 There have also been attempts to revive the concept of documentation and to speak of Library information and documentation studies or science 6 Contents 1 Relations between library science information science and LIS 1 1 Library science 2 Difficulties defining LIS 2 1 A multidisciplinary interdisciplinary or monodisciplinary field 2 2 A fragmented adhocracy 2 3 Scattering of the literature 3 The unique concern of library and information science 4 LIS theories 5 Theory and practice 5 1 Ethics 6 Education and training 7 Employment outlook and opportunities 8 Types of librarianship 8 1 Public 8 2 School 8 3 Academic 8 4 Archival 8 5 Special 8 6 Preservation 9 History 9 1 17th century 9 2 19th century 9 3 20th century 9 3 1 From Library Science to LIS 9 4 21st century 10 Journals 11 Conferences 12 Common subfields 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksRelations between library science information science and LIS EditTefko Saracevic 1992 p 13 3 argued that library science and information science are separate fields The common ground between library science and information science which is a strong one is in the sharing of their social role and in their general concern with the problems of effective utilization of graphic records But there are also very significant differences in several critical respects among them in 1 selection of problems addressed and in the way they were defined 2 theoretical questions asked and frameworks established 3 the nature and degree of experimentation and empirical development and the resulting practical knowledge competencies derived 4 tools and approaches used and 5 the nature and strength of interdisciplinary relations established and the dependence of the progress and evolution of interdisciplinary approaches All of these differences warrant the conclusion that librarianship and information science are two different fields in a robust interdisciplinary relation rather than the same field or one being a special case of the other Another indication of the different uses of the two terms are the indexing in UMI s Dissertations Abstracts In Dissertations Abstracts Online in November 2011 were 4888 dissertations indexed with the descriptor LIBRARY SCIENCE and 9053 with the descriptor INFORMATION SCIENCE For the year 2009 the numbers were 104 LIBRARY SCIENCE and 514 INFORMATION SCIENCE 891 dissertations were indexed with both terms 36 in 2009 citation needed It should be considered that information science grew out of documentation science and therefore has a tradition for considering scientific and scholarly communication bibliographic databases subject knowledge and terminology etc Library science on the other hand has mostly concentrated on libraries and their internal processes and best practices citation needed It is also relevant to consider that information science used to be done by scientists while librarianship has been split between public libraries and scholarly research libraries Library schools have mainly educated librarians for public libraries and not shown much interest in scientific communication and documentation When information scientists from 1964 entered library schools they brought with them competencies in relation to information retrieval in subject databases including concepts such as recall and precision Boolean search techniques query formulation and related issues Subject bibliographic databases and citation indexes provided a major step forward in information dissemination and also in the curriculum at library schools Julian Warner 2010 7 suggests that the information and computer science tradition in information retrieval may broadly be characterized as query transformation with the query articulated verbally by the user in advance of searching and then transformed by a system into a set of records From librarianship and indexing on the other hand has been an implicit stress on selection power enabling the user to make relevant selections Library science Edit Library science often termed library studies bibliothecography and library economy note 1 is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices perspectives and tools of management information technology education and other areas to libraries the collection organization preservation and dissemination of information resources and the political economy of information Martin Schrettinger a Bavarian librarian coined the discipline within his work 1808 1828 Versuch eines vollstandigen Lehrbuchs der Bibliothek Wissenschaft oder Anleitung zur vollkommenen Geschaftsfuhrung eines Bibliothekars 8 Rather than classifying information based on nature oriented elements as was previously done in his Bavarian library Schrettinger organized books in alphabetical order 9 The first American school for library science was founded by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University in 1887 10 11 Historically library science has also included archival science 12 This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of selected user groups how people interact with classification systems and technology how information is acquired evaluated and applied by people in and outside libraries as well as cross culturally how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries the ethics that guide library service and organization the legal status of libraries and information resources and the applied science of computer technology used in documentation and records management There is no generally agreed upon distinction between the terms library science and librarianship To a certain extent they are interchangeable perhaps differing most significantly in connotation The term library and information studies alternatively library and information science 1 2 abbreviated as LIS is most often used 13 most librarians consider it as only a terminological variation intended to emphasize the scientific and technical foundations of the subject and its relationship with information science LIS should not be confused with information theory the mathematical study of the concept of information Library philosophy has been contrasted with library science as the study of the aims and justifications of librarianship as opposed to the development and refinement of techniques 14 Difficulties defining LIS Edit The question What is library and information science does not elicit responses of the same internal conceptual coherence as similar inquiries as to the nature of other fields e g What is chemistry What is economics What is medicine Each of those fields though broad in scope has clear ties to basic concerns of their field Neither LIS theory nor practice is perceived to be monolithic nor unified by a common literature or set of professional skills Occasionally LIS scholars many of whom do not self identify as members of an interreading LIS community or prefer names other than LIS attempt but are unable to find core concepts in common Some believe that computing and internetworking concepts and skills underlie virtually every important aspect of LIS indeed see LIS as a sub field of computer science Footnote III 1 Others claim that LIS is principally a social science accompanied by practical skills such as ethnography and interviewing Historically traditions of public service bibliography documentalism and information science have viewed their mission their philosophical toolsets and their domain of research differently Still others deny the existence of a greater metropolitan LIS viewing LIS instead as a loosely organized collection of specialized interests often unified by nothing more than their shared and fought over use of the descriptor information Indeed claims occasionally arise to the effect that the field even has no theory of its own Konrad 2007 p 652 653 A multidisciplinary interdisciplinary or monodisciplinary field Edit The Swedish researcher Emin Tengstrom 1993 15 described cross disciplinary research as a process not a state or structure He differentiates three levels of ambition regarding cross disciplinary research The Pluridisciplinary or multidisciplinarity level The genuine cross disciplinary level interdisciplinarity The discipline forming level transdisciplinarity What is described here is a view of social fields as dynamic and changing Library and information science is viewed as a field that started as a multidisciplinary field based on literature psychology sociology management computer science etc which is developing towards an academic discipline in its own right However the following quote seems to indicate that LIS is actually developing in the opposite direction Chua amp Yang 2008 16 studied papers published in Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology in the period 1988 1997 and found among other things Top authors have grown in diversity from those being affiliated predominantly with library information related departments to include those from information systems management information technology business and the humanities Amid heterogeneous clusters of collaboration among top authors strongly connected crossdisciplinary coauthor pairs have become more prevalent Correspondingly the distribution of top keywords occurrences that leans heavily on core information science has shifted towards other subdisciplines such as information technology and socio behavioral science A more recent study revealed that 31 of the papers published in 31 LIS journals from 2007 through 2012 were by authors in academic departments of library and information science i e those offering degree programs accredited by the American Library Association or similar professional organizations in other countries Faculty in departments of computer science 10 management 10 communication 3 the other social sciences 9 and the other natural sciences 7 were also represented Nearly one quarter of the papers in the 31 journals were by practicing librarians and 6 were by others in non academic e g corporate positions 17 As a field with its own body of interrelated concepts techniques journals and professional associations LIS is clearly a discipline But by the nature of its subject matter and methods LIS is just as clearly an interdiscipline drawing on many adjacent fields see below A fragmented adhocracy Edit Richard Whitley 1984 18 2000 19 classified scientific fields according to their intellectual and social organization and described management studies as a fragmented adhocracy a field with a low level of coordination around a diffuse set of goals and a non specialized terminology but with strong connections to the practice in the business sector Astrom 2006 20 applied this conception to the description of LIS Scattering of the literature Edit Meho amp Spurgin 2005 21 found that in a list of 2 625 items published between 1982 and 2002 by 68 faculty members of 18 schools of library and information science only 10 databases provided significant coverage of the LIS literature Results also show that restricting the data sources to one two or even three databases leads to inaccurate rankings and erroneous conclusions Because no database provides comprehensive coverage of the LIS literature researchers must rely on a wide range of disciplinary and multidisciplinary databases for ranking and other research purposes Even when the nine most comprehensive databases in LIS was searched and combined 27 0 or 710 of 2 635 of the publications remain not found The study confirms earlier research that LIS literature is highly scattered and is not limited to standard LIS databases What was not known or verified before however is that a significant amount of this literature is indexed in the interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary databases of Inside Conferences and INSPEC Other interdisciplinary databases such as America History and Life were also found to be very useful and complementary to traditional LIS databases particularly in the areas of archives and library history Meho amp Spurgin 2005 p 1329 The unique concern of library and information science Edit Concern for people becoming informed is not unique to LIS and thus is insufficient to differentiate LIS from other fields LIS are a part of a larger enterprise Konrad 2007 p 655 22 The unique concern of LIS is recognized as Statement of the core concern of LIS Humans becoming informed constructing meaning via intermediation between inquirers and instrumented records No other field has this as its concern Konrad 2007 p 660 Note that the promiscuous term information does not appear in the above statement circumscribing the field s central concerns The detrimental effects of the ambiguity this term provokes are discussed above Part III Furner Furner 2004 427 has shown that discourse in the field is improved where specific terms are utilized in place of the i word for specific senses of that term Konrad 2007 p 661 Michael Buckland wrote Educational programs in library information and documentation are concerned with what people know are not limited to technology and require wide ranging expertise They differ fundamentally and importantly from computer science programs and from the information systems programs found in business schools 23 Bawden and Robinson argue that while information science has overlaps with numerous other disciplines with interest in studying communication it is unique in that it is concerned with all aspects of the communication chain 24 6 8 For example computer science may be interested in the indexing and retrieval sociology with user studies and publishing business with dissemination whereas information science is interested in the study of all of these individual areas and the interactions between them 24 6 The organization of information and information resources is one of the fundamental aspects of LIS 24 106 and is an example of both LIS s uniqueness and its multidisciplinary origins Some of the main tools used by LIS toward this end to provide access to the digital resources of modern times particularly theory relating to indexing and classification originated in 19th century to assist humanity s effort to make its intellectual output accessible by recording identifying and providing bibliographic control of printed knowledge 24 105 The origin for some of these tools were even earlier For example in the 17th century during the golden age of libraries publishers and sellers seeking to take advantage of the burgeoning book trade developed descriptive catalogs of their wares for distribution a practice was adopted and further extrapolated by many libraries of the time to cover areas like philosophy sciences linguistics medicine etc 25 120 In this way a business concern of publishers keeping track of and advertising inventory was developed into a system for organizing and preserving information by the library The development of metadata is another area that exemplifies the aim of LIS to be something more than a mishmash of several disciplines that uniqueness Bawden and Robinson describe Pre Internet classification systems and cataloging systems were mainly concerned with two objectives 1 to provide rich bibliographic descriptions and relations between information objects and 2 to facilitate sharing of this bibliographic information across library boundaries 26 14 The development of the Internet and the information explosion that followed found many communities needing mechanisms for the description authentication and management of their information 26 15 These communities developed taxonomies and controlled vocabularies to describe their knowledge as well as unique information architectures to communicate these classifications and libraries found themselves as liaison or translator between these metadata systems 26 15 16 Of course the concerns of cataloging in the Internet era have gone beyond simple bibliographic descriptions The need for descriptive information about the ownership and copyright of a digital product a publishing concern and description for the different formats and accessibility features of a resource a sociological concern show the continued development and cross discipline necessity of resource description 26 15 In the 21st century the usage of open data open source and open protocols like OAI PMH has allowed thousands of libraries and institutions to collaborate on the production of global metadata services previously offered only by increasingly expensive commercial proprietary products Examples include BASE and Unpaywall which automates the search of an academic paper across thousands of repositories by libraries and research institutions 27 Christopher M Owusu Ansah argued that many African universities have employed distance education to expand access to education and digital libraries can ensure seamless access to information for distance learners 28 LIS theories EditJulian Warner 2010 p 4 5 7 suggests that Two paradigms the cognitive and the physical have been distinguished in information retrieval research but they share the assumption of the value of delivering relevant records Ellis 1984 19 29 Belkin and Vickery 1985 114 30 For the purpose of discussion here they can be considered a single heterogeneous paradigm linked but not united by this common assumption The value placed on query transformation is dissonant with common practice where users may prefer to explore an area and may value fully informed exploration Some dissenting research discussions have been more congruent with practice advocating explorative capability the ability to explore and make discriminations between representations of objects as the fundamental design principle for information retrieval systems Among other approaches Evidence Based Library and Information Practice should also be mentioned Theory and practice EditMany practicing librarians do not contribute to LIS scholarship but focus on daily operations within their own libraries or library systems Other practicing librarians particularly in academic libraries do perform original scholarly LIS research and contribute to the academic end of the field Whether or not individual professional librarians contribute to scholarly research and publication many are involved with and contribute to the advancement of the profession and of library science through local state regional national and international library or information organizations Library science is very closely related to issues of knowledge organization however the latter is a broader term that covers how knowledge is represented and stored computer science linguistics how it might be automatically processed artificial intelligence and how it is organized outside the library in global systems such as the internet In addition library science typically refers to a specific community engaged in managing holdings as they are found in university and government libraries while knowledge organization in general refers to this and also to other communities such as publishers and other systems such as the Internet The library system is thus one socio technical structure for knowledge organization 31 The terms information organization and knowledge organization are often used synonymously 32 106 The fundamentals of their study particularly theory relating to indexing and classification and many of the main tools used by the disciplines in modern times to provide access to digital resources abstracting metadata resource description systematic and alphabetic subject description and terminology originated in the 19th century and were developed in part to assist in making humanity s intellectual output accessible by recording identifying and providing bibliographic control of printed knowledge 32 105 Information has been published that analyses the relations between the philosophy of information PI library and information science LIS and social epistemology SE 33 Ethics Edit Practicing library professionals and members of the American Library Association recognize and abide by the ALA Code of Ethics According to the American Library Association In a political system grounded in an informed citizenry we are members of a profession explicitly committed to intellectual freedom and freedom of access to information We have a special obligation to ensure the free flow of information and ideas to present and future generations 34 The ALA Code of Ethics was adopted in the winter of 1939 and updated on June 29 2021 34 Education and training EditMain article Education for librarianship Academic courses in library science include collection management information systems and technology research methods information literacy cataloging and classification preservation reference statistics and management Library science is constantly evolving incorporating new topics like database management information architecture and information management among others With the mounting acceptance of Wikipedia as a valued and reliable reference source many libraries museums and archives have introduced the role of Wikipedian in residence As a result some universities are including coursework relating to Wikipedia and Knowledge Management in their MLIS programs Most schools in the US only offer a master s degree in library science or an MLIS and do not offer an undergraduate degree in the subject About fifty schools have this graduate program and seven are still being ranked Many have online programs which makes attending more convenient if the college is not in a student s immediate vicinity According to US News online journal the University of Illinois is at the top of the list of best MLIS programs provided by universities Second is the University of North Carolina and third is the University of Washington 35 a Most professional library jobs require a professional post baccalaureate degree in library science or one of its equivalent terms In the United States and Canada the certification usually comes from a master s degree granted by an ALA accredited institution so even non scholarly librarians have an original academic background In the United Kingdom however there have been moves to broaden the entry requirements to professional library posts such that qualifications in or experience of a number of other disciplines have become more acceptable In Australia a number of institutions offer degrees accepted by the ALIA Australian Library and Information Association Global standards of accreditation or certification in librarianship have yet to be developed 36 In academic regalia in the United States the color for library science is lemon The Master of Library Science MLIS is the master s degree that is required for most professional librarian positions in the United States and Canada The MLIS is a relatively recent degree an older and still common degree designation for librarians to acquire is the Master of Library Science MLS or Master of Science in Library Science MSLS degree According to the American Library Association ALA The master s degree in library and information studies is frequently referred to as the MLS however ALA accredited degrees have various names such as Master of Arts Master of Librarianship Master of Library and Information Studies or Master of Science The degree name is determined by the program The ALA Committee for Accreditation evaluates programs based on their adherence to the Standards for Accreditation of Master s Programs in Library and Information Studies not based on the name of the degreeEmployment outlook and opportunities EditAccording to U S News amp World Report library and information science ranked as one of the Best Careers of 2008 37 The median annual salary for 2020 was reported by the U S Bureau of Labor Statistics as 60 820 in the United States 38 Additional salary breakdowns available by metropolitan area show that the San Jose Sunnyvale Santa Clara metropolitan area has the highest average salary at 86 380 39 In September 2021 the BLS projected growth for the field to grow 9 percent from 2020 to 2030 which is about as fast as the average for all occupations 38 The 2010 2011 Occupational Outlook Handbook states Workers in this occupation tend to be older than workers in the rest of the economy As a result there may be more workers retiring from this occupation than other occupations However relatively large numbers of graduates from MLS programs may cause competition in some areas and for some jobs 40 Types of librarianship EditPublic Edit Main article Public library The study of librarianship for public libraries covers issues such as cataloging collection development for a diverse community information literacy readers advisory community standards public services focused librarianship serving a diverse community of adults children and teens intellectual freedom censorship and legal and budgeting issues The public library as a commons or public sphere based on the work of Jurgen Habermas has become a central metaphor in the 21st century 41 Most people are familiar with municipal public libraries but there are in fact four different types of public libraries association libraries municipal public libraries school district libraries and special district public libraries It is important to be able to distinguish among the four Each receives its funding through different sources each is established by a different set of voters and not all are subject to municipal civil service governance 42 School Edit Main article School library The study of school librarianship covers library services for children in primary through secondary school In some regions the local government may have stricter standards for the education and certification of school librarians who are often considered a special case of teacher than for other librarians and the educational program will include those local criteria School librarianship may also include issues of intellectual freedom pedagogy information literacy and how to build a cooperative curriculum with the teaching staff Academic Edit Main article Academic library The study of academic librarianship covers library services for colleges and universities Issues of special importance to the field may include copyright technology digital libraries and digital repositories academic freedom open access to scholarly works as well as specialized knowledge of subject areas important to the institution and the relevant reference works Librarians often divide focus individually as liaisons on particular schools within a college or university Some academic librarians are considered faculty and hold similar academic ranks to those of professors while others are not In either case the minimal qualification is a Master of Arts in Library Studies or a Master of Arts in Library Science Some academic libraries may only require a master s degree in a specific academic field or a related field such as educational technology Archival Edit The study of archives includes the training of archivists librarians specially trained to maintain and build archives of records intended for historical preservation Special issues include physical preservation conservation and restoration of materials and mass deacidification specialist catalogs solo work access and appraisal Many archivists are also trained historians specializing in the period covered by the archive The archival mission includes three major goals To identify papers and records with enduring value preserve the identified papers and make the papers available to others 43 There are significant differences between libraries and archives including differences in collections records creation item acquisition and preferred behavior in the institution The major difference in collections is that library collections typically comprise published items books magazines etc while archival collections are usually unpublished works letters diaries etc In managing their collections libraries will categorize items individually but archival items never stand alone An archival record gains meaning and importance from its relationship to the entire collection therefore archival items are usually received by the archive in a group or batch Library collections are created by many individuals as each author and illustrator create their own publication in contrast an archive usually collects the records of one person family institution or organization so the archival items will have fewer sources of authors 43 Another difference between a library and an archive is that library materials are created explicitly by authors or others who are working intentionally They choose to write and publish a book for example and that occurs Archival materials are not created intentionally Instead the items in an archive are what remains after a business institution or person conducts their normal business practices The collection of letters documents receipts ledger books etc was created with the intention to perform daily tasks they were not created in order to populate a future archive 43 As for item acquisition libraries receive items individually but archival items will usually become part of the archive s collection as a cohesive group 43 Behavior in an archive differs from behavior in a library as well In most libraries patrons are allowed and encouraged to browse the stacks because the books are openly available to the public Archival items almost never circulate and someone interested in viewing documents must request them of the archivist and may only view them in a closed reading room 43 Those who wish to visit an archive will usually begin with an entrance interview This is an opportunity for the archivist to register the researcher confirm their identity and determine their research needs This is also the opportune time for the archivist to review reading room rules which vary but typically include policies on privacy photocopying the use of finding aids and restrictions on food drinks and other activities or items that could damage the archival materials 43 Special Edit Main article Special library Special libraries are libraries established to meet the highly specialized requirements of professional or business groups A library is special depending on whether it covers a specialized collection a special subject or a particular group of users or even the type of parent organization A library can be special if it only serves a particular group of users such as lawyers doctors nurses etc These libraries are called professional libraries and special librarians include almost any other form of librarianship including those who serve in medical libraries and hospitals or medical schools corporations news agencies government organizations or other special collections The issues at these libraries are specific to their industries but may include solo work corporate financing specialized collection development and extensive self promotion to potential patrons Special librarians have their own professional organization the Special Libraries Association SLA National Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR 44 is considered a special library Its mission is to support preserve make accessible and collaborate in the scholarly research and educational outreach activities of UCAR NCAR Another is the Federal Bureau of Investigation Library 45 According to its website The FBI Library supports the FBI in its statutory mission to uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal criminal law to protect the United States from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities and to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal state local and international agencies A further example would be the classified CIA Library It is a resource to employees of the Central Intelligence Agency containing over 125 000 written materials subscribes to around 1 700 periodicals and had collections in three areas Historical Intelligence Circulating and Reference 46 In February 1997 three librarians working at the institution spoke to Information Outlook a publication of the SLA revealing that the library had been created in 1947 the importance of the library in disseminating information to employees even with a small staff and how the library organizes its materials 47 In May 2021 an unnamed gay librarian for the institution was shown in a recruitment video for the agency 48 49 Preservation Edit Main article Preservation library and archival science Preservation librarians most often work in academic libraries Their focus is on the management of preservation activities that seek to maintain access to content within books manuscripts archival materials and other library resources Examples of activities managed by preservation librarians include binding conservation digital and analog reformatting digital preservation and environmental monitoring History Edit The Library of Alexandria an early library See also Librarian History The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate November 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message 17th century Edit Portrait of Gabriel Naude author of Advis pour dresser une bibliotheque 1627 later translated into English in 1661The earliest text on library operations Advice on Establishing a Library was published in 1627 by French librarian and scholar Gabriel Naude Naude wrote prolifically producing works on many subjects including politics religion history and the supernatural He put into practice all the ideas put forth in Advice when given the opportunity to build and maintain the library of Cardinal Jules Mazarin 50 19th century Edit Martin Schrettinger wrote the second textbook the first in Germany on the subject from 1808 to 1829 Thomas Jefferson whose library at Monticello consisted of thousands of books devised a classification system inspired by the Baconian method which grouped books more or less by subject rather than alphabetically as it was previously done 51 The Jefferson collection provided the start of what became the Library of Congress 52 The first American school of librarianship opened at Columbia University under the leadership of Melvil Dewey noted for his 1876 decimal classification on January 5 1887 as the School of Library Economy The term library economy was common in the U S until 1942 with the term library science predominant through much of the 20th century Key events are described in History of American Library Science Its Origins and Early Development 53 20th century Edit Later the term was used in the title of S R Ranganathan s The Five Laws of Library Science published in 1931 and in the title of Lee Pierce Butler s 1933 book An Introduction to Library Science University of Chicago Press S R Ranganathan conceived the five laws of library science and the development of the first major analytical synthetic classification system the colon classification 54 In the United States Lee Pierce Butler s new approach advocated research using quantitative methods and ideas in the social sciences with the aim of using librarianship to address society s information needs He was one of the first faculty at the University of Chicago Graduate Library School which changed the structure and focus of education for librarianship in the twentieth century This research agenda went against the more procedure based approach of the library economy which was mostly confined to practical problems in the administration of libraries William Stetson Merrill s A Code for Classifiers released in several editions from 1914 to 1939 55 is an example of a more pragmatic approach where arguments stemming from in depth knowledge about each field of study are employed to recommend a system of classification While Ranganathan s approach was philosophical it was also tied more to the day to day business of running a library A reworking of Ranganathan s laws was published in 1995 which removes the constant references to books Michael Gorman s Our Enduring Values Librarianship in the 21st Century features the eight principles necessary by library professionals and incorporates knowledge and information in all their forms allowing for digital information to be considered In the English speaking world the term library science seems to have been used for the first time in India 56 in the 1916 book Punjab Library Primer written by Asa Don Dickinson and published by the University of Punjab Lahore Pakistan 57 This university was the first in Asia to begin teaching library science The Punjab Library Primer was the first textbook on library science published in English anywhere in the world The first textbook in the United States was the Manual of Library Economy by James Duff Brown published in 1903 In 1923 C C Williamson who was appointed by the Carnegie Corporation published an assessment of library science education entitled The Williamson Report which designated that universities should provide library science training 58 This report had a significant impact on library science training and education Library research and practical work in the area of information science have remained largely distinct both in training and in research interests From Library Science to LIS Edit By the late 1960s mainly due to the meteoric rise of human computing power and the new academic disciplines formed therefrom academic institutions began to add the term information science to their names The first school to do this was at the University of Pittsburgh in 1964 59 More schools followed during the 1970s and 1980s and by the 1990s almost all library schools in the USA had added information science to their names Although there are exceptions similar developments have taken place in other parts of the world In Denmark for example the Royal School of Librarianship changed its English name to The Royal School of Library and Information Science in 1997 21st century Edit The digital age has transformed how information is accessed and retrieved The library is now a part of a complex and dynamic educational recreational and informational infrastructure 60 Mobile devices and applications with wireless networking high speed computers and networks and the computing cloud have deeply impacted and developed information science and information services 61 The evolution of the library sciences maintains its mission of access equity and community space as well as the new means for information retrieval called information literacy skills All catalogs databases and a growing number of books are available on the Internet In addition the expanding free access to open source journals and sources such as Wikipedia has fundamentally impacted how information is accessed Information literacy is the ability to determine the extent of information needed access the needed information effectively and efficiently evaluate information and its sources critically incorporate selected information into one s knowledge base use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose and understand the economic legal and social issues surrounding the use of information and access and use information ethically and legally 62 Journals Edit see also List of LIS Journals in India page Category Library science journals and Journal Citation Reports for listing according to Impact factor Some core journals in LIS are Annual Review of Information Science and Technology ARIST 1966 2011 El Profesional de la Informacion es EPI 1992 Formerly Information World en Espanol Information Processing and Management Information Research An International Electronic Journal IR 1995 Italian Journal of Library and Information Studies JLIS it Journal of Documentation JDoc 1945 Journal of Information Science JIS 1979 Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology Formerly Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology JASIST 1950 Knowledge Organization journal Library Literature and Information Science Retrospective 63 Library Trends 1952 Scientometrics journal 1978 The Library Quarterly LQ 1931 Grandhalaya Sarvaswam 1915 Important bibliographical databases in LIS are among others Social Sciences Citation Index and Library and Information Science Abstracts 64 Conferences EditThis is a list of some of the major conferences in the field Annual meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology Conceptions of Library and Information Science i Schools iConferences The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions IFLA World Library and Information Congress 65 African Library and Information Associations and Institutions AfLIA Conference 66 Common subfields EditAn advertisement for a full Professor in information science at the Royal School of Library and Information Science spring 2011 provides one view of which subdisciplines are well established 67 The research and teaching supervision must be within some and at least one of these well established information science areas a Knowledge organization b Library studies c Information architecture d Information behavior e Interactive information retrieval f Information systems g Scholarly communication h Digital literacy cf information literacy i Bibliometrics or scientometrics j Interaction design and user experience k Digital libraryThere are other ways to identify subfields within LIS for example bibliometric mapping and comparative studies of curricula Bibliometric maps of LIS have been produced by among others Vickery amp Vickery 1987 frontispiece 68 White amp McCain 1998 69 Astrom 2002 70 2006 and Hassan Montero amp Herrero Solana 2007 71 An example of a curriculum study is Kajberg amp Lorring 2005 72 In this publication are the following data reported p 234 Degree of overlap of the ten curricular themes with subject areas in the current curricula of responding LIS schools Information seeking and Information retrieval 100 Library management and promotion 96 Knowledge management 86 Knowledge organization 82 Information literacy and learning 76 Library and society in a historical perspective Library history 66 The Information society Barriers to the free access to information 64 Cultural heritage and digitisation of the cultural heritage Digital preservation 62 The library in the multi cultural information society International and intercultural communication 42 Mediation of culture in a special European context 26 There is often an overlap between these subfields of LIS and other fields of study Most information retrieval research for example belongs to computer science Knowledge management is considered a subfield of management or organizational studies 73 See also EditArchival science Authority control Bibliography Digital Asset Management DAM Diversity in librarianship Documentation science Education for librarianship Glossary of library and information science History of libraries Informatics academic field Information history Information management Information retrieval Information science Information systems Internet search engines and libraries I school Knowledge management Librarian Libraries and the LGBTQ community Library and information scientist Library history Library portal List of library associations Metadata Museology Museum informatics Outline of library science Records Management Subject indexing Timeline of women in library scienceNotes Edit Dewey Decimal Classification DDC used the term library economy for class 19 in its first edition from 1876 In the second edition and all subsequent editions it was moved to class 20 The term library economy was used until and including the 14th edition 1942 From the 15th edition 1951 class 20 was termed library science which was used until and including 17th edition 1965 when it was replaced by library and information sciences LIS from the 18th edition 1971 and forward All the listings can be found here dead link References Edit a b Bates M J and Maack M N eds 2010 Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences Vol 1 7 CRC Press Boca Raton USA Also available as an electronic source a b Library and Information Sciences is the name used in the Dewey Decimal Classification for class 20 from the 18th edition 1971 to the 22nd edition 2003 a b Saracevic Tefko 1992 Information science origin evolution and relations In Conceptions of library and information science Historical empirical and theoretical perspectives Edited by Pertti Vakkari amp Blaise Cronin London Taylor Graham pp 5 27 Miksa Francis L 1992 Library and information science two paradigms In Conceptions of library and information science Historical empirical and theoretical perspectives Edited by Pertti Vakkari amp Blaise Cronin London Taylor Graham pp 229 252 Matusiak K K Stansbury M Barczyk E 2014 Educating a new generation of library and information science professionals A United States perspective Przeglad Biblioteczny Library Review 82 2 189 206 Archived from the original on March 14 2018 via Digital Commons DU Rayward W B Ed 2004 Aware and responsible Papers of the Nordic International Colloquium on Social and Cultural Awareness and responsibility in Library Information and Documentation Studies SCARLID Lanham MD a b Warner Julian 2010 Human information retrieval Cambridge MA The MIT Press Schrettinger Martin Ordensname Willibald Schrettinger Martin religious name Willibald Deutsche Biographie in German Archived from the original on April 15 2021 Buckland M June 12 2005 Information schools a monk library science and the information age Retrieved from http people ischool berkeley edu buckland huminfo pdf Archived October 12 2008 at the Wayback Machine Dewey Resources OCLC 2014 Archived from the original on February 3 2006 Retrieved August 14 2021 Versuch eines vollstandigen Lehrbuchs der Bibliothek Wissenschaft Oder Anleitung zur vollkommenen Geschaftsfuhrung eines Bibliothekars In wissenschaftlicher Form abgefasst Munchen 2 bind Google books Bd 1 http babel hathitrust org cgi pt id nnc1 cu08321752 Archived January 22 2020 at the Wayback Machine Bd 2 http babel hathitrust org cgi pt id nnc1 cu08321760 Archived January 22 2020 at the Wayback Machine Harris Michael H 1995 History of Libraries in the Western World 4th ed Lanham Maryland 3 The distinction between a library and an archive is relatively modern Scarecrow Accreditation Frequently Asked Questions What is the difference between the MLS the MILS the MLIS etc American Library Association 2017 Archived from the original on October 20 2020 Retrieved August 14 2021 Cossette Andre 2009 Humanism and Libraries An Essay on the Philosophy of Librarianship Duluth MN Library Juice Press Tengstrom E 1993 Biblioteks och informationsvetenskapen ett fler eller tvar vetenskapligt omrade Svensk Biblioteksforskning 1 9 20 Chua Alton Y K Yang Christopher C November 2008 The shift towards multi disciplinarity in information science Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59 13 2156 2170 doi 10 1002 asi 20929 Walters William H Wilder Esther Isabelle June 2016 Disciplinary national and departmental contributions to the literature of library and information science 2007 2012 Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 67 6 1487 1506 doi 10 1002 asi 23448 S2CID 205441125 Whitley Richard July 1984 The fragmented state of management studies Reasons and consequences Journal of Management Studies 21 3 331 348 doi 10 1111 j 1467 6486 1984 tb00415 x Whitley R 2000 The intellectual and social organization of the sciences Oxford University Press Oxford Astrom Fredrik 2006 The social and intellectual development of library and information science Thesis Meho Lokman I Spurgin Kristina M October 2005 Ranking the research productivity of library and information science faculty and schools An evaluation of data sources and research methods Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 56 12 1314 1331 doi 10 1002 asi 20227 Konrad Allan 2007 On Inquiry Human Concept Formation and Construction of Meaning through Library and Information Science Intermediation Thesis Archived from the original on April 1 2023 Retrieved April 1 2023 Buckland Michael K 2004 Reflections on social and cultural awareness and responsibility in library information and documentation Commentary on the SCARLID colloquium In Rayward W B Ed Aware and responsible Papers of the Nordic International Colloquium on Social and Cultural Awareness and responsibility in Library Information and Documentation Studies SCARLID Lanham MD Scarecrow Press pp 169 175 a b c d Bawden David Robinson Lyn 2013 Introduction to information science Chicago Neal Schuman Publishers Incorporated ISBN 978 1555708610 Murray Stuart 2012 Library an illustrated history New York W W Norton ISBN 978 1616084530 a b c d Zeng Marcia Lei Qin Jian 2014 Metadata New York Neal Schuman ISBN 978 1555709655 Chawla Dalmeet Singh 2017 Unpaywall finds free versions of paywalled papers Nature News doi 10 1038 nature 2017 21765 S2CID 86694031 Archived from the original on November 11 2020 Retrieved April 1 2023 Owusu Ansah Christopher M March 2021 Going the full distance Strategic support for digital libraries in distance education at the University of Education Winneba in Ghana Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 53 1 3 15 doi 10 1177 0961000618772871 S2CID 86710064 Archived from the original on April 1 2023 Retrieved February 10 2022 Ellis David 1984 Theory and explanation in information retrieval research Journal of Information Science 8 25 38 Belkin N J amp Vickery A 1985 Interaction in information systems A review of research from document retrieval to knowledge based systems London British Library Library and Information Research Report 35 Hoetzlein R 2007 The Organization of Human Knowledge Systems for Interdisciplinary Research Rchoetzlein com Archived from the original on January 14 2009 a b Bawden David Robinson Lyn 2013 Introduction to information science Chicago Neal Schuman Publishers Incorporated ISBN 978 1555708610 Floridi Luciano 2002 On defining library and information science as applied philosophy of information Social Epistemology 16 1 37 49 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 102 4609 doi 10 1080 02691720210132789 S2CID 12243183 a b American Library Association May 19 2017 Professional Ethics Tools Publications amp Resources Archived from the original on October 29 2021 Retrieved October 29 2021 Best Library and Information Studies Programs U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on December 2 2019 Retrieved August 14 2021 Evans Kenneth D Woody April 7 2016 Librarians need Global Credentials Library Journal Archived from the original on October 28 2020 Retrieved August 14 2021 Best Careers 2008 U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on December 22 2007 a b Occupational Outlook Handbook Librarians Bureau of Labor Statistics Archived from the original on August 14 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 Occupational Employment Statistics Librarians Bureau of Labor Statistics Archived from the original on April 9 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 U S Bureau of Labor Statistics U S Department of Labor Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010 11 Library Edition Bulletin 2800 Superintendent of Documents U S Government Printing Office Washington DC McCook Kathleen de la Pena 2011 Introduction to Public Librarianship Neal Schuman p 65 Types of Public Libraries A Comparison New York State Library University of the State of New York New York State Education Department Archived from the original on July 21 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 a b c d e f S Hunter Gregory 2003 Developing and maintaining practical archives a how to do it manual 2nd ed New York Neal Schuman Publishers pp 219 223 ISBN 1555704670 OCLC 52540188 Mission and Strategic Plan NCAR Library Archived from the original on March 30 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 The FBI Library fbiacademy edu Archived from the original on August 11 2005 Retrieved April 25 2019 CIA Library Central Intelligence Agency Archived from the original on March 18 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 Wright Susan L February 1 1997 50 Years of Silent Service Inside the CIA Library Information Outlook Special Libraries Association 1 2 33 35 Archived from the original on May 20 2018 Retrieved August 14 2021 Maurice Emma Powys May 11 2021 Gay CIA employee stunned by rainbow in another cringe inducing recruitment ad PinkNews Archived from the original on May 14 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 Borger Julian May 4 2021 CIA forges unity in diversity everybody hates their woke recruitment ad The Guardian Archived from the original on July 28 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 Suominen Vesa April 1 2019 Gabriel Naude Informaatiotutkimus 38 1 doi 10 23978 inf 79889 ISSN 1797 9129 Archived from the original on July 12 2022 Retrieved March 25 2022 Emblidge D 2014 Bibliomany has possessed me Thomas Jefferson the booksellers customer extraordinaire The International Journal of the Book 12 2 17 41 doi 10 18848 1447 9516 CGP v12i02 37034 History of the Library Library of Congress Archived from the original on August 12 2021 Retrieved August 14 2021 Richardson John 2010 History of American Library Science Its Origins and Early Development In Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science 3rd ed edited by Mary Niles Maack and Marcia Bates New York CRC Press 2010 vol 5 pp 3440 3448 Ranganathan S R 1987 Colon Classification 7th Edition Revised and expanded by M A Gopinath Merrill William Stetson 1939 Code for classifiers principles governing the consistent placing of books in a system of classification ISBN 978 0838900277 Archived from the original on April 15 2022 Retrieved October 26 2020 Anwar Mumtaz A The Pioneers Asa Don Dickinson Archived January 18 2015 at the Wayback Machine World Libraries 1990 1991 Retrieved November 1 2015 Dickinson Asa D Punjab Library Primer University of Panjab 1916 Rubin Richard E 2010 Foundations of Library and Information Science New York Neal Schuman Publishers pp 84 85 Galvin T J 1977 Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Library and Information Sciences IN Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Vol 22 Ed by A Kent H Lancour amp J E Daily New York Marcel Dekker Inc pp 280 291 Rubin Richard E 2010 Foundations of Library and Information Science New York Neal Schuman Publishers p 1 ISBN 978 1555706906 Hu Sharon 2013 Technology impacts on curriculum of library science LIS a United States US perspective LIBRES Library amp Information Science Research Electronic Journal 23 2 1 9 Archived from the original on June 5 2014 Retrieved October 20 2014 Information Literacy Defined Archived from the original on March 11 2016 Retrieved August 14 2021 Library Literature amp Information Science Retrospective 1905 1983 EBSCO Archived from the original on April 1 2023 Retrieved April 1 2023 Journal of Librarianship and Information Science SAGE Journals Archived from the original on April 1 2023 Retrieved April 1 2023 World Library and Information Congress IFLA General Conference and Assembly July 6 2015 Archived from the original on July 6 2015 Conferences African Library amp Information Associations amp Institutions Archived from the original on April 1 2023 Retrieved June 14 2022 Advertisement for a full Professor in information science at the Royal School of Library and Information Science spring 2011 Jobnet forside Archived from the original on April 25 2012 Retrieved November 2 2011 Vickery Brian amp Vickery Alina 1987 Information science in theory and practice London Bowker Saur White Howard D McCain Katherine W 1998 Visualizing a discipline An author co citation analysis of information science 1972 1995 Journal of the American Society for Information Science 49 4 327 355 doi 10 1002 SICI 1097 4571 19980401 49 4 lt 327 AID ASI4 gt 3 0 CO 2 4 Archived from the original on April 1 2023 Retrieved April 1 2023 Astrom Fredrik 2002 Visualizing Library and Information Science concept spaces through keyword and citation based maps and clusters In Bruce Fidel Ingwersen amp Vakkari Eds Emerging frameworks and methods Proceedings of the fourth international conference on conceptions of Library and Information Science CoLIS4 pp 185 197 Greenwood Village Libraries unlimited Hassan Montero Y Herrero Soalana V 2007 Visualizing Library and Information Science from the practitioner s perspective 11th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics June 25 27 2007 Madrid Spain http yusef es Visualizing LIS pdf Archived August 14 2022 at the Wayback Machine Kajberg Leif amp Lorring Leif eds 2005 European Curriculum Reflections on Library and Information Science Education Copenhagen The Royal School of Library and Information Science http library upt ro LIS Bologna pdf Archived 2012 04 25 at the Wayback Machine Clegg Stewart Bailey James R eds 2008 International Encyclopedia of Organizational Studies Los Angeles Sage Publications Inc pp 758 762 ISBN 978 1412953900 Further reading EditLibrary catalogingand classificationDewey Decimal020Astrom Fredrik September 5 2008 Formalizing a discipline The institutionalization of library and information science research in the Nordic countries Journal of Documentation 64 5 721 737 doi 10 1108 00220410810899736 Bawden David Robinson Lyn August 20 2012 Introduction to Information Science ISBN 978 1555708610 Jarvelin Kalervo Vakkari Pertti January 1993 The evolution of library and information science 1965 1985 A content analysis of journal articles Information Processing amp Management 29 1 129 144 doi 10 1016 0306 4573 93 90028 C McNicol Sarah March 2003 LIS the interdisciplinary research landscape Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 35 1 23 30 doi 10 1177 096100060303500103 S2CID 220912521 Dick Archie L 1995 Library and Information Science as a Social Science Neutral and Normative Conceptions The Library Quarterly Information Community Policy 65 2 216 235 doi 10 1086 602777 JSTOR 4309022 S2CID 142825177 International Journal of Library Science ISSN 0975 7546 Lafontaine Gerard S 1958 Dictionary of Terms Used in the Paper Printing and Allied Industries Toronto H Smith Paper Mills 110 p The Oxford Guide to Library Research 2005 ISBN 0195189981 Thompson Elizabeth H 1943 A L A Glossary of Library Terms with a Selection of Terms in Related Fields prepared under the direction of the Committee on Library Terminology of the American Library Association Chicago Ill American Library Association viii 189 p ISBN 978 0838900000 V LIB 1 2 2008 Vartavan Library Classification over 700 fields of sciences amp arts classified according to a relational philosophy currently sold under license in the UK by Rosecastle Ltd see Vartavan Frame External links Edit Media related to Library and information science at Wikimedia Commons LISNews org librarian and information science news LISWire com librarian and information science wire Library and Information Science at Curlie Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Library and information science amp oldid 1163254882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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