Nouns are grammatically masculine or feminine, but there are no morphological markings of gender on the nouns.[2]: 55 This distinction is only seen in the agreement system (covert gender). Only a subset of nouns are marked for plural: large animals, kinship terms and a few inanimate objects. Plurals nouns are marked in a variety of ways including a suffix /-e/ or /-we/ and an infix /-a-/.[2]: 56 There are three nouns that have irregular plural forms: "woman", "hen" and "person".[2]: 58
There is a grammatical distinction between alienable and inalienable possession in the noun phrase. In inalienable possession, a singular possessor is marked by a suffix on the noun indexing the possessor (possessor agreement suffix). In plural inalienable possession and all alienable, the possessor is indexed by a pronominal word following the noun.[2]: 61
Verbsedit
The tense-aspect-mood system includes four verbal forms labeled "past", "future", "nominal" and "imperative". The "past" form normally has a stem-final vowel /i/. The "future" and "nominal" forms both have a stem-final vowel /e/. They are distinguished from each other by a high tone on the first syllable of the "future" form. The imperative form normally has a stem-final vowel /a/ or /u/.[2]: 44
Some verbs also have a plural form indicated by a suffix /-wi/ or a devoiced initial consonant. The plural form of the verb can indicate the plurality of an action, a plural intransitive subject, or a plural object.[2]: 124 Verbs can also be modified by adverbs, including a class of ideophones,[2]: 164 by a "ventive" marker (derived from the verb "come") following the verb, or an "inceptive" marker (derived from the verb "leave") preceding the verb.
Pronounsedit
The reference system makes a 10-way distinction. Gender is distinguished in second and third person singular pronouns. The first person non-singular pronouns include a dual inclusive form, a plural inclusive form, and a plural exclusive form. The plural inclusive form is a bimorphemic pronoun which combines the first person dual inclusive form with the second person plural form.[2]: 100
Word orderedit
In a pragmatically neutral sentence, nominal arguments occur in a SVO word order. However, third person subject pronouns usually follow the verb.
Referencesedit
^ abLele at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abcdefghiFrajzyngier, Zygmunt (2001). A Grammar of Lele. Stanford, California: CSLI Publications.
Bibliographyedit
Cope, Pamela Simons. 1993. The plural in Lele. JWAL 23(1)
Cope, Pamela Simons and Donald A. Burquest. 1986. Some comments on nasalization in Lele. JWAL 16(2)
Cope, Pamela Simons (2010). Dictionnaire lélé-français : suivi d'un index français-lélé. Essai de description lexicale de la langue tchadique parlée dans la région de Kélo, Tchad (in French). Nicolas Quint. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN978-2-296-10335-1. OCLC 608164729.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 1995. Two complementizers in Lele. In Ibriszimow, Dymitr and Leger, Rudolf (eds.), Studia chadica et hamitosemitica: Akten des internationalen Symposions zur Tschadsprachenforschung Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 6.-8. Mai 1991, 163-170. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 2001. A grammar of Lele. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Lami, Pierre. 1942. Etude succincte de la langue lélé et du dialecte nantchoa. Beirut: Imprimérie Catholique. 197pp.
Lami, Pierre. 1951. Le nombre et le genre dans la langue lélé. In Comptes rendus du première conférence international des africanistes de l'ouest, Dakar 1945, 197-208. Dakar: Inst. Français de l'Afrique Noire (IFAN).
Simons, Pamela. 1982. Nè... be marking in Lele: a cleft construction. Studies in African Linguistics 13. 217-229.
lele, language, chad, confused, with, lele, language, papua, guinea, lele, language, bantu, lele, language, guinea, lele, east, chadic, language, spoken, tandjilé, region, tandjilé, ouest, department, south, kélo, lelenative, tochadnative, speakers, cited, 199. Not to be confused with Lele language Papua New Guinea Lele language Bantu or Lele language Guinea Lele is an East Chadic language spoken in the Tandjile Region in the Tandjile Ouest department south of Kelo 1 LeleNative toChadNative speakers 26 000 cited 1991 1 Language familyAfro Asiatic ChadicEast ChadicEast Chadic ANancere A 2 1 LeleLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code lln class extiw title iso639 3 lln lln a Glottologlele1276 Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Vowels 1 2 Consonants 2 Grammar 2 1 Nouns 2 2 Verbs 2 3 Pronouns 2 4 Word order 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksPhonology editVowels edit Lele has five underlying vowels The mid vowels are lower mid rather than higher mid All vowels may have long variants 2 IPA Chart for Vowels of Lele Front Central Back High i u Mid e o Low a Consonants edit There are some asymmetries in Lele s consonant inventory Lele consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Plosive voiceless p t k kp voiced b d ɡ ɡb implosive ɓ ɗ prenasalized mb nd ŋb Fricative s h Trill r Approximant central w j lateral l Grammar editNouns edit Nouns are grammatically masculine or feminine but there are no morphological markings of gender on the nouns 2 55 This distinction is only seen in the agreement system covert gender Only a subset of nouns are marked for plural large animals kinship terms and a few inanimate objects Plurals nouns are marked in a variety of ways including a suffix e or we and an infix a 2 56 There are three nouns that have irregular plural forms woman hen and person 2 58 There is a grammatical distinction between alienable and inalienable possession in the noun phrase In inalienable possession a singular possessor is marked by a suffix on the noun indexing the possessor possessor agreement suffix In plural inalienable possession and all alienable the possessor is indexed by a pronominal word following the noun 2 61 Verbs edit The tense aspect mood system includes four verbal forms labeled past future nominal and imperative The past form normally has a stem final vowel i The future and nominal forms both have a stem final vowel e They are distinguished from each other by a high tone on the first syllable of the future form The imperative form normally has a stem final vowel a or u 2 44 Some verbs also have a plural form indicated by a suffix wi or a devoiced initial consonant The plural form of the verb can indicate the plurality of an action a plural intransitive subject or a plural object 2 124 Verbs can also be modified by adverbs including a class of ideophones 2 164 by a ventive marker derived from the verb come following the verb or an inceptive marker derived from the verb leave preceding the verb Pronouns edit The reference system makes a 10 way distinction Gender is distinguished in second and third person singular pronouns The first person non singular pronouns include a dual inclusive form a plural inclusive form and a plural exclusive form The plural inclusive form is a bimorphemic pronoun which combines the first person dual inclusive form with the second person plural form 2 100 Word order edit In a pragmatically neutral sentence nominal arguments occur in a SVO word order However third person subject pronouns usually follow the verb References edit a b Lele at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b c d e f g h i Frajzyngier Zygmunt 2001 A Grammar of Lele Stanford California CSLI Publications Bibliography editCope Pamela Simons 1993 The plural in Lele JWAL 23 1 Cope Pamela Simons and Donald A Burquest 1986 Some comments on nasalization in Lele JWAL 16 2 Cope Pamela Simons 2010 Dictionnaire lele francais suivi d un index francais lele Essai de description lexicale de la langue tchadique parlee dans la region de Kelo Tchad in French Nicolas Quint Paris L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 296 10335 1 OCLC 608164729 Frajzyngier Zygmunt 1995 Two complementizers in Lele In Ibriszimow Dymitr and Leger Rudolf eds Studia chadica et hamitosemitica Akten des internationalen Symposions zur Tschadsprachenforschung Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universitat Frankfurt am Main 6 8 Mai 1991 163 170 Koln Rudiger Koppe Verlag Frajzyngier Zygmunt 2001 A grammar of Lele Stanford CSLI Publications Lami Pierre 1942 Etude succincte de la langue lele et du dialecte nantchoa Beirut Imprimerie Catholique 197pp Lami Pierre 1951 Le nombre et le genre dans la langue lele In Comptes rendus du premiere conference international des africanistes de l ouest Dakar 1945 197 208 Dakar Inst Francais de l Afrique Noire IFAN Simons Pamela 1982 Ne be marking in Lele a cleft construction Studies in African Linguistics 13 217 229 External links editDryer Matthew S Haspelmath Martin eds 2013 Lele World Atlas of Language Structures Online Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lele language Chad amp oldid 1133132148, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
