Land cover is the physical material at the surface of Earth. Land covers include grass, asphalt, trees, bare ground, water, etc. Earth cover is the expression used by ecologist Frederick Edward Clements that has its closest modern equivalent being vegetation.[1]: 52 The expression continues to be used by the United States Bureau of Land Management.[2]
Land cover surrounding Madison, WI. Fields are colored yellow and brown, water is colored blue, and urban surfaces are colored red.
There are two primary methods for capturing information on land cover: field survey and analysis of remotely sensed imagery.[3]Land change models can be built from these types of data to assess changes in land cover over time.
One of the major land cover issues (as with all natural resource inventories) is that every survey defines similarly named categories in different ways. For instance, there are many definitions of "forest"—sometimes within the same organisation—that may or may not incorporate a number of different forest features (e.g., stand height, canopy cover, strip width, inclusion of grasses, and rates of growth for timber production).[4] Areas without trees may be classified as forest cover "if the intention is to re-plant" (UK and Ireland), while areas with many trees may not be labelled as forest "if the trees are not growing fast enough" (Norway and Finland).
"Land cover" is distinct from "land use", despite the two terms often being used interchangeably. Land use is a description of how people utilize the land and of socio-economic activity. Urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most commonly known land use classes. At any one point or place, there may be multiple and alternate land uses, the specification of which may have a political dimension. The origins of the "land cover/land use" couplet and the implications of their confusion are discussed in Fisher et al. (2005).[5]
Types
Land cover by IGBP with 17 classes. Class definition[6] Color Code[7]
Land cover change detection using remote sensing and geospatial data provides baseline information for assessing the climate change impacts on habitats and biodiversity, as well as natural resources, in the target areas. Land cover change detection and mapping is a key component of interdisciplinary land change science, which uses it to determine the consequences of land change on climate.
^Makers of American Botany, Harry Baker Humphrey, Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435
^(PDF). BlM-Alaska Technical Report 44. Bureau of Land Management. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^Cracknell, Matthew J.; Reading, Anya M. (February 2014). "Geological mapping using remote sensing data: A comparison of five machine learning algorithms, their response to variations in the spatial distribution of training data and the use of explicit spatial information". Computers & Geosciences. 63: 22–33. Bibcode:2014CG.....63...22C. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2013.10.008. ISSN 0098-3004.
^Horning, Ned; Robinson, Julie A .; Sterling, Eleanor J.; Turner, Woody; Spector, Sacha (2010). "Measuring and Monitoring Land Cover, Land use, and Vegetation Characteristics". Remote Sensing for Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques. Oxford University Press.
^FAO Dataset Information: Land Cover Title Abstract Supplemental see Table 1. SEEA CF/AFF land cover classes and corresponding LCC classifiers, page 2,3,4
^Uddin, Kabir; Shrestha, Him Lal; Murthy, M. S. R.; Bajracharya, Birendra; Shrestha, Basanta; Gilani, Hammad; Pradhan, Sudip; Dangol, Bikash (2015-01-15). "Development of 2010 national land cover database for the Nepal". Journal of Environmental Management. Land Cover/Land Use Change (LC/LUC) and Environmental Impacts in South Asia. 148: 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.047. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 25181944.
Di Gregorio, Antonio; Jansen, Louisa J.M. (2000). "Land Cover Classification System: Classification Concepts and User Manual". Food and Agriculture Organization.
Fisher, Pete; et al. (2005). "Land use and Land cover: Contradiction or Complement" (PDF). In Fisher, Peter; Unwin, David (eds.). Re-Presenting GIS. Chichester: Wiley. pp. 85–98.
Ivan Balenovic; et al. (2015). "".PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM. VOL. 117, No 4, pp. 459–470, 2015
External links
Global land cover maps for 2015 with a spatial resolution of 100 metres based on data from the Copernicus programme
Annual Regional Land Cover Monitoring System or Hindu Kush Himalaya with a spatial resolution of 30 metres based on Landsat images
May 20, 2023
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Land cover is the physical material at the surface of Earth Land covers include grass asphalt trees bare ground water etc Earth cover is the expression used by ecologist Frederick Edward Clements that has its closest modern equivalent being vegetation 1 52 The expression continues to be used by the United States Bureau of Land Management 2 Land cover surrounding Madison WI Fields are colored yellow and brown water is colored blue and urban surfaces are colored red There are two primary methods for capturing information on land cover field survey and analysis of remotely sensed imagery 3 Land change models can be built from these types of data to assess changes in land cover over time One of the major land cover issues as with all natural resource inventories is that every survey defines similarly named categories in different ways For instance there are many definitions of forest sometimes within the same organisation that may or may not incorporate a number of different forest features e g stand height canopy cover strip width inclusion of grasses and rates of growth for timber production 4 Areas without trees may be classified as forest cover if the intention is to re plant UK and Ireland while areas with many trees may not be labelled as forest if the trees are not growing fast enough Norway and Finland Contents 1 Distinction from land use 2 Types 3 Mapping 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDistinction from land use Edit Land cover is distinct from land use despite the two terms often being used interchangeably Land use is a description of how people utilize the land and of socio economic activity Urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most commonly known land use classes At any one point or place there may be multiple and alternate land uses the specification of which may have a political dimension The origins of the land cover land use couplet and the implications of their confusion are discussed in Fisher et al 2005 5 Types Edit Land cover by IGBP with 17 classes Class definition 6 Color Code 7 Water Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Evergreen Broadleaf forest Deciduous Needleleaf Forest Deciduous Broadleaf Forest Mixed Forest Closed Shrubland Open Shrubland Woody Savannas Savannas Grasslands Permanent Wetlands Croplands Urban and Built Up Cropland Natural Vegetation Mosaic Snow and Ice Barren or Sparsely Vegetated Following table is Land Cover statistics by Food and Agriculture Organization FAO with 14 classes Land Cover 8 9 million ha 10 000 km2 FAO code type 10 1992 2001 2015 share change fm 92 note 6970 Artificial surfaces including urban and associated areas 26 04 34 33 55 40 0 37 29 35 6971 Herbaceous crops 1 716 22 1 749 58 1 712 15 11 50 4 06 Arable land 6972 Woody crops 162 86 181 32 199 90 1 34 37 04 Arable land 6973 Multiple or layered crops Arable land 6974 Tree covered areas 4 434 92 4 393 70 4 335 00 29 11 99 93 large decrease 6975 Mangroves 18 06 18 39 18 74 0 13 0 67 6976 Shrub covered areas 1 685 00 1 669 65 1 627 34 10 93 57 66 large decrease 6977 Shrubs and or herbaceous vegetation aquatic or regularly flooded 202 61 194 77 185 39 1 24 17 23 6978 Sparsely natural vegetated areas 891 78 878 69 868 07 5 83 23 71 6979 Terrestrial barren land 2 001 25 2 000 87 1 884 00 12 65 117 25 large decrease 6980 Permanent snow and glaciers 78 59 84 32 84 29 0 57 5 70 6981 Inland water bodies 432 60 435 00 444 57 2 98 11 97 6982 Coastal water bodies and intertidal areas 6983 Grassland 1 793 65 1 806 50 1 801 14 12 09 7 50Total Land Mass 14 893 91 100 Mapping EditMain article Land cover mapping Process of land cover mapping using TM images 11 Land cover change detection using remote sensing and geospatial data provides baseline information for assessing the climate change impacts on habitats and biodiversity as well as natural resources in the target areas Land cover change detection and mapping is a key component of interdisciplinary land change science which uses it to determine the consequences of land change on climate Application of land cover mappingLocal and regional planning Disaster management Vulnerability and Risk Assessments Ecological management Monitoring the effects of climate change Wildlife management Alternative landscape futures and conservation Environmental forecasting Environmental impact assessment Policy developmentSee also EditGeo Wiki Land change modeling Pedosphere Cryosphere HydrosphereReferences Edit Makers of American Botany Harry Baker Humphrey Ronald Press Company Library of Congress Card Number 61 18435 Susitna MOA Earth Cover Classification PDF BlM Alaska Technical Report 44 Bureau of Land Management September 2002 Archived from the original PDF on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 15 June 2015 Cracknell Matthew J Reading Anya M February 2014 Geological mapping using remote sensing data A comparison of five machine learning algorithms their response to variations in the spatial distribution of training data and the use of explicit spatial information Computers amp Geosciences 63 22 33 Bibcode 2014CG 63 22C doi 10 1016 j cageo 2013 10 008 ISSN 0098 3004 Horning Ned Robinson Julie A Sterling Eleanor J Turner Woody Spector Sacha 2010 Measuring and Monitoring Land Cover Land use and Vegetation Characteristics Remote Sensing for Ecology and Conservation A Handbook of Techniques Oxford University Press Fisher P Comber A and Wadsworth R 2005 Land Use and Land Cover Contradiction or Complement In Fisher P and Unwin D Eds Re Presenting GIS John Wiley amp Sons https www wiley com en ca Re Presenting GIS p 9780470848470 The IGBP Land Cover Classification The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center LP DAAC MODIS Terra Land Cover Types Yearly L3 Global 0 05Deg CMG MOD12C1 FAO Agri Environmental Indicators Land cover values are from CCI LC Climate Change Initiative Land Cover by European Space Agency FAO Dataset Information Land Cover Title Abstract Supplemental see Table 1 SEEA CF AFF land cover classes and corresponding LCC classifiers page 2 3 4 Uddin Kabir Shrestha Him Lal Murthy M S R Bajracharya Birendra Shrestha Basanta Gilani Hammad Pradhan Sudip Dangol Bikash 2015 01 15 Development of 2010 national land cover database for the Nepal Journal of Environmental Management Land Cover Land Use Change LC LUC and Environmental Impacts in South Asia 148 82 90 doi 10 1016 j jenvman 2014 07 047 ISSN 0301 4797 PMID 25181944 Further reading EditComber Lex et al 2005 What Is Land Cover PDF Environment and Planning B Planning and Design 32 2 199 209 doi 10 1068 b31135 S2CID 15627657 Di Gregorio Antonio Jansen Louisa J M 2000 Land Cover Classification System Classification Concepts and User Manual Food and Agriculture Organization Fisher Pete et al 2005 Land use and Land cover Contradiction or Complement PDF In Fisher Peter Unwin David eds Re Presenting GIS Chichester Wiley pp 85 98 Ivan Balenovic et al 2015 Quality assessment of high density digital surface model over different land cover classes PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM VOL 117 No 4 pp 459 470 2015External links EditGlobal land cover maps for 2015 with a spatial resolution of 100 metres based on data from the Copernicus programme Annual Regional Land Cover Monitoring System or Hindu Kush Himalaya with a spatial resolution of 30 metres based on Landsat images Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Land cover amp oldid 1138711305, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
