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Kingdom of Alba

The Kingdom of Alba (Latin: Scotia; Old Irish: Alba) was the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II in 900 and of Alexander III in 1286. The latter's death led indirectly to an invasion of Scotland by Edward I of England in 1296 and the First War of Scottish Independence.

Political centres in Scotland in the early Middle Ages

Alba included Dalriada, but not large parts of the present day Scottish Lowlands, which were then divided between Strathclyde and Northumbria as far north as the Firth of Forth. Fortriu, a Pictish kingdom in the north, was added to Alba in the tenth century.

Until the early 13th century, Moray was not considered part of Alba, which was seen as extending only between the Firth of Forth and the River Spey.[1]

The name of Alba is one of convenience, as throughout this period both the ruling and lower classes of the Kingdom were predominantly Pictish-Gaels, later Pictish-Gaels and Scoto-Normans. This differs markedly from the period of the House of Stuart, beginning in 1371, in which the ruling classes of the kingdom mostly spoke Middle English, which later evolved into and came to be called Lowland Scots. There is no precise Gaelic equivalent for the English term "Kingdom of Alba", as the Gaelic term Rìoghachd na h-Alba means 'Kingdom of Scotland'. English-speaking scholars adapted the Gaelic name for Scotland to apply to a particular political period in Scottish history during the High Middle Ages.

Royal court

Little is known about the structure of the Scottish royal court in the period before the coming of the Normans to Scotland, before the reign of David I. A little more is known about the court of the later 12th and 13th centuries. In the words of Geoffrey Barrow, this court "was emphatically feudal, Frankish, non-Celtic in character".[2] Some of the offices were Gaelic in origin, such as the Hostarius (later Usher or "Doorward"), the man in charge of the royal bodyguard, and the rannaire, the Gaelic-speaking member of the court whose job was to divide the food.[3]

In the 13th century, all the other offices tended to be hereditary, with the exception of the Chancellor. The royal household of course came with numerous other offices. The most important was probably the aforementioned hostarius, but there were others such as the royal hunters, the royal foresters and the cooks (dispensa or spence).

Kings of Alba

Donald II and Constantine II

King Donald II was the first man to have been called rí Alban (i.e. King of Alba), when he died at Dunnottar in 900.[4] This meant king of Caledonia or Scotland. All his predecessors bore the style of either King of the Picts or King of Fortriu. Such an apparent innovation in the Gaelic chronicles is occasionally taken to spell the birth of Scotland, but there is nothing special about his reign that might confirm this. Donald had the nickname dásachtach. This simply meant a madman, or in early Irish law, a man not in control of his functions and hence without legal culpability.[5] The reason was possibly the restlessness of his reign, continually spent fighting battles against Vikings. It is possible he gained his unpopularity by violating the rights of the church or through high taxes, but it is not known for certain. However, his extremely negative nickname makes him an unlikely founder of Scotland.

Donald's successor Constantine II (Causantín mac Aeda) is more often regarded as a key figure in the formation of Alba.[a] Constantine reigned for nearly half a century, fighting many battles. When he lost at Brunanburh, he was clearly discredited and retired as a Culdee monk at St. Andrews. Despite this, the Prophecy of Berchán is full of praise for him, and in this respect is in line with the views of other sources. Constantine is credited in later tradition as the man who, with Bishop Ceallach of St. Andrews, brought the Catholic Church in Scotland into conformity with that of the larger Gaelic world, although it is not known exactly what this means. There had been Gaelic bishops in St. Andrews for two centuries, and Gaelic churchmen were amongst the oldest features of Caledonian Christianity. The reform may have been organizational, or some sort of purge of certain unknown and perhaps disliked legacies of Pictish ecclesiastical tradition. However, other than these factors, it is difficult to appreciate fully the importance of Constantine's reign.

Malcolm I to Malcolm II

The period between the accession of Malcolm I (Maol Caluim Mac Domhnuill) and Malcolm II (Maol Caluim Mac Cionaodha) is marked by good relations with the Wessex rulers of England, intense internal dynastic disunity and, despite this, relatively successful expansionary policies. Some time after an English invasion of cumbra land (Old English for either Strathclyde or Cumbria or both) by King Edmund of England in 945, the English king handed the province over to king Malcolm I on condition of a permanent alliance. Some time in the reign of King Indulf (Idulb mac Causantín) (954–62), the Scots captured the fortress called oppidum Eden, i.e. almost certainly Edinburgh.[6] It was the first Scottish foothold in Lothian. The Scots had probably had some authority in Strathclyde since the later part of the 9th century, but the kingdom kept its own rulers, and it is not clear that the Scots were always strong enough to enforce their authority. In fact, one of Indulf's successors, Cuilén (Cuilén mac Ilduilbh), died at the hands of the men of Strathclyde, perhaps while trying to enforce his authority. King Kenneth II (Cionaodh Mac Maol Chaluim) (971–95) began his reign by invading Britannia (possibly Strathclyde), perhaps as an early assertion of his authority, and perhaps also as a traditional Gaelic crechríghe (lit. "royal prey"), the rite by which a king secured the success of his reign with an inauguration raid in the territory of a historical enemy.[7]

The reign of Malcolm I (942/3–954) also marks the first known tensions between the Scottish kingdom and Moray, the old heartland of the Scoto-Pictish kingdom of Fortriu. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reported that King Malcolm "went into Moray and slew Ceallach." The same source tells us that King Malcolm was killed by the Moravians.[8] This is the first definite sign of tension between the Cenél nGabráin and Cenél Loairn, two kin-groups claiming descent from different ancestors of Erc. During the reign of Macbeth (Mac Beathadh Mac Findláich), and his successor Lulach (Lulach Mac Gille Comhgháin), the Moray-based Cenél Loairn ruled all Scotland.

The reign of Malcolm II saw the final incorporation of these territories. The critical year perhaps was 1018, when King Malcolm II defeated the Northumbrians at the Battle of Carham. In the same year, King Owain Foel died, leaving his kingdom to his overlord Malcolm. A meeting with King Canute of Denmark and England, probably about 1031, seems to have further secured these conquests, although the exact nature of Scottish rule over the Lothian and Scottish Borders area was not fully realised until the conquest and annexation of that province during the Wars of Independence.

Duncan I to Alexander I

 
The Stone of Scone in the Coronation Chair at Westminster Abbey, 1855. It was the ceremonial coronation stone of Scotland's Gaelic kings, similar to the Irish Lia Fáil.

The period between the accession of King Duncan I (Donnchadh Mac Críonáin) (1034) and the death of Alexander I (1124) was the last before the coming of the Normans to Scotland. In some respects, the reign of King Malcolm III (Maol Caluim Mac Donnchaidh) prefigured the changes which took place in the reigns of the French-speaking kings David I and William I, although native reaction to the manner of Duncan II's (Donnchad mac Máel Coluim) accession perhaps put these changes back somewhat.

King Duncan I's reign was a military failure. He was defeated by the native English at Durham in 1040, and was subsequently toppled. Duncan had only been related to previous rulers through his mother Bethoc, daughter of Malcolm II, who had married Crínán, the lay abbot of Dunkeld (and probably Mormaer of Atholl too). At a location called Bothganowan (or Bothgowan, Bothgofnane, Bothgofuane, meaning "Blacksmith's Hut" in old Gaelic,[9] today Pitgaveny near Elgin), the Mormaer of Moray, Macbeth defeated and killed Duncan, and took the kingship for himself.[10] After Macbeth's successor Lulach, another Moravian, all kings of Scotland were Duncan's descendants. For this reason, Duncan's reign is often remembered positively, while Macbeth is villanised. Eventually, William Shakespeare gave fame to this medieval equivalent of propaganda by further immortalising both men in his play Macbeth. Macbeth's reign however was successful enough that he had the security to go on pilgrimage to Rome.

It was Malcolm III who acquired the nickname (as did his successors) "Canmore" (Ceann Mór, "Great Chief"), and not his father Duncan, who did more to create the successful dynasty which ruled Scotland for the following two centuries. Part of the success was the huge number of children he had. Through two marriages, firstly to the Norwegian Ingibiorg Finnsdottir, and secondly to the English princess Margaret of Wessex, Malcolm had perhaps a dozen children. Malcolm and, if we believe later hagiography, his wife, introduced the first Benedictine monks to Scotland. However, despite having a royal Anglo-Saxon wife, Malcolm spent more of his reign conducting slave raids against the English, adding to the woes of that people in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of England and the Harrying of the North, as Marianus Scotus tells us:

The Scots and French devastated the English; and [the English] were dispersed and died of hunger; and were compelled to eat human flesh: and to this end, to kill men, and to salt and dry them.[11]

Malcolm died in one of these raids, in 1093. In the aftermath of his death, the Norman rulers of England began their interference in the Scottish kingdom. This interference was prompted by Malcolm's raids and attempts to forge claims for his successors to the English kingship. He had married the sister of the native English claimant to the English throne, Edgar Ætheling, and had given most of his children by this marriage Anglo-Saxon royal names. Moreover, he had given support to many native English nobles, including Edgar himself, and had been supporting native English insurrections against their Norman rulers. In 1080, King William the Conqueror sent his son on an invasion of Scotland. The invasion got as far as Falkirk, on the boundary between Scotland-proper and Lothian, and Malcolm submitted to the authority of the king, giving his oldest son Duncan as a hostage. This submission perhaps gives the reason why Malcolm did not give his last two sons, Alexander and David, Anglo-Saxon royal names.

Malcolm's natural successor was his brother, Donalbane (Domhnall Bán Mac Donnchaidh), as Malcolm's sons were young. However, the Norman state to the south sent Malcolm's son Duncan to take the kingship. In the ensuing conflict, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us that:

Donnchadh went to Scotland with what aid he could get of the English and French, and deprived his kinsman Domhnall of the Kingdom, and was received as King. But afterwards some of the Scots gathered themselves together, and slew almost all of his followers; and he himself escaped with few. Thereafter they were reconciled on the condition that he should never again introduce English or French into the land.[b]

Duncan was killed the same year, 1094, and Donalbane resumed sole kingship. However, the Norman state sent another of Malcolm's sons, Edgar to take the kingship. Anglo-Norman policy worked, because thereafter all kings of Scotland succeeded, not without opposition of course, under a system very closely corresponding with the primogeniture that operated in the French-speaking world. The reigns of both Edgar and his brother and successor Alexander are comparatively obscure. The former's most notable act was to send a camel (or perhaps an elephant) to his fellow Gael Muircheartach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland.[12] When Edgar died, Alexander took the kingship, while his youngest brother David became Prince of "Cumbria" and ruler of Lothian.

Norman Kings: David I to Alexander III

 
Book of Deer, folio 29v contains a portrait of the Evangelist Luke; a list of privileges and legends were written in Gaelic and Latin in the margins, in lowland Buchan in the reign of David I.

The period between the accession of David I and the death of Alexander III was marked by dependence upon, and relatively good relations with, the Kings of the English. It was also a period of historical expansion for the Scottish kingdom, and witnessed the successful imposition of royal authority across most of the modern country. The period was one of a great deal of historical change, and much of the modern historiographical literature is devoted to this change (especially G.W.S. Barrow), part of a more general phenomenon which has been called the "Europeanisation of Europe".[13] More recent works though, while acknowledging that a great deal of change did take place, emphasise that this period was in fact also one of great continuity (e.g. Cynthia Neville, Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun, and others). Indeed, the period is subject to many misconceptions. For instance, English did not spread all over the Lowlands (see language section), and neither did English names; and, moreover even by 1300, most native lordships remained in native Gaelic hands, with only a minority passing to men of French or Anglo-French origin; furthermore, the Normanisation and imposition of royal authority in Scotland was not a peaceful process, but in fact cumulatively more violent than the Norman Conquest of England; additionally, the Scottish kings were not independent monarchs, but vassals to the King of the English, although not "legally" for Scotland north of the Forth.

The important changes which did occur include the extensive establishment of burghs (see section), in many respects Scotland's first urban institutions; the feudalisation, or more accurately, the Francization of aristocratic martial, social and inheritance customs; the de-Scotticisation of ecclesiastical institutions; the imposition of royal authority over most of modern Scotland; and the drastic drift at the top level from traditional Gaelic culture, so that after David I, the Kingship of the Scots resembled more closely the kingship of the French and English, than it did the lordship of any large-scale Gaelic kingdom in Ireland.

After David I, and especially in the reign of William I, Scotland's kings became ambivalent about, if not hostile towards, the culture of most of their subjects. As Walter of Coventry tells us:

The modern kings of Scotia count themselves as Frenchmen, in race, manners, language and culture; they keep only Frenchmen in their household and following, and have reduced the Scots [=Gaels north of the Forth] to utter servitude.

— Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria[14]

The ambivalence of the kings was matched to a certain extent by their subjects. In the aftermath of William's capture at Alnwick in 1174, the Scots turned on their king's English-speaking and French-speaking subjects. William of Newburgh related the events:

When [King William] was given over into the hands of the enemy, God's vengeance permitted not also that his most evil army should go away unhurt. For when they learned of the King's capture the barbarians at first were stunned, and desisted from spoil; and presently, as if driven by furies, the sword which they had taken up against their enemy and which was now drunken with innocent blood they turned against their own army.

Now there was in the same army a great number of English; for the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English. On the occasion therefore of this opportunity the Scots declared their hatred against them, innate, though masked through fear of the king; and as many as they fell upon they slew, the rest who could escape fleeing back to the royal castles.

— "Historia Rerum", Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I[15]

Walter Bower, writing a few centuries later albeit, wrote about the same event:

At that time after the capture of their king, the Scots together with the Galwegians, in the mutual slaughter that took place, killed their English and French compatriots without mercy or pity, making frequent attacks on them. At that time also there took place a most wretched and widespread persecution of the English both in Scotland and Galloway. So intense was it that no consideration was shown to the sex of any, but all were cruelly killed ...

— Scotichronicon, VIII, chapter 22, pp. 30–40.

Opposition to the Scottish kings in this period was indeed hard. The first instance is perhaps the revolt of Óengus of Moray, the Mormaer of Moray, the crushing of which led to the colonisation of Moray by foreign burgesses, and Franco-Flemish and Anglo-French aristocrats. Rebellions continued throughout the 12th century and into the 13th. Important resistors to the expansionary Scottish kings were Somhairle Mac Gille Brighdhe, Fergus of Galloway, Gille Brigte of Galloway and Harald Maddadsson, along with two kin-groups known today as the MacHeths and the Meic Uilleim.[citation needed] The latter claimed descent from king Donnchadh II, through his son William, and rebelled for no less a reason than the Scottish throne itself. The threat was so grave that, after the defeat of the MacWilliams in 1230, the Scottish crown ordered the public execution of the baby girl who happened to be the last MacWilliam. This was how the Lanercost Chronicle relates the fate of this last MacWilliam:

The same Mac-William's daughter, who had not long left her mother's womb, innocent as she was, was put to death, in the burgh of Forfar, in view of the market place, after a proclamation by the public crier. Her head was struck against the column of the market cross, and her brains dashed out.[16]

Many of these resistors collaborated, and drew support not just in the peripheral Gaelic regions of Galloway, Moray, Ross and Argyll, but also from eastern "Scotland-proper", Ireland and Mann. By the end of the 12th century, the Scottish kings had acquired the authority and ability to draw in native Gaelic lords outside their previous zone of control to do their work, the most famous examples being Lochlann, Lord of Galloway and Fearchar Mac an t-Sagairt.

Such accommodation assisted expansion to the Scandinavian-ruled lands of the west. Uilleam, the native Mormaer of Ross, was a pivotal figure in the expansion of the Scottish kingdom into the Hebrides, as was Ailéan mac Ruaidhrí, the key pro-Scottish Hebridean chief, who married his daughter to Uilleam, the Mormaer of Mar. The Scottish king was able to draw on the support of Alan, Lord of Galloway, the master of the Irish Sea region, and was able to make use of the Galwegian ruler's enormous fleet of ships. The Mormaers of Lennox forged links with the Argyll chieftains, bringing a kin-group such as the Campbells into the Scottish fold. Cumulatively, by the reign of Alexander III, the Scots were in a strong position to annexe the remainder of the western seaboard, which they did in 1266, with the Treaty of Perth. Orkney too was coming into the Scottish fold. In the 12th century, Mormaer Matad's son Harald was established on the Orkney Earldom. Thereafter, the Orkney earl (also Mormaer of Caithness) was just as much a Scottish vassal as a Norwegian one. Descendants of the Gaelic Mormaers of Angus ruled Orkney for much of the 13th century. In the early 14th century, another Scottish Gaelic noble, Maol Íosa V of Strathearn became Earl of Orkney, although formal Scottish sovereignty over the Northern Isles did not come for more than another century.

The conquest of the west, the creation of the Mormaerdom of Carrick in 1186 and the absorption of the Lordship of Galloway after the Galwegian revolt of 1135 meant that the number and proportion of Gaelic speakers under the rule of the Scottish king actually increased, and perhaps even doubled, in the so-called Norman period. It was the Gaels and Gaelicised warriors of the new west, and the power they offered, that enabled King Robert I (himself a Gaelicised Scoto-Norman of Carrick) to emerge victorious during the Wars of Independence, which followed soon after the death of Alexander III.

Notes

  1. ^ e.g. BBC documentary In Search of Scotland, ep. 2.
  2. ^ Normanists tend to sideline or downplay opposition amongst the native Scots to Canmore authority, but much work has been done on the topic recently, McDonald (2003b),

References

Citations

  1. ^ Broun, Dauvit (2007). Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain From the Picts to Alexander III. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780748623617.
  2. ^ Barrow (2005), p. 7.
  3. ^ Barrow (2015), p. 34.
  4. ^ Annals of Ulster, s.a. 900; Anderson (1922), p. 395, vol. i,
  5. ^ Kelly (1988), p. 92.
  6. ^ Hudson (1994), p. 89.
  7. ^ Hudson (1994), pp. 95–96.
  8. ^ Anderson (1922), p. 452, vol. I.
  9. ^ Historical Sources of Macbeth.
  10. ^ Hudson (1994), p. 124.
  11. ^ Anderson (1922), pp. 23, & n. 1, vol. II.
  12. ^ Annals of Inisfallen, s.a. 1105–1107, available here;
  13. ^ Bartlett (1993).
  14. ^ Walter of Coventry (2012), p. 206.
  15. ^ William of Newburgh (2012), pp. 186–187.
  16. ^ Chronicle of Lanercost, 40–41, quoted in McDonald (2003b), p. 46

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

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  • Barrow, G.W.S. (1956). Feudal Britain: The Completion of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066–1314. E. Arnold. ISBN 978-7-240-00898-0.
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  • Broun, Dauvit (1998). "Gaelic Literacy in Eastern Scotland between 1124 and 1249". In Huw Pryce (ed.). Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–201. ISBN 978-0-521-57039-8.
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External links

Primary sources

  • Annals of Tigernach
  • Annals of Ulster
  • Chronicon Scotorum

Secondary sources

  • MacQueen "Laws and Languages"

kingdom, alba, latin, scotia, irish, alba, kingdom, scotland, between, deaths, donald, alexander, 1286, latter, death, indirectly, invasion, scotland, edward, england, 1296, first, scottish, independence, political, centres, scotland, early, middle, ages, alba. The Kingdom of Alba Latin Scotia Old Irish Alba was the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II in 900 and of Alexander III in 1286 The latter s death led indirectly to an invasion of Scotland by Edward I of England in 1296 and the First War of Scottish Independence Political centres in Scotland in the early Middle Ages Alba included Dalriada but not large parts of the present day Scottish Lowlands which were then divided between Strathclyde and Northumbria as far north as the Firth of Forth Fortriu a Pictish kingdom in the north was added to Alba in the tenth century Until the early 13th century Moray was not considered part of Alba which was seen as extending only between the Firth of Forth and the River Spey 1 The name of Alba is one of convenience as throughout this period both the ruling and lower classes of the Kingdom were predominantly Pictish Gaels later Pictish Gaels and Scoto Normans This differs markedly from the period of the House of Stuart beginning in 1371 in which the ruling classes of the kingdom mostly spoke Middle English which later evolved into and came to be called Lowland Scots There is no precise Gaelic equivalent for the English term Kingdom of Alba as the Gaelic term Rioghachd na h Alba means Kingdom of Scotland English speaking scholars adapted the Gaelic name for Scotland to apply to a particular political period in Scottish history during the High Middle Ages Contents 1 Royal court 2 Kings of Alba 2 1 Donald II and Constantine II 2 2 Malcolm I to Malcolm II 2 3 Duncan I to Alexander I 2 4 Norman Kings David I to Alexander III 3 Notes 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 Sources 5 External links 5 1 Primary sources 5 2 Secondary sourcesRoyal court EditLittle is known about the structure of the Scottish royal court in the period before the coming of the Normans to Scotland before the reign of David I A little more is known about the court of the later 12th and 13th centuries In the words of Geoffrey Barrow this court was emphatically feudal Frankish non Celtic in character 2 Some of the offices were Gaelic in origin such as the Hostarius later Usher or Doorward the man in charge of the royal bodyguard and the rannaire the Gaelic speaking member of the court whose job was to divide the food 3 The post of Seneschal or dapifer i e the Steward had been hereditary since the reign of David I The Steward had responsibility for the royal household and its management see High Steward of Scotland The Chancellor was in charge of the royal chapel The latter was the king s place of worship but as it happened was associated with the royal scribes responsible for keeping records Usually the chancellor was a clergyman and usually he held this office before being promoted to a bishopric see Lord Chancellor of Scotland The Chamberlain had control and responsibility over royal finances see Chamberlain of Scotland The Constable was also hereditary since the reign of David I and was in charge of the crown s military resources see Lord High Constable of Scotland The Butler see Butler of Scotland The Marshal or marischal The marischal differed from the constable in that he was more specialised responsible for and in charge of the royal cavalry forces see Earl Marischal In the 13th century all the other offices tended to be hereditary with the exception of the Chancellor The royal household of course came with numerous other offices The most important was probably the aforementioned hostarius but there were others such as the royal hunters the royal foresters and the cooks dispensa or spence Kings of Alba EditFurther information Origins of the Kingdom of Alba and List of Scottish monarchs Donald II and Constantine II Edit King Donald II was the first man to have been called ri Alban i e King of Alba when he died at Dunnottar in 900 4 This meant king of Caledonia or Scotland All his predecessors bore the style of either King of the Picts or King of Fortriu Such an apparent innovation in the Gaelic chronicles is occasionally taken to spell the birth of Scotland but there is nothing special about his reign that might confirm this Donald had the nickname dasachtach This simply meant a madman or in early Irish law a man not in control of his functions and hence without legal culpability 5 The reason was possibly the restlessness of his reign continually spent fighting battles against Vikings It is possible he gained his unpopularity by violating the rights of the church or through high taxes but it is not known for certain However his extremely negative nickname makes him an unlikely founder of Scotland Donald s successor Constantine II Causantin mac Aeda is more often regarded as a key figure in the formation of Alba a Constantine reigned for nearly half a century fighting many battles When he lost at Brunanburh he was clearly discredited and retired as a Culdee monk at St Andrews Despite this the Prophecy of Berchan is full of praise for him and in this respect is in line with the views of other sources Constantine is credited in later tradition as the man who with Bishop Ceallach of St Andrews brought the Catholic Church in Scotland into conformity with that of the larger Gaelic world although it is not known exactly what this means There had been Gaelic bishops in St Andrews for two centuries and Gaelic churchmen were amongst the oldest features of Caledonian Christianity The reform may have been organizational or some sort of purge of certain unknown and perhaps disliked legacies of Pictish ecclesiastical tradition However other than these factors it is difficult to appreciate fully the importance of Constantine s reign Malcolm I to Malcolm II Edit The period between the accession of Malcolm I Maol Caluim Mac Domhnuill and Malcolm II Maol Caluim Mac Cionaodha is marked by good relations with the Wessex rulers of England intense internal dynastic disunity and despite this relatively successful expansionary policies Some time after an English invasion of cumbra land Old English for either Strathclyde or Cumbria or both by King Edmund of England in 945 the English king handed the province over to king Malcolm I on condition of a permanent alliance Some time in the reign of King Indulf Idulb mac Causantin 954 62 the Scots captured the fortress called oppidum Eden i e almost certainly Edinburgh 6 It was the first Scottish foothold in Lothian The Scots had probably had some authority in Strathclyde since the later part of the 9th century but the kingdom kept its own rulers and it is not clear that the Scots were always strong enough to enforce their authority In fact one of Indulf s successors Cuilen Cuilen mac Ilduilbh died at the hands of the men of Strathclyde perhaps while trying to enforce his authority King Kenneth II Cionaodh Mac Maol Chaluim 971 95 began his reign by invading Britannia possibly Strathclyde perhaps as an early assertion of his authority and perhaps also as a traditional Gaelic crechrighe lit royal prey the rite by which a king secured the success of his reign with an inauguration raid in the territory of a historical enemy 7 The reign of Malcolm I 942 3 954 also marks the first known tensions between the Scottish kingdom and Moray the old heartland of the Scoto Pictish kingdom of Fortriu The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reported that King Malcolm went into Moray and slew Ceallach The same source tells us that King Malcolm was killed by the Moravians 8 This is the first definite sign of tension between the Cenel nGabrain and Cenel Loairn two kin groups claiming descent from different ancestors of Erc During the reign of Macbeth Mac Beathadh Mac Findlaich and his successor Lulach Lulach Mac Gille Comhghain the Moray based Cenel Loairn ruled all Scotland The reign of Malcolm II saw the final incorporation of these territories The critical year perhaps was 1018 when King Malcolm II defeated the Northumbrians at the Battle of Carham In the same year King Owain Foel died leaving his kingdom to his overlord Malcolm A meeting with King Canute of Denmark and England probably about 1031 seems to have further secured these conquests although the exact nature of Scottish rule over the Lothian and Scottish Borders area was not fully realised until the conquest and annexation of that province during the Wars of Independence Duncan I to Alexander I Edit The Stone of Scone in the Coronation Chair at Westminster Abbey 1855 It was the ceremonial coronation stone of Scotland s Gaelic kings similar to the Irish Lia Fail The period between the accession of King Duncan I Donnchadh Mac Crionain 1034 and the death of Alexander I 1124 was the last before the coming of the Normans to Scotland In some respects the reign of King Malcolm III Maol Caluim Mac Donnchaidh prefigured the changes which took place in the reigns of the French speaking kings David I and William I although native reaction to the manner of Duncan II s Donnchad mac Mael Coluim accession perhaps put these changes back somewhat King Duncan I s reign was a military failure He was defeated by the native English at Durham in 1040 and was subsequently toppled Duncan had only been related to previous rulers through his mother Bethoc daughter of Malcolm II who had married Crinan the lay abbot of Dunkeld and probably Mormaer of Atholl too At a location called Bothganowan or Bothgowan Bothgofnane Bothgofuane meaning Blacksmith s Hut in old Gaelic 9 today Pitgaveny near Elgin the Mormaer of Moray Macbeth defeated and killed Duncan and took the kingship for himself 10 After Macbeth s successor Lulach another Moravian all kings of Scotland were Duncan s descendants For this reason Duncan s reign is often remembered positively while Macbeth is villanised Eventually William Shakespeare gave fame to this medieval equivalent of propaganda by further immortalising both men in his play Macbeth Macbeth s reign however was successful enough that he had the security to go on pilgrimage to Rome It was Malcolm III who acquired the nickname as did his successors Canmore Ceann Mor Great Chief and not his father Duncan who did more to create the successful dynasty which ruled Scotland for the following two centuries Part of the success was the huge number of children he had Through two marriages firstly to the Norwegian Ingibiorg Finnsdottir and secondly to the English princess Margaret of Wessex Malcolm had perhaps a dozen children Malcolm and if we believe later hagiography his wife introduced the first Benedictine monks to Scotland However despite having a royal Anglo Saxon wife Malcolm spent more of his reign conducting slave raids against the English adding to the woes of that people in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of England and the Harrying of the North as Marianus Scotus tells us The Scots and French devastated the English and the English were dispersed and died of hunger and were compelled to eat human flesh and to this end to kill men and to salt and dry them 11 Malcolm died in one of these raids in 1093 In the aftermath of his death the Norman rulers of England began their interference in the Scottish kingdom This interference was prompted by Malcolm s raids and attempts to forge claims for his successors to the English kingship He had married the sister of the native English claimant to the English throne Edgar AEtheling and had given most of his children by this marriage Anglo Saxon royal names Moreover he had given support to many native English nobles including Edgar himself and had been supporting native English insurrections against their Norman rulers In 1080 King William the Conqueror sent his son on an invasion of Scotland The invasion got as far as Falkirk on the boundary between Scotland proper and Lothian and Malcolm submitted to the authority of the king giving his oldest son Duncan as a hostage This submission perhaps gives the reason why Malcolm did not give his last two sons Alexander and David Anglo Saxon royal names Malcolm s natural successor was his brother Donalbane Domhnall Ban Mac Donnchaidh as Malcolm s sons were young However the Norman state to the south sent Malcolm s son Duncan to take the kingship In the ensuing conflict the Anglo Saxon Chronicle tells us that Donnchadh went to Scotland with what aid he could get of the English and French and deprived his kinsman Domhnall of the Kingdom and was received as King But afterwards some of the Scots gathered themselves together and slew almost all of his followers and he himself escaped with few Thereafter they were reconciled on the condition that he should never again introduce English or French into the land b Duncan was killed the same year 1094 and Donalbane resumed sole kingship However the Norman state sent another of Malcolm s sons Edgar to take the kingship Anglo Norman policy worked because thereafter all kings of Scotland succeeded not without opposition of course under a system very closely corresponding with the primogeniture that operated in the French speaking world The reigns of both Edgar and his brother and successor Alexander are comparatively obscure The former s most notable act was to send a camel or perhaps an elephant to his fellow Gael Muircheartach Ua Briain High King of Ireland 12 When Edgar died Alexander took the kingship while his youngest brother David became Prince of Cumbria and ruler of Lothian Norman Kings David I to Alexander III Edit Book of Deer folio 29v contains a portrait of the Evangelist Luke a list of privileges and legends were written in Gaelic and Latin in the margins in lowland Buchan in the reign of David I The period between the accession of David I and the death of Alexander III was marked by dependence upon and relatively good relations with the Kings of the English It was also a period of historical expansion for the Scottish kingdom and witnessed the successful imposition of royal authority across most of the modern country The period was one of a great deal of historical change and much of the modern historiographical literature is devoted to this change especially G W S Barrow part of a more general phenomenon which has been called the Europeanisation of Europe 13 More recent works though while acknowledging that a great deal of change did take place emphasise that this period was in fact also one of great continuity e g Cynthia Neville Richard Oram Dauvit Broun and others Indeed the period is subject to many misconceptions For instance English did not spread all over the Lowlands see language section and neither did English names and moreover even by 1300 most native lordships remained in native Gaelic hands with only a minority passing to men of French or Anglo French origin furthermore the Normanisation and imposition of royal authority in Scotland was not a peaceful process but in fact cumulatively more violent than the Norman Conquest of England additionally the Scottish kings were not independent monarchs but vassals to the King of the English although not legally for Scotland north of the Forth The important changes which did occur include the extensive establishment of burghs see section in many respects Scotland s first urban institutions the feudalisation or more accurately the Francization of aristocratic martial social and inheritance customs the de Scotticisation of ecclesiastical institutions the imposition of royal authority over most of modern Scotland and the drastic drift at the top level from traditional Gaelic culture so that after David I the Kingship of the Scots resembled more closely the kingship of the French and English than it did the lordship of any large scale Gaelic kingdom in Ireland After David I and especially in the reign of William I Scotland s kings became ambivalent about if not hostile towards the culture of most of their subjects As Walter of Coventry tells us The modern kings of Scotia count themselves as Frenchmen in race manners language and culture they keep only Frenchmen in their household and following and have reduced the Scots Gaels north of the Forth to utter servitude Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria 14 The ambivalence of the kings was matched to a certain extent by their subjects In the aftermath of William s capture at Alnwick in 1174 the Scots turned on their king s English speaking and French speaking subjects William of Newburgh related the events When King William was given over into the hands of the enemy God s vengeance permitted not also that his most evil army should go away unhurt For when they learned of the King s capture the barbarians at first were stunned and desisted from spoil and presently as if driven by furies the sword which they had taken up against their enemy and which was now drunken with innocent blood they turned against their own army Now there was in the same army a great number of English for the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English On the occasion therefore of this opportunity the Scots declared their hatred against them innate though masked through fear of the king and as many as they fell upon they slew the rest who could escape fleeing back to the royal castles Historia Rerum Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen Henry II and Richard I 15 Walter Bower writing a few centuries later albeit wrote about the same event At that time after the capture of their king the Scots together with the Galwegians in the mutual slaughter that took place killed their English and French compatriots without mercy or pity making frequent attacks on them At that time also there took place a most wretched and widespread persecution of the English both in Scotland and Galloway So intense was it that no consideration was shown to the sex of any but all were cruelly killed Scotichronicon VIII chapter 22 pp 30 40 Opposition to the Scottish kings in this period was indeed hard The first instance is perhaps the revolt of oengus of Moray the Mormaer of Moray the crushing of which led to the colonisation of Moray by foreign burgesses and Franco Flemish and Anglo French aristocrats Rebellions continued throughout the 12th century and into the 13th Important resistors to the expansionary Scottish kings were Somhairle Mac Gille Brighdhe Fergus of Galloway Gille Brigte of Galloway and Harald Maddadsson along with two kin groups known today as the MacHeths and the Meic Uilleim citation needed The latter claimed descent from king Donnchadh II through his son William and rebelled for no less a reason than the Scottish throne itself The threat was so grave that after the defeat of the MacWilliams in 1230 the Scottish crown ordered the public execution of the baby girl who happened to be the last MacWilliam This was how the Lanercost Chronicle relates the fate of this last MacWilliam The same Mac William s daughter who had not long left her mother s womb innocent as she was was put to death in the burgh of Forfar in view of the market place after a proclamation by the public crier Her head was struck against the column of the market cross and her brains dashed out 16 Many of these resistors collaborated and drew support not just in the peripheral Gaelic regions of Galloway Moray Ross and Argyll but also from eastern Scotland proper Ireland and Mann By the end of the 12th century the Scottish kings had acquired the authority and ability to draw in native Gaelic lords outside their previous zone of control to do their work the most famous examples being Lochlann Lord of Galloway and Fearchar Mac an t Sagairt Such accommodation assisted expansion to the Scandinavian ruled lands of the west Uilleam the native Mormaer of Ross was a pivotal figure in the expansion of the Scottish kingdom into the Hebrides as was Ailean mac Ruaidhri the key pro Scottish Hebridean chief who married his daughter to Uilleam the Mormaer of Mar The Scottish king was able to draw on the support of Alan Lord of Galloway the master of the Irish Sea region and was able to make use of the Galwegian ruler s enormous fleet of ships The Mormaers of Lennox forged links with the Argyll chieftains bringing a kin group such as the Campbells into the Scottish fold Cumulatively by the reign of Alexander III the Scots were in a strong position to annexe the remainder of the western seaboard which they did in 1266 with the Treaty of Perth Orkney too was coming into the Scottish fold In the 12th century Mormaer Matad s son Harald was established on the Orkney Earldom Thereafter the Orkney earl also Mormaer of Caithness was just as much a Scottish vassal as a Norwegian one Descendants of the Gaelic Mormaers of Angus ruled Orkney for much of the 13th century In the early 14th century another Scottish Gaelic noble Maol Iosa V of Strathearn became Earl of Orkney although formal Scottish sovereignty over the Northern Isles did not come for more than another century The conquest of the west the creation of the Mormaerdom of Carrick in 1186 and the absorption of the Lordship of Galloway after the Galwegian revolt of 1135 meant that the number and proportion of Gaelic speakers under the rule of the Scottish king actually increased and perhaps even doubled in the so called Norman period It was the Gaels and Gaelicised warriors of the new west and the power they offered that enabled King Robert I himself a Gaelicised Scoto Norman of Carrick to emerge victorious during the Wars of Independence which followed soon after the death of Alexander III Notes Edit e g BBC documentary In Search of Scotland ep 2 Normanists tend to sideline or downplay opposition amongst the native Scots to Canmore authority but much work has been done on the topic recently McDonald 2003b References EditCitations Edit Broun Dauvit 2007 Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain From the Picts to Alexander III Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press p 7 ISBN 9780748623617 Barrow 2005 p 7 Barrow 2015 p 34 Annals of Ulster s a 900 Anderson 1922 p 395 vol i Kelly 1988 p 92 Hudson 1994 p 89 Hudson 1994 pp 95 96 Anderson 1922 p 452 vol I Historical Sources of Macbeth Hudson 1994 p 124 Anderson 1922 pp 23 amp n 1 vol II Annals of Inisfallen s a 1105 1107 available here Bartlett 1993 Walter of Coventry 2012 p 206 William of Newburgh 2012 pp 186 187 Chronicle of Lanercost 40 41 quoted in McDonald 2003b p 46 Sources Edit Primary sources Anderson Alan Orr 1922 Early Sources of Scottish History A D 500 to 1286 Edinburgh Oliver and Boyd Volume 1 at the Internet Archive Volume 2 at the Internet Archive Anderson Alan Orr 1908 Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A D 500 to 1286 London David Nutt Scottish Annals at the Internet Archive republished Marjorie Anderson ed Stamford 1991 Gerald of Wales 1982 c 1188 Topographia Hibernica The History and Topography of Ireland Translated by John J O Meara Penguin Classics ISBN 978 0 1404 4423 0 Guillaume le Clerc 2018 Fergus of Galloway Knight of King Arthur Translated by D D R Owen John Donald ISBN 978 1 910900 23 9 Walter of Coventry 2012 1873 William Stubbs ed The Historical Collections of Walter of Coventry Rolls Series no 58 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 05113 2 William of Newburgh 2012 Richard Howlett ed Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen Henry II and Richard I Rolls Series no 82 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 05226 9 William F Skene 1867 Chronicles of the Picts Chronicles of the Scots And Other Early Memorials of Scottish History Edinburgh H M General Register House Chronicles of the Scots at the Internet Archive Secondary sources Bannerman John 1993 MacDuff of Fife In Alexander Grant Keith J Stringer eds Medieval Scotland Crown Lordship and Community Essays Presented to G W S Barrow Edinburgh University Press pp 20 38 ISBN 978 0 7486 0418 0 JSTOR 10 3366 j ctvxcrx8s 8 Bannerman John October 1989 The King s Poet and the Inauguration of Alexander III The Scottish Historical Review 68 186 part 2 120 149 JSTOR 25530415 Barron Evan Macleod 1934 1914 The Scottish War of Independence A Critical Study 2nd ed Inverness R Carruthers amp Sons ISBN 978 0 901613 06 6 Barrow G W S 1980 The Anglo Norman Era in Scottish History Clarendon Press ISBN 978 0 19 822473 0 Barrow G W S 1956 Feudal Britain The Completion of the Medieval Kingdoms 1066 1314 E Arnold ISBN 978 7 240 00898 0 Barrow G W S 2003 1973 The Kingdom of the Scots Government Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century revised ed Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 1803 3 Barrow G W S 2015 1981 Kingship and Unity Scotland 1000 1306 Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 1 4744 0183 8 Barrow G W S 1992 The Reign of William the Lion Scotland and Its Neighbours in the Middle Ages A amp C Black pp 67 89 ISBN 978 1 85285 052 4 Barrow G W S 2005 1965 Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 2022 7 JSTOR 10 3366 j ctt1r28n6 Bartlett Robert 1993 The Making of Europe Conquest Colonization and Cultural Change 950 1350 Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 03780 6 Broun Dauvit 1998 Defining Scotland and the Scots Before the Wars of Independence In Dauvit Broun Richard J Finlay Michael Lynch eds Image and Identity The Making and Re making of Scotland Through the Ages John Donald Publishers pp 4 17 ISBN 978 0 85976 409 4 Broun Dauvit Autumn 1997 Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish identity Innes Review 48 2 112 124 doi 10 3366 inr 1997 48 2 112 Reprinted in Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen 1999 Spes Scotorum pp 95 111 ISBN 9780567086822 Broun Dauvit 1998 Gaelic Literacy in Eastern Scotland between 1124 and 1249 In Huw Pryce ed Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies Cambridge University Press pp 183 201 ISBN 978 0 521 57039 8 Broun Dauvit 1999 The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries The Boydell Press ISBN 978 0 85115 375 9 Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen eds 1999 Spes Scotorum Edinburgh T amp T Clark ISBN 978 0 567 08682 2 Broun Dauvit Autumn 2004 The Welsh identity of the kingdom of Strathclyde ca 900 1200 Innes Review 55 2 111 180 doi 10 3366 inr 2004 55 2 111 Davies R R 2000 The First English Empire Power and Identities in the British Isles 1093 1343 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 154326 5 Driscoll Stephen T 2002 Alba The Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland AD 800 1124 Birlinn with Historic Scotland ISBN 978 1 84158 145 3 Ferguson William 1998 The Identity of the Scottish Nation An Historic Quest Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 1072 3 Gillingham John 1984 The Angevin Empire Holmes amp Meier ISBN 978 0 8419 1011 9 Gillingham John 2000 The English in the Twelfth Century Imperialism National Identity and Political Values The Boydell Press ISBN 978 0 85115 732 0 Hudson Benjamin T 1994 Kings of Celtic Scotland Greenwood ISBN 978 0 313 29087 9 Kelly Fergus 1988 A Guide to Early Irish Law Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies ISBN 978 0 901282 95 8 Lynch Michael 1992 Scotland A New History Pimlico ISBN 978 0 7126 9893 1 McDonald R Andrew 2003a Old and new in the far North Ferchar Maccintsacairt and the early earls of Ross In Steve Boardman Alasdair Ross eds The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland C 1200 1500 Four Courts Press pp 23 45 ISBN 978 1 85182 749 7 McDonald R Andrew 2003b Outlaws of Medieval Scotland Challenges to the Canmore Kings 1058 1266 Tuckwell ISBN 978 1 86232 236 3 McGuigan Neil Woolf Alex eds 2018 The Battle of Carham A Thousand Years on Birlinn ISBN 978 1 910900 24 6 McLeod Wilson 2004 Divided Gaels Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland C 1200 c 1650 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 924722 6 Neville Cynthia J 2005 Native Lordship in Medieval Scotland The Earldoms of Strathearn and Lennox C 1140 1365 Four Courts Press ISBN 978 1 85182 890 6 Oram Richard 2000 The Lordship of Galloway John Donald ISBN 978 0 85976 541 1 Owen D D R 1997 William the Lion 1143 1214 Kingship and Culture Tuckwell ISBN 978 1 86232 005 5 Roberts John L 1997 Lost Kingdoms Celtic Scotland and the Middle Ages Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 0910 9 Stringer Keith J 2005 The Emergence of a Nation State 1100 1300 In Jenny Wormald ed Scotland A History Oxford University Press pp 38 68 ISBN 978 0 19 960164 6 Ross Alasdair 2011 Kings of Alba C 1000 c 1130 John Donald ISBN 978 1 906566 15 9 Young Alan 1993 The Earls and Earldom of Buchan in the Thirteenth Century In Alexander Grant Keith J Stringer eds Medieval Scotland Crown Lordship and Community Essays Presented to G W S Barrow Edinburgh University Press pp 174 202 ISBN 978 0 7486 0418 0 JSTOR 10 3366 j ctvxcrx8s 15 External links EditPrimary sources Edit Annals of Tigernach Annals of Ulster Chronicon ScotorumSecondary sources Edit MacQueen Laws and Languages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kingdom of Alba amp oldid 1115677152, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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