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Reddy

January 08, 2024

For other uses, see Reddy (disambiguation).

Reddy (Telugu: [ɾeɖːi]) (also transliterated as Raddi, Reddi, Reddiar, Reddappa) is a caste that originated in India, predominantly settled in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They are classified as a forward caste.

Reddy
ClassificationForward caste
ReligionsHinduism
Languages
CountryIndia
Populated statesMajor:
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Minor:
Karnataka
Kerala
Odisha
Tamil Nadu
Maharashtra
RegionSouth India
Kingdom (original)Reddy Kingdom

The origin of the Reddy has been linked to the Rashtrakutas, although opinions vary. They were feudal overlords and peasant proprietors.[1][2] Historically they have been the land-owning aristocracy of the villages.[3][4][5] Traditionally, they were a diverse community of merchants and cultivators.[1][6][7] Their prowess as rulers and warriors is well documented in Telugu history.[8][need quotation to verify] The Reddy dynasty (1325–1448 CE) ruled coastal and central Andhra for over a hundred years. Today they continue to be a politically and socio-economically dominant group in the Telugu states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.[9][10][11][additional citation(s) needed]

Etymology

Origin theories

According to Alain Daniélou and Kenneth Hurry, the Rashtrakuta and Reddy dynasties may both have been descended from the earlier dynasty of the Rashtrikas.[12] This common origin is by no means certain: there is evidence suggesting that the Rashtrakuta line came from the Yadavas in northern India and also that they may simply have held a common title. Either of these alternate theories might undermine the claim to a connection between them and the Reddys.[13]

Varna status

The varna designation of Reddys is a contested and complex topic. Even after the introduction of the varna concept to south India, caste boundaries in south India were not as marked as in north India, where the four-tier varna system placed the priestly Brahmins on top followed by the Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.[citation needed] In south India, on the other hand, there existed only three distinguishable classes, the Brahmins, the non-Brahmins and the Dalits. The two intermediate dvija varnas—the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas—did not exist.[14][15][16][17]

The dominant castes of south India, such as Reddys and Nairs, held a status in society analogous to the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas of the north with the difference that religion did not sanctify them,[4][18][19] i.e. they were not accorded the status of Kshatriyas and Vaishyas by the Brahmins in the Brahmanical varna system. Historically, land-owning castes like the Reddys have belonged to the regal ruling classes and are analogous to the Kshatriyas of the Brahmanical society.[20]

The Brahmins, on top of the hierarchical social order, viewed the ruling castes of the south like the Reddys, Nairs and Vellalars as sat-Shudras meaning shudras of "true being". Sat-shudras are also known as clean shudras, upper shudras, pure or high-caste shudras.[21][22] This classification and the four-tier varna concept was never accepted by the ruling castes.[23][24]

History

Medieval history

Kakatiya period

 
Water colour painting – Kondavidu fort, Reddy Kingdom

During the Kakatiya period, Reddi, together with its variant Raddi, was used as a status title (gaurava-vachakamu). The title broadly represented the category of village headmen irrespective of their hereditary background.[25]

The Kakatiya prince Prola I (c. 1052 to 1076) was referred to as "Prola Reddi" in an inscription.[26][27] After the Kakatiyas became independent rulers in their own right, various subordinate chiefs under their rule are known to have used the title Reddi.[28] Reddy chiefs were appointed as generals and soldiers under the Kakatiyas. Some Reddys were among the feudatories of Kakatiya ruler Pratapa Rudra.[citation needed] During this time, some of the Reddys carved out feudal principalities for themselves. Prominent among them were the Munagala Reddy chiefs. Two inscriptions found in the Zamindari of Munagala at Tadavayi, two miles west of Munagala—one dated 1300 CE, and the other dated 1306 CE show that the Munagala Reddy chiefs were feudatories to the Kakatiya dynasty. The inscriptions proclaim Annaya Reddy of Munagala as a chieftain of Kakatiya ruler Pratapa Rudra.[citation needed]

The Reddy feudatories fought against attacks from the Delhi sultanate and defended the region from coming under the Turkic rule.[29] Eventually, the Sultanate invaded Warangal and captured Pratapa Rudra in 1323.[citation needed]

Reddi kingdom

Main article: Reddi Kingdom
 
Palace ruins, Kondapalli fort, Reddi Kingdom

After the death of Pratapa Rudra in 1323 CE and the subsequent fall of the Kakatiya empire, some Reddi chiefs became independent rulers. Prolaya Vema Reddi proclaimed independence, establishing a "Reddi dynasty" based in Addanki.[30][31][32] He had been part of a coalition of Telugu rulers who overthrew the "foreign" Turkic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.[32]

The dynasty (1325–1448 CE) ruled coastal and central Andhra for over a hundred years.[33][34]

Vijayanagara period

 
Vellore fort built by Bommi Reddi in the 16th century

The post-Kakatiya period saw the emergence of Vijayanagara Empire as well as the Reddy dynasty.[31] Initially, the two kingdoms were locked up in a territorial struggle for supremacy in the coastal region of Andhra. Later, they united and became allies against their common archrivals—the Bahmani sultans and the Recherla Velamas of Rachakonda who had formed an alliance. This political alliance between Vijayanagara and the Reddy kingdom was cemented further by a matrimonial alliance. Harihara II of Vijayanagara gave his daughter in marriage to Kataya Vema Reddy's son Kataya. The Reddy rulers exercised a policy of annexation and invasion of Kalinga (modern day Odisha). However, the suzerainty of Kalinga rulers was to be recognised. In 1443 CE, determined to put an end to the aggressions of the Reddy kingdom, the Gajapati ruler Kapilendra of Kalinga formed an alliance with the Velamas and launched an attack on the Reddy kingdom. Veerabhadra Reddy allied himself with Vijayanagara ruler Devaraya II and defeated Kapilendra. After the death of Devaraya II in 1446 CE, he was succeeded by his son, Mallikarjuna Raya. Overwhelmed by difficulties at home, Mallikarjuna Raya recalled the Vijayanagara forces from Rajahmundry. Veerabhadra Reddy died in 1448 CE. Seizing this opportunity, Kapilendra sent an army under the leadership of his son Hamvira into the Reddy kingdom, took Rajahmundry and gained control of the Reddy kingdom.[citation needed] The Gajapatis eventually lost control after the death of Kapilendra, and the territories of the former Reddy kingdom came under the control of the Vijayanagara Empire.[35]

Later, Reddys became the military chieftains of the Vijayanagara rulers. They along with their private armies accompanied and supported the Vijayanagara army in the conquest of new territories. These chieftains were known by the title of Poligars.[36] The Reddy poligars were appointed to render military services in times of war, collect revenue from the populace and pay to the royal treasury. The chieftains exercised considerable autonomy in their respective provinces. The ancestors of the legendary Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy – who led an armed rebellion against the British East India company, were poligars.[37] Reddys were historically dominant in the Rayalaseema region.[38]

Once independent, the erstwhile chiefs of the Vijayanagara empire indulged in several internal squabbles for supremacy in their areas. This constant warring between powerful feudal warlords for fiefdoms and power manifests itself even in modern-day Rayalaseema in the form of a brutally violent phenomenon termed as “factionalism”, "factional violence" or simply "faction".[39]

Modern history

Golkonda period

During this period, Reddys ruled several "samsthanams" (tributary estates)[40] in the Telangana area. They ruled as vassals of Golkonda sultans. Prominent among them were Ramakrishna Reddy, Pedda Venkata Reddy and Immadi Venkata Reddy. In the 16th century, the Pangal fort situated in Mahbubnagar district of Andhra Pradesh was ruled by Veera Krishna Reddy. Immadi Venkata Reddy was recognised by the Golkonda sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah as a regular provider of military forces to the Golkonda armies.[41][need quotation to verify] The Gadwal samsthanam situated in Mahbubnagar includes a fort built in 1710 CE by Raja Somtadari.[40] Reddys continued to be chieftains, village policemen and tax collectors in the Telangana region, throughout the Golkonda rule.[citation needed]

British period

One of the most prominent figures from the community during the British period is Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy. He challenged the British and led an armed rebellion against the British East India company in 1846. He was finally captured and hanged in 1847. His uprising was one of the earlier rebellions against the British rule in India, as it was 10 years before the famous Indian Rebellion of 1857.[42]

Reddys were the landed gentry known as the deshmukhs and part of the Nizam of Hyderabad's administration.[43] The Reddy landlords styled themselves as Desais, Doras and Patel. Several Reddys were noblemen in the court of Nizam Nawabs and held many high positions in the Nizam's administrative set up. Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy was made Kotwal of Hyderabad in 1920 CE during the reign of the seventh Nizam Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII. Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy was the first Hindu to be made kotwal of Hyderabad as in the late 19th and early 20th century, during the Islamic rule of the Nizams, the powerful position of Kotwal was held only by Muslims. His tenure lasted almost 14 years and he commanded great respect among the public for his outstanding police administration.[44][45]

Several Reddys were at the forefront of the anti-Nizam movement. In 1941, communist leaders Raavi Narayana Reddy and Baddam Yella Reddy transformed the Andhra Mahasabha into an anti-Nizam united mass militant organisation and led an armed struggle against the Nizam's regime.[46]

Reddy States (Zamindaris & Samsthanams)

 
Maharani Adhilaxmi Devamma
 
Wanaparthy Samsthanam's Palace
 
Temple in Domakonda Fort

During the medieval and later feudal/colonial periods, many parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana of the Indian subcontinent were ruled as sovereign or princely states by various dynasties of Reddy community.

Some of the prominent Reddy zamindaris (samsthanams):

Modern politics

The Kamma and Reddy castes have been politically dominant prior to the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 and afterwards.[57] Reddys are classified as a Forward Caste in modern India's positive discrimination system.[58] They are a politically dominant community in Andhra Pradesh, their rise having dated from the formation of the state in 1956.[59]

References

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Bibliography

  • Talbot, Cynthia (2001), Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19803-123-9

Further reading

  • Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958). A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagara. Oxford University Press.

January 08, 2024
reddy, other, uses, disambiguation, telugu, ɾeɖːi, also, transliterated, raddi, reddi, reddiar, reddappa, caste, that, originated, india, predominantly, settled, andhra, pradesh, telangana, they, classified, forward, caste, classificationforward, castereligion. For other uses see Reddy disambiguation Reddy Telugu ɾeɖːi also transliterated as Raddi Reddi Reddiar Reddappa is a caste that originated in India predominantly settled in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana They are classified as a forward caste ReddyClassificationForward casteReligionsHinduismLanguagesTeluguCountryIndiaPopulated statesMajor Andhra PradeshTelanganaMinor KarnatakaKeralaOdishaTamil NaduMaharashtraRegionSouth IndiaKingdom original Reddy KingdomThe origin of the Reddy has been linked to the Rashtrakutas although opinions vary They were feudal overlords and peasant proprietors 1 2 Historically they have been the land owning aristocracy of the villages 3 4 5 Traditionally they were a diverse community of merchants and cultivators 1 6 7 Their prowess as rulers and warriors is well documented in Telugu history 8 need quotation to verify The Reddy dynasty 1325 1448 CE ruled coastal and central Andhra for over a hundred years Today they continue to be a politically and socio economically dominant group in the Telugu states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh 9 10 11 additional citation s needed Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origin theories 3 Varna status 4 History 4 1 Medieval history 4 1 1 Kakatiya period 4 1 2 Reddi kingdom 4 1 3 Vijayanagara period 4 2 Modern history 4 2 1 Golkonda period 4 2 2 British period 4 3 Reddy States Zamindaris amp Samsthanams 5 Modern politics 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further readingEtymologyThis section is empty You can help by adding to it August 2023 Origin theoriesAccording to Alain Danielou and Kenneth Hurry the Rashtrakuta and Reddy dynasties may both have been descended from the earlier dynasty of the Rashtrikas 12 This common origin is by no means certain there is evidence suggesting that the Rashtrakuta line came from the Yadavas in northern India and also that they may simply have held a common title Either of these alternate theories might undermine the claim to a connection between them and the Reddys 13 Varna statusThe varna designation of Reddys is a contested and complex topic Even after the introduction of the varna concept to south India caste boundaries in south India were not as marked as in north India where the four tier varna system placed the priestly Brahmins on top followed by the Kshatriyas Vaishyas and Shudras citation needed In south India on the other hand there existed only three distinguishable classes the Brahmins the non Brahmins and the Dalits The two intermediate dvija varnas the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas did not exist 14 15 16 17 The dominant castes of south India such as Reddys and Nairs held a status in society analogous to the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas of the north with the difference that religion did not sanctify them 4 18 19 i e they were not accorded the status of Kshatriyas and Vaishyas by the Brahmins in the Brahmanical varna system Historically land owning castes like the Reddys have belonged to the regal ruling classes and are analogous to the Kshatriyas of the Brahmanical society 20 The Brahmins on top of the hierarchical social order viewed the ruling castes of the south like the Reddys Nairs and Vellalars as sat Shudras meaning shudras of true being Sat shudras are also known as clean shudras upper shudras pure or high caste shudras 21 22 This classification and the four tier varna concept was never accepted by the ruling castes 23 24 HistoryMedieval history Kakatiya period nbsp Water colour painting Kondavidu fort Reddy KingdomDuring the Kakatiya period Reddi together with its variant Raddi was used as a status title gaurava vachakamu The title broadly represented the category of village headmen irrespective of their hereditary background 25 The Kakatiya prince Prola I c 1052 to 1076 was referred to as Prola Reddi in an inscription 26 27 After the Kakatiyas became independent rulers in their own right various subordinate chiefs under their rule are known to have used the title Reddi 28 Reddy chiefs were appointed as generals and soldiers under the Kakatiyas Some Reddys were among the feudatories of Kakatiya ruler Pratapa Rudra citation needed During this time some of the Reddys carved out feudal principalities for themselves Prominent among them were the Munagala Reddy chiefs Two inscriptions found in the Zamindari of Munagala at Tadavayi two miles west of Munagala one dated 1300 CE and the other dated 1306 CE show that the Munagala Reddy chiefs were feudatories to the Kakatiya dynasty The inscriptions proclaim Annaya Reddy of Munagala as a chieftain of Kakatiya ruler Pratapa Rudra citation needed The Reddy feudatories fought against attacks from the Delhi sultanate and defended the region from coming under the Turkic rule 29 Eventually the Sultanate invaded Warangal and captured Pratapa Rudra in 1323 citation needed Reddi kingdom Main article Reddi Kingdom nbsp Palace ruins Kondapalli fort Reddi KingdomAfter the death of Pratapa Rudra in 1323 CE and the subsequent fall of the Kakatiya empire some Reddi chiefs became independent rulers Prolaya Vema Reddi proclaimed independence establishing a Reddi dynasty based in Addanki 30 31 32 He had been part of a coalition of Telugu rulers who overthrew the foreign Turkic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate 32 The dynasty 1325 1448 CE ruled coastal and central Andhra for over a hundred years 33 34 Vijayanagara period nbsp Vellore fort built by Bommi Reddi in the 16th centuryThe post Kakatiya period saw the emergence of Vijayanagara Empire as well as the Reddy dynasty 31 Initially the two kingdoms were locked up in a territorial struggle for supremacy in the coastal region of Andhra Later they united and became allies against their common archrivals the Bahmani sultans and the Recherla Velamas of Rachakonda who had formed an alliance This political alliance between Vijayanagara and the Reddy kingdom was cemented further by a matrimonial alliance Harihara II of Vijayanagara gave his daughter in marriage to Kataya Vema Reddy s son Kataya The Reddy rulers exercised a policy of annexation and invasion of Kalinga modern day Odisha However the suzerainty of Kalinga rulers was to be recognised In 1443 CE determined to put an end to the aggressions of the Reddy kingdom the Gajapati ruler Kapilendra of Kalinga formed an alliance with the Velamas and launched an attack on the Reddy kingdom Veerabhadra Reddy allied himself with Vijayanagara ruler Devaraya II and defeated Kapilendra After the death of Devaraya II in 1446 CE he was succeeded by his son Mallikarjuna Raya Overwhelmed by difficulties at home Mallikarjuna Raya recalled the Vijayanagara forces from Rajahmundry Veerabhadra Reddy died in 1448 CE Seizing this opportunity Kapilendra sent an army under the leadership of his son Hamvira into the Reddy kingdom took Rajahmundry and gained control of the Reddy kingdom citation needed The Gajapatis eventually lost control after the death of Kapilendra and the territories of the former Reddy kingdom came under the control of the Vijayanagara Empire 35 Later Reddys became the military chieftains of the Vijayanagara rulers They along with their private armies accompanied and supported the Vijayanagara army in the conquest of new territories These chieftains were known by the title of Poligars 36 The Reddy poligars were appointed to render military services in times of war collect revenue from the populace and pay to the royal treasury The chieftains exercised considerable autonomy in their respective provinces The ancestors of the legendary Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy who led an armed rebellion against the British East India company were poligars 37 Reddys were historically dominant in the Rayalaseema region 38 Once independent the erstwhile chiefs of the Vijayanagara empire indulged in several internal squabbles for supremacy in their areas This constant warring between powerful feudal warlords for fiefdoms and power manifests itself even in modern day Rayalaseema in the form of a brutally violent phenomenon termed as factionalism factional violence or simply faction 39 Modern history Golkonda period During this period Reddys ruled several samsthanams tributary estates 40 in the Telangana area They ruled as vassals of Golkonda sultans Prominent among them were Ramakrishna Reddy Pedda Venkata Reddy and Immadi Venkata Reddy In the 16th century the Pangal fort situated in Mahbubnagar district of Andhra Pradesh was ruled by Veera Krishna Reddy Immadi Venkata Reddy was recognised by the Golkonda sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah as a regular provider of military forces to the Golkonda armies 41 need quotation to verify The Gadwal samsthanam situated in Mahbubnagar includes a fort built in 1710 CE by Raja Somtadari 40 Reddys continued to be chieftains village policemen and tax collectors in the Telangana region throughout the Golkonda rule citation needed British period One of the most prominent figures from the community during the British period is Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy He challenged the British and led an armed rebellion against the British East India company in 1846 He was finally captured and hanged in 1847 His uprising was one of the earlier rebellions against the British rule in India as it was 10 years before the famous Indian Rebellion of 1857 42 Reddys were the landed gentry known as the deshmukhs and part of the Nizam of Hyderabad s administration 43 The Reddy landlords styled themselves as Desais Doras and Patel Several Reddys were noblemen in the court of Nizam Nawabs and held many high positions in the Nizam s administrative set up Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy was made Kotwal of Hyderabad in 1920 CE during the reign of the seventh Nizam Osman Ali Khan Asaf Jah VII Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy was the first Hindu to be made kotwal of Hyderabad as in the late 19th and early 20th century during the Islamic rule of the Nizams the powerful position of Kotwal was held only by Muslims His tenure lasted almost 14 years and he commanded great respect among the public for his outstanding police administration 44 45 Several Reddys were at the forefront of the anti Nizam movement In 1941 communist leaders Raavi Narayana Reddy and Baddam Yella Reddy transformed the Andhra Mahasabha into an anti Nizam united mass militant organisation and led an armed struggle against the Nizam s regime 46 Reddy States Zamindaris amp Samsthanams nbsp Maharani Adhilaxmi Devamma nbsp Wanaparthy Samsthanam s Palace nbsp Temple in Domakonda FortDuring the medieval and later feudal colonial periods many parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana of the Indian subcontinent were ruled as sovereign or princely states by various dynasties of Reddy community Some of the prominent Reddy zamindaris samsthanams Atmakur Amarchinta Samsthanam Telangana 47 48 Domakonda Samsthanam Telangana 49 50 Gadwal Samsthanam Telangana 40 Raja Somasekhar Ananda Reddy or Somanadri 40 50 Munagala Gurlapaty clan 51 Samsthanam Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Wanaparthy Samsthanam Originally known as Sugur Telangana 52 53 54 Founded by Veera Krishna Reddy 41 55 Sirnapalli Samsthanam Telangana 56 Modern politicsThe Kamma and Reddy castes have been politically dominant prior to the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 and afterwards 57 Reddys are classified as a Forward Caste in modern India s positive discrimination system 58 They are a politically dominant community in Andhra Pradesh their rise having dated from the formation of the state in 1956 59 References a b Frykenberg Robert Eric 1965 Guntur district 1788 1848 A History of Local Influence and Central Authority in South India Clarendon Press p 275 Y Subhashini Subrahmanyam 1975 Social change in village India an Andhra case study Prithvi Raj Publishers p 75 Retrieved 25 July 2011 David E Ludden 1999 An Agrarian History of South Asia Cambridge University Press p 91 ISBN 978 0 521 36424 9 a b Lohia Rammanohar 1964 The Caste System Navahind pp 93 94 103 126 Karen Isaksen Leonard 2007 Locating home India s Hyderabadis abroad Stanford University Press p 131 ISBN 978 0 8047 5442 2 Stein Burton 1989 Vijayanagara Cambridge University Press p 80 ISBN 978 0 521 26693 2 Robert Bruce L 1982 Agrarian Organization and Resource Distribution in South India Bellary District 1800 1979 University of Wisconsin Madison p 88 Subrahmanyam Sanjay 2001 Penumbral Visions Making Polities in Early Modern South India University of Michigan Press p 100 ISBN 978 0 472 11216 6 Xiang Biao 2007 Global Body Shopping An Indian Labor System in the Information Technology Industry Princeton University Press p 31 ISBN 978 0 691 11852 9 Srinivasulu K January 2007 Caste Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories Department of Political Science Osmania University Nag Kingshuk 30 July 2013 Rayala Telangana is a crude attempt to maintain Reddy dominance Economic Times Retrieved 26 July 2023 Danielou Alain Hurry Kenneth 2003 A Brief History of India Inner Traditions Bear amp Co p 114 ISBN 978 0 89281 923 2 Chopra Pran Nath 2003 A Comprehensive History of Ancient India Vol 3 Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd p 202 ISBN 978 81 207 2503 4 Jalal Ayesha 1995 Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia A Comparative and Historical Perspective Cambridge University Press p 204 ISBN 978 0 521 47862 5 Bernard Jean Alphonse 2001 From Raj to the Republic A Political History of India 1935 2000 Har Anand Publications p 37 ISBN 9788124107669 Joseph M P 2004 Legitimately Divided Towards a Counter Narrative of the Ethnographic History of Kerala Christianity Christava Sahitya Samithi p 62 ISBN 978 81 7821 040 7 Raychaudhuri Tapan Habib Irfan Kumar Dharma 1982 The Cambridge Economic History of India c 1200 c 1750 Cambridge University Press Archive p 27 ISBN 978 0 521 22692 9 M P Joseph 2004 Legitimately divided towards a counter narrative of the ethnographic history of Kerala Christianity Christava Sahitya Samithi p 62 ISBN 978 81 7821 040 7 Shah Ghanshyam 2004 Caste and Democratic Politics in India Anthem Press p 83 ISBN 978 1 84331 086 0 Richman Paula 2001 Questioning Ramayaṇas a South Asian tradition University of California Press p 176 ISBN 978 0 520 22074 4 D Dennis Hudson 2000 Protestant origins in India Tamil Evangelical Christians 1706 1835 Wm B Eerdmans Publishing p 77 ISBN 978 0 8028 4721 8 Ayres Alyssa Oldenburg Philip 2002 India Briefing Quickening the Pace of Change M E Sharpe p 138 ISBN 978 0 7656 0813 0 G Krishnan Kutty 1999 The political economy of underdevelopment in India Northern Book Centre p 172 ISBN 978 81 7211 107 6 Krishnan Kutty G 1986 Peasantry in India Abhinav Publications p 10 ISBN 978 81 7017 215 4 Talbot Pre colonial India in Practice 2001 pp 55 59 Diskalkar D B 1993 Sanskrit and Prakrit Poets Known from Inscriptions Anandashram Samstha p 122 Quote Balasarasvati author of an inscription dated S 1135 c 1057 CE had lived at the court of Prola Reddi ruler of the same Kakatiya dynasty Archaeological Survey of India 2000 Indian Archaeology A Review Archaeological Survey of India p 123 Talbot Pre colonial India in Practice 2001 p 98 Dikshit Giri S Srikantaya Saklespur Pratiṣṭhana Bi Eṃ Sri Smaraka 1988 Early Vijayanagara Studies in its History amp Culture Proceedings of S Srikantaya Centenary Seminar B M S Memorial Foundation p 131 K V Narayana Rao 1973 The emergence of Andhra Pradesh Popular Prakashan p 4 Retrieved 9 July 2011 a b P Sriramamurti 1972 Contribution of Andhra to Sanskrit literature Andhra University p 60 Retrieved 28 August 2011 a b Amaresh Datta Mohan Lal 1992 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Sasay Zorgot Sahitya Akademi p 4637 ISBN 9780836422832 Pran Nath Chopra 1982 Religions and communities of India Vision Books p 136 Retrieved 4 July 2011 Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma Mallampalli Sōmasekharasarma 1948 History of the Reddi kingdoms circa 1325 A D to circa 1448 A D Andhra University Retrieved 8 July 2011 Kulke Hermann Rothermund Dietmar 2004 A history of India Routledge p 189 ISBN 978 0 415 32919 4 A Ranga Reddy 2003 The State of Rayalaseema Mittal Publications pp 215 333 ISBN 978 81 7099 814 3 Andhra Pradesh India District Gazetteers Dept 1992 Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers Kurnool State editor District Gazetteers p 55 Subrata Kumar Mitra 2004 Political parties in South Asia Greenwood Publishing Group p 105 ISBN 978 0 275 96832 8 Balagopal K 23 July 1994 Seshan in Kurnool Economic and Political Weekly 29 30 1905 JSTOR 4401511 a b c d Imperial Gazetteer2 of India Volume 12 page 121 Imperial Gazetteer of India Digital South Asia Library dsal uchicago edu a b Benjamin B Cohen 2002 Hindu rulers in a Muslim state L Hyderabad 1850 1949 University of Wisconsin Madison p 78 Retrieved 20 July 2011 D P Ramachandran October 2008 Empire s First Soldiers Lancer Publishers p 121 ISBN 978 0 9796174 7 8 Vasudha Chhotray 2011 The Anti Politics Machine in India State Decentralization and Participatory Watershed Development Anthem Press p 96 ISBN 978 0 85728 767 0 Basant K Bawa 1992 The last Nizam the life and times of Mir Osman Ali Khan Viking pp 120 121 ISBN 9780670839971 Retrieved 21 July 2011 Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy Hyderabad Police online portal Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 Puccalapalli Sundarayya 2006 Telangana People s Struggle and Its Lessons Foundation Books p 12 ISBN 978 81 7596 316 0 Atmakur Amarchinta Samsthan Samsthans Mahabubnagar District Telangana India Telangana University www telanganauniversity ac in a b Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram 1973 The Andhras through the ages Sri Saraswati Book Depot p 34 Gordon Mackenzie 1990 A manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of Madras Asian Educational Services pp 9 10 224 ISBN 978 81 206 0544 2 History Wanaparthy District India Wanaparthy History Imperial Gazetteer2 of India Volume 24 page 355 Imperial Gazetteer of India Digital South Asia Library dsal uchicago edu Andhra Pradesh India Bh Sivasankaranarayana 1976 Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers Printed by the Director of Print and Stationery at the Govt Secretariat Press p 39 40 Our cooking was influenced by Muslim culture Times of India The Times of India PrincetonPIIRS 13 November 2013 Dominant Caste and Territory in South India archived from the original on 13 December 2021 retrieved 11 August 2016 Castes Andhra AP Elections News amp Results Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 Srinivasulu K September 2002 Caste Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories PDF London Overseas Development Institute p 3 Retrieved 30 March 2013 BibliographyTalbot Cynthia 2001 Pre colonial India in Practice Society Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19803 123 9Further readingSastri K A Nilakanta 1958 A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagara Oxford University Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Reddy amp oldid 1180871401, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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