The tap /ɾ/ varies freely between [ɾ] or a retroflex [ɻ].
[ʃ] is heard as an allophone of /tʃ/ among young speakers.[2]
/b/ is heard as [p] in word-final position.
/k/ may vary between a voiced [ɡ] or [k] when in between a high and non-high vowel.[3]
The back-velar /k̠/ may also be heard freely as uvular [q], and may vary between a stop or fricatives [k̠], [x̠] or voiced [ɡ̠], [ɣ̠] when preceded and followed by /a/ or /o/.[3]
Sounds /i, u, e, o/ may have lax allophones as [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ] in closed syllables.
Vowels /e, o/ may have a lax allophone of [ə] when following other vowels.
/a/ may be heard as [æ] when preceding a velar nasal /ŋ/ in free variation with [a].[2]
Morphologyedit
Pronouns and person markersedit
One remarkable feature of the pronoun system of Kairiru is that it appears to have lost the distinction between first-person inclusive and exclusive pronouns throughout its affix paradigms, but then recreated inclusive forms in its independent pronouns by combining first-person and second-person forms along the lines of Tok Pisinyumi (< yu + mi). The inclusive-exclusive distinction is almost universal among Austronesian languages but generally lacking in Papuan languages.
^Kairiru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abWivell, Richard (1981). Kairiru grammar. University of Auckland.
^ abRoss, Malcolm (2002). Kairiru. In John Lynch and Malcolm Ross and Terry Crowley (eds.), The Oceanic Languages: Routledge: London and New York. pp. 204–215.
Wivell, Richard (1981). Kairiru grammar. M.A. thesis, University of Auckland.
External linksedit
Kairiru Grammar
January 01, 1970
kairiru, language, kairiru, three, spoken, mainly, kairiru, mushu, islands, several, coastal, villages, mainland, between, cape, karawop, cape, samein, near, wewak, east, sepik, province, papua, guinea, kairiruregioneast, sepik, province, northern, papua, guin. Kairiru is one of three Kairiru languages spoken mainly on Kairiru and Mushu islands and in several coastal villages on the mainland between Cape Karawop and Cape Samein near Wewak in East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea KairiruRegionEast Sepik Province northern Papua New GuineaNative speakers3 200 2000 census 1 Language familyAustronesian Malayo PolynesianOceanicWestern OceanicSchoutenKairiru ManamKairiruKairiruLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code kxa class extiw title iso639 3 kxa kxa a Glottologkair1263ELPKairiru Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Consonants 1 2 Vowels 2 Morphology 2 1 Pronouns and person markers 2 1 1 Free pronouns 2 1 2 Genitive pronouns 2 1 3 Possessive suffixes on inalienable nouns 2 1 4 Subject prefixes on verbs 2 1 5 Object suffixes on verbs 3 References 4 External linksPhonology editConsonants edit Bilabial Alveolar Post alveolar Velar Back velar Plosive b t k k Affricate tʃ Fricative voiceless ɸ s ʃ voiced b Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Lateral l Rhotic ɾ r ɻ Approximant w j The tap ɾ varies freely between ɾ or a retroflex ɻ ʃ is heard as an allophone of tʃ among young speakers 2 b is heard as p in word final position k may vary between a voiced ɡ or k when in between a high and non high vowel 3 The back velar k may also be heard freely as uvular q and may vary between a stop or fricatives k x or voiced ɡ ɣ when preceded and followed by a or o 3 Vowels edit Front Central Back High i u Mid e e o Low a Sounds i u e o may have lax allophones as ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ in closed syllables Vowels e o may have a lax allophone of e when following other vowels a may be heard as ae when preceding a velar nasal ŋ in free variation with a 2 Morphology editPronouns and person markers edit One remarkable feature of the pronoun system of Kairiru is that it appears to have lost the distinction between first person inclusive and exclusive pronouns throughout its affix paradigms but then recreated inclusive forms in its independent pronouns by combining first person and second person forms along the lines of Tok Pisin yumi lt yu mi The inclusive exclusive distinction is almost universal among Austronesian languages but generally lacking in Papuan languages Free pronouns edit Person Singular Plural Dual 1st person inclusive taqam tuyieq 1st person exclusive kyau qait tu 2nd person yieq qam qum 3rd person ei rri rru Genitive pronouns edit Person Singular Plural Dual 1st person inclusive taqait taqatu 1st person exclusive wokyau tamoit taqatu 2nd person yieqayieq maqam moqum 3rd person yaqai rraqarri rraqarru Possessive suffixes on inalienable nouns edit Person Singular Plural Dual 1st person inclusive qait tu 1st person exclusive k qait tu 2nd person m qam qum 3rd person ny rri rru Subject prefixes on verbs edit Person Singular Plural Dual 1st person inclusive ta ti 1st person exclusive wu ta ti 2nd person qo ka qu 3rd person a rra rri Object suffixes on verbs edit Person Singular Plural Dual 1st person inclusive qait tu 1st person exclusive ky au qait tu 2nd person y ieq qam qum 3rd person i O rri O rruReferences edit Kairiru at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b Wivell Richard 1981 Kairiru grammar University of Auckland a b Ross Malcolm 2002 Kairiru In John Lynch and Malcolm Ross and Terry Crowley eds The Oceanic Languages Routledge London and New York pp 204 215 Wivell Richard 1981 Kairiru grammar M A thesis University of Auckland External links editKairiru Grammar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kairiru language amp oldid 1207046027, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
