John W. Beschter
John William Beschter SJ (born Johann Wilhelm Beschter; German: [ˈjoːhan ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈbɛʃtɐ];[needs Luxembourgish IPA] May 20, 1763 – January 6, 1842) was a Catholic priest and Jesuit from the Duchy of Luxembourg in the Austrian Netherlands. He emigrated to the United States as a missionary in 1807, where he ministered in rural Pennsylvania and Maryland. Beschter was the last Jesuit pastor of St. Mary's Church in Lancaster, as well as the pastor of St. John the Evangelist Church in Baltimore, Maryland. He was also a priest at several other German-speaking churches in Pennsylvania.
John W. Beschter | |
|---|---|
Portrait of John W. Beschter | |
| 16th President of Georgetown College | |
| In office March 31, 1829 – September 14, 1829 | |
| Preceded by | William Feiner |
| Succeeded by | Thomas F. Mulledy |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Johann Wilhelm Beschter May 20, 1763 Duchy of Luxembourg, Austrian Netherlands |
| Died | January 6, 1842 (aged 78) Paradise, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Resting place | Conewago Chapel |
Beschter's ministerial work was punctuated by a time as master of novices at the new Jesuit novitiate at White Marsh Manor, as well as a brief term as president of Georgetown College in 1829. While in Maryland, he aligned himself with the Continental European Jesuits in the United States, who endorsed a monarchist view of ecclesiastical leadership. After his presidency, Beschter remained at Georgetown for a year as a professor of German, before returning to Paradise, Pennsylvania, where he lived out the last twelve years of his life as a priest.
Early life
Johann Wilhelm Beschter was born on May 20, 1763,[1] in the Duchy of Luxembourg,[a][3] located in the Austrian Netherlands, a part of the Holy Roman Empire.[4] While little is known about his early life, Archbishop John Carroll reported that, before sailing for the New World from Amsterdam in 1807, Beschter was a pastor and dean in Luxembourg.[5]
After arriving in the United States, he was admitted to the Society of Jesus on October 10, 1807,[6] and anglicized his name as John William Beschter.[7] On August 22, 1809, and again on April 21, 1814, he submitted petitions for naturalization while in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.[4]
Missionary in the United States
Pennsylvania
In the year of his arrival in the United States, Beschter was assigned as a priest to St. Mary's Church in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.[7] By the following year, he had been made pastor of the church,[1] making him the only Jesuit pastor of St. Mary's following the restoration of the Society in America.[8] Though assigned to St. Mary's, he drew the praise of Archbishop Carroll for simultaneously ministering to three congregations in the area, which comprised American, German, and Irish parishioners.[9] His appointment as pastor quieted an existing quarrel within the parish over the nationality and language of the pastor. Beschter's predecessor, Herman J. Stoecker, was not proficient in English, to the consternation of the Irish congregants. Stoecker had succeeded Francis Fitzsimons, an Irishman who could not speak German, which ruffled the German majority of parishioners. Beschter's proficiency in English as well as his native German made him a satisfactory solution to the dispute.[10]
During his pastorate, the church established a mission to Lebanon, Pennsylvania, in 1810, as it had done in other locations throughout the state in the past. Beschter celebrated the laying of the cornerstone of the mission church, named St. Mary of the Assumption,[11] on July 23 of that year.[12] Presiding over the ceremony, he preached in both English and German to a congregation of Catholics and Protestants,[13] which included one Moravian, three Lutheran and three Reformed pastors.[9] Beschter was described as having garnered the support and attachment of the congregation as pastor.[14] Upon the end of his pastorate in 1812,[1] he was replaced by another Irishman, Michael J. Byrne.[9] Though successful as a pastor and a "very holy man", Carroll found Beschter in "want of a better education in the Society", as with many of the other foreign Jesuit missionaries in America.[15]
Maryland
Beschter then became involved in the establishment of the Jesuit novitiate at White Marsh Manor in Prince George's County, Maryland. Though the Jesuits had an established presence in White Marsh dating to around 1741,[16] it was not until 1814 that serious efforts to establish a new novitiate there were undertaken. Beschter escorted the first group of novices from Frederick, Maryland to the novitiate at White Marsh, where they arrived on July 12, 1814.[17] For some time during that year, he acted as master of novices at White Marsh.[18]
He is next noted as having been an assistant curate to Louis de Barth in Conewago in Adams County, Pennsylvania, in 1816.[19] As the Catholic community surrounding Conewago grew, the initially dependent mission churches were granted greater degrees of autonomy, though still retaining an association with Conewago. Beschter was placed in charge of one of these – Brandt Chapel – in the Pigeon Hills area of Paradise in York County.[20] Later that year, he was stationed in Frederick, where he remained for two years.[21] By 1818, Beschter had fallen ill and became involved in disagreements with Bishop Michael Egan of Philadelphia,[9] and so left for Georgetown in Washington, D.C.[1] To mark the tercentenary of Martin Luther's writing of the Ninety-five Theses, a pamphlet was published in Philadelphia under Beschter's name titled "The Blessed Reformation – Martin Luther portrayed by himself". In reality, the pamphlet was written by Anthony Kohlmann, who used Beschter's name as a pseudonym.[22]
In 1820, Beschter was appointed pastor of St. John the Evangelist Church in Baltimore, Maryland, on the site of the present St. Alphonsus Church.[1] Succeeding F. X. Brosius,[23] he led the mostly German congregation until 1828,[1] when he was succeeded by Louis De Barth.[23] Beschter became involved in the tensions stemming from American Jesuits' skepticism of their Continental European counterparts being put in charge of American institutions. He defended the Jesuit Superior General, Luigi Fortis' appointment of Polish-born Francis Dzierozynski in 1820 as socius,[b] consultor, and admonitor to Charles Neale (the mission superior for the United States), which vested Dzierozynski with broad authority.[25] He condemned the "curious" American view that "sovereignty rests essentially in the people", as well as their opposition to monarchy.[26] On February 2, 1821, the status of gradus in the Society of Jesus was conferred on Beschter.[c][28] When Dzierozynski was later made mission superior in 1823, Beschter again supported him.[29]
Georgetown College
In 1828, Beschter was transferred to Georgetown College as minister.[1] When William Feiner was permitted to resign the presidency in 1829 (he had contracted tuberculosis, to which he would succumb by June), Beschter was appointed president of Georgetown College,[30] assuming office on March 31 of that year.[31] His selection came as a surprise and was met with opposition by the Anglo-American laymen, who claimed Beschter was not fluent in speaking or writing in English,[32] despite the fact that he was competent enough to preach in English.[33] They further asserted that he had no knowledge of the operation of a college. Likewise, nativist Jesuits opposed the leadership of Georgetown by such foreigners as Anthony Kohlmann, Stephen Dubuisson, and Beschter.[32]
The school fared well during his presidency, compared to the several preceding years, and counted 45 enrolled students.[34] That year, Georgetown opened St. John's Literary Institution as an offshoot in Frederick, which was placed under the charge of John McElroy, and whose cornerstone had been laid on August 7 of the previous year.[35] While at Georgetown, Beschter became a friend of Susan Decatur, a convert to Catholicism and the widow of Stephen Decatur.[36] Following the end of his presidency, he was succeeded by Thomas F. Mulledy on September 14, 1829. Beschter remained at Georgetown in 1830 as a professor of German.[37]
Later years
After retiring from Georgetown in 1830, Beschter returned to the Brandt Chapel at Paradise, Pennsylvania, which continued to be a mission of Conewago. He lived out the remainder of his life in Paradise.[1] In his last year, Beschter was assisted by Phillip Sacchi, who lived with him in Paradise.[38] Beschter died there on January 6, 1842,[39] and his body was taken to the Conewago Chapel to be interred.[40]
Notes
- ^ Some sources indicate that Beschter may have been born in the Duchy of Limbourg.[2]
- ^ A socius was an important assistant to the provincial superior.[24]
- ^ Gradus was an academic rank conferred on members of the Society of Jesus.[27]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h Devitt 1911, p. 242
- ^ Buckley 2013, p. 127
- ^ Woodstock Letters 1901, pp. 350, 352
- ^ a b "Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Naturalization Index 1800–1906". Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
- ^ Woodstock Letters 1901, pp. 350–351
- ^ Woodstock Letters 1901, p. 351
- ^ a b Sener 1894, p. 327
- ^ Devitt 1933, p. 185
- ^ a b c d Häberlein 2009, p. 198
- ^ Häberlein 2009, pp. 197–198
- ^ Nolt 2002, p. 185
- ^ Sener 1894, p. 337
- ^ Chinnici 1979, p. 727
- ^ Burson & Wright 2015, p. 210
- ^ Burson & Wright 2015, p. 213
- ^ Devitt 1933, p. 173
- ^ Devitt 1933, p. 175
- ^ Devitt 1933, p. 181
- ^ Reily 1885, p. 63
- ^ Reily 1885, p. 68
- ^ Reily 1885, p. 200
- ^ Devitt 1911, p. 243
- ^ a b Scharf 1881, p. 540
- ^ Gramatowski 2013, p. 27
- ^ Kuzniewski 1992, p. 54
- ^ Kuzniewski 1992, p. 55
- ^ Gramatowski 2013, p. 15
- ^ Mendizabal 1972, p. 21
- ^ Burson & Wright 2015, p. 214
- ^ Curran 1993, p. 99
- ^ Shea 1891, p. 79
- ^ a b Curran 1993, p. 101
- ^ Lee 2010, p. 34
- ^ Easby-Smith 1907, p. 65
- ^ Shea 1891, p. 81
- ^ Warner 1994, p. 199
- ^ Shea 1891, p. 90
- ^ Devitt 1932, p. 363
- ^ Reily 1885, p. 69
- ^ Devitt 1932, p. 344
Sources
- Buckley, Cornelius Michael (2013). Stephen Larigaudelle Dubuisson, S.J. (1786–1864) and the Reform of the American Jesuits. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 9780761862321. from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019 – via Google Books.
- Burson, Jeffrey D.; Wright, Jonathan, eds. (2015). The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107030589. from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via Google Books.
- Chinnici, Joseph P. (Fall 1979). "American Catholics and Religious Pluralism, 1775–1820". Journal of Ecumenical Studies. 16 (4): 727–746 – via EBSCOhost.
- Curran, Robert Emmett (1993). The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University: From Academy to University (1789–1889). Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-485-8. from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via Google Books.
- Devitt, Edward I. (1911). "The Clergy List of 1819, Diocese of Baltimore". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 22 (4): 238–267. JSTOR 44208941. OCLC 15220148. from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via Google Books.
- Devitt, Edward I. (October 1, 1932). "History of the Maryland-New York Province: V, Conewago (1741–1901)" (PDF). Woodstock Letters. 61 (3): 335–374. (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2019 – via Jesuit Archives.
- Devitt, Edward I. (June 1933). "History of the Maryland-New York Province: VII Goshenhoppen (1741–1889)" (PDF). Woodstock Letters. 62 (2): 3–15. (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via Jesuit Archives.
- Easby-Smith, James Stanislaus (1907). Georgetown University in the District of Columbia, 1789–1907. Vol. 1. New York: Lewis Publishing Company. OCLC 633425041. from the original on March 4, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019 – via Google Books.
- "Father John Beschter" (PDF). Woodstock Letters. 30 (3): 350–352. December 1, 1901. (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2019 – via Jesuit Archives.
- Gramatowski, Wiktor (2013). Jesuit Glossary: Guide to understanding the documents (PDF). Translated by Russell, Camilla. Rome: Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu. (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- Häberlein, Mark (2009). The Practice of Pluralism: Congregational Life and Religious Diversity in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1730–1820. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780271035215. Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via Internet Archive.
- Kuzniewski, Anthony J. (January 1992). "Francis Dzierozynski and the Jesuit Restoration in the United States". The Catholic Historical Review. 78 (1): 51–73. JSTOR 25023700.
- Lee, Shin Ja (2010). The Practice of Spiritual Direction in the Life and Writings of St. Elizabeth Ann Seton (Thesis). Vol. 24. Vincentian Digital Books. OCLC 703881028. from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
- Mendizabal, Rufo (1972). Catalogus Defunctorum: Numerical Range 0.1 through 1.600 (in Latin). Jesuit Archives: Central United States. pp. 1–29. from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
- Nolt, Steven M. (2002). Foreigners in Their Own Land: Pennsylvania Germans in the Early Republic. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. ISBN 0271021993. from the original on March 4, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019 – via Google Books.
- Reily, John Timon (1885). Conewago: A Collection of Catholic Local History. Martinsburg, West Virginia: Herald Print. p. 69. OCLC 16390452. Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via Internet Archive.
- Scharf, J. Thomas (1881). History of Baltimore City and County: From the Earliest Period to the Present Day. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts. OCLC 163593687. from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2020 – via Google Books.
- Sener, S. M. (September 1894). Middleton, Thomas C. (ed.). "The Catholic Church at Lancaster, Penn'a". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 5 (3): 305–356. JSTOR 44208769.
- Shea, John Gilmary (1891). "Chapter XV: Father John William Beschter". Memorial of the First Century of Georgetown College, D.C.: Comprising a History of Georgetown University, Part 3. New York: P. F. Collier. pp. 79–89. OCLC 612832863. from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via Google Books.
- Warner, William W. (1994). At Peace With All Their Neighbors: Catholics and Catholicism in the National Capital, 1787–1860. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 199. ISBN 1589012437. Retrieved March 4, 2019 – via Internet Archive.
External links
John W. Beschter at Find a Grave