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John Brown's raiders

May 07, 2024

On Sunday night, October 16, 1859, the abolitionist John Brown led a band of 22 in a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia).

John Brown's raiders
Military leaderJohn Brown
Dissolved1859
IdeologyAbolitionism
Civil rights
Battles and warsJohn Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

Composition of the group edit

The group of men varied in social class and education.[1]

It would be hard to find again such a strange party as that which upheld John Brown in his daring expedition. Hopeful because they were brave, and brave with the surety of right on their side, they came together with the wide difference in character and education, and were held together by their love for liberty. Some of them could claim only the refinement of this love while others were fitted for any position of honor that could be given them.

— "John Brown Raiders", Telegraph-Forum, January 4, 1873[1]

They had come from all over the country and Canada, and were from diverse social classes, from fugitive slaves to the upper middle class. John Brown was 59, Dangerfield Newby was 44, and Owen Brown was 35. All the rest were under 30. Oliver Brown, Barclay Coppoc, and William H. Leeman were under 21.[2]: 702 

Of the members of Brown's party, 17 were white and 5 (23%) were Black.[3] Of the five black people, two (Leary, Newby) died during the raid, two (Copeland and Green) were tried and executed, and one (Osborne Anderson) escaped. Two (Green and Newby) had been enslaved, with Newby having been granted his freedom and Green a fugitive; three (Osborne Anderson, Copeland, and Leary) were free black people, but Copeland was a fugitive from the charge of participating in the 1858 Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, of which he was a leader.[4]: 1787 

Three of Brown's sons participated in the raid. Two, Oliver and Watson, were shot on Monday at the engine house; Oliver died after a few hours in agony, but Watson not until early Wednesday morning. Owen Brown escaped and became an officer in the Union Army. Watson's body was recovered in 1882; Oliver's not until 1899. Salmon Brown, though he had been with his father and brothers in Kansas, did not want to participate in the Harpers Ferry raid and remained in North Elba, running the farm.[5] John Jr. and Jason also declined to participate.

All but 5, who successfully escaped north, were either killed during the raid, or captured, tried, and executed. Of the 22,

  • 10 were killed during the raid or died shortly after of their wounds (Jerry Anderson, Oliver Brown, Watson Brown, Kagi, Leary, Leeman, Newby, Taylor, Adolphus Thompson, William Thompson)
  • 7 were tried and executed, 5 who were taken prisoner on the spot (John Brown, Cook, Copeland, Edwin Coppock, Green) plus 2 who escaped but were captured (Hazlitt, Stevens)
  • 5 escaped north and were not captured (Osborne Anderson, Owen Brown, Barclay Coppock, Meriam, Tidd).

Raiders edit

Symbols

‡ the bodies taken to Winchester Medical College[a]

† the 10 buried on the John Brown Farm[b] 

¶ indicates an African American

The men who participated in the raid are made up of two groups, depending whether or not they fought with Brown in Kansas.

As of 2012, there had never been a book on any of Brown's raiders. Three appeared in quick succession: 2012 on John E. Cook,[7] 2015 on John Anthony Copeland,[8] and in 2020 on Shields Green,[9] plus a 2018 book on Brown's five Black raiders, Five for Freedom: the African American Soldiers in John Brown's Army.[10]

Fought with Brown in Kansas edit

A group that fought with him in Kansas and gathered at Springdale, Iowa, to prepare and drill for the raid,[11]

 
Jeremiah Goldsmith Anderson

‡ Jeremiah Goldsmith Anderson, 26, born in Indiana, served with Brown in Kansas.[12][13]: 24  Brown was "attended, generally, in his movements about the city [Boston] and its neighborhood, by a faithful henchman, Jerry Anderson."[14] He was killed by a Marine's bayonet during the final assault on the engine house. He had in his pocket a letter from his brother John J. (or G. or Q.) Anderson, of Chillicothe, Ohio.[15] His body was taken by Winchester Medical College;[16]: 133  last resting place unknown.

 
Oliver Brown

† Oliver Brown, 20, John Brown's son, served in Kansas, and he was mortally wounded during the raid[17] Oliver, the youngest of John Brown's three sons to participate in the action. He was described by his mother as the child "most like his father, caring most for learning of all our children."[18] He was mortally wounded on the 17th inside the engine house, and died beside his father. First buried in one of two unmarked boxes near Harpers Ferry; re-interred in 1899 in a common coffin in North Elba.

 
Owen Brown

Owen Brown, about 35, John Brown's son, fought in Kansas. He escaped the raid.[19] Owen, one of three of Brown's sons to participate in the raid, was the last surviving raider following the death of Osborn P. Anderson in 1873.[1] He died in 1889

 
John Edwin Cook

John E. Cook, 29, reformer and former soldier, attended Oberlin College, he initially escaped capture, but was found and hanged[19] 16 December 1859. The book, John Brown's Spy. The Adventurous Life and Tragic Confession of John E. Cook, was written about him and published in 2012.[7] Buried Green-wood Cemetery, Brooklyn New York

 
Albert Hazlett

Albert Hazlett, 23, fought in Kansas, escaped following the raid, but was captured and hanged.[20] 16 March 1860. Buried John Brown Burial grounds

 
John Henry Kagi

† John Henry Kagi, about 24, a teacher from Ohio, became Brown's second in command, before the raid he printed copies of Brown's constitution in a printing shop he established in Hamilton, Ontario, mortally wounded during the raid[21][16]: 133  He was shot and killed while attempting to cross the Shenandoah River. One report says mistakenly that his body was taken for dissection.[16]: 133  First buried in one of two unmarked boxes near Harpers Ferry; re-interred in 1899 in a common coffin in North Elba.

 
William Henry Leeman

† William H. Leeman, 20, fought with the free-staters in Kansas for three years, beginning at the age of 17. He died during the raid.[22] Leeman, from Maine,[13]: 24  youngest of all the raiders,[23] was shot and killed while trying to escape across the Potomac River. His sister, Mrs. S. H. Brown, published a letter of John Brown of November 28, 1859, which according to her had never been published. From it we learn he was killed not trying to escape, but trying to deliver a message of John Brown to Owen Brown or Cook.[23] He was reburied at the John Brown burial grounds.

 
Aaron Dwight Stevens

Aaron Dwight Stevens, about 28, was a former soldier and fighter in Kansas, who gave the men military training and drills. He was wounded during the raid, after which he was executed. 16 March 1860[24]Buried John Brown Burial grounds

 
Charles Plummer Tidd

Charles Plummer Tidd, 25, fought in Kansas. He escaped the raid and later served during the Civil War.[24] as a 1st Sgt; died 8 Feb 1862 Buried Unknown grave New Bern National Cemetery North Carolina

Recruits edit

Men recruited for the raid are,[11]

 
Osborne Perry Anderson

¶ Osborne Perry Anderson escaped capture following the raid. He died in 1873.[1] Osborne Perry Anderson is both the only Black escapee and the only escapee that had been in the engine house. He is also the only raider to publish a memoir about the raid.[25] He served as a recruiter for the Union Army, and died in poverty in 1872. He is buried unknown grave National Harmony Cemetery Park Cemetery, Hyattsville Maryland

 
Watson Brown

‡ Watson Brown, 24, son of John Brown, mortally wounded during the raid[26] Watson was mortally wounded outside the engine house while carrying a white flag to negotiate with the opposing militia. He was not shot by a Marine, as they respected the white flag, but by an infuriated townsman. He survived in agony for another day. His body was taken by Winchester Medical College, skinned, and preserved as an anatomical specimen. When a Union army occupied Winchester in 1862, his body was "rescued" by a Union doctor, who had it shipped to his home in Indiana. It was returned to the family and buried in North Elba in 1882. See Burning of Winchester Medical College.

 
John Anthony Copeland

John Anthony Copeland Jr. was a free black man who joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. He was captured during the raid and was executed[27]16 December 1859. The book, The "Colored Hero" of Harpers Ferry: John Anthony Copeland and the War against Slavery, was published in 2015.[8] There is a cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.

 
Barclay Coppock

Barclay Coppoc, 19, escaped capture following the raid. He fought in the Civil War.[28] Died September 4, 1861, in a train crash caused by bushwackers; buried Mount Aurora Cemetery, Leavenworth. Kansas

 
Edwin Coppock[29]

Edwin Coppoc, 24, he was captured and executed by hanging,[30] December 16, 1859. Buried Hope Cemetery, Salem, Columbia County Ohio

 
Shields Green

Shields Green, about 23, escaped slavery, captured and hanged.[20] 16 December 1859 The book about him, entitled The Untold Story of Shields Green, was published in 2020.[9][c]There is a cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.

 
Lewis Sheridan Leary

† ¶ Lewis Sheridan Leary, 24,[13]: 24  was freed by his white father and was harness maker.[31] Leary was from Oberlin, Ohio.[13]: 24  "He said before he died that he enlisted with Capt. Brown for the insurrection at a fair held in Lorraine County, Ohio, and received the money to pay his expenses."[32]: 30  He was stationed in the rifle factory with Kagi. He was mortally wounded while trying to escape across the Shenandoah River. John Anthony Copeland was his nephew and Langston Hughes was his grandson.[7]: 8  There is a cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.

 
Francis Jackson Meriam

Francis Jackson Meriam, 22, grandson of Francis Jackson who was a leader of Antislavery Societies. Meriam was an aristocrat. He escaped during the raid. Captain Meriam led an African American infantry group during the Civil War.[20] Died 28 November 1865; New York County

 
Dangerfield Newby

† ¶ Dangerfield Newby, 35[13]: 24  or 44,[33] was born into slavery, with a white father who was not his owner. He was given permission to move to Ohio along with his mother and siblings, but when he tried to gain freedom for his wife and children, their owner refused to sell them even after Newby had earned and saved the agreed-upon price.[34] This inspired Newby return to Virginia to join Brown's raid.[33][34] Newby was described as a "huge mulatto",[35] He was the first raider killed. His body was mutilated: his ears and genitals were cut off as souvenirs.[34] He carried a letter from his wife in his pocket. There is a cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.

 
Steward Taylor

† Stewart Taylor, 22[36] or 23, he was a wagonmaker[37] from Uxbridge, Ontario, Canada, who attended the Chatham convention. According to Brown's daughter Annie, "He was more what might be called a crank than any of the party. ...He became strongly imbued with the idea that he would be one of the first killed in the coming encounter, but this fixed belief did not cause the slightest shrinking on his part."[36] : 291 [38]: 532  Reburied at the John Brown farm.

 
Dauphin Adolphus Thompson

† Dauphin Thompson, 21, married to Ruth Brown, John Brown's daughter, mortally wounded during the raid[37] From North Elba, New York, he was killed in the storming of the engine house. He was brother of William. First buried in one of two unmarked boxes near Harpers Ferry; re-interred in 1899 in a common coffin in North Elba.

 
William Thompson

† William Thompson, 26, mortally wounded during the raid[37] William Thompson, from North Elba, New York, was brother of Adolphus. They were brothers of Henry Thompson, who was married to Ruth, John Brown's eldest daughter.[7]: 7  First buried in one of two unmarked boxes near Harpers Ferry; re-interred in 1899 in a common coffin in North Elba.

Joined the group in Harpers Ferry edit

¶ Jim was freed by Brown's menfrom Lewis Washington. According to Osborne Anderson, Jim fought "like a tiger".[38]: 511  He was killed while trying to escape,[39]: 83  which must have meant attempting to swim the river, and his body was presumably carried away downstream. The disposition of his body is unknown.

¶ Ben (Allstadt), freed by Brown's men from his owner, John Allstadt. His mother Ary, also belonging to Allstadt, came to the jail to nurse him and also died there.

Leading up to the raid edit

In June, Brown paid his last visit to his family in North Elba before departing for Harpers Ferry. He stayed one night en route in Hagerstown, Maryland, at the Washington House, on West Washington Street. On June 30, 1859, the hotel had at least 25 guests, including I. Smith and Sons, Oliver Smith and Owen Smith, and Jeremiah Anderson, all from New York. From papers found in the Kennedy Farmhouse after the raid, it is known that Brown wrote to Kagi that he would sign into a hotel as I. Smith and Sons.[40]

Kennedy farmhouse edit

 
Kennedy Farmhouse, depicting Brown in his favorite spot in the yard, made posthumously in 1902.

They were at Kennedy Farmhouse, four to five miles away from Harpers Ferry. Brown's daughter and daughter-in-law, Anne (Annie) and Martha, Oliver's wife, prepared food and kept the house for the men from August and throughout the month of September.[41] Besides their domestic activities, Anne, who was 15, and Martha, 17, "kept discreet watch over the prattling conspirators in the house and hustled them out of sight on occasion, and who turned aside local suspicion by their sweet and honest ways."[42] Martha was pregnant.[43][d] John sent them home to North Elba on September 29[43]: 195 n. 66  or 30.[44]

Much later Annie shared her recollections.[45] "Ever after, Annie saw her months at the Kennedy farm as the most important of her life."[43]: 67 

Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry edit

Brown led his forces for Harper Ferry on the night of October 16, 1859.[46] The objective was to take the armory, the arsenal, the town, and then the rifle factory. Then, they wanted to free all the slaves in Harpers Ferry.[47] After that, they would move south with those newly freed people wanted to join the fight to free other enslaved people.[48] Brown told his men to take prisoners who disobeyed them and to fight only in self-defense.[49]

Of Brown's party of 22, counting himself, 19 went to Harpers Ferry (Jerry Anderson, Osborne Anderson, John Brown, his sons Oliver and Watson Brown, Cook, Copeland, Edwin Coppock, Green, Hazlett, Kagi, Leary, Leeman, Newby, Stevens, Taylor, brothers Adolphus and William Thompson, Tidd). Three men—Owen Brown, Barclay Coppock, Meriam—remained at the Kennedy Farm in Maryland, "to guard the arms and ammunition stored on the premises, until it should be time to move them."[50]: 344 

 
U.S. Marines, using a ladder, about to break down the door of John Brown's Fort

In the short term, the raid was a total failure. Brown and his men quickly captured the armory, which had only one watchman, and took over 60 residents of Harpers Ferry hostage as they arrived for work. Militia summoned from neighboring towns took over both bridges, thus cutting off escape, and by noon Monday forced Brown and his party to take refuge in the fire engine house of the armory, a sturdy building later known as John Brown's Fort. The militia freed most of the hostages, leaving only the handful in the engine house. Brown's party held out until Tuesday morning, when a company of Marines, led by Col. Robert E. Lee, quickly broke down the doors to the engine house and took the surviving raiders captive. The seven survivors, including John Brown himself, were quickly tried for treason, murder, and inciting a slave revolt, and were convicted and executed by hanging, in the Jefferson County seat of Charles Town. John Brown was the first person executed for treason in the history of the United States.

However, the raid and the following trials were extensively covered by the press. "The country had not been so excited about anything in twenty years."[50]: 362  Historians frequently credit the raid not for starting the Civil War, but for providing the spark that lit the waiting bomb, or as Brown would have put it, causing "the volcano beneath the snow" to erupt. Brown thought that without violence, slavery in the United States would never end. As Frederick Douglass put it in a famous speech, given in Harpers Ferry, at Storer College, in 1881, "If John Brown did not end the war that ended slavery, he...began the war that ended American slavery and made this a free Republic."[51][52]

The people of Virginia were furious, outraged at this attempt to get their allegedly happy enslaved to revolt. They took out their anger at any opportunity. Watson Brown was shot when he left the engine house carrying a white flag. William Thompson was shot on the bridge and taken to the hotel parlor; armed men came in, dragged him out, and threw him over the bridge into the river, firing as he fell. The owner of the hotel did not want the carpet ruined by shooting him there.[53][54]: 128 

Burials edit

See also: Burning of Winchester Medical College

The bodies of the slain lay in the streets, on the river banks, or wherever they fell. The body of the first man killed, Dangerfield Newby, lay in the street from 11 am Monday, when he was killed, until Tuesday afternoon, and was partially eaten by hogs;[55] his ears and other body parts were cut off as souvenirs. The bodies of two of the men killed were taken by medical students to Winchester Medical College, for dissection. The remainder, which no local cemetery would accept, were dragged into a "gruesome pile", boxed, and dumped in an unmarked pit on the far side of the Shenandoah.

 
Plaque at John Brown's grave

Ten were ultimately buried in 1899 in a single coffin on the John Brown Farm in North Elba, New York, according to a plaque there. They include 8 of the 10 killed during the raid itself. Unwelcome in local cemeteries, they were thrown into two "store boxes", and two Black men, for $5.00 each, buried them, without ceremony, clergy, or marker, on the far side of the Shenandoah (in Clarke County). The family knew that Oliver was buried "by the Shenandoah", but no more.[56] Forty years later, one of the men who buried them was still alive, the unmarked pit was located, and the remains, which could not be matched to specific individuals, were exhumed and taken to North Elba—in secret because locals would have prevented it if they had known—and reburied in a single coffin, which was donated by the town of North Elba.[16][57][58][59] Rev. Joshua Young, who had presided over Brown's funeral 40 years earlier, performed the last rites. Richard J. Hinton spoke at length.[60][16] The plaque says the remains of Jeremiah Anderson are there as well, but this is not correct; they are lost, as are those of the two African Americans dissected.

With those 8, in the same coffin and ceremony, were the remains of Hazlitt and Stevens, who had been executed, and whose bodies had been buried at the Eagleswood Military Academy in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.[61] A relative of Stevens had them disinterred so they could be buried with the others.

None of those killed (10) or executed (7) are buried in Harpers Ferry, Charles Town, or anywhere else in Jefferson County. Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise said he did not want those executed to be buried anywhere in Virginia, and none were.

Three bodies—1 white (Jerry Anderson) and 2 black (Copeland, Green)—were used for the dissection component of medical studies. The remains after the dissection were apparently discarded. In 1928, a pit containing bones of those dissected was found underneath the foundation of a building being torn down.[62] The medical students and faculty did not know, or care, who they were. Their fourth body, that of Watson Brown, was identified from papers in a pocket as one of Brown's sons, though they did not know which one. It was preserved by a medical school professor and made into an anatomical exhibit, labeled expressing the Virginians' attitude toward abolitionists, and toward John Brown in particular.

Except for those mentioned below as buried by relatives, and the 3 missing bodies that were dissected, the other raiders killed or executed in 1859–1860 are buried at the John Brown Farm State Historic Site, near Lake Placid, New York.

Note that while there were 10 men killed during the raid itself, and 10 bodies reburied together at the John Brown Farm, the 10 are not the same. 2 of the first 10 (Watson Brown, Jeremiah Anderson) were taken to the Winchester Medical College for use by medical students. To the 8 remaining were added the bodies of Hazlett and Stevens, part of the raid but tried and originally buried separately. A relative of Stevens had his and Hazlett's bodies disinterred from their graves in New Jersey, so they could be buried with the others.[16]

Captured, tried, convicted, and executed by hanging edit

 
Gallows in Charles Town, where John Brown (pictured) and 6 others were executed
 
Plaque on cenotaph in cemetery in Oberlin, Ohio, commemorating Green, Copeland, and Leary; the remains of the first two are lost, and those of Leary are in a mass grave next to that of John Brown, in North Elba, New York.

In the Charles Town jail, by one report, Brown and Hazlett shared a room and a bed, Green and Coppock another, manacled together, and Copeland was in a third room. The rooms in the jail were described as "very large and nicely kept".[63]

Brown was executed on Friday, December 2, four others on December 16, 1859, the negroes (Copeland, Green) in the morning and the whites (Cook, Coppock) in the afternoon,[64] and two (Hazlitt, Stevens) on March 16, 1860. Cook and Coppock attempted to escape, but did not get over the jail wall.[65]

To prevent a rescue, spectators at Brown's execution were very limited. (See Virginia v. John Brown § Spectators.) In contrast, Governor Wise wanted there to be a "tremendous" crowd for the December 16 hangings, and the Sheriff so informed the newspapers.[66] "The execution was witnessed by an immense throng."[67] There was a dress parade; among the participants was Lt. Israel Green of the U.S. Marines, the one who led the assault on the engine house.

  • Buried by relatives
    • John Brown, 59. His widow took his body to North Elba, and buried him there. On the transportation of his corpse, which was not uneventful, see John Brown's body.
    • Edwin Coppock 24, shot and killed the mayor of Harpers Ferry, Fontaine Beckham, during the raid. He had been with John Brown in Kansas.[68] He was visited in jail by "three Quaker gentlemen from Ohio, with whom he had lived in his boyhood, and an uncle, from the same State."[69]: 80  One newspaper report says that his body was sent to his mother in Springdale, Iowa,[70] another that it was sent to a Thomas Winn in Springdale,[64] accompanied by his uncle, "a highly esteemed old Quaker gentleman, who did not sympathize in the least with the misguided and errant young man, and by him [the body was] conveyed to the home of his afflicted mother."[64] A different report says that the Quaker was not a relative, but someone who took him in when he became an orphan.[68][32]: 27 
    • John Edwin Cook, sometimes spelled Cooke, 29, born in Haddam, Connecticut,[71] but was from Pennsylvania.[13]: 24  He had been a teacher.[72] He was Brown's second in command, by one report,[73] had been with Brown in Kansas,[7]: 6  and had lived undercover for over a year in Harpers Ferry.[7]: 2  He was described as "a man of some intelligence",[73] "a quick-witted, intelligent man",[74] from a good family, who had studied law and taught school.[75][76] He escaped into Pennsylvania after the raid, but Governor Wise offered a reward of $1,000,[77] and he was soon captured.[78][79] His attorney at the time, Alexander McClure, published lengthy recollections.[80] A band played as he was taken from the jail in Chambersburg to the train that would take him to Charles Town for trial.[81]
On October 28 he was visited in jail by his brother-in-law, Governor Ashbel P. Willard of Indiana, who wanted to be sure that this was his wife's brother, as the family had lost contact with him and had assumed he was dead. Accompanying him, at his request, were Indiana Attorney General Joseph E. McDonald and the U.S. District Attorney for Indiana, Daniel W. Voorhees.[82] He was escorted to Cook's cell by Senator Mason, who offered to withdraw to give them privacy, but Willard replied that this was not necessary. He advised Cook that he should confess, "so as to exonerate those who were innocent, and to punish those who were implicated, as the only atonement he could now make." He told Cook that he had nothing to hope for but death.[83] A different report, 40 years later, says that Voorhees had arranged with Governor Wise for Cook to escape, but that Cook refused.[81] On November 8 Voorhees addressed the court, calling for mercy for "misled" Cook; his address was published widely.[84][85][86] Cook was the only one captured who gave testimony about the other raiders;[87][page needed] his testimony at his trial was immediately published as a pamphlet, so as to raise money for one of the victims.[88][89] This motivated the Richmond Enquirer to call him "the most guilty of the Charlestown prisoners. So far from being the dupe of Old Brown, Osawatomie is the victim of John E. Cook."[90]
On December 14 he was visited for some hours by Governor Willard, Voorhees, Willard's wife, and another sister.[66][91][70] Body sent to A. P. Willard, care of Cook's brother-in-law Robert Crowley, Williamsburg, New York.[64][92] First buried in Cypress Hill Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York, he was later reburied in Green-Wood Cemetery, also in Brooklyn.
 
Shields Green, John Copeland, and Albert Hazlett in their cell in the Jefferson County jail
  • Bodies immediately dug up by students of the Winchester Medical College. "They were allowed to remain in the ground but a few moments, when they were taken up and conveyed to Winchester for dissection."[93] (See Burning of Winchester Medical College.) A letter from Black residents of Philadelphia to Governor Wise, requesting their bodies so as to bury them, had no effect.[94] In the early 20th century a pit containing loose bones of those dissected at the College was discovered.[62]
    • ‡ ¶ John Anthony Copeland, Jr., a 24-year-old free Black, described as a mulatto,[71] joined the raiders along with his uncle Lewis Leary. Of Brown's raiders, only Copeland was at all well known. As a leader of the Oberlin-Wellington fugitive slave rescue, he was notorious in Ohio, and was a fugitive from an indictment for his role in that rescue.[4]: 1793–94  His parents attempted unsuccessfully to recover his body. On December 29, 3,000 attended a bodyless funeral in Oberlin, Ohio.[95] The last resting place is unknown. Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin.
    • ‡ ¶ Shields Green, 22,[71] was an escaped Black slave from South Carolina. He was captured in the engine house on October 18, 1859, and hanged December 16, 1859, in Charles Town. The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver. The last resting place is unknown. Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.
  • Two raiders were not captured until it was too late to hold their trials during the term of the Jefferson County Circuit Court that ended on November 11, after pronouncing sentence on Coppock, Cook, Copeland, and Green on the 10th.[96] The Legislature of Virginia authorized a special term of the Jefferson County Court to deal with them and other pending business.[97] The Court reconvened on February 1; in the meantime Hazlett and Stevens were held in the Jefferson County Jail. Found guilty of the same charges, they were executed on March 16, 1860.
    • † Albert E. Hazlett escaped into Pennsylvania but was soon captured.[79] Executed March 16, 1860.
    • † Aaron Dwight Stevens (Lee has Aaron C. Stevens), from Connecticut,[13]: 24  29, was the only one of Brown's men who had formal military training.[7]: 7  He was shot and captured October 18. Executed March 16, 1860.
Their bodies were sent immediately to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, to the house of Marcus and Rebecca B. Spring, the latter of whom had nursed them in the Charles Town jail.[98] A funeral was held there. The bodies were buried at the Eagleswood Cemetery, at the nearby Eagleswood Military Academy, an abolitionist school directed at one time by Theodore Weld, next to the graves of James G. Birney and her father Arnold Buffum.[99] In 1898 they were reinterred with eight others at the John Brown Farm in North Elba, New York.[61]

Escaped north and never captured edit

Francis Jackson Merriam and Barclay Coppock joined Owen Brown in his prolonged, hazardous escape across Pennsylvania, finally taking refuge in Ashtabula County, Ohio, where John Brown Jr. lived.[50] They were described as voters there.[100]

In November 1859, Governor Wise offered a reward of $500 (~$16,956 in 2023) each for the apprehension of the four white escapees.[101]

A Charles Town grand jury in February 1860 indicted them, along with Jeremiah Anderson [sic], for "conspiring with slaves to create insurrection". When new Virginia Governor John Letcher asked Governor William Dennison Jr. of Ohio to extradite them, he declined to issue warrants for their arrest, saying he had not received sufficient justification for doing so.[102][103][104]

  • Charles Plummer Tidd, a "lumberman" from Maine,[13]: 24  had been a farmer in Kansas,[105] where he met Brown.[50]: 345  He died during the Civil War, 1862. Another reference says he was from Worcester County, Massachusetts.[citation needed] After enlisting in the Union Army, while his regiment was stationed at Roanoke Island, North Carolina, he died of a fever; his remains are buried at New Bern, North Carolina.[105][106] Owen Brown, upset at the reaction to his comments on Tidd in his interview published in The Atlantic,[50] said in a reply letter: "[M]y impressions of Tidd are that he was a very warm friend, generally of peaceful disposition, true, and devoted to his ideas of rights and moral principle. He was firm and persistent in what he undertook, somewhat inclined to be arbitrary, and with a temper not always under perfect control. As a whole, he stands far above the average of men. I hold for him a warm friendship."[107]

The following three remained at the Kennedy Farm in Maryland, guarding the weapons.

  • Owen Brown, after a very difficult trip, made it to the safety of his brother Jason's house in Ohio. For many years he raised grapes on an island in Lake Erie, "for the Chicago market" (not for wine). He died January 8, 1889, in Pasadena, California. His funeral was an event (with marching band) and his burial site, atop a peak named (because of him) "Brown's Peak", is a local tourist attraction.
  • Barclay Coppock, 22 or 23,[50]: 345  from Iowa like his brother,[13]: 24  safely reached Canada.[108] He died in the Union Army in 1861.
  • Francis Jackson Meriam, 28 or 30, "of the wealthy Massachusetts Meriams",[50]: 345  who "had furnished a good deal of money to the cause".[50]: 358  Two days before the attack on Harpers Ferry, before a lawyer in Chambersburg, accompanied by Kagi, he made his will, leaving most of his estate to the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. After the raid, "he reached the railroad in Maryland, passed on to Philadelphia, where he remained overnight at the Merchants' Hotel, registering his true name, and proceeded next morning to Boston."[109] Another source says that he went to Canada before coming to "his physician in Boston.[110]: 191  He served in the Union army as a captain in the 3rd South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored). (Colored regiments had white officers.) He died of natural causes[50]: 358  in 1865. A conflicting report says that he "went to Mexico to join [Benito] Juárez in 1865...and has not since been heard from".[111]

(The plaque at the John Brown Farm says a negro named John Anderson escaped;[112] the source for this is apparently biographer Franklin Sanborn,[113]: 546  who has nothing else to say about him and omits him from the book index. There was no person of that name among Brown's raiders;[25]: 61  Brown received in jail a letter from John Q. Anderson, brother of Jeremiah, inquiring about his brother.[114] Later Sanborn calls John Anderson "rather mythical", someone "whom Hayden enlisted for Brown, but who never got to the Ferry".[110]: 191 )

Black people who joined Brown's rebellion edit

Brown said many times that he had expected a large number of enslaved black people of Jefferson County to flee their owners and assist him in the raid and afterwards. This did not happen, a main reason for the raid's failure. However, this was extended, especially by Virginia Governor Wise, to a claim that black people were hostile to Brown and gave him no support at all. Both black and white people denied black participation. Any black person who could claim they were there involuntarily did so, and most did, as otherwise they would have been executed. (Shields Green was not successful at this, since his skin was so dark that Harpers Ferry residents immediately recognized he was not a local.) The whites went along with this. It was a basic belief in the South at the time that their slaves were happy, and they would be happier if abolitionists just left them alone; they were highly motivated to believe that no slaves supported Brown.[115]

Of the various contradictory reports made by slaveholders and their satellites about the time of the Harper's Ferry conflict, none were more untruthful than those relating to the slaves. There was seemingly a studied attempt to enforce the belief that the slaves were cowardly, and that they were really more in favor of Virginia masters and slavery, than of their freedom. As a party who had an intimate knowledge of the conduct of the colored men engaged, I am prepared to make an emphatic denial of the gross imputation against them.[25]: 59 

Another raider who escaped, C. P. Tidd, said much the same.[116]: 105  Captain Dangerfield reported seeing "negroes armed with pikes" when he arrived at the Armory.[113]: 557  According to a local newspaper, "the slaves for miles around Harper's Ferry, though well kept and kindly treated, were well informed as to John Brown's movement, and prepared to take part in the insurrection." Brown's mistake was that, afraid of betrayal by Cook or Forbes, he "suddenly changed the time to two weeks earlier". He failed to notify the slaves of the change.[117]

A correspondent from the Cincinnati Commercial, in Charles Town for the execution, reported: "As to the negroes round about Harper's Ferry and Charlestown there can be no doubt but they were deeply interested in the events that have recently taken place, and that many of them looked upon the outbreak, as the lifting of the dark cloud of slavery from their race. ...It is believed that many of the negroes did know something extraordinary was about to happen in the vicinity of Harper's Ferry, and a well informed and candid gentleman told me that he had no doubt Brown believed his plans were found out, or about to be found out, and struck the blow two weeks at least, and perhaps six weeks earlier than he intended. This gentleman is convinced that if the plans had been perfected, Brown would actually have had a negro for every one of his spears, and would have made his way through the mountains of Maryland into Pennsvlvania."[118]

So Robert E. Lee's statement, in his "Report", that local black people gave Brown no voluntary assistance at all,[13]: 22  is not correct, though it appeared again in the Senate Special Committee report[119] and in many Southern reports on the raid. Andrew Hunter, Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise's attorney and the prosecutor in Charles Town, informed Wise confidentially that: "We believed and knew, as we thought then and still think, that he [Brown] could not seduce our slaves. It may be here remarked that, so far as I knew or learned from any quarter, not a single one of the slaves in the county of Jefferson or in Maryland, adjacent, ever did join him in his raid, except by coercion, and then they escaped as soon as they could and went back to their homes."[120] Judge Parker concurred.[121] Wise turned this statement into a claim he made repeatedly in speeches: "not a slave around was found faithless".[122]: 222  These "faithful slaves" who allegedly refused to help Brown at Harpers Ferry became a key element in the "Lost Cause" myth of happy Antebellum Southern life. The United Daughters of the Confederacy had later a "Faithful Slave Committee" trying to honor them with a monument in Harpers Ferry (see Hayward Shepherd Monument).

However, we know positively, said a newspaper story, that some 25 enslaved black people, out of 200 acquainted to some degree with Brown's project, helped the raiders; they all claimed to have been impressed (forced).[123][111] Another source says that "there has [sic] not been more than 20 negroes under arms."[124] The True Bill of Indictment gives the names of 11 slaves whom the conspirators had allegedly incited to revolt, 4 of Lewis Washington (Jim, Sam, Mason, and Catesby), and 7 of John Allstadt (Henry, Levi, Ben, Herry, Phil, George, and Bill), plus "other slaves to the jurors unknown".[125] Of those, we have clear documentation of two that were with Brown voluntarily. One was Jim, "a young coachman hired by Lewis Washington from an owner in Winchester";[122]: 296–297  he drowned attempting to flee by crossing the river. "There is no doubt that Washington's negro coachman, Jim, who was chased into the river and drowned, had joined the rebels with a good will. A pistol was found on him, and he had his pockets filled with ball cartridges, when he was fished out of the river."[126]

Ben, who was owned by John Allstadt, was captured and almost lynched. He died in the Charles Town jail of "pneumonia and fright", along with his mother Ary, also owned by Allstadt, who had come to nurse him.[122]: 397–398  Both owners filed claims with the government of Virginia for compensation for the loss of their "property" in the raid; it is not known if their claims were successful.[122]: 326–327 

These are not the only black people that fled their owners and participated in the raid. According to Frederick Douglass, "fifty slaves were collected and emancipation was proclaimed in Virginia and Maryland".[127]

[O]ne instance in which the slaves made a public appearance with arms in their hands is related. A negro who had been sharply used by one of the town people, when he found that he had a pike in his hand, used his brief authority to arrest the citizen and have him taken to the armory.[128]

The first report on "insurrectionists" killed gave the number of 17, but only 10 were Brown's men, and the other 7 must have been liberated slaves helping him. One was "an old slaveman of the neighborhood, who distinguished himself by reckless courage." He shot armorer Boerly after the latter shot Newby. "He was probably killed soon after."[38]: 511  "In the engine house there were "a few negroes that had been liberated and armed by Brown".[129]: 153  Except for Ben and Jim, their names are unknown. "The number of colored men slain by the reckless fire of the belligerants is given as seventeen."[109] There were twelve or thirteen bodies immediately buried, but only the names of eight are known.[130] There were other slaves killed whose bodies were carried away by the river.[25]: 60  According to Louis DeCaro, at the peak there were 20 to 30 local slaves involved, who quickly and quietly went back to their masters' when it became clear the raid was failing.[131]: 264 [132]

According to the 1860 census, there were 589 escaped slaves in Jefferson County. "No adjacent Counties reported any [or] very, very few such escapes in the same census." There is a long list of fires set in Jefferson County during the final months of 1859, including those at the farms of men who had been on the jury that convicted Brown.[133]

In Harpers Ferry, a Black Voices Museum, at 17 High Street, was operating in 2020.[134]

Gallery edit

 
Spot where crates with bodies of Oliver Brown and seven others were buried.
 
Rev. Joshua Young says the benediction over reburial of John Brown's collaborators.

Notes edit

  1. ^ ‡ The bodies of the 4 so marked were taken to Winchester Medical College for dissection by medical students. Medical schools in the South routinely used bodies of the enslaved for this purpose, citing the availability of such bodies as an incentive to enroll.[6]: 183–184 
  2. ^ † marks the 10 buried in 1899 in a single coffin on the John Brown Farm in North Elba, New York, according to a plaque there.
  3. ^ The ages of Shields Green varies by source, between 22 and 30.
  4. ^ Martha was visibly pregnant while at Kennedy farmhouse;[43]: 63  she died in February after giving birth prematurely.

References edit

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Further reading edit

Main article: List of sources for John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

Biographies of the raiders edit

Other books edit

  • Anonymous observer (January 9, 1869). "Reminiscences of John Brown's Men". Leavenworth Times. Leavenworth, Kansas. p. 2. from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021 – via newspapers.com. A brief, anonymous, and inaccurate article of 1869.
  • ASR (March 21, 1995). "The Conspirators [sic] Biographies". from the original on June 7, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  • Brown, Owen (July 1874). "Letter from Owen Brown". The Atlantic: 101. from the original on 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2021-08-13. Owen Brown comments on raiders Charles Plummer Tidd, John E. Cook, Barclay Coppoc, and Francis Jackson Merriam.
  • Filler, Louis (1949). "John Brown in Ohio. An Interview with Charles S. S. Griffings". Abraham Lincoln and Reformers. Vol. 58. pp. 213–218.
  • Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (December 28, 2017), John Brown's Raiders at Harpers Ferry, National Park Service, from the original on February 4, 2021, retrieved December 5, 2020
  • Griffing, Charles S. S. (18 Jun 1879). Caliban (ed.). "John Brown's Men. An Old Associate of Theirs in the Anti-Slavery Movement Relates Some New Facts About Them". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. p. 5. Reprinted in the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 1949.
  • Hinton, Richard J. (April 30, 1889). "A friend of old Osawatomie". Nebraska State Journal. Lincoln, Nebraska. p. 2. from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021 – via newspapers.com. Richard J. Hinton, who became a newspaper reporter and editor, and later a geologist, was an "intimate friend" of John Brown in Kansas.
  • Hinton, Richard J. (June 1889). "John Brown and his men, before and after the raid on Harper's Ferry, October 16th, 17th, 18th, 1859". Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. 2 (6): 691–703. from the original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  • Horwitz, Tony (2011). "The toll from the raid on Harpers Ferry". Midnight rising : John Brown and the raid that sparked the Civil War. Henry Holt and Co. pp. 290–291. ISBN 9780805091533.
  • Hinton, Richard J. (October 1, 1899). "John Brown's Comrades. A Man Who Knows Tells Who They Were and What They Did. The Men Who Followed Brown in Harper's Ferry and Whose Bodies Were Laid by His at North Elba". Indianapolis Journal. (Reprinted from the New York Tribune of September 18, 1899). p. 19. from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  • Villard, Oswald Garrison (1910). "John Brown's Men-at-arms". John Brown, 1800-1859; a biography fifty years after. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 678–687.

Sources edit

  • Graham, Lorenz B. (1980). John Brown, A Cry for Freedom. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. ISBN 978-0-690-04023-4.

May 07, 2024
john, brown, raiders, sunday, night, october, 1859, abolitionist, john, brown, band, raid, federal, arsenal, harpers, ferry, virginia, since, 1863, west, virginia, military, leaderjohn, browndissolved1859ideologyabolitionismcivil, rightsbattles, warsjohn, brow. On Sunday night October 16 1859 the abolitionist John Brown led a band of 22 in a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry Virginia since 1863 West Virginia John Brown s raidersMilitary leaderJohn BrownDissolved1859IdeologyAbolitionismCivil rightsBattles and warsJohn Brown s raid on Harpers Ferry Contents 1 Composition of the group 2 Raiders 2 1 Fought with Brown in Kansas 2 2 Recruits 2 3 Joined the group in Harpers Ferry 3 Leading up to the raid 4 Kennedy farmhouse 5 Brown s raid on Harpers Ferry 6 Burials 7 Captured tried convicted and executed by hanging 8 Escaped north and never captured 9 Black people who joined Brown s rebellion 10 Gallery 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13 1 Biographies of the raiders 13 2 Other books 14 SourcesComposition of the group editThe group of men varied in social class and education 1 It would be hard to find again such a strange party as that which upheld John Brown in his daring expedition Hopeful because they were brave and brave with the surety of right on their side they came together with the wide difference in character and education and were held together by their love for liberty Some of them could claim only the refinement of this love while others were fitted for any position of honor that could be given them John Brown Raiders Telegraph Forum January 4 1873 1 They had come from all over the country and Canada and were from diverse social classes from fugitive slaves to the upper middle class John Brown was 59 Dangerfield Newby was 44 and Owen Brown was 35 All the rest were under 30 Oliver Brown Barclay Coppoc and William H Leeman were under 21 2 702 Of the members of Brown s party 17 were white and 5 23 were Black 3 Of the five black people two Leary Newby died during the raid two Copeland and Green were tried and executed and one Osborne Anderson escaped Two Green and Newby had been enslaved with Newby having been granted his freedom and Green a fugitive three Osborne Anderson Copeland and Leary were free black people but Copeland was a fugitive from the charge of participating in the 1858 Oberlin Wellington Rescue of which he was a leader 4 1787 Three of Brown s sons participated in the raid Two Oliver and Watson were shot on Monday at the engine house Oliver died after a few hours in agony but Watson not until early Wednesday morning Owen Brown escaped and became an officer in the Union Army Watson s body was recovered in 1882 Oliver s not until 1899 Salmon Brown though he had been with his father and brothers in Kansas did not want to participate in the Harpers Ferry raid and remained in North Elba running the farm 5 John Jr and Jason also declined to participate All but 5 who successfully escaped north were either killed during the raid or captured tried and executed Of the 22 10 were killed during the raid or died shortly after of their wounds Jerry Anderson Oliver Brown Watson Brown Kagi Leary Leeman Newby Taylor Adolphus Thompson William Thompson 7 were tried and executed 5 who were taken prisoner on the spot John Brown Cook Copeland Edwin Coppock Green plus 2 who escaped but were captured Hazlitt Stevens 5 escaped north and were not captured Osborne Anderson Owen Brown Barclay Coppock Meriam Tidd Raiders editSymbols the bodies taken to Winchester Medical College a the 10 buried on the John Brown Farm b indicates an African American The men who participated in the raid are made up of two groups depending whether or not they fought with Brown in Kansas As of 2012 there had never been a book on any of Brown s raiders Three appeared in quick succession 2012 on John E Cook 7 2015 on John Anthony Copeland 8 and in 2020 on Shields Green 9 plus a 2018 book on Brown s five Black raiders Five for Freedom the African American Soldiers in John Brown s Army 10 Fought with Brown in Kansas edit A group that fought with him in Kansas and gathered at Springdale Iowa to prepare and drill for the raid 11 nbsp Jeremiah Goldsmith Anderson Jeremiah Goldsmith Anderson 26 born in Indiana served with Brown in Kansas 12 13 24 Brown was attended generally in his movements about the city Boston and its neighborhood by a faithful henchman Jerry Anderson 14 He was killed by a Marine s bayonet during the final assault on the engine house He had in his pocket a letter from his brother John J or G or Q Anderson of Chillicothe Ohio 15 His body was taken by Winchester Medical College 16 133 last resting place unknown nbsp Oliver Brown Oliver Brown 20 John Brown s son served in Kansas and he was mortally wounded during the raid 17 Oliver the youngest of John Brown s three sons to participate in the action He was described by his mother as the child most like his father caring most for learning of all our children 18 He was mortally wounded on the 17th inside the engine house and died beside his father First buried in one of two unmarked boxes near Harpers Ferry re interred in 1899 in a common coffin in North Elba nbsp Owen Brown Owen Brown about 35 John Brown s son fought in Kansas He escaped the raid 19 Owen one of three of Brown s sons to participate in the raid was the last surviving raider following the death of Osborn P Anderson in 1873 1 He died in 1889 nbsp John Edwin Cook John E Cook 29 reformer and former soldier attended Oberlin College he initially escaped capture but was found and hanged 19 16 December 1859 The book John Brown s Spy The Adventurous Life and Tragic Confession of John E Cook was written about him and published in 2012 7 Buried Green wood Cemetery Brooklyn New York nbsp Albert Hazlett Albert Hazlett 23 fought in Kansas escaped following the raid but was captured and hanged 20 16 March 1860 Buried John Brown Burial grounds nbsp John Henry Kagi John Henry Kagi about 24 a teacher from Ohio became Brown s second in command before the raid he printed copies of Brown s constitution in a printing shop he established in Hamilton Ontario mortally wounded during the raid 21 16 133 He was shot and killed while attempting to cross the Shenandoah River One report says mistakenly that his body was taken for dissection 16 133 First buried in one of two unmarked boxes near Harpers Ferry re interred in 1899 in a common coffin in North Elba nbsp William Henry Leeman William H Leeman 20 fought with the free staters in Kansas for three years beginning at the age of 17 He died during the raid 22 Leeman from Maine 13 24 youngest of all the raiders 23 was shot and killed while trying to escape across the Potomac River His sister Mrs S H Brown published a letter of John Brown of November 28 1859 which according to her had never been published From it we learn he was killed not trying to escape but trying to deliver a message of John Brown to Owen Brown or Cook 23 He was reburied at the John Brown burial grounds nbsp Aaron Dwight Stevens Aaron Dwight Stevens about 28 was a former soldier and fighter in Kansas who gave the men military training and drills He was wounded during the raid after which he was executed 16 March 1860 24 Buried John Brown Burial grounds nbsp Charles Plummer Tidd Charles Plummer Tidd 25 fought in Kansas He escaped the raid and later served during the Civil War 24 as a 1st Sgt died 8 Feb 1862 Buried Unknown grave New Bern National Cemetery North Carolina Recruits edit Men recruited for the raid are 11 nbsp Osborne Perry Anderson Osborne Perry Anderson escaped capture following the raid He died in 1873 1 Osborne Perry Anderson is both the only Black escapee and the only escapee that had been in the engine house He is also the only raider to publish a memoir about the raid 25 He served as a recruiter for the Union Army and died in poverty in 1872 He is buried unknown grave National Harmony Cemetery Park Cemetery Hyattsville Maryland nbsp Watson Brown Watson Brown 24 son of John Brown mortally wounded during the raid 26 Watson was mortally wounded outside the engine house while carrying a white flag to negotiate with the opposing militia He was not shot by a Marine as they respected the white flag but by an infuriated townsman He survived in agony for another day His body was taken by Winchester Medical College skinned and preserved as an anatomical specimen When a Union army occupied Winchester in 1862 his body was rescued by a Union doctor who had it shipped to his home in Indiana It was returned to the family and buried in North Elba in 1882 See Burning of Winchester Medical College nbsp John Anthony Copeland John Anthony Copeland Jr was a free black man who joined John Brown s raid on Harpers Ferry He was captured during the raid and was executed 27 16 December 1859 The book The Colored Hero of Harpers Ferry John Anthony Copeland and the War against Slavery was published in 2015 8 There is a cenotaph memorial in Oberlin Ohio nbsp Barclay Coppock Barclay Coppoc 19 escaped capture following the raid He fought in the Civil War 28 Died September 4 1861 in a train crash caused by bushwackers buried Mount Aurora Cemetery Leavenworth Kansas nbsp Edwin Coppock 29 Edwin Coppoc 24 he was captured and executed by hanging 30 December 16 1859 Buried Hope Cemetery Salem Columbia County Ohio nbsp Shields Green Shields Green about 23 escaped slavery captured and hanged 20 16 December 1859 The book about him entitled The Untold Story of Shields Green was published in 2020 9 c There is a cenotaph memorial in Oberlin Ohio nbsp Lewis Sheridan Leary Lewis Sheridan Leary 24 13 24 was freed by his white father and was harness maker 31 Leary was from Oberlin Ohio 13 24 He said before he died that he enlisted with Capt Brown for the insurrection at a fair held in Lorraine County Ohio and received the money to pay his expenses 32 30 He was stationed in the rifle factory with Kagi He was mortally wounded while trying to escape across the Shenandoah River John Anthony Copeland was his nephew and Langston Hughes was his grandson 7 8 There is a cenotaph memorial in Oberlin Ohio nbsp Francis Jackson Meriam Francis Jackson Meriam 22 grandson of Francis Jackson who was a leader of Antislavery Societies Meriam was an aristocrat He escaped during the raid Captain Meriam led an African American infantry group during the Civil War 20 Died 28 November 1865 New York County nbsp Dangerfield Newby Dangerfield Newby 35 13 24 or 44 33 was born into slavery with a white father who was not his owner He was given permission to move to Ohio along with his mother and siblings but when he tried to gain freedom for his wife and children their owner refused to sell them even after Newby had earned and saved the agreed upon price 34 This inspired Newby return to Virginia to join Brown s raid 33 34 Newby was described as a huge mulatto 35 He was the first raider killed His body was mutilated his ears and genitals were cut off as souvenirs 34 He carried a letter from his wife in his pocket There is a cenotaph memorial in Oberlin Ohio nbsp Steward Taylor Stewart Taylor 22 36 or 23 he was a wagonmaker 37 from Uxbridge Ontario Canada who attended the Chatham convention According to Brown s daughter Annie He was more what might be called a crank than any of the party He became strongly imbued with the idea that he would be one of the first killed in the coming encounter but this fixed belief did not cause the slightest shrinking on his part 36 291 38 532 Reburied at the John Brown farm nbsp Dauphin Adolphus Thompson Dauphin Thompson 21 married to Ruth Brown John Brown s daughter mortally wounded during the raid 37 From North Elba New York he was killed in the storming of the engine house He was brother of William First buried in one of two unmarked boxes near Harpers Ferry re interred in 1899 in a common coffin in North Elba nbsp William Thompson William Thompson 26 mortally wounded during the raid 37 William Thompson from North Elba New York was brother of Adolphus They were brothers of Henry Thompson who was married to Ruth John Brown s eldest daughter 7 7 First buried in one of two unmarked boxes near Harpers Ferry re interred in 1899 in a common coffin in North Elba Joined the group in Harpers Ferry edit Jim was freed by Brown s menfrom Lewis Washington According to Osborne Anderson Jim fought like a tiger 38 511 He was killed while trying to escape 39 83 which must have meant attempting to swim the river and his body was presumably carried away downstream The disposition of his body is unknown Ben Allstadt freed by Brown s men from his owner John Allstadt His mother Ary also belonging to Allstadt came to the jail to nurse him and also died there Leading up to the raid editIn June Brown paid his last visit to his family in North Elba before departing for Harpers Ferry He stayed one night en route in Hagerstown Maryland at the Washington House on West Washington Street On June 30 1859 the hotel had at least 25 guests including I Smith and Sons Oliver Smith and Owen Smith and Jeremiah Anderson all from New York From papers found in the Kennedy Farmhouse after the raid it is known that Brown wrote to Kagi that he would sign into a hotel as I Smith and Sons 40 Kennedy farmhouse edit nbsp Kennedy Farmhouse depicting Brown in his favorite spot in the yard made posthumously in 1902 They were at Kennedy Farmhouse four to five miles away from Harpers Ferry Brown s daughter and daughter in law Anne Annie and Martha Oliver s wife prepared food and kept the house for the men from August and throughout the month of September 41 Besides their domestic activities Anne who was 15 and Martha 17 kept discreet watch over the prattling conspirators in the house and hustled them out of sight on occasion and who turned aside local suspicion by their sweet and honest ways 42 Martha was pregnant 43 d John sent them home to North Elba on September 29 43 195 n 66 or 30 44 Much later Annie shared her recollections 45 Ever after Annie saw her months at the Kennedy farm as the most important of her life 43 67 Brown s raid on Harpers Ferry editBrown led his forces for Harper Ferry on the night of October 16 1859 46 The objective was to take the armory the arsenal the town and then the rifle factory Then they wanted to free all the slaves in Harpers Ferry 47 After that they would move south with those newly freed people wanted to join the fight to free other enslaved people 48 Brown told his men to take prisoners who disobeyed them and to fight only in self defense 49 Of Brown s party of 22 counting himself 19 went to Harpers Ferry Jerry Anderson Osborne Anderson John Brown his sons Oliver and Watson Brown Cook Copeland Edwin Coppock Green Hazlett Kagi Leary Leeman Newby Stevens Taylor brothers Adolphus and William Thompson Tidd Three men Owen Brown Barclay Coppock Meriam remained at the Kennedy Farm in Maryland to guard the arms and ammunition stored on the premises until it should be time to move them 50 344 nbsp U S Marines using a ladder about to break down the door of John Brown s Fort In the short term the raid was a total failure Brown and his men quickly captured the armory which had only one watchman and took over 60 residents of Harpers Ferry hostage as they arrived for work Militia summoned from neighboring towns took over both bridges thus cutting off escape and by noon Monday forced Brown and his party to take refuge in the fire engine house of the armory a sturdy building later known as John Brown s Fort The militia freed most of the hostages leaving only the handful in the engine house Brown s party held out until Tuesday morning when a company of Marines led by Col Robert E Lee quickly broke down the doors to the engine house and took the surviving raiders captive The seven survivors including John Brown himself were quickly tried for treason murder and inciting a slave revolt and were convicted and executed by hanging in the Jefferson County seat of Charles Town John Brown was the first person executed for treason in the history of the United States However the raid and the following trials were extensively covered by the press The country had not been so excited about anything in twenty years 50 362 Historians frequently credit the raid not for starting the Civil War but for providing the spark that lit the waiting bomb or as Brown would have put it causing the volcano beneath the snow to erupt Brown thought that without violence slavery in the United States would never end As Frederick Douglass put it in a famous speech given in Harpers Ferry at Storer College in 1881 If John Brown did not end the war that ended slavery he began the war that ended American slavery and made this a free Republic 51 52 The people of Virginia were furious outraged at this attempt to get their allegedly happy enslaved to revolt They took out their anger at any opportunity Watson Brown was shot when he left the engine house carrying a white flag William Thompson was shot on the bridge and taken to the hotel parlor armed men came in dragged him out and threw him over the bridge into the river firing as he fell The owner of the hotel did not want the carpet ruined by shooting him there 53 54 128 Burials editSee also Burning of Winchester Medical College The bodies of the slain lay in the streets on the river banks or wherever they fell The body of the first man killed Dangerfield Newby lay in the street from 11 am Monday when he was killed until Tuesday afternoon and was partially eaten by hogs 55 his ears and other body parts were cut off as souvenirs The bodies of two of the men killed were taken by medical students to Winchester Medical College for dissection The remainder which no local cemetery would accept were dragged into a gruesome pile boxed and dumped in an unmarked pit on the far side of the Shenandoah nbsp Plaque at John Brown s grave Ten were ultimately buried in 1899 in a single coffin on the John Brown Farm in North Elba New York according to a plaque there They include 8 of the 10 killed during the raid itself Unwelcome in local cemeteries they were thrown into two store boxes and two Black men for 5 00 each buried them without ceremony clergy or marker on the far side of the Shenandoah in Clarke County The family knew that Oliver was buried by the Shenandoah but no more 56 Forty years later one of the men who buried them was still alive the unmarked pit was located and the remains which could not be matched to specific individuals were exhumed and taken to North Elba in secret because locals would have prevented it if they had known and reburied in a single coffin which was donated by the town of North Elba 16 57 58 59 Rev Joshua Young who had presided over Brown s funeral 40 years earlier performed the last rites Richard J Hinton spoke at length 60 16 The plaque says the remains of Jeremiah Anderson are there as well but this is not correct they are lost as are those of the two African Americans dissected With those 8 in the same coffin and ceremony were the remains of Hazlitt and Stevens who had been executed and whose bodies had been buried at the Eagleswood Military Academy in Perth Amboy New Jersey 61 A relative of Stevens had them disinterred so they could be buried with the others None of those killed 10 or executed 7 are buried in Harpers Ferry Charles Town or anywhere else in Jefferson County Virginia Governor Henry A Wise said he did not want those executed to be buried anywhere in Virginia and none were Three bodies 1 white Jerry Anderson and 2 black Copeland Green were used for the dissection component of medical studies The remains after the dissection were apparently discarded In 1928 a pit containing bones of those dissected was found underneath the foundation of a building being torn down 62 The medical students and faculty did not know or care who they were Their fourth body that of Watson Brown was identified from papers in a pocket as one of Brown s sons though they did not know which one It was preserved by a medical school professor and made into an anatomical exhibit labeled expressing the Virginians attitude toward abolitionists and toward John Brown in particular Except for those mentioned below as buried by relatives and the 3 missing bodies that were dissected the other raiders killed or executed in 1859 1860 are buried at the John Brown Farm State Historic Site near Lake Placid New York Note that while there were 10 men killed during the raid itself and 10 bodies reburied together at the John Brown Farm the 10 are not the same 2 of the first 10 Watson Brown Jeremiah Anderson were taken to the Winchester Medical College for use by medical students To the 8 remaining were added the bodies of Hazlett and Stevens part of the raid but tried and originally buried separately A relative of Stevens had his and Hazlett s bodies disinterred from their graves in New Jersey so they could be buried with the others 16 Captured tried convicted and executed by hanging edit nbsp Gallows in Charles Town where John Brown pictured and 6 others were executed nbsp Plaque on cenotaph in cemetery in Oberlin Ohio commemorating Green Copeland and Leary the remains of the first two are lost and those of Leary are in a mass grave next to that of John Brown in North Elba New York In the Charles Town jail by one report Brown and Hazlett shared a room and a bed Green and Coppock another manacled together and Copeland was in a third room The rooms in the jail were described as very large and nicely kept 63 Brown was executed on Friday December 2 four others on December 16 1859 the negroes Copeland Green in the morning and the whites Cook Coppock in the afternoon 64 and two Hazlitt Stevens on March 16 1860 Cook and Coppock attempted to escape but did not get over the jail wall 65 To prevent a rescue spectators at Brown s execution were very limited See Virginia v John Brown Spectators In contrast Governor Wise wanted there to be a tremendous crowd for the December 16 hangings and the Sheriff so informed the newspapers 66 The execution was witnessed by an immense throng 67 There was a dress parade among the participants was Lt Israel Green of the U S Marines the one who led the assault on the engine house Buried by relatives John Brown 59 His widow took his body to North Elba and buried him there On the transportation of his corpse which was not uneventful see John Brown s body Edwin Coppock 24 shot and killed the mayor of Harpers Ferry Fontaine Beckham during the raid He had been with John Brown in Kansas 68 He was visited in jail by three Quaker gentlemen from Ohio with whom he had lived in his boyhood and an uncle from the same State 69 80 One newspaper report says that his body was sent to his mother in Springdale Iowa 70 another that it was sent to a Thomas Winn in Springdale 64 accompanied by his uncle a highly esteemed old Quaker gentleman who did not sympathize in the least with the misguided and errant young man and by him the body was conveyed to the home of his afflicted mother 64 A different report says that the Quaker was not a relative but someone who took him in when he became an orphan 68 32 27 John Edwin Cook sometimes spelled Cooke 29 born in Haddam Connecticut 71 but was from Pennsylvania 13 24 He had been a teacher 72 He was Brown s second in command by one report 73 had been with Brown in Kansas 7 6 and had lived undercover for over a year in Harpers Ferry 7 2 He was described as a man of some intelligence 73 a quick witted intelligent man 74 from a good family who had studied law and taught school 75 76 He escaped into Pennsylvania after the raid but Governor Wise offered a reward of 1 000 77 and he was soon captured 78 79 His attorney at the time Alexander McClure published lengthy recollections 80 A band played as he was taken from the jail in Chambersburg to the train that would take him to Charles Town for trial 81 On October 28 he was visited in jail by his brother in law Governor Ashbel P Willard of Indiana who wanted to be sure that this was his wife s brother as the family had lost contact with him and had assumed he was dead Accompanying him at his request were Indiana Attorney General Joseph E McDonald and the U S District Attorney for Indiana Daniel W Voorhees 82 He was escorted to Cook s cell by Senator Mason who offered to withdraw to give them privacy but Willard replied that this was not necessary He advised Cook that he should confess so as to exonerate those who were innocent and to punish those who were implicated as the only atonement he could now make He told Cook that he had nothing to hope for but death 83 A different report 40 years later says that Voorhees had arranged with Governor Wise for Cook to escape but that Cook refused 81 On November 8 Voorhees addressed the court calling for mercy for misled Cook his address was published widely 84 85 86 Cook was the only one captured who gave testimony about the other raiders 87 page needed his testimony at his trial was immediately published as a pamphlet so as to raise money for one of the victims 88 89 This motivated the Richmond Enquirer to call him the most guilty of the Charlestown prisoners So far from being the dupe of Old Brown Osawatomie is the victim of John E Cook 90 dd On December 14 he was visited for some hours by Governor Willard Voorhees Willard s wife and another sister 66 91 70 Body sent to A P Willard care of Cook s brother in law Robert Crowley Williamsburg New York 64 92 First buried in Cypress Hill Cemetery Brooklyn New York he was later reburied in Green Wood Cemetery also in Brooklyn dd nbsp Shields Green John Copeland and Albert Hazlett in their cell in the Jefferson County jail Bodies immediately dug up by students of the Winchester Medical College They were allowed to remain in the ground but a few moments when they were taken up and conveyed to Winchester for dissection 93 See Burning of Winchester Medical College A letter from Black residents of Philadelphia to Governor Wise requesting their bodies so as to bury them had no effect 94 In the early 20th century a pit containing loose bones of those dissected at the College was discovered 62 John Anthony Copeland Jr a 24 year old free Black described as a mulatto 71 joined the raiders along with his uncle Lewis Leary Of Brown s raiders only Copeland was at all well known As a leader of the Oberlin Wellington fugitive slave rescue he was notorious in Ohio and was a fugitive from an indictment for his role in that rescue 4 1793 94 His parents attempted unsuccessfully to recover his body On December 29 3 000 attended a bodyless funeral in Oberlin Ohio 95 The last resting place is unknown Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin Shields Green 22 71 was an escaped Black slave from South Carolina He was captured in the engine house on October 18 1859 and hanged December 16 1859 in Charles Town The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver The last resting place is unknown Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin Ohio Two raiders were not captured until it was too late to hold their trials during the term of the Jefferson County Circuit Court that ended on November 11 after pronouncing sentence on Coppock Cook Copeland and Green on the 10th 96 The Legislature of Virginia authorized a special term of the Jefferson County Court to deal with them and other pending business 97 The Court reconvened on February 1 in the meantime Hazlett and Stevens were held in the Jefferson County Jail Found guilty of the same charges they were executed on March 16 1860 Albert E Hazlett escaped into Pennsylvania but was soon captured 79 Executed March 16 1860 Aaron Dwight Stevens Lee has Aaron C Stevens from Connecticut 13 24 29 was the only one of Brown s men who had formal military training 7 7 He was shot and captured October 18 Executed March 16 1860 Their bodies were sent immediately to Perth Amboy New Jersey to the house of Marcus and Rebecca B Spring the latter of whom had nursed them in the Charles Town jail 98 A funeral was held there The bodies were buried at the Eagleswood Cemetery at the nearby Eagleswood Military Academy an abolitionist school directed at one time by Theodore Weld next to the graves of James G Birney and her father Arnold Buffum 99 In 1898 they were reinterred with eight others at the John Brown Farm in North Elba New York 61 Escaped north and never captured editFrancis Jackson Merriam and Barclay Coppock joined Owen Brown in his prolonged hazardous escape across Pennsylvania finally taking refuge in Ashtabula County Ohio where John Brown Jr lived 50 They were described as voters there 100 In November 1859 Governor Wise offered a reward of 500 16 956 in 2023 each for the apprehension of the four white escapees 101 A Charles Town grand jury in February 1860 indicted them along with Jeremiah Anderson sic for conspiring with slaves to create insurrection When new Virginia Governor John Letcher asked Governor William Dennison Jr of Ohio to extradite them he declined to issue warrants for their arrest saying he had not received sufficient justification for doing so 102 103 104 Charles Plummer Tidd a lumberman from Maine 13 24 had been a farmer in Kansas 105 where he met Brown 50 345 He died during the Civil War 1862 Another reference says he was from Worcester County Massachusetts citation needed After enlisting in the Union Army while his regiment was stationed at Roanoke Island North Carolina he died of a fever his remains are buried at New Bern North Carolina 105 106 Owen Brown upset at the reaction to his comments on Tidd in his interview published in The Atlantic 50 said in a reply letter M y impressions of Tidd are that he was a very warm friend generally of peaceful disposition true and devoted to his ideas of rights and moral principle He was firm and persistent in what he undertook somewhat inclined to be arbitrary and with a temper not always under perfect control As a whole he stands far above the average of men I hold for him a warm friendship 107 The following three remained at the Kennedy Farm in Maryland guarding the weapons Owen Brown after a very difficult trip made it to the safety of his brother Jason s house in Ohio For many years he raised grapes on an island in Lake Erie for the Chicago market not for wine He died January 8 1889 in Pasadena California His funeral was an event with marching band and his burial site atop a peak named because of him Brown s Peak is a local tourist attraction Barclay Coppock 22 or 23 50 345 from Iowa like his brother 13 24 safely reached Canada 108 He died in the Union Army in 1861 Francis Jackson Meriam 28 or 30 of the wealthy Massachusetts Meriams 50 345 who had furnished a good deal of money to the cause 50 358 Two days before the attack on Harpers Ferry before a lawyer in Chambersburg accompanied by Kagi he made his will leaving most of his estate to the Massachusetts Anti Slavery Society After the raid he reached the railroad in Maryland passed on to Philadelphia where he remained overnight at the Merchants Hotel registering his true name and proceeded next morning to Boston 109 Another source says that he went to Canada before coming to his physician in Boston 110 191 He served in the Union army as a captain in the 3rd South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colored Colored regiments had white officers He died of natural causes 50 358 in 1865 A conflicting report says that he went to Mexico to join Benito Juarez in 1865 and has not since been heard from 111 The plaque at the John Brown Farm says a negro named John Anderson escaped 112 the source for this is apparently biographer Franklin Sanborn 113 546 who has nothing else to say about him and omits him from the book index There was no person of that name among Brown s raiders 25 61 Brown received in jail a letter from John Q Anderson brother of Jeremiah inquiring about his brother 114 Later Sanborn calls John Anderson rather mythical someone whom Hayden enlisted for Brown but who never got to the Ferry 110 191 Black people who joined Brown s rebellion editBrown said many times that he had expected a large number of enslaved black people of Jefferson County to flee their owners and assist him in the raid and afterwards This did not happen a main reason for the raid s failure However this was extended especially by Virginia Governor Wise to a claim that black people were hostile to Brown and gave him no support at all Both black and white people denied black participation Any black person who could claim they were there involuntarily did so and most did as otherwise they would have been executed Shields Green was not successful at this since his skin was so dark that Harpers Ferry residents immediately recognized he was not a local The whites went along with this It was a basic belief in the South at the time that their slaves were happy and they would be happier if abolitionists just left them alone they were highly motivated to believe that no slaves supported Brown 115 Of the various contradictory reports made by slaveholders and their satellites about the time of the Harper s Ferry conflict none were more untruthful than those relating to the slaves There was seemingly a studied attempt to enforce the belief that the slaves were cowardly and that they were really more in favor of Virginia masters and slavery than of their freedom As a party who had an intimate knowledge of the conduct of the colored men engaged I am prepared to make an emphatic denial of the gross imputation against them 25 59 Another raider who escaped C P Tidd said much the same 116 105 Captain Dangerfield reported seeing negroes armed with pikes when he arrived at the Armory 113 557 According to a local newspaper the slaves for miles around Harper s Ferry though well kept and kindly treated were well informed as to John Brown s movement and prepared to take part in the insurrection Brown s mistake was that afraid of betrayal by Cook or Forbes he suddenly changed the time to two weeks earlier He failed to notify the slaves of the change 117 A correspondent from the Cincinnati Commercial in Charles Town for the execution reported As to the negroes round about Harper s Ferry and Charlestown there can be no doubt but they were deeply interested in the events that have recently taken place and that many of them looked upon the outbreak as the lifting of the dark cloud of slavery from their race It is believed that many of the negroes did know something extraordinary was about to happen in the vicinity of Harper s Ferry and a well informed and candid gentleman told me that he had no doubt Brown believed his plans were found out or about to be found out and struck the blow two weeks at least and perhaps six weeks earlier than he intended This gentleman is convinced that if the plans had been perfected Brown would actually have had a negro for every one of his spears and would have made his way through the mountains of Maryland into Pennsvlvania 118 So Robert E Lee s statement in his Report that local black people gave Brown no voluntary assistance at all 13 22 is not correct though it appeared again in the Senate Special Committee report 119 and in many Southern reports on the raid Andrew Hunter Virginia Governor Henry A Wise s attorney and the prosecutor in Charles Town informed Wise confidentially that We believed and knew as we thought then and still think that he Brown could not seduce our slaves It may be here remarked that so far as I knew or learned from any quarter not a single one of the slaves in the county of Jefferson or in Maryland adjacent ever did join him in his raid except by coercion and then they escaped as soon as they could and went back to their homes 120 Judge Parker concurred 121 Wise turned this statement into a claim he made repeatedly in speeches not a slave around was found faithless 122 222 These faithful slaves who allegedly refused to help Brown at Harpers Ferry became a key element in the Lost Cause myth of happy Antebellum Southern life The United Daughters of the Confederacy had later a Faithful Slave Committee trying to honor them with a monument in Harpers Ferry see Hayward Shepherd Monument However we know positively said a newspaper story that some 25 enslaved black people out of 200 acquainted to some degree with Brown s project helped the raiders they all claimed to have been impressed forced 123 111 Another source says that there has sic not been more than 20 negroes under arms 124 The True Bill of Indictment gives the names of 11 slaves whom the conspirators had allegedly incited to revolt 4 of Lewis Washington Jim Sam Mason and Catesby and 7 of John Allstadt Henry Levi Ben Herry Phil George and Bill plus other slaves to the jurors unknown 125 Of those we have clear documentation of two that were with Brown voluntarily One was Jim a young coachman hired by Lewis Washington from an owner in Winchester 122 296 297 he drowned attempting to flee by crossing the river There is no doubt that Washington s negro coachman Jim who was chased into the river and drowned had joined the rebels with a good will A pistol was found on him and he had his pockets filled with ball cartridges when he was fished out of the river 126 Ben who was owned by John Allstadt was captured and almost lynched He died in the Charles Town jail of pneumonia and fright along with his mother Ary also owned by Allstadt who had come to nurse him 122 397 398 Both owners filed claims with the government of Virginia for compensation for the loss of their property in the raid it is not known if their claims were successful 122 326 327 These are not the only black people that fled their owners and participated in the raid According to Frederick Douglass fifty slaves were collected and emancipation was proclaimed in Virginia and Maryland 127 O ne instance in which the slaves made a public appearance with arms in their hands is related A negro who had been sharply used by one of the town people when he found that he had a pike in his hand used his brief authority to arrest the citizen and have him taken to the armory 128 The first report on insurrectionists killed gave the number of 17 but only 10 were Brown s men and the other 7 must have been liberated slaves helping him One was an old slaveman of the neighborhood who distinguished himself by reckless courage He shot armorer Boerly after the latter shot Newby He was probably killed soon after 38 511 In the engine house there were a few negroes that had been liberated and armed by Brown 129 153 Except for Ben and Jim their names are unknown The number of colored men slain by the reckless fire of the belligerants is given as seventeen 109 There were twelve or thirteen bodies immediately buried but only the names of eight are known 130 There were other slaves killed whose bodies were carried away by the river 25 60 According to Louis DeCaro at the peak there were 20 to 30 local slaves involved who quickly and quietly went back to their masters when it became clear the raid was failing 131 264 132 According to the 1860 census there were 589 escaped slaves in Jefferson County No adjacent Counties reported any or very very few such escapes in the same census There is a long list of fires set in Jefferson County during the final months of 1859 including those at the farms of men who had been on the jury that convicted Brown 133 In Harpers Ferry a Black Voices Museum at 17 High Street was operating in 2020 134 Gallery edit nbsp Spot where crates with bodies of Oliver Brown and seven others were buried nbsp Rev Joshua Young says the benediction over reburial of John Brown s collaborators Notes edit The bodies of the 4 so marked were taken to Winchester Medical College for dissection by medical students Medical schools in the South routinely used bodies of the enslaved for this purpose citing the availability of such bodies as an incentive to enroll 6 183 184 marks the 10 buried in 1899 in a single coffin on the John Brown Farm in North Elba New York according to a plaque there The ages of Shields Green varies by source between 22 and 30 Martha was visibly pregnant while at Kennedy farmhouse 43 63 she died in 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2020 Brown Salmon June 1935 John Brown and Sons in Kansas Territory Indiana Magazine of History 31 2 142 150 JSTOR 27786731 Archived from the original on 2021 08 25 Retrieved 2021 01 25 von Daacke Kirt 2019 Anatomical Theater In McInnis Maurie D Nelson Louis P eds Educated in Tyranny Slavery at Thomas Jefferson s University University of Virginia Press pp 171 198 ISBN 978 0813942865 a b c d e f g Lubet Steven 2012 John Brown s Spy The Adventurous Life and Tragic Confession of John E Cook New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press ISBN 9780300180497 a b Lubet Steven 2015 The Colored Hero of Harpers Ferry John Anthony Copeland and the War against Slavery Cambridge England Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107076020 a b DeCaro Louis A 2020 The untold story of Shields Green the life and death of a Harper s Ferry raider New York New York University Press ISBN 9781479802753 Meyer Eugene L 2018 Five for Freedom the African American Soldiers in John Brown s Army Chicago Lawrence Hill Books ISBN 9781613735718 a b Graham 1980 pp 70 71 101 104 Graham 1980 pp 71 101 123 a b c d e f g h i j Lee Robert E July 1902 Col Robert E Lee s Report Headquarters Harper s Ferry October 19 1859 The John Brown Letters Found in the Virginia State Library in 1901 continued Vol 10 pp 17 32 at pp 18 25 JSTOR 4242480 Archived from the original on December 29 2020 Retrieved November 25 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Sanborn Franklin July 1872 John Brown and His Friends The Atlantic Incidents of the second battle Baltimore Sun 19 October 1859 p 1 Archived from the original on August 29 2020 Retrieved August 26 2020 via newspapers com a b c d e f Featherstonhaugh Thomas March 1901 The Final Burial of the Followers of John Brown New England Magazine 24 new series 1 128 134 Archived from the original on 2021 06 03 Retrieved 2020 11 15 Graham 1980 p 101 123 S pring R ebecca B uffum December 2 1859 A Visit to John Brown by a Lady New York 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the Execution New York Robert M De Witt a b Graham 1980 pp 71 94 104 a b c Korda Michael 2014 Clouds of Glory The Life and Legend of Robert E Lee Harper p xxix ISBN 978 0062116314 An excerpt When Robert E Lee Met John Brown and Saved the Union was published in The Daily Beast Treatment of the dead and the prisoners The Liberator Boston Massachusetts November 11 1859 p 1 Archived from the original on April 13 2021 Retrieved March 19 2021 via newspapers com a b Featherstonhaugh Thomas October 1899 John Brown s Men The Lives of Those Killed at Harper s Ferry with a Supplementary Bibliography of John Brown Southern History Association 3 1 281 306 a b c Graham 1980 pp 104 123 a b c Hinton Richard J 1894 John Brown s Men Who They Were and Men who Fought and Fell or escaped John Brown and his men with some account of the roads they traveled to reach Harper s Ferry Revised ed New York Funk amp Wagnalls pp 449 582 Archived from the original on 2021 06 14 Retrieved 2020 12 09 Barry Joseph 1903 The Strange Story of Harpers Ferry Martinsburg West Virginia Archived from the original on 2021 01 25 Retrieved 2021 01 25 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link John Brown in Washington County Archived from the original on July 28 2011 Retrieved July 13 2010 whilbr org accessed August 29 2015 Graham 1980 pp 91 93 Chamberlin Joseph Edgar 1899 John Brown The Beacon biographies of eminent Americans London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner amp Co p 108 Archived from the original on 2021 08 25 Retrieved 2021 01 31 a b c d Laughlin Schultz Bonnie 2013 The Tie That Bound Us The Women of John Brown s Family and the Legacy of Radical Abolitionism Ithaca New York Cornell University Press ISBN 9780801469442 Harpers Ferry National Historical Park December 27 2017 John Brown s raid National Park Service archived from the original on August 25 2021 retrieved December 5 2020 Betz I H July 22 1903 John Brown s raid Details As Told By One Of The Survivors Careful preparations Plan Was To Set Up A Republic In The Mountains First meetings were in Canada The Gazette p 6 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved February 15 2021 via newspapers com Graham 1980 pp 105 106 Graham 1980 p 106 Graham 1980 pp 108 112 Graham 1980 pp 106 108 a b c d e f g h i Keeler Ralph March 1874 Owen Brown s Escape From Harper s Ferry Atlantic Monthly Corrections by Owen in the July issue p 101 342 365 Archived from the original on 2020 11 07 Retrieved 2020 11 25 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a External link in code class cs1 code others code help Douglass Frederick 1881 John Brown An address by Frederick Douglass at the fourteenth anniversary of Storer College Harper s Ferry West Virginia May 30 1881 Dover New Hampshire p 28 via archive org a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Manning J acob M November 25 1859 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Southern Graves Marysville Daily Appeal Marysville California 6 June 1869 p 1 Archived from the original on 25 August 2021 Retrieved 25 August 2021 via California Digital Newspaper Collection Brown Owen July 1874 Letter from Mr Owen Brown The Atlantic 101 Archived from the original on 2021 08 12 Retrieved 2021 08 12 Twelve Harper s Ferry Insurgents in Canada Western Home Journal Lawrence Kansas December 15 1859 p 2 Archived from the original on June 3 2021 Retrieved June 3 2021 via newspapers com a b McClure A lexander K July 21 1901 Random Recollctions of half a century The first battles of the Civil War The Conflicts at Christiana Pa in 1851 and at Harper s Ferry in 1859 Were the Skirmishes of the Four Years Struggle between the North and the South The Times Democrat Included in a 1902 book of McClure Colonel Alexander K McClure s Recollections of Half a Century New Orleans Louisiana p 29 Archived from the original on June 14 2021 Retrieved February 16 2021 via newspapers com a b Sanborn F B 1909 Recollections of Seventy Years Vol 1 Boston Richard G Badger The Gorham Press a b Harper s Ferry The Fate of the Participants in the Famous Raid John Brown s Family Bloomington Telephone Bloomington Indiana 8 March 1889 p 3 Archived from the original on 10 September 2021 Retrieved 10 September 2021 via Hoosier State Chronicles New York State Archives Plaque at John Brown Grave Site North Elba 1920 archived from the original on 2020 10 26 retrieved 2020 11 15 a b Sanborn Franklin B Brown John 1885 The Life and Letters of John Brown Liberator of Kansas and Martyr of Virginia Boston Roberts Brothers Anderson John Q November 23 1859 Letter to John Brown Kansas Memory archived from the original on June 14 2021 retrieved December 10 2020 DeCaro Jr Louis A December 6 2020 John Brown Philadelphia and a Decoy Coffin John Brown Today archived from the original on May 4 2021 retrieved May 4 2021 via Tune In Quarles Benjamin 1974 Allies for Freedom Black people and John Brown New York Oxford University Press LCCN 73 90372 Invisible green Dawson s Fort Wayne Weekly Times Fort Wayne Indiana 31 Dec 1859 p 1 Archived from the original on 25 May 2022 Retrieved 25 May 2022 via newspapers com John Brown around Charlestown Chicago Tribune 9 Dec 1859 p 2 Archived from the original on 10 July 2022 Retrieved 10 July 2022 United States Congress Senate Select Committee on the Harper s Ferry Invasion June 15 1860 Report In Mason John Murray ed Report on the Harper s Ferry Invasion p 7 Same text is more legible here Archived 2016 07 10 at the Wayback Machine Note that each section has separate pagination Hunter Andrew September 18 1887 John Brown s Raid Interesting Reminiscences Written by the Lawyer Who Prosecuted Him Incidents of His Trial His Conviction Sentence and Execution His Purposes as He Declared Them The Effect of the Raid on Southern Sentiment St Joseph Gazette Herald St Joseph Missouri p 9 Archived from the original on February 15 2021 Retrieved February 9 2021 via newspapers com Harper s Ferry Insurrection Close of the trials Sentence of Cook Coppic Copeland and Green Washington Evening Star November 12 1859 p 2 Archived from the original on June 14 2021 Retrieved February 18 2021 via newspapers com a b c d Horwitz Tony 2011 Midnight Rising John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War Henry Holt and Company ISBN 978 0805091533 John Brown s Descendants How the Family of the Famous Harper s Ferry Hero Are Scattered Sandusky Daily Register Sandusky Ohio Feb 9 1889 Archived from the original on May 17 2022 Retrieved May 17 2022 via newspaperarchive org Baltimore amp Ohio Railroad 1860 Correspondence relating to the Insurrection at Harper s Ferry 17th October 1859 Annapolis Senate of Maryland p 20 The Bill of Indictment found against the prisoners New York Daily Herald October 30 1859 p 1 Archived from the original on January 29 2021 Retrieved February 1 2021 via newspapers com News Rumors and Gossip from Harpers Ferry New York Daily Herald November 1 1859 p 3 Archived from the original on July 21 2021 Retrieved December 27 2020 via newspapers com More legible here Archived 2021 08 25 at the Wayback Machine John Brown Fred Douglass Account of the Anti Slavery Chief An Oft Told Story Repeated by a Great Actor in the Struggle for Freedom A Life of Ease Exchanged for One of Toil and Suffering The Times Demanded the Man and He Came at the Call Brooklyn Daily Eagle Brooklyn New York May 18 1886 p 1 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved February 17 2021 via newspapers com The prisoners The Franklin Repository Chambersburg Pennsylvania October 26 1859 p 7 Archived from the original on June 14 2021 Retrieved February 11 2021 via newspapers com Newton John 1902 Captain John Brown of Harper s Ferry a preliminary incident to the great civil war of America New York A Wessels Archived from the original on 2021 06 14 Retrieved 2021 01 31 The Execution of Old John Brown Full particulars of the prison and gallows scene Old Brown s Will He writes his own epitaph In the Last interview with his wife and fellow prisoners amp c amp c Chicago Tribune Chicago Illinois December 5 1859 p 1 Archived from the original on December 9 2020 Retrieved November 27 2020 via newspapers com DeCaro Louis 2002 Fire from the Midst of You A Religious Life of John Brown New York NYU Press ISBN 978 0814719220 Archived from the original on June 14 2021 Retrieved August 1 2020 De Caro Jr Rev Louis A August 15 2006 Letter to the Editor Washington Times Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved June 25 2021 via Gale Surkamp Jim June 16 2011 A Dozen Set Fires a Sign of Slave Resistance Civilwarscholars con Archived from the original on January 11 2016 Black Voices Museum Facebook Archived from the original on June 14 2021 Retrieved December 27 2020 Further reading editMain article List of sources for John Brown s raid on Harpers Ferry Biographies of the raiders edit John E Cook Lubet Steven 2012 John Brown s Spy The Adventurous Life and Tragic Confession of John E Cook New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press ISBN 9780300180497 John Anthony Copeland Lubet Steven 2015 The Colored Hero of Harpers Ferry John Anthony Copeland and the War against Slavery Cambridge England Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107076020 Sheilds Green DeCaro Louis A 2020 The Untold Story of Shields Green the life and death of a Harper s Ferry raider New York New York University Press ISBN 9781479802753 African American soldiers in John Brown s Army Meyer Eugene L 2018 Five for Freedom the African American Soldiers in John Brown s Army Chicago Lawrence Hill Books ISBN 9781613735718 Other books edit Anonymous observer January 9 1869 Reminiscences of John Brown s Men Leavenworth Times Leavenworth Kansas p 2 Archived from the original on May 11 2021 Retrieved March 16 2021 via newspapers com A brief anonymous and inaccurate article of 1869 ASR March 21 1995 The Conspirators sic Biographies Archived from the original on June 7 2018 Retrieved December 10 2020 Brown Owen July 1874 Letter from Owen Brown The Atlantic 101 Archived from the original on 2021 08 13 Retrieved 2021 08 13 Owen Brown comments on raiders Charles Plummer Tidd John E Cook Barclay Coppoc and Francis Jackson Merriam Filler Louis 1949 John Brown in Ohio An Interview with Charles S S Griffings Abraham Lincoln and Reformers Vol 58 pp 213 218 Harpers Ferry National Historical Park December 28 2017 John Brown s Raiders at Harpers Ferry National Park Service archived from the original on February 4 2021 retrieved December 5 2020 Griffing Charles S S 18 Jun 1879 Caliban ed John Brown s Men An Old Associate of Theirs in the Anti Slavery Movement Relates Some New Facts About Them The Cincinnati Enquirer Cincinnati Ohio p 5 Reprinted in the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 1949 Hinton Richard J April 30 1889 A friend of old Osawatomie Nebraska State Journal Lincoln Nebraska p 2 Archived from the original on February 1 2021 Retrieved January 24 2021 via newspapers com Richard J Hinton who became a newspaper reporter and editor and later a geologist was an intimate friend of John Brown in Kansas Hinton Richard J June 1889 John Brown and his men before and after the raid on Harper s Ferry October 16th 17th 18th 1859 Frank Leslie s Popular Monthly 2 6 691 703 Archived from the original on 2021 06 14 Retrieved 2021 01 24 Horwitz Tony 2011 The toll from the raid on Harpers Ferry Midnight rising John Brown and the raid that sparked the Civil War Henry Holt and Co pp 290 291 ISBN 9780805091533 Hinton Richard J October 1 1899 John Brown s Comrades A Man Who Knows Tells Who They Were and What They Did The Men Who Followed Brown in Harper s Ferry and Whose Bodies Were Laid by His at North Elba Indianapolis Journal Reprinted from the New York Tribune of September 18 1899 p 19 Archived from the original on February 18 2022 Retrieved February 18 2022 via newspaperarchive com Villard Oswald Garrison 1910 John Brown s Men at arms John Brown 1800 1859 a biography fifty years after Boston Houghton Mifflin pp 678 687 Sources editGraham Lorenz B 1980 John Brown A Cry for Freedom New York Thomas Y Crowell ISBN 978 0 690 04023 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title John Brown 27s raiders amp oldid 1211854561, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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