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United Daughters of the Confederacy

November 19, 2023

This article is about a neo-Confederate hereditary women's association. For other uses, see UDC (disambiguation).
See also: Sons of Confederate Veterans

The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) is an American neo-Confederate[1] hereditary association for female descendants of Confederate Civil War soldiers engaging in the commemoration of these ancestors, the funding of monuments to them, and the promotion of the pseudohistorical Lost Cause ideology and corresponding white supremacy.[2][3][4][5][6]

United Daughters of the Confederacy
Official badge, depicting the "Stars and Bars", the first flag of the Confederacy
AbbreviationUDC
EstablishedSeptember 10, 1894; 129 years ago (1894-09-10)
Founders
Founded atNashville, Tennessee
Type501(c)(3), charitable organization
54-0631483
HeadquartersRichmond, Virginia
Coordinates37°33′26″N 77°28′26″W / 37.5571518°N 77.4738453°W / 37.5571518; -77.4738453
Membership (2015)
19,000
Jinny Widowski
PublicationUDC Magazine
SubsidiariesChildren of the Confederacy
Websitehqudc.org
Formerly called
National Association of the Daughters of the Confederacy

Established in Nashville, Tennessee in 1894, the group venerated the Ku Klux Klan during the first half of the 20th century and funded the construction of a monument to the Klan in 1926.[7][8][9] According to the Institute for Southern Studies, the UDC "elevated [the Klan] to a nearly mythical status. It dealt in and preserved Klan artifacts and symbology. It even served as a sort of public relations agency for the terrorist group."[7]

The group's headquarters are in the Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy building in Richmond, Virginia, the former capital city of the Confederate States. In May 2020 the building was damaged by fire during the George Floyd protests.[10][11]

Formation and purpose edit

The group was founded on September 10, 1894, by Caroline Meriwether Goodlett and Anna Davenport Raines as the National Association of the Daughters of the Confederacy. The first chapter was formed in Nashville.[12] The name was soon changed to United Daughters of the Confederacy.[3] Their stated intention was to "tell of the glorious fight against the greatest odds a nation ever faced, that their hallowed memory should never die." Their primary activity was to support the construction of Confederate memorials.[13] The UDC has said that its members also support U.S. troops and honor veterans of all U.S. wars.[2]

In 1896, the organization established the Children of the Confederacy to impart similar values to younger generations through a mythical depiction of the Civil War and Confederacy. According to historian Kristina DuRocher, "Like the KKK's children's groups, the UDC utilized the Children of the Confederacy to impart to the rising generations their own white-supremacist vision of the future."[14] The UDC denies assertions that it promotes white supremacy.[15]

The communications studies scholar W. Stuart Towns notes the UDC's role "in demanding textbooks for public schools that told the story of the war and the Confederacy from a definite southern point of view." He adds that their work is one of the "essential elements [of] perpetuating Confederate mythology."[16]

The UDC was incorporated on July 18, 1919. Its headquarters is in the Memorial Building to the Women of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, built in the 1950s.[17][18]

History edit

See also: Confederate Memorial Day, Jefferson Davis Highway, Southern Cross of Honor, and United Confederate Veterans

Early work edit

 
Monument dedicated by the UDC on August 8, 1908, Bentonville, Arkansas
 
Battlefield memorial dedicated by the UDC on September 19, 1928

Across the Southern United States, associations were founded after the Civil War, chiefly by women, to organize burials of Confederate soldiers, establish and care for permanent cemeteries, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor impressive monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate cause and tradition.[19]

 
Confederate Memorial Day observance in front of the Monument to Confederate Dead, Arlington National Cemetery, on June 8, 2014

The organization was "strikingly successful at raising money to build monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of history textbooks."[20] They also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. Most of these memorial associations gradually merged into the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from 17,000 total members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 by World War I.[21]

Monuments, memorials, and charity edit

The UDC was influential primarily in the early twentieth century across the South, where its main role was to preserve, uphold and romanticize the memory of the Confederate veterans, especially those husbands, sons, fathers and brothers who died in the Civil War. Memory and memorials became the central focus of the organization.[2][22]

Historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall notes that the UDC had a particular interest in the position of Southern (Confederate) women, with "a commitment to bolstering vanquished and disheartened veterans and keeping the memory of the dead alive. But it was also committed to immortalizing the heroism of Confederate women, whose valor, its leaders believed, had been every bit as important as men's." The UDC's methods were wide-ranging and ahead of their times:

UDC leaders were determined to assert women's cultural authority over virtually every representation of the region's past. This they did by lobbying for state archives and museums, national historic sites, and historic highways; compiling genealogies; interviewing former soldiers; writing history textbooks; and erecting monuments, which now moved triumphantly from cemeteries into town centers. More than half a century before women's history and public history emerged as fields of inquiry and action, the UDC, with other women's associations, strove to etch women's accomplishments into the historical record and to take history to the people, from the nursery and the fireside to the schoolhouse and the public square.[23]

"The number of women's clubs devoted to filiopietism and history was staggering," says historian W. Fitzhugh Brundage, noting that women were much more likely to be involved in a variety of (historical) organizations than men, who devoted their energies to fraternal societies. Brundage notes that after women's suffrage came in 1920, the historical role of the women's organizations eroded.[24]

After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization coordinating local memorial groups.[25] The UDC women specialized in sponsoring local memorials. After 1945, they were active in placing historical markers along Southern highways.[26] The UDC has also been active in national causes during wartime. According to the organization, during World War I, it funded 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital on the Western front and contributed over US$82,000 for French and Belgian war orphans. The homefront campaign raised $24 million for war bonds and savings stamps. Members also donated $800,000 to the Red Cross. During World War II, they gave financial aid to student nurses.[citation needed]

In 1933 the Tennessee branch of UDC donated $50,000 for the construction of a Confederate memorial hall on the campus of the George Peabody College for Teachers which merged with Vanderbilt University in 1979.[27][28] A university effort to remove the inscription "Confederate" from the building, resisted by the UDC, led to a 2005 Tennessee appeals court ruling that the inscription could be removed only if the UDC donation was returned at present value. In 2016 an anonymous source donated $1.2 million to the university specifically for that purpose, and the inscription was removed.[27][28]

Memoirs edit

The UDC encouraged women to publish their experiences in the war, beginning with biographies of major southern figures, such as Varina Davis's of her husband Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy. Later, women began adding more of their own experiences to the "public discourse about the war," in the form of memoirs, such as those published in the early 1900s by Sara Pryor, Virginia Clopton, Louise Wright and others. They also recommended structures for the memoirs. By the turn of the twentieth century, a dozen memoirs by southern women were published. These memoirs were part of the growing public memory about the antebellum years and the Lost Cause narrative, which critics have described as white supremacist, as they vigorously defended the Confederacy and its founding principles (which included the enslavement of African Americans).[29][30]

Southern Cross of Honor edit

Main article: Southern Cross of Honor
Southern Cross of Honor
 
Obverse
 
Reverse

The Southern Cross of Honor was a commemorative medal established by the United Daughters of the Confederacy for members of the United Confederate Veterans. It was proposed at a meeting in 1898, with 78,761 crosses issued by 1913.[31][32] The medal was never authorized to be worn on the United States Army, Navy, or Marine Corps uniform.[33]

Scholarships edit

During the first decades of their existence, the UDC focused on caring for Confederate soldiers and their widows. When the numbers of Confederate veterans began to dwindle, they focused on their remaining objectives.  Education of the descendants of those who served the Confederacy became one of the key interests of the organization.[34] Some state divisions within the UDC built dormitories and sponsored scholarships, but there was no coordinated support for education by the national organization.  The divisions were responsible for scholarships and building dormitories for women.  At the 1907 General Convention, Caroline Meriwether Goodlett spoke of the shift in the UDC's focus.  As monuments were erected, she "sat by ... thinking that the monument fever would abate." She believed that "the most thoughtful and best educated women" in the organization should have realized that the "grandest monument (they) could build in the South would be an educated motherhood."[35]

The UDC combined education with support of the military during World War II by establishing a nurses' training fund. Each scholarship provided approximately $100 per year for a three-year nursing program.  When a scholarship was offered, local Chapters were encouraged to contact local schools to locate students who needed assistance to fund their education.[36]

In addition, the UDC sponsors essay and poetry compositions, in which the participants are not to use the phrase "Civil War," "War Between the States" being the preferred term.[37]

Children of the Confederacy edit

The Children of the Confederacy, also known as the CofC, is an auxiliary organization to the UDC. The official name is Children of the Confederacy of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. It comprises children from birth through the time of the Children of the Confederacy Annual General Convention following their 18th birthday. All Children of the Confederacy chapters are sponsored by UDC chapters.[38][17] Children are taught Lyon Gardiner Tyler's "Catechism on the History of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865," which says that Northerners did away with slavery because the climate was unsuitable, that they had no intention of ever paying the South for its slaves after abolition, that slaves in the South were faithful to their owners, who were caring and gentle people: cruel slave owners existed only in the North.[37]

Before 2015, the "Creed" of the CofC read:

Because we desire to perpetuate, in love and honor, the heroic deeds of those who enlisted in the Confederate Services and upheld its flag through four years of war, we, the children of the South, have united in an Organization called the "Children of the Confederacy," in which our strength, enthusiasm and love of justice can exert its influence. We therefore pledge ourselves to preserve pure ideals, to honor the memory of our beloved Veterans, to study and teach the truths of history (one of the most important of which is that the War Between the States was not a rebellion, nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery), and always to act in a manner that will reflect honor upon our noble and patriotic ancestors.

The phrase "nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery" was deleted by the UDC General Convention of 2015.[39][3]

George Floyd protests edit

Main articles: George Floyd protests and George Floyd protests in Richmond, Virginia

During the early morning hours of May 31, 2020, the Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy headquarters building in Richmond was vandalized with graffiti and set ablaze during a chain of protests across the city in the wake of the murder of George Floyd.[40] The Richmond Fire Department extinguished the fire using nine fire trucks.[41] The President-General of the UDC reported that the building's windows had been broken and fire was set to the curtains hanging in the building's Caroline Meriwether Goodlett Library.[42] The fire was largely contained to the library, but there was extensive smoke and water damage throughout the building and charring on the building's Georgia marble façade.[42][43] Staff reported that all the books in the building's library had incurred some damage and that library shelving had been destroyed.[43]

"Lost Cause" and Neo-Confederate views edit

See also: Lost Cause of the Confederacy and Neo-Confederate

Meredith College history professor and former CofC member Daniel L. Fountain states that organisations like the UDC have deeply "implanted the Lost Cause’s falsified version of history" in the South. "Rallying behind powerful women such as Mildred Lewis Rutherford, the UDC relentlessly lobbied legislatures for public school textbooks that presented a pro-Confederate version of regional history and successfully blacklisted" other books. "By targeting the region’s middle- to upper-class children, they ensured an army of future teachers and leaders would carry forward and defend their message for decades to come. Embedding their version of Confederate history into the sacred spaces of Southern society (the home, cemeteries, churches, city squares, street names, colleges and schools) made erasing it physically difficult and personally painful." [44]

During the period 1880–1910, the UDC was one of many groups that celebrated Lost Cause mythology and presented "a romanticized view of the slavery era" in the United States.[4] The UDC promoted white Southern solidarity, allowing white Southerners to refer to a mythical past in order to legitimize racial segregation and white supremacy.[45] The UDC worked to "define southern identity around images from an Old South that portrayed slavery as benign and slaves as happy and a Reconstruction that portrayed blacks as savage and immoral."[46] In 1919 their lost cause narrative was codified in Mildred Rutherford's Measuring Rod to Test Text Books and Reference Books,[47] which the UDC endorsed and successfully used in debates over history textbooks across the South.[48] More recently, historian James M. McPherson has said that the UDC promotes a white supremacist and neo-Confederate agenda:[49]

I think I agree a hundred percent with Ed Sebesta, though, about the motives or the hidden agenda not too deeply hidden I think of such groups as the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans. They are dedicated to celebrating the Confederacy and rather thinly veiled support for white supremacy. And I think that also is the again not very deeply hidden agenda of the Confederate flag issue in several Southern states.[50][full citation needed]

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) considers the UDC as part of the Neo-Confederate movement, intrinsically white supremacist, that began in the early 1890s. The SPLC contends that the UDC promotes "a reactionary conservative ideology that has made inroads into the Republican Party from the political right, and overlaps with the views of white nationalists and other more radical extremist groups."[51][52] In August 2018, its website still stated that "Slaves, for the most part, were faithful and devoted. Most slaves were usually ready and willing to serve their masters."[53]

Ku Klux Klan edit

According to lawyer Greg Huffman, writing in Facing South, "perhaps nothing illuminates the UDC's true nature more than its relationship with the Ku Klux Klan. Many commentators have said the UDC simply supported the Klan. That is not true. The UDC during Jim Crow venerated the Klan and elevated it to a nearly mythical status. It dealt in and preserved Klan artifacts and symbology. It even served as a sort of public relations agency for the terrorist group."[7] At its 1913 annual national convention, the UDC unanimously endorsed The Ku Klux Klan, or The Invisible Empire,[54] a book written by UDC historian Laura Martin Rose, then president of the UDC's Mississippi Division, which alleged that the Klan had rescued the South from carpetbagger-inspired racial violence.[55] Published near the height of the UDC's Confederate statue-installation and textbook-vetting efforts, the book became a supplementary reader for Southern school children.[56][57] A local chapter of the UDC funded a now-vanished[7] memorial to the Klan erected in 1926 near Concord, North Carolina.[58] As late as 1936, the UDC's official publication featured an article which lauded the role of the Ku Klux Klan.[59]

Notable members edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Neo-Confederate". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Mills & Simpson 2003.
  3. ^ a b c Elder, Angela Esco (2010). "United Daughters of the Confederacy". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  4. ^ a b Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2014). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People. concise 6th ed.: Cengage Learning. p. 425. ISBN 978-1285545974. They refused to let go of the legacy of the defeated plantation South. They celebrated the Lost Cause by organizing fraternal and sororal organizations such as the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), whose members decorated the graves of Confederate soldiers, funded public statutes of Confederate heroes, and preserved a romanticized vision of the slavery era.
  5. ^ Lampen, Claire (August 17, 2017). "White women helped build the Confederate statues sparking conflict across the South". Mic (media company). Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  6. ^ Cox, Karen L. (August 16, 2017). "The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy". Washington Post. from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d Huffman, Greg (June 8, 2018). "The group behind Confederate monuments also built a memorial to the Klan". Facing South. The Institute for Southern Studies.
  8. ^ Holloway, Kali (November 3, 2018). "Time to Expose the Women Still Celebrating the Confederacy". The Daily Beast.
  9. ^ Cox 2003, p. 2.
  10. ^ Robinson, Lynda (May 31, 2020). "Robert E. Lee statue and Daughters of Confederacy building attacked by Richmond protesters". Washington Post.
  11. ^ Cox, Karen L. (August 6, 2020). "Setting the Lost Cause on Fire". Historians.org. American Historical Association. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  12. ^ Simpson 2003, pp. 75–76.
  13. ^ Muller, Matthew G.; McLellan, Corey W.; Irons, Charles F. (1996). "Shades of Gray: United Daughters of the Confederacy". Charlottesville: University of Virginia. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  14. ^ DuRocher 2011, pp. 88–89.
  15. ^ Kutner, Max (August 25, 2017). "As Confederate Statues Fall, The Group Behind Most of Them Stays Quiet". Newsweek. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  16. ^ Towns 2012, p. xi.
  17. ^ a b UDC Handbook (6th ed.). Richmond, Virginia: United Daughters of the Confederacy. March 2013. pp. 3–5.
  18. ^ Minutes of the One Hundred and Twenty-first Annual General Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Incorporated, Held in Richmond, Virginia, November 6–10, 2014. p. 12.
  19. ^ Mills & Simpson 2003, p. [page needed].
  20. ^ Faust 2008, pp. 237–247.
  21. ^ Blight 2001, pp. 272–273.
  22. ^ Boccardi, Megan B. (2011). Remembering in black and white : Missouri women's memorial work 1860–1910 (Thesis). doi:10.32469/10355/14392. hdl:10355/14392.
  23. ^ Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd (September 1998). "'You Must Remember This': Autobiography as Social Critique". The Journal of American History. 85 (2): 439–465. doi:10.2307/2567747. JSTOR 2567747.
  24. ^ Brundage, W. Fitzhugh (2000). "White Women and the Politics of Historical Memory in the New South, 1880–1920". In Dailey, Jane; Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth; Simon, Bryant (eds.). Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Princeton University Press. pp. 115–139. ISBN 978-0691001937.
  25. ^ Janney 2012, p. [page needed].
  26. ^ Gulley 1993, p. [page needed].
  27. ^ a b Tamburin, Adam (August 15, 2016). "Vanderbilt to remove 'Confederate' from building name". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Anonymous donors recently gave the university the $1.2 million needed for that purpose; the Vanderbilt Board of Trust authorized the move this summer.
  28. ^ a b Koren, Marina (August 15, 2016). "The College Dorm and the Confederacy". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Vanderbilt will return $1.2 million to the Tennessee chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the present value of the $50,000 the group donated to the school in 1933 for the construction of the dorm. ... The $1.2 million payment will come from anonymous donors who gave specifically for the removal of the inscription, the school said.
  29. ^ Blight 2001, p. 259.
  30. ^ a b Gardner 2006, pp. 128–130.
  31. ^ Butler, Douglas J. (2013). North Carolina Civil War Monuments: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 93. ISBN 978-1476603377.
  32. ^ Knight, Lucien (2006). Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials, and Legends: Volume 1, Part 1. Pelican Publishing. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1455604814.
  33. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (September 30, 2013). American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [6 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 2202. ISBN 978-1851096824.
  34. ^ Cox 2003, pp. 73–74.
  35. ^ Cox 2003, p. 90.
  36. ^ "News about Nursing". The American Journal of Nursing. 42 (7): 820–844. 1942. JSTOR 3415840.
  37. ^ a b Woodruff, Juliette (1985). "The Last of the Southern Belles". Studies in Popular Culture. 8 (1): 63–70. JSTOR 23412915.
  38. ^ The History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Volume I and II: 1894–1955. Raleigh, N.C.: United Daughters of the Confederacy. 1956. pp. 181–189. LCCN 94135238. OCLC 1386401 – via Edwards & Broughton Company.
  39. ^ Conner, Laura (2015–2016). (PDF). The Courier. No. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  40. ^ Vogelsong, Sarah; Oliver, Ned (May 31, 2020). "Confederate memorial hall burned as second night of outrage erupts in Virginia". WWBT. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  41. ^ Moreno, Sabrina. "Daughters of Confederacy headquarters on fire, 2 Capitol Police officers injured as violence erupts during second night of protesting in Richmond". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  42. ^ a b Confederate Broadcasting (May 31, 2020). "Latest update". Facebook. Facebook. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  43. ^ a b United Daughters of the Confederacy. "Memorial Building". United Daughters of the Confederacy. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  44. ^ Fountain, Daniel L. (May 16, 2019). "Why young Southerners still get indoctrinated in the Lost Cause". Washington Post.
  45. ^ Janney 2012, pp. 12–13, 139.
  46. ^ Johnson, Joan Marie (2000). "'Drill into us... the Rebel Tradition': The Contest over Southern Identity in Black and White Women's Clubs, South Carolina, 1898–1930". The Journal of Southern History. 66 (3): 525–562. doi:10.2307/2587867. JSTOR 2587867.
  47. ^ Rutherford, Mildred (1920). A Measuring Rod to Test Text Books and Reference Books. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  48. ^ Huffman, Greg (April 10, 2019). "Twisted Sources: How Confederate propaganda ended up in the South's schoolbooks". Facing South. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  49. ^ Elder, Angela Esco (February 8, 2022) [January 23, 2010]. "United Daughters of the Confederacy". New Georgia Encyclopedia.
  50. ^ Goodman, Amy (November 3, 1999). "Democracy Now – interview with James McPherson, Ed Sebesta". Pacifica Radio Network.
  51. ^ "The Neo-Confederates". Southern Poverty Law Center. September 15, 2000.
  52. ^ Hague, Euan (January 26, 2010). "The Neo-Confederate Movement". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  53. ^ Breed, Allen G. (August 10, 2018). "'The lost cause': the women's group fighting for Confederate monuments". The Guardian. Associated Press.
  54. ^ Rose, Laura Martin (1914). The Ku Klux Klan, or Invisible Empire. New Orleans, Louisiana: L. Graham Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-1333658205.[page needed]
  55. ^ Lowery, J. Vincent. "Laura Martin Rose (1862–1917) Author". Mississippi Encyclopedia.
  56. ^ Minutes on the Twentieth Annual Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Raleigh, North Carolina: Edwards and Broughton Printing Company. 1914. p. 39.
  57. ^ Cox 2003, pp. 106–110.
  58. ^ Smith, Blanche Lucas (1941). North Carolina's Confederate Monuments and Memorials. North Carolina Division, United Daughters of the Confederacy. p. 35.
  59. ^ Cook, Walter Henry (July 1936). "Secret Political Societies in the South During the Period of Reconstruction" (PDF). The Southern Magazine. III: 3–5, 42–43.[permanent dead link]
  60. ^ "Plans for the Brown–Harris Wedding". Birmingham Post-Herald. January 10, 1915. p. 26. Retrieved October 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  61. ^ Binheim, Max; Elvin, Charles A (1928). Women of the West; a series of biographical sketches of living eminent women in the eleven western states of the United States of America. Retrieved August 8, 2017.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  62. ^ "Hoey, Margaret Elizabeth Gardner | NCpedia".
  63. ^ Glaser, Emily. . PorterBriggs. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  64. ^ McLemore, Laura (2016). Adele Briscoe Looscan: Daughter of the Republic. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0875656304.[page needed]
  65. ^ McRae, Elizabeth Gillespie (2018). Mothers of Massive Resistance: White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0190271718.
  66. ^ Ziker, Ann. "Florence Sillers Ogden". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  67. ^ Simpson, John A. "Edith Drake Pope". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Tennessee Historical Society and the University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  68. ^ "Twitty, Panthea Massenburg – NCpedia". Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  69. ^ "Lynn Forney Young (Mrs. Larry Steven Young)". The Hereditary Society Community of the United States of America.

Sources edit

  • Blight, David (2001). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Cox, Karen L. (2003). Dixie's daughters: the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the preservation of Confederate culture. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813064130.
  • DuRocher, Kristina (2011). Raising racists: the socialization of white children in the Jim Crow South. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813130019.
  • Faust, Drew (2008). This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0375404047.
  • Gardner, Sarah (2006). Blood And Irony: Southern White Women's Narratives of the Civil War, 1861–1937. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807857670.
  • Gulley, H. E. (1993). "Women and the Lost Cause: Preserving A Confederate Identity in the American Deep South". Journal of Historical Geography. 19 (2): 125–141. doi:10.1006/jhge.1993.1009.
  • Janney, Caroline E. (2012). Burying the dead but not the past: Ladies' Memorial Associations and the lost cause. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807831762.
  • Simpson, John A. (2003). Edith D. Pope and Her Nashville Friends: Guardians of the Lost Cause in the Confederate Veteran. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1572332119. OCLC 428118511.
  • Towns, W. Stuart (2012). Enduring Legacy: Rhetoric and Ritual of the Lost Cause. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0817317522.
  • Mills, Cynthia; Simpson, Pamela Hemenway, eds. (2003). Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1572332720.
  • Minutes of the Fifty-first Annual Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Incorporated, Held at Nashville, Tennessee, November 21–24, 1944.

Further reading edit

  • Poppenheim, Mary B. (1956). The History of the United daughters of the Confederacy. Raleigh, North Carolina: Edwards & Broughton Co. OCLC 1572673.
  • The History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Volume III: 1956–1986. Raleigh, NC: United Daughters of the Confederacy. 1988 – via Edwards & Broughton Company.
  • Foster, Gaines M. (1987). Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Parrott, Angie (1991). "'Love Makes Memory Eternal': The United Daughters of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia, 1897–1920," in Edward Ayers and John C. Willis, eds. The Edge of the South: Life in Nineteenth-Century Virginia, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
  • Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1916). What the South May Claim. Athens, Georgia: M'Gregor Co.
  • Codieck, Barrett (2012). Keepers of History, Shapers of Memory: The Florida Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1895–1930 (Thesis).
  • Cox, Karen L. (2019). Dixie's daughters: the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the preservation of Confederate culture. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813064130. OCLC 1054372624.
  • Breed, Allen G. (August 10, 2018). "'The lost cause': the women's group fighting for Confederate monuments". The Guardian.
  • Holloway, Kari (October 5, 2018). "7 things the United Daughters of the Confederacy might not want you to know about them". Salon.
  • Holloway, Kali (November 2, 2018). "Time to Expose the Women Still Celebrating the Confederacy". Daily Beast. Their name is on all their monuments, but maybe because those plaques are rusty and faded people don't realize the UDC is still a functioning organization.
  • King, Earl (January 1, 2018). Lost Cause Textbooks: Civil War Education in the South from the 1890s to the 1920s (Thesis).
  • Bailey, Fred Arthur (1991). "The Textbooks of the 'Lost Cause': Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 75 (3): 507–533. JSTOR 40582363.

External links edit

 
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November 19, 2023
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This article is about a neo Confederate hereditary women s association For other uses see UDC disambiguation See also Sons of Confederate Veterans The United Daughters of the Confederacy UDC is an American neo Confederate 1 hereditary association for female descendants of Confederate Civil War soldiers engaging in the commemoration of these ancestors the funding of monuments to them and the promotion of the pseudohistorical Lost Cause ideology and corresponding white supremacy 2 3 4 5 6 United Daughters of the ConfederacyOfficial badge depicting the Stars and Bars the first flag of the ConfederacyHeadquarters Building of the United Daughters of the Confederacy in Richmond VirginiaAbbreviationUDCEstablishedSeptember 10 1894 129 years ago 1894 09 10 FoundersCaroline Meriwether GoodlettAnna Davenport RainesFounded atNashville TennesseeType501 c 3 charitable organizationTax ID no 54 0631483HeadquartersRichmond VirginiaCoordinates37 33 26 N 77 28 26 W 37 5571518 N 77 4738453 W 37 5571518 77 4738453Membership 2015 19 000President GeneralJinny WidowskiPublicationUDC MagazineSubsidiariesChildren of the ConfederacyWebsitehqudc wbr orgFormerly calledNational Association of the Daughters of the ConfederacyEstablished in Nashville Tennessee in 1894 the group venerated the Ku Klux Klan during the first half of the 20th century and funded the construction of a monument to the Klan in 1926 7 8 9 According to the Institute for Southern Studies the UDC elevated the Klan to a nearly mythical status It dealt in and preserved Klan artifacts and symbology It even served as a sort of public relations agency for the terrorist group 7 The group s headquarters are in the Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy building in Richmond Virginia the former capital city of the Confederate States In May 2020 the building was damaged by fire during the George Floyd protests 10 11 Contents 1 Formation and purpose 2 History 2 1 Early work 2 2 Monuments memorials and charity 2 3 Memoirs 2 4 Southern Cross of Honor 2 5 Scholarships 2 6 Children of the Confederacy 2 7 George Floyd protests 3 Lost Cause and Neo Confederate views 3 1 Ku Klux Klan 4 Notable members 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External linksFormation and purpose editThe group was founded on September 10 1894 by Caroline Meriwether Goodlett and Anna Davenport Raines as the National Association of the Daughters of the Confederacy The first chapter was formed in Nashville 12 The name was soon changed to United Daughters of the Confederacy 3 Their stated intention was to tell of the glorious fight against the greatest odds a nation ever faced that their hallowed memory should never die Their primary activity was to support the construction of Confederate memorials 13 The UDC has said that its members also support U S troops and honor veterans of all U S wars 2 In 1896 the organization established the Children of the Confederacy to impart similar values to younger generations through a mythical depiction of the Civil War and Confederacy According to historian Kristina DuRocher Like the KKK s children s groups the UDC utilized the Children of the Confederacy to impart to the rising generations their own white supremacist vision of the future 14 The UDC denies assertions that it promotes white supremacy 15 The communications studies scholar W Stuart Towns notes the UDC s role in demanding textbooks for public schools that told the story of the war and the Confederacy from a definite southern point of view He adds that their work is one of the essential elements of perpetuating Confederate mythology 16 The UDC was incorporated on July 18 1919 Its headquarters is in the Memorial Building to the Women of the Confederacy Richmond Virginia built in the 1950s 17 18 History editSee also Confederate Memorial Day Jefferson Davis Highway Southern Cross of Honor and United Confederate Veterans Early work edit nbsp Monument dedicated by the UDC on August 8 1908 Bentonville Arkansas nbsp Battlefield memorial dedicated by the UDC on September 19 1928Across the Southern United States associations were founded after the Civil War chiefly by women to organize burials of Confederate soldiers establish and care for permanent cemeteries organize commemorative ceremonies and sponsor impressive monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate cause and tradition 19 nbsp Confederate Memorial Day observance in front of the Monument to Confederate Dead Arlington National Cemetery on June 8 2014The organization was strikingly successful at raising money to build monuments lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead and working to shape the content of history textbooks 20 They also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead Most of these memorial associations gradually merged into the United Daughters of the Confederacy which grew from 17 000 total members in 1900 to nearly 100 000 by World War I 21 Monuments memorials and charity edit The UDC was influential primarily in the early twentieth century across the South where its main role was to preserve uphold and romanticize the memory of the Confederate veterans especially those husbands sons fathers and brothers who died in the Civil War Memory and memorials became the central focus of the organization 2 22 Historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall notes that the UDC had a particular interest in the position of Southern Confederate women with a commitment to bolstering vanquished and disheartened veterans and keeping the memory of the dead alive But it was also committed to immortalizing the heroism of Confederate women whose valor its leaders believed had been every bit as important as men s The UDC s methods were wide ranging and ahead of their times UDC leaders were determined to assert women s cultural authority over virtually every representation of the region s past This they did by lobbying for state archives and museums national historic sites and historic highways compiling genealogies interviewing former soldiers writing history textbooks and erecting monuments which now moved triumphantly from cemeteries into town centers More than half a century before women s history and public history emerged as fields of inquiry and action the UDC with other women s associations strove to etch women s accomplishments into the historical record and to take history to the people from the nursery and the fireside to the schoolhouse and the public square 23 The number of women s clubs devoted to filiopietism and history was staggering says historian W Fitzhugh Brundage noting that women were much more likely to be involved in a variety of historical organizations than men who devoted their energies to fraternal societies Brundage notes that after women s suffrage came in 1920 the historical role of the women s organizations eroded 24 After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization coordinating local memorial groups 25 The UDC women specialized in sponsoring local memorials After 1945 they were active in placing historical markers along Southern highways 26 The UDC has also been active in national causes during wartime According to the organization during World War I it funded 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital on the Western front and contributed over US 82 000 for French and Belgian war orphans The homefront campaign raised 24 million for war bonds and savings stamps Members also donated 800 000 to the Red Cross During World War II they gave financial aid to student nurses citation needed In 1933 the Tennessee branch of UDC donated 50 000 for the construction of a Confederate memorial hall on the campus of the George Peabody College for Teachers which merged with Vanderbilt University in 1979 27 28 A university effort to remove the inscription Confederate from the building resisted by the UDC led to a 2005 Tennessee appeals court ruling that the inscription could be removed only if the UDC donation was returned at present value In 2016 an anonymous source donated 1 2 million to the university specifically for that purpose and the inscription was removed 27 28 Memoirs edit The UDC encouraged women to publish their experiences in the war beginning with biographies of major southern figures such as Varina Davis s of her husband Jefferson Davis President of the Confederacy Later women began adding more of their own experiences to the public discourse about the war in the form of memoirs such as those published in the early 1900s by Sara Pryor Virginia Clopton Louise Wright and others They also recommended structures for the memoirs By the turn of the twentieth century a dozen memoirs by southern women were published These memoirs were part of the growing public memory about the antebellum years and the Lost Cause narrative which critics have described as white supremacist as they vigorously defended the Confederacy and its founding principles which included the enslavement of African Americans 29 30 Southern Cross of Honor edit Main article Southern Cross of Honor Southern Cross of Honor nbsp Obverse nbsp Reverse The Southern Cross of Honor was a commemorative medal established by the United Daughters of the Confederacy for members of the United Confederate Veterans It was proposed at a meeting in 1898 with 78 761 crosses issued by 1913 31 32 The medal was never authorized to be worn on the United States Army Navy or Marine Corps uniform 33 Scholarships edit During the first decades of their existence the UDC focused on caring for Confederate soldiers and their widows When the numbers of Confederate veterans began to dwindle they focused on their remaining objectives Education of the descendants of those who served the Confederacy became one of the key interests of the organization 34 Some state divisions within the UDC built dormitories and sponsored scholarships but there was no coordinated support for education by the national organization The divisions were responsible for scholarships and building dormitories for women At the 1907 General Convention Caroline Meriwether Goodlett spoke of the shift in the UDC s focus As monuments were erected she sat by thinking that the monument fever would abate She believed that the most thoughtful and best educated women in the organization should have realized that the grandest monument they could build in the South would be an educated motherhood 35 The UDC combined education with support of the military during World War II by establishing a nurses training fund Each scholarship provided approximately 100 per year for a three year nursing program When a scholarship was offered local Chapters were encouraged to contact local schools to locate students who needed assistance to fund their education 36 In addition the UDC sponsors essay and poetry compositions in which the participants are not to use the phrase Civil War War Between the States being the preferred term 37 Children of the Confederacy edit The Children of the Confederacy also known as the CofC is an auxiliary organization to the UDC The official name is Children of the Confederacy of the United Daughters of the Confederacy It comprises children from birth through the time of the Children of the Confederacy Annual General Convention following their 18th birthday All Children of the Confederacy chapters are sponsored by UDC chapters 38 17 Children are taught Lyon Gardiner Tyler s Catechism on the History of the Confederate States of America 1861 1865 which says that Northerners did away with slavery because the climate was unsuitable that they had no intention of ever paying the South for its slaves after abolition that slaves in the South were faithful to their owners who were caring and gentle people cruel slave owners existed only in the North 37 Before 2015 the Creed of the CofC read Because we desire to perpetuate in love and honor the heroic deeds of those who enlisted in the Confederate Services and upheld its flag through four years of war we the children of the South have united in an Organization called the Children of the Confederacy in which our strength enthusiasm and love of justice can exert its influence We therefore pledge ourselves to preserve pure ideals to honor the memory of our beloved Veterans to study and teach the truths of history one of the most important of which is that the War Between the States was not a rebellion nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery and always to act in a manner that will reflect honor upon our noble and patriotic ancestors The phrase nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery was deleted by the UDC General Convention of 2015 39 3 George Floyd protests edit Main articles George Floyd protests and George Floyd protests in Richmond Virginia During the early morning hours of May 31 2020 the Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy headquarters building in Richmond was vandalized with graffiti and set ablaze during a chain of protests across the city in the wake of the murder of George Floyd 40 The Richmond Fire Department extinguished the fire using nine fire trucks 41 The President General of the UDC reported that the building s windows had been broken and fire was set to the curtains hanging in the building s Caroline Meriwether Goodlett Library 42 The fire was largely contained to the library but there was extensive smoke and water damage throughout the building and charring on the building s Georgia marble facade 42 43 Staff reported that all the books in the building s library had incurred some damage and that library shelving had been destroyed 43 Lost Cause and Neo Confederate views editSee also Lost Cause of the Confederacy and Neo Confederate Meredith College history professor and former CofC member Daniel L Fountain states that organisations like the UDC have deeply implanted the Lost Cause s falsified version of history in the South Rallying behind powerful women such as Mildred Lewis Rutherford the UDC relentlessly lobbied legislatures for public school textbooks that presented a pro Confederate version of regional history and successfully blacklisted other books By targeting the region s middle to upper class children they ensured an army of future teachers and leaders would carry forward and defend their message for decades to come Embedding their version of Confederate history into the sacred spaces of Southern society the home cemeteries churches city squares street names colleges and schools made erasing it physically difficult and personally painful 44 During the period 1880 1910 the UDC was one of many groups that celebrated Lost Cause mythology and presented a romanticized view of the slavery era in the United States 4 The UDC promoted white Southern solidarity allowing white Southerners to refer to a mythical past in order to legitimize racial segregation and white supremacy 45 The UDC worked to define southern identity around images from an Old South that portrayed slavery as benign and slaves as happy and a Reconstruction that portrayed blacks as savage and immoral 46 In 1919 their lost cause narrative was codified in Mildred Rutherford s Measuring Rod to Test Text Books and Reference Books 47 which the UDC endorsed and successfully used in debates over history textbooks across the South 48 More recently historian James M McPherson has said that the UDC promotes a white supremacist and neo Confederate agenda 49 I think I agree a hundred percent with Ed Sebesta though about the motives or the hidden agenda not too deeply hidden I think of such groups as the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans They are dedicated to celebrating the Confederacy and rather thinly veiled support for white supremacy And I think that also is the again not very deeply hidden agenda of the Confederate flag issue in several Southern states 50 full citation needed The Southern Poverty Law Center SPLC considers the UDC as part of the Neo Confederate movement intrinsically white supremacist that began in the early 1890s The SPLC contends that the UDC promotes a reactionary conservative ideology that has made inroads into the Republican Party from the political right and overlaps with the views of white nationalists and other more radical extremist groups 51 52 In August 2018 its website still stated that Slaves for the most part were faithful and devoted Most slaves were usually ready and willing to serve their masters 53 Ku Klux Klan edit According to lawyer Greg Huffman writing in Facing South perhaps nothing illuminates the UDC s true nature more than its relationship with the Ku Klux Klan Many commentators have said the UDC simply supported the Klan That is not true The UDC during Jim Crow venerated the Klan and elevated it to a nearly mythical status It dealt in and preserved Klan artifacts and symbology It even served as a sort of public relations agency for the terrorist group 7 At its 1913 annual national convention the UDC unanimously endorsed The Ku Klux Klan or The Invisible Empire 54 a book written by UDC historian Laura Martin Rose then president of the UDC s Mississippi Division which alleged that the Klan had rescued the South from carpetbagger inspired racial violence 55 Published near the height of the UDC s Confederate statue installation and textbook vetting efforts the book became a supplementary reader for Southern school children 56 57 A local chapter of the UDC funded a now vanished 7 memorial to the Klan erected in 1926 near Concord North Carolina 58 As late as 1936 the UDC s official publication featured an article which lauded the role of the Ku Klux Klan 59 Notable members editAnnie Lowrie Alexander 1864 1929 physician and educator Georgia Benton schoolteacher and first African American member of the UDC in Georgia Fanny Yarborough Bickett 1870 1941 First Lady of North Carolina and first female president of the North Carolina Railroad Elizabeth Lee Bloomstein 1859 1927 academic and clubwoman Lena Northern Buckner 1875 1939 social worker Frances Boyd Calhoun 1867 1909 teacher and author Florence Anderson Clark 1835 1918 author newspaper editor librarian university dean Virginia Clay Clopton 1825 1915 a political hostess and activist in Alabama and Washington DC 30 Sarah Johnson Cocke 1865 1944 writer and civic leader Margaret Wootten Collier 1869 1947 author Amanda Julia Estill 1882 1965 writer teacher folklorist Caroline Meriwether Goodlett 1833 1914 founding president of the UDC Ethel Hillyer Harris 1859 1931 author 60 Una B Herrick 1863 1950 American educator the first Dean of Women at Montana State College 61 Mary Hilliard Hinton 1869 1961 historian painter anti suffragist and white supremacist Willie Kavanaugh Hocker 1862 1944 teacher and designer of the Arkansas state flag Margaret Gardner Hoey 1875 1942 First Lady of North Carolina 62 Vernettie O Ivy 1876 1967 politician and member of the Arizona House of Representatives Kitty O Brien Joyner 1916 1993 electrical engineer and the first woman engineer at NACA the predecessor to NASA 63 Adele Briscoe Looscan 1848 1935 president of the Texas State Historical Association 1915 1925 64 Gertrude Dills McKee 1885 1948 politician and first woman elected to the North Carolina State Senate Corinne Melchers 1880 1955 painter humanitarian and gardener Florence Sillers Ogden 1891 1971 newspaper columnist Jackson Clarion Ledger pro segregation activist 65 66 Elizabeth Fry Page 1943 author editor Eliza Hall Nutt Parsley 1842 1920 founder and president of the North Carolina Division amp Cape Fear Chapter of the UDC Edith D Pope 1869 1947 second editor of the Confederate Veteran president of the Nashville No 1 chapter of the UDC from 1927 to 1930 67 Eugenia Dunlap Potts 1840 1912 writer Anna Davenport Raines 1853 1915 founding vice president of the UDC Mattie Clyburn Rice 1922 2014 second African American to be recognized as a Real Daughter of the Confederacy Lisa Richardson journalist Laura Martin Rose 1862 1917 historian and propagandist for the Ku Klux Klan Mildred Lewis Rutherford 1851 1928 educator writer and White Supremacist activist Rosa Lee Tucker 1866 1946 State Librarian of Mississippi Panthea Twitty 1912 1977 photographer ceramicist and historian 68 Rosa Kershaw Walker 1840s 1909 author journalist editor Fay Webb Gardner 1885 1969 First Lady of North Carolina Jane Renwick Smedburg Wilkes 1827 1913 nurse and hospital foundress Angelina Virginia Winkler 1842 1911 journalist and publisher Rosa Louise Woodberry 1869 1932 educator journalist and stenographer Lynn Forney Young lineage society leader 69 See also editList of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy List of women s organizationsReferences edit Neo Confederate Southern Poverty Law Center Retrieved November 10 2021 a b c Mills amp Simpson 2003 a b c Elder Angela Esco 2010 United Daughters of the Confederacy New Georgia Encyclopedia Athens University of Georgia Press a b Murrin John M Johnson Paul E McPherson James M Fahs Alice Gerstle Gary 2014 Liberty Equality Power A History of the American People concise 6th ed Cengage Learning p 425 ISBN 978 1285545974 They refused to let go of the legacy of the defeated plantation South They celebrated the Lost Cause by organizing fraternal and sororal organizations such as the United Daughters of the Confederacy UDC whose members decorated the graves of Confederate soldiers funded public statutes of Confederate heroes and preserved a romanticized vision of the slavery era Lampen Claire August 17 2017 White women helped build the Confederate statues sparking conflict across the South Mic media company Retrieved September 16 2018 Cox Karen L August 16 2017 The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy Washington Post Archived from the original on August 20 2017 Retrieved September 16 2018 a b c d Huffman Greg June 8 2018 The group behind Confederate monuments also built a memorial to the Klan Facing South The Institute for Southern Studies Holloway Kali November 3 2018 Time to Expose the Women Still Celebrating the Confederacy The Daily Beast Cox 2003 p 2 Robinson Lynda May 31 2020 Robert E Lee statue and Daughters of Confederacy building attacked by Richmond protesters Washington Post Cox Karen L August 6 2020 Setting the Lost Cause on Fire Historians org American Historical Association Retrieved December 6 2020 Simpson 2003 pp 75 76 Muller Matthew G McLellan Corey W Irons Charles F 1996 Shades of Gray United Daughters of the Confederacy Charlottesville University of Virginia Retrieved August 22 2018 DuRocher 2011 pp 88 89 Kutner Max August 25 2017 As Confederate Statues Fall The Group Behind Most of Them Stays Quiet Newsweek Retrieved September 16 2018 Towns 2012 p xi a b UDC Handbook 6th ed Richmond Virginia United Daughters of the Confederacy March 2013 pp 3 5 Minutes of the One Hundred and Twenty first Annual General Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy Incorporated Held in Richmond Virginia November 6 10 2014 p 12 Mills amp Simpson 2003 p page needed Faust 2008 pp 237 247 Blight 2001 pp 272 273 Boccardi Megan B 2011 Remembering in black and white Missouri women s memorial work 1860 1910 Thesis doi 10 32469 10355 14392 hdl 10355 14392 Hall Jacquelyn Dowd September 1998 You Must Remember This Autobiography as Social Critique The Journal of American History 85 2 439 465 doi 10 2307 2567747 JSTOR 2567747 Brundage W Fitzhugh 2000 White Women and the Politics of Historical Memory in the New South 1880 1920 In Dailey Jane Gilmore Glenda Elizabeth Simon Bryant eds Jumpin Jim Crow Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights Princeton University Press pp 115 139 ISBN 978 0691001937 Janney 2012 p page needed Gulley 1993 p page needed a b Tamburin Adam August 15 2016 Vanderbilt to remove Confederate from building name The Tennessean Retrieved August 15 2016 Anonymous donors recently gave the university the 1 2 million needed for that purpose the Vanderbilt Board of Trust authorized the move this summer a b Koren Marina August 15 2016 The College Dorm and the Confederacy The Atlantic Retrieved August 15 2016 Vanderbilt will return 1 2 million to the Tennessee chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy the present value of the 50 000 the group donated to the school in 1933 for the construction of the dorm The 1 2 million payment will come from anonymous donors who gave specifically for the removal of the inscription the school said Blight 2001 p 259 a b Gardner 2006 pp 128 130 Butler Douglas J 2013 North Carolina Civil War Monuments An Illustrated History McFarland p 93 ISBN 978 1476603377 Knight Lucien 2006 Georgia s Landmarks Memorials and Legends Volume 1 Part 1 Pelican Publishing pp 222 223 ISBN 978 1455604814 Tucker Spencer C September 30 2013 American Civil War The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection 6 volumes The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection ABC CLIO p 2202 ISBN 978 1851096824 Cox 2003 pp 73 74 Cox 2003 p 90 News about Nursing The American Journal of Nursing 42 7 820 844 1942 JSTOR 3415840 a b Woodruff Juliette 1985 The Last of the Southern Belles Studies in Popular Culture 8 1 63 70 JSTOR 23412915 The History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy Volume I and II 1894 1955 Raleigh N C United Daughters of the Confederacy 1956 pp 181 189 LCCN 94135238 OCLC 1386401 via Edwards amp Broughton Company Conner Laura 2015 2016 Director General s Message PDF The Courier No 2 Archived from the original PDF on October 22 2019 Retrieved October 22 2019 Vogelsong Sarah Oliver Ned May 31 2020 Confederate memorial hall burned as second night of outrage erupts in Virginia WWBT Retrieved June 2 2020 Moreno Sabrina Daughters of Confederacy headquarters on fire 2 Capitol Police officers injured as violence erupts during second night of protesting in Richmond Richmond Times Dispatch Retrieved June 7 2020 a b Confederate Broadcasting May 31 2020 Latest update Facebook Facebook Archived from the original on February 26 2022 Retrieved June 3 2020 a b United Daughters of the Confederacy Memorial Building United Daughters of the Confederacy Retrieved June 3 2020 Fountain Daniel L May 16 2019 Why young Southerners still get indoctrinated in the Lost Cause Washington Post Janney 2012 pp 12 13 139 Johnson Joan Marie 2000 Drill into us the Rebel Tradition The Contest over Southern Identity in Black and White Women s Clubs South Carolina 1898 1930 The Journal of Southern History 66 3 525 562 doi 10 2307 2587867 JSTOR 2587867 Rutherford Mildred 1920 A Measuring Rod to Test Text Books and Reference Books Retrieved February 26 2020 Huffman Greg April 10 2019 Twisted Sources How Confederate propaganda ended up in the South s schoolbooks Facing South Retrieved January 26 2020 Elder Angela Esco February 8 2022 January 23 2010 United Daughters of the Confederacy New Georgia Encyclopedia Goodman Amy November 3 1999 Democracy Now interview with James McPherson Ed Sebesta Pacifica Radio Network The Neo Confederates Southern Poverty Law Center September 15 2000 Hague Euan January 26 2010 The Neo Confederate Movement Southern Poverty Law Center Breed Allen G August 10 2018 The lost cause the women s group fighting for Confederate monuments The Guardian Associated Press Rose Laura Martin 1914 The Ku Klux Klan or Invisible Empire New Orleans Louisiana L Graham Co Ltd ISBN 978 1333658205 page needed Lowery J Vincent Laura Martin Rose 1862 1917 Author Mississippi Encyclopedia Minutes on the Twentieth Annual Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy Raleigh North Carolina Edwards and Broughton Printing Company 1914 p 39 Cox 2003 pp 106 110 Smith Blanche Lucas 1941 North Carolina s Confederate Monuments and Memorials North Carolina Division United Daughters of the Confederacy p 35 Cook Walter Henry July 1936 Secret Political Societies in the South During the Period of Reconstruction PDF The Southern Magazine III 3 5 42 43 permanent dead link Plans for the Brown Harris Wedding Birmingham Post Herald January 10 1915 p 26 Retrieved October 10 2022 via Newspapers com Binheim Max Elvin Charles A 1928 Women of the West a series of biographical sketches of living eminent women in the eleven western states of the United States of America Retrieved August 8 2017 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Hoey Margaret Elizabeth Gardner NCpedia Glaser Emily Kitty O Brien Joyner First Lady of Aeronautics PorterBriggs Archived from the original on April 16 2019 Retrieved June 10 2019 McLemore Laura 2016 Adele Briscoe Looscan Daughter of the Republic Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 978 0875656304 page needed McRae Elizabeth Gillespie 2018 Mothers of Massive Resistance White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy New York Oxford University Press p 133 ISBN 978 0190271718 Ziker Ann Florence Sillers Ogden Mississippi Encyclopedia Retrieved August 17 2019 Simpson John A Edith Drake Pope The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Tennessee Historical Society and the University of Tennessee Press Retrieved September 24 2017 Twitty Panthea Massenburg NCpedia Retrieved December 3 2018 Lynn Forney Young Mrs Larry Steven Young The Hereditary Society Community of the United States of America Sources editBlight David 2001 Race and Reunion The Civil War in American Memory Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press Cox Karen L 2003 Dixie s daughters the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the preservation of Confederate culture Gainesville University Press of Florida ISBN 978 0813064130 DuRocher Kristina 2011 Raising racists the socialization of white children in the Jim Crow South University Press of Kentucky ISBN 978 0813130019 Faust Drew 2008 This Republic of Suffering Death and the American Civil War New York Alfred A Knopf ISBN 978 0375404047 Gardner Sarah 2006 Blood And Irony Southern White Women s Narratives of the Civil War 1861 1937 Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0807857670 Gulley H E 1993 Women and the Lost Cause Preserving A Confederate Identity in the American Deep South Journal of Historical Geography 19 2 125 141 doi 10 1006 jhge 1993 1009 Janney Caroline E 2012 Burying the dead but not the past Ladies Memorial Associations and the lost cause University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0807831762 Simpson John A 2003 Edith D Pope and Her Nashville Friends Guardians of the Lost Cause in the Confederate Veteran Knoxville University of Tennessee Press ISBN 978 1572332119 OCLC 428118511 Towns W Stuart 2012 Enduring Legacy Rhetoric and Ritual of the Lost Cause University of Alabama Press ISBN 978 0817317522 Mills Cynthia Simpson Pamela Hemenway eds 2003 Monuments to the Lost Cause Women Art and the Landscapes of Southern Memory Univ of Tennessee Press ISBN 978 1572332720 Minutes of the Fifty first Annual Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy Incorporated Held at Nashville Tennessee November 21 24 1944 Further reading editPoppenheim Mary B 1956 The History of the United daughters of the Confederacy Raleigh North Carolina Edwards amp Broughton Co OCLC 1572673 The History of the United Daughters of the Confederacy Volume III 1956 1986 Raleigh NC United Daughters of the Confederacy 1988 via Edwards amp Broughton Company Foster Gaines M 1987 Ghosts of the Confederacy Defeat the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South New York Oxford University Press Parrott Angie 1991 Love Makes Memory Eternal The United Daughters of the Confederacy in Richmond Virginia 1897 1920 in Edward Ayers and John C Willis eds The Edge of the South Life in Nineteenth Century Virginia Charlottesville University Press of Virginia Rutherford Mildred Lewis 1916 What the South May Claim Athens Georgia M Gregor Co Codieck Barrett 2012 Keepers of History Shapers of Memory The Florida Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy 1895 1930 Thesis Cox Karen L 2019 Dixie s daughters the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the preservation of Confederate culture Gainesville Florida University Press of Florida ISBN 978 0813064130 OCLC 1054372624 Breed Allen G August 10 2018 The lost cause the women s group fighting for Confederate monuments The Guardian Holloway Kari October 5 2018 7 things the United Daughters of the Confederacy might not want you to know about them Salon Holloway Kali November 2 2018 Time to Expose the Women Still Celebrating the Confederacy Daily Beast Their name is on all their monuments but maybe because those plaques are rusty and faded people don t realize the UDC is still a functioning organization King Earl January 1 2018 Lost Cause Textbooks Civil War Education in the South from the 1890s to the 1920s Thesis Bailey Fred Arthur 1991 The Textbooks of the Lost Cause Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories The Georgia Historical Quarterly 75 3 507 533 JSTOR 40582363 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Daughters of the Confederacy OfficialOfficial website nbsp General informationWhose Heritage Public Symbols of the Confederacy map by SPLC showing places dedicated to the memorial of Confederates Minutes of the Annual Convention at The Online Books Page United Daughters of the Confederacy at Encyclopedia Virginia United Daughters of the Confederacy politicians at The Political Graveyard Works by or about United Daughters of the Confederacy at Internet ArchivePortals nbsp American Civil War nbsp Society nbsp United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title United Daughters of the Confederacy amp oldid 1185259520, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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