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2009 Iranian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Iran on 12 June 2009,[1][2] with incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad running against three challengers. The next morning the Islamic Republic News Agency, Iran's news agency, announced that with two-thirds of the votes counted, Ahmadinejad had won the election with 62% of the votes cast,[3] and that Mir-Hossein Mousavi had received 34% of the votes cast.[4][5] There were large irregularities in the results and people were surprised by them, which resulted in protests of millions of Iranians, across every Iranian city and around the world and the emergence of the opposition Iranian Green Movement.[6][failed verification]

2009 Iranian presidential election

← 2005 12 June 2009 2013 →
Turnout85.22%
 
Nominee Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Alliance ABII CCRF
Popular vote 24,592,793 13,338,121
Percentage 63.14% 34.24%

Most voted-for candidate by district

President before election

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
ABII

Elected President

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
ABII

Many Iranian figures directly supported the protests and declared the votes were fraudulent. Among them, many film directors like Jafar Panahi[7] (who was consequently banned from making movies for 20 years and condemned to six years imprisonment),[8][9] Mohammad Rasoulof (also condemned to 6 years imprisonment),[10] actors and actresses like Pegah Ahangarani (who was consequently imprisoned),[11] Ramin Parchami (who was consequently condemned to one year imprisonment),[12] sportsmen like the whole Iran national football team who wore green wristbands in their game against South Korea to support the movement,[13][14] scholars like Mostafa Tajzadeh, Mohsen Aminzadeh, Akbar Ganji, Mohsen Sazegara, many religious figures like Mohsen Kadivar, Grand Ayatollah Yousef Saanei, Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Mohammad Dastgheib Shirazi, traditional singers like Mohammad Reza Shajarian, defected Basij and Iranian Revolutionary Guards like Amir Farshad Ebrahimi and those who confessed with covered faces.[15][16]

The European Union and several western countries expressed concern over alleged irregularities during the vote,[17] and many analysts and journalists from the United States and United Kingdom news media voiced doubts about the authenticity of the results.[18][19][20]

Mousavi issued a statement accusing the Interior Ministry, which was responsible for conducting the election, of widespread election fraud and urged his supporters to engage in peaceful protests. He also lodged an official appeal with the Guardian Council for new and more transparent elections. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei urged the nation to unite behind Ahmadinejad, labeling his victory as a "divine assessment".[21] Khamenei then announced there would be an investigation into vote-rigging claims.[22]

On 16 June, the Guardian Council announced it would recount 10% of the votes and concluded there were no irregularities at all, dismissing all election complaints.[23][24] However, Mousavi stated that a recount would not be sufficient since he claimed 14 million unused ballots were missing, giving the Interior Ministry an opportunity to manipulate the results.[25] On 19 June, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei denounced the pro-Mousavi demonstrations as illegal,[26] and protests the next day were met with stiff resistance from government forces, with many reported deaths.[27]

The Green Movement of Iran continued its peaceful protests until 14 February 2011 and radicalized itself demanding a total regime change and departure of Khamenei from power.[28]

Background edit

Ahmadinejad became President of Iran after the 2005 election. The losing candidates at that time claimed irregularities at the polls, but the charges were not investigated.[21] A formal protest to the Guardian Council was made and the group dismissed it without comment.[29] His victory had surprised most observers of the campaign.[30] At that time the reformist camp had mostly either boycotted elections entirely or held back out of disillusionment with past lack of progress.[31] The voting for the 2009 election was scheduled for 12 June 2009 and ended up being extended until midnight that day because the turnout was unexpectedly high.[32] Voting ended up proceeding four hours longer than originally scheduled.[33]

The President is elected by direct vote, however candidates for the presidency must be approved by the 12-member Council of Guardians. Candidates need to win a majority (more than half) to become President. Iran has a two-round system: if none of the candidates wins the majority in the first round, the top two candidates will go to a run-off. The first round was held on 12 June 2009; the run-off would have been held one week later, on 19 June 2009.[34] All Iranian citizens of age 18 and up are eligible to vote. Both the Iranian Center for Statistics and the Iranian Ministry of the Interior stated that there were around 46.2 million eligible voters.[35]

Candidates edit

On 20 May 2009, the Guardian Council officially announced a list of approved candidates, while rejecting a number of registered nominees.[36] Only four candidates were approved by the Guardian Council, out of the 476 men and women who had applied to seek the presidency of Iran in the 2009 election.[37]

Approved candidates edit

Conservatives[citation needed]
Reformists[citation needed]

Rejected candidates edit

Conservatives
Independents

Withdrawn candidates edit

Declined candidates edit

The following people were said to be possible candidates in the election, but did not register within the five days allowed for registration.[42]

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, former President and chairman of the Assembly of Experts, would have been over 75 years old on the election day and therefore ineligible to run by election law.

Conservatives
Reformists

Campaign edit

Background edit

The incumbent was Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The Iranian reform movement attempted to unite behind a single candidate; former President Mohammad Khatami was the leading opponent to Ahmadinejad in some opinion polls, until he withdrew and endorsed former Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi.[49] Former Speaker of the Majlis Mehdi Karroubi, another Reformist, was also running; as was the former commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, Mohsen Rezaee, a conservative with a reputation for political pragmatism.[35] The election marked a return to public spotlight for Mousavi, who had not received much attention since he served as Prime Minister in the 1980s.[50] Reformist opinions galvanized around him as the election grew nearer.[32] He became the symbol for a groundswell of youthful democratic sentiment, despite his personal background and political views.[51]

The Telegraph described the campaign as "unusually open by Iranian standards, but also highly acrimonious".[19] It was marked by heated rhetoric between the incumbent and his challengers. Mousavi and two other candidates said Ahmadinejad lied about the state of the economy, which was suffering from high inflation and a fall in oil revenues from last year's record levels. Ahmadinejad responded by comparing his opponents to Adolf Hitler, adding they could be jailed for their comments: "No one has the right to insult the president, and they did it. And this is a crime. The person who insulted the president should be punished, and the punishment is jail ... Such insults and accusations against the government are a return to Hitler's methods, to repeat lies and accusations ... until everyone believes those lies".[50]

Debates about the economy played the biggest role in the campaign, with the global economic recession looming in peoples' minds.[35] About one in five Iranians lived under the poverty line, inflation was about 25% and unemployment over 12.5 percent[52] (some unofficial estimates reported 30%).[25] Mousavi advocated further privatisation of the economy towards a free market, with a tight monetary policy in comparison to Ahmadinejad's populist fiscal policy. Ahmadinejad's measures to fight poverty were a central issue of his campaign.[30][53] Mousavi drew his electoral base from the middle and upper classes, while Ahmadinejad drew support from the urban poor and rural residents.[35] Civil servants, police officers, pensioners and others dependent on the government, also contributed to Ahmadinejad's base.[54] He turned the financial support of the business class opposing him into a theme of attack.[52] BBC News described his campaign as "one that foresees the death of capitalism".[55]

Mousavi criticized Ahmadinejad for diplomatically isolating Iran by denying the Holocaust and making anti western speeches. He opposed the government's current strict enforcement of Islamic dress and social behavior,[53] calling for an end to the regime's 'Vice Police'.[56] He advocated letting private individuals and groups own Iranian media.[30] Both candidates strongly supported further development of the Iranian nuclear program.[53] However, Mousavi advocated a less combative and tense tone with other nations about it.[50] He floated the idea of an international consortium overseeing uranium enrichment in Iran.[30] The BBC stated about Mousavi: "[i]n foreign affairs, he seems to be offering little change on major issues".[35] Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow, Mohamad Bazzi, stated: "if Mousavi wins, it could create a new opening for dialogue with the United States. Ahmadinejad's continued presence would be a major obstacle".[32] Robert Fisk also remarked a Mousavi victory would mean closer ties with the U.S.[30]

The campaign was the most expensive in the Islamic Republic's history, with the two main candidates spending over tens of millions of dollars in a bid to convince voters. Funds were spent on, among other things, mass distribution of digital propaganda such as CDs and DVDs. Another interesting phenomenon taking place during the campaign was a dramatic rise in text messages sent to Iranian cell phone subscribers – between 60  and 110 million.[52] Mousavi adopted the traditional Islamic color of green as his campaign theme. Young male supporters wore green ribbons tied around their wrists and young female supporters wore green headscarves. Activists used the term 'change' as their primary slogan, chanting "green change for Iran", "together for change" and "vote for change".[57]

Debates edit

From 2 to 8 June 2009 Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting reported nightly debates on TV channel IRIB 3 between two candidates at a time, with each candidate facing the others once. This was the first time Iran had held televised debates between candidates.[58] Each debate lasted for around one and a half hours. During the debate on 3 June between President Ahmadinejad and reformist rival, former Prime Minister Mousavi, Ahmadinejad made accusations regarding former presidents Mohammad Khatami and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and the Iranian Revolution. Rafsanjani responded to these charges on 9 June in an open letter to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei requesting that he stepped in to rebuke Ahmadinejad for his comments at the debate.[59][60]

Endorsements edit

Polling edit

The opinion polls within Iran were considered unreliable.[66][67] A number of polls conducted between relatively small voting groups, like university students and workers, were reported as election propaganda. More general polls reported in the media did not state the polling organization nor the basic facts about the methodology. The results showed a high variance and depend heavily on who was reporting the poll.[66][67] In 2002, the polling organization Ayandeh and another polling organization was closed and its directors were arrested.[68] The director of Ayandeh, Abbas Abdi, spent several years in prison.[69]

Mousavi's and Karroubi's campaign posters in Tehran claimed that a high turnout would reduce Ahmadinejad's chance of winning the election.[57] Karroubi's campaign manager, Gholamhossein Karbaschi, claimed that the chance of Ahmadinejad losing the election would be over 65 percent if over 32 million people voted, but less than 35 percent if less than 27 million people voted.[57]

An independent poll, conducted by Terror Free Tomorrow: The Center for Public Opinion, a nonprofit institute that researches attitudes toward extremism, found that Ahmadinejad was leading by a margin of 2 to 1. 34% said they would vote for Ahmadinejad, 14% favored Mousavi, 2% favored Karroubi, 1% favored Rezaee and 27% were undecided. The poll was taken from 11 to 20 May. The poll was carried out by a company whose work for ABC News and the BBC in the Middle East has received an Emmy award. Polling itself was funded by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. Writing in The Washington Post, pollsters Ken Ballen and Patrick Doherty have used this to suggest that Ahmadinejad's apparent victory might reflect the will of the Iranian people.[70] The poll was quoted by Reuters,[71] Khaleej Times[72] and Jim Muir of BBC News.[73] However, the Irish Times, while quoting the poll, also pointed out that it was taken three weeks before the election, and electoral campaigning in Iran is only allowed for a period of 30 days prior to the election date, which means this poll was conducted only one week into the campaigning.[74] Another critic of the poll, Mansoor Moaddel, pointed out that of "1,731 people contacted [by the poll], well over half either refused to participate (42.2%) or did not indicate a preferred candidate (15.6%)."[75] For comparison, the average response rate in US for such telephonic surveys does not exceed 30%,[76] while the minimum response rate for an opinion poll to be considered scientific by many leading academic journals is 50%.[77][78]

A post-election national poll was conducted in late August and early September 2009 by the American polling agency, World Public Opinion, which is affiliated with the University of Maryland. Of the initial 46% respondents of the poll, 27% did not state their chosen candidate, 55% said that they had voted for Ahmadinejad. Both Mr Karroubi and Mr Rezai received minimal support. 87% of respondents replied that they had voted compared to 85% according to the official figures, which is within the margin of error provided. Also, the survey found that 62% of Iranians had "strong confidence" in the election result whilst 64% expressed a similar feeling towards the incumbent president. This finding almost exactly matches up with the proportion of the vote that Ahmadinejad received.[79]

Polls by Western Organizations edit

Polling organisation Date Poll details Candidate
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Mehdi Karroubi Mir-Hossein Mousavi Mohsen Rezaee

New America Foundation[80]
11–20 May 2009 Nationwide; 1001 people, error margin +/-3.1% (27% undecided); (59% satisfied, 23% unsatisfied) 34% 2% 14% 1%
Global Scan[81] June 2009 reported by International Peace Institute and Charney Research 56% 32%
University of Maryland[81] June 2009 reported by International Peace Institute and Charney Research 61% 37%
WPO (World Public Opinion)[82] 9 September 2009 Post-election national poll;1003 respondents in 30 provinces 55% 1% 14% 3%
WPO (World Public Opinion)
On behalf of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Calvert Foundation[83]
27 August – 10 September 2009 Nationwide; stratified using provincial telephone area codes with random number generation. Around 83% of respondents reported some (21%) or a high level (62%) of confidence in the declared election results, while 13% percent reported little or no confidence in the results. 55%
49% (if new election held)
Unknown 14%
13% (if new election held)
Unknown
Charney Research[81] 30 August – 7 September 2010 Nationwide, error margin +/-3.5%, (the governments crackdown on post-election protests: 59% was correct, 19% went too far, 10% refused to answer). 58% 36%

Polls by Iranian Organizations edit

Polling organisation Date Poll details Candidate
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Mehdi Karroubi Mir-Hossein Mousavi Mohsen Rezaee
Rahbord Danesh, reported by Tabnak[84] 5 March 2009 Nationwide 44% 7% 13% 0%
Worker's Statistical Institute[85] late March 2009 Nationwide survey of workers 36% 8% 52% Unknown
Rahbord Danesh, reported by Tabnak[84] 4 April 2009 Nationwide 40% 8% 24% 1%
Government[citation needed] before 3 May 2009 Unknown 54% (45% in Tehran) Unknown 22% (29% in Tehran) Unknown
[citation needed] 3 May 2009 – 4 May 2009 62 cities 59% Unknown 22% Unknown
Rahbord Danesh, reported by Tabnak[84] 5 May 2009 Nationwide 38% 12% 32% 15%
Etemad-e-Melli[citation needed] before 13 May 2009 Nationwide 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
reported by Ayandeh News[citation needed] before 26 May 2009 10 major cities 34% Unknown 38% Unknown
reported by Ghalamnews
(official Mousavi website)[86]
before 27 May 2009 1650 people on Ghalamnews 35% Unknown 54% Unknown
ISPA (Iranian Students Polling Association)[87] 29 May 2009 National, 11,285 people 54.8 4.7 21.3 2.6
Young Journalists Club (IRIB affiliated)[citation needed] before 30 May 2009 Nationwide; 30,000 people 1st, with "considerable lead over Karroubi" 2nd 3rd 4th
Baznevis, reported by Tabnak[84] before 31 May 2009 Nationwide; 77,058 people 33% 3% 36% 27%
Aftab News, reported by Tabnak[84] before 31 May 2009 Nationwide; 18,391 people; (Who will you not vote for?) 28% 7% 62% 4%
Rahbord Danesh, reported by Tabnak[84] 31 May 2009 Nationwide 32% 6% 36% 27%
[citation needed] before 1 June 2009 major cities 53% Unknown 36% Unknown
Rahbord e Danesh, reported by Tabnak[88] before 3 June 2009 1743 people
Khozestan, Tehran (1,3,4,14,15,22), Eastern Azarbaijan, Gilan, Middle and South Khorasan
29.5% 7.5% 37.5% 25.2%
reported by ILNA[89] before 5 June 2009 Nationwide 300,000 people 24.61% 10.72% 54.53% 10.14%
alleged secret Iranian government funded polls, leaked by Newsweek[90] before 6 June 2009 nationwide 6–8 million Unknown 16–18 million Unknown
IRIB, reported by Alef[91] before 7 June 2009 more than 16,000 people, 30 major cities in each Province 62.7 Unknown 25.7 Unknown
reported by Alef[92] before 8 June 2009 Major cities 61.7 Unknown 28 Unknown
reported by Rooz Online[93] before 9 June 2009 Nationwide; 7900 people 23% Unknown 54%–57% Unknown
Rahbord e Danesh, reported by Tabnak[94] before 9 June 2009 1743 people
Khozestan, Tehran (1,3,4,14,15,22), Eastern Azarbaijan, Gilan, Middle and South Khorasan
25.5% 6.1% 37.6% 30.8%
ISPA (Iranian Students Polling Association)[95] 10 June 2009 National 47 Unknown 31 Unknown

Conduct edit

 
Two screenshots from IRINN, Iranian state-run television illustrating the apparent decrease in votes for candidate Mohsen Rezaee over a four-hour period. The upper picture shows Rezaee with 633,048 votes at 09:47; the lower shows the same candidate with 587,913 votes at 13:53 later that day. Mohsen Rezaee's official website published the screenshots and stated that never during the vote-counting in Iran had the counted votes of candidates dropped.[96]

Pre-election violence edit

On 1 June, a campaign office of Ahmadinejad's primary opponent, Mir-Hossein Mousavi, was torched. The office was located in the city of Qom. No group claimed responsibility for the attack. At the same time, it was reported that an assassination had been attempted against former president Mohammad Khatami by means of a bomb placed on an aircraft he was to board.[97]

Blocking of communications edit

Mobile phone communications were interrupted in Tehran on election day and the BBC has stated that "heavy electronic jamming" was being used to halt their broadcasts.[98] On 23 May 2009, the Iranian government temporarily blocked access to Facebook across the country. Gulf News reported that this move was a response to the use of Facebook by candidates running against Ahmadinejad.[99] PC World reported that Mousavi's Facebook page had more than 6,600 supporters.[100] Access was restored by 26 May 2009.[101]

Alleged vote rigging or coup attempt edit

The New York Times quoted an unnamed employee of the Interior Ministry claiming that "the government had been preparing its fraud for weeks, purging anyone of doubtful loyalty and importing pliable staff members from around the country."[54] The New Yorker stated that "dissident employees of the Interior Ministry... have reportedly issued an open letter" saying that the election was stolen.[51] The Guardian has also mentioned "reports of a leaked interior ministry figures allegedly suggesting Mousavi had won", although the article questioned the credibility of the report.[22]

The Guardian reported on 17 June 2009 that an Iranian news website identified at least 30 polling sites with turnout over 100% and 200 sites with turnout over 95%.[102] On 21 June 2009, a spokesman from the Guardian Council (an organ of the Iranian government) stated the number of votes cast exceeded the number of eligible voters in no more than 50 cities. The Council argued this was a normal phenomenon, which had also taken place in previous elections, as people are not obliged to vote where they had been born/registered.[103]

On 18 June, Iranian film makers Marjane Satrapi and Mohsen Makhmalbaf appeared before Green Party members in the European Parliament to present a document allegedly received from a member of the Iranian electoral commission claiming that Mir-Hossein Mousavi had actually won the election, and that the conservative incumbent Mahmoud Ahmedinejad had received only 12% of the vote.[104][105][106]

Result edit

CandidateVotes%
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad24,592,79363.14
Mir-Hossein Mousavi13,338,12134.24
Mohsen Rezaee681,8511.75
Mehdi Karroubi338,2780.87
Total38,951,043100.00
Valid votes38,951,04398.93
Invalid/blank votes420,1711.07
Total votes39,371,214100.00
Registered voters/turnout46,199,99785.22
Source: Iran Data Portal

Analysis edit

According to Reza Esfandiari and Yousef Bozorgmehr, the election data is consistent with a natural outcome in a statistical sense, allowing for some possible fraud at the local level.[107]

Mohtashami, former interior minister of Iran, who was in the election monitoring committee of Mousavi's campaign claimed that according to official censuses, the number of counted votes in 70 municipalities were more than the number of eligible voters who lived in those regions. In all those cities Ahmadinejad won by 80% to 90%[108] However, "excess votes" have been common in all Iranian elections partly due to the way eligible voters are counted. For example, the Interior Ministry based its calculation of eligible voters on birth certificate registrations. Iranians do not register to vote and hundreds of thousands regularly vote outside their own regions. Shemiran, which had the highest excess voter turnout (13 times the number of eligible voters), overwhelmingly voted for Mousavi.[109]

On 17 June, Tabnak, the news agency close to defeated candidate Mohsen Rezaei whose official vote tally was 678,240 votes in the election, stated that "Mohsen Rezaei, until yesterday afternoon, found evidence that proves at least 900,000 Iranians, who had sent in their national ID card numbers, voted for [him]." However, there is no way of independently verifying whether those who disclosed their ID numbers had actually voted for Rezaei.[110]

BBC Iranian affairs analyst Sadeq Saba found abnormalities in the way results were announced. Instead of results by province, the "results came in blocks of millions of votes," with very little difference between the blocks in the percentages going to each candidate. This suggested that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad did equally well in rural and urban areas, while his three opponents did equally badly in their home regions and provinces as in the rest of the country. This contradicted "all precedent in Iranian politics", where Ahmadinejad had been very popular in rural areas and unpopular in the big cities, where ethnic minorities had favoured anti-establishment candidates, and where candidates had tended to carry their home provinces.[111]

Another anomaly, according to British-based researcher Ali Alizadeh, is that a large turnout did not favour the opposition, since in elections, both in Iran and abroad, "those who usually don’t vote, i.e. the silent majority, only come out when they want to change the status quo."[112]

According to modern Middle Eastern and South Asian historian Juan Cole, there were several anomalies in the election results. Official reports gave Ahmadinejad 50% of the vote in Tabriz despite the fact that this was the capital of Mousavi's home province, Eastern Azerbaijan, where Mousavi's rallies were well attended and which has traditionally given good turnouts for even "minor presidential candidates" who came from the province. Ahmadinejad also won Tehran province by over 50%, but crucially lost to Mousavi in the actual city of Tehran and was also soundly beaten in the affluent suburb of Shemiran to the north of the capital.[113]

Statistical analyses of the official election results were published in Journal of Applied Statistics,[114] an online note,[115] in blogs[116][117][118] and in The Washington Post.[119]

Aftermath edit

Protests edit

Clashes broke out between police and groups protesting the election results from early morning on Saturday onward. Initially, the protests were largely peaceful. However, as time passed, they became increasingly violent. Some protesters began to get violent after the results of the election were announced. Angry crowds in Tehran broke into shops, tore down signs, and smashed windows.[120] Civil unrest took place as protesters set fire to tyres outside the Interior Ministry building and others formed a human chain of around 300 people to close off a major Tehran street.[33]

The demonstrations grew bigger and more heated than the 1999 student protests.[21] Al Jazeera English described 13 June situation as the "biggest unrest since the 1979 revolution." It also reported that protests seemed spontaneous without any formal organization.[121] Two hundred people protested outside Iran's embassy in London on 13 June.[122] Ynet stated that "tens of thousands" protested on 13 June.[123] Demonstrators chanted phrases such as "Down with the dictator", "Death to the dictator", and "Give us our votes back".[55][123] Mousavi urged for calm and asked that his supporters refrain from acts of violence.[55]

 
Protesters in Tehran, 16 June

Ynet reported on 14 June that two people had died in the rioting so far.[123] That day, protests had been organized in front of the Iranian embassies in Turkey,[29] Dubai,[29] Paris,[124] Berlin,[124] London,[125] Rome,[126] Sydney,[127] Vienna[124] and The Hague.[128] In response to the reformist protests, tens of thousands of people rallied in Tehran on 14 June to support the victory of Ahmadinejad.[129]

On 15 June, Mousavi[130] rallied, with anywhere from hundreds of thousands[56] to three million,[131] of his supporters in Tehran, despite being warned by state officials that any such rally would be illegal. The demonstration was Mousavi's first public appearance after the election. Protests focused around Azadi Tower, around which lines of people stretched for more than nine kilometers met. Gunshots were reported to have been fired at the rally, where Mousavi had spoken to his supporters saying, "The vote of the people is more important than Mousavi or any other person."[29][56] All three opposition candidates appeared.[131]

Competing rallies for Mousavi and for Ahmadinejad took place on 16 June. The pro-Ahmadinejad protesters, chanting the phrases "Death to America!" and "Death to Israel!", outnumbered their opponents, but they did not match the numbers of opponents who had protested the day before. Reports from the state media and elsewhere stated on 16 June that seven people have died in all of the protests so far.[25][132] However, The Times quoted a Rasoul Akram Hospital nurse that day who asserted that 28 people have suffered from "bullet wounds" and eight have died so far.[133] Over half a million reformist Iranians marched silently from Haft-e-Tir Square to Vali Asr Square on 17 June. That day, the Iranian opposition group, "Human Rights Activists News Agency", stated that 32 people had died protesting during the events of 24 and 25 June.[134]

 
The Green Protest Rally in Azadi Tower and Square in Tehran.

Government actions edit

Arrests edit

On the weekend of 13 and 14 June, in a series of raids across Tehran, the government arrested over 170 people, according to police officials.[135] Among them were prominent reformist politicians, including MIRO founder Behzad Nabavi, IIPF leader Mohsen Mirdamadi, and former president Mohammad Khatami's brother Mohammad-Reza Khatami, who was later released.[17][136][137] Also arrested were Mostafa Tajzadeh and Mohsen Aminzadeh, whom the IRNA said were involved in orchestrating protests on 13 June.[137] Anonymous sources said that the police stormed the headquarters of the IIPF and arrested a number of people.[21][138] Iranian journalist Mashallah Shamsolvaezin claimed that Mousavi was put under house arrest, although officials denied this.[139] An estimated 200 people were detained after clashes with students at Tehran university, although many were later released.[140]

Acting Police Chief Ahmad-Reza Radan stated via the state press service on the 14th that "in the interrogation of related rebels, we intend to find the link between the plotters and foreign media".[141] A judiciary spokesman said they had not been arrested but that they were summoned, "warned not to increase tension," and later released.[142] Intelligence minister Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Ejehei linked some arrests to terrorism supported from outside Iran, stating that "more than 20 explosive consignments were discovered".[143] Others, he said, were "counter-revolutionary groups" who had "penetrated election headquarters" of the election candidates.[143]

On 16 June, Reuters reported that former vice-president Mohammad-Ali Abtahi and former presidential advisor Saeed Hajjarian had been arrested.[144] Human rights lawyer Abdolfattah Soltani, who had been demanding a recount of all votes, was also arrested on the Tuesday according to Shirin Ebadi, who said that security officials had posed as clients.[145] Over 100 students were arrested after security forces fired tear gas at protesters at Shiraz university on the same day.[140] Reporters Without Borders reported that 5 of 11 arrested journalists were still detention as of 16 June, and that a further 10 journalists were unaccounted for and may have been arrested.[140]

On 17 June, former foreign minister and secretary-general of the Freedom Movement of Iran, Ebrahim Yazdi, was arrested while undergoing tests at Pars hospital in Tehran.[140][146] He was held overnight in Evin Prison before being released and returning to hospital, where according to Human Rights Watch he remained under guard.[147][148] In Tabriz, other Freedom Movement activists and eight members of the IIPF were arrested, with reports of at least 100 civic figures' arrests.[140] The total number of arrests across Iran since the election was reported as 500.[140]

Aaron Rhodes, a spokesman for the international campaign for human rights in Iran, stated that "Iranian intelligence and security forces are using the public protests to engage in what appears to be a major purge of reform-oriented individuals whose situations in detention could be life-threatening".[140] In Isfahan Province, prosecutor-general Mohammadreza Habibi warned that dissidents could face execution under Islamic law.[149]

Censorship allegations edit

 
A reformist protester holding a placard who wrote: Ahmadinejad is not my president.

According to the Telegraph, on 14 June "Iran's regime was doing its utmost to choke off the flow of news from its capital."[150] Reporters from the Italian public television broadcaster RAI stated that one of its interpreters was beaten with clubs by riot police and the officers then confiscated the cameraman's tapes.[21] The Al Arabiya's offices in Tehran were closed on 14 June for a week by Iranian authorities, who gave no explanation for the decision.[151] Meanwhile, the director of BBC World Service accused the Iranian Government of jamming its broadcasts to the country. Peter Horrocks said audiences in Iran, the Middle East and Europe had been affected by an electronic block on satellites used to broadcast the BBC Persian Television signal to Iran, adding: "It seems to be part of a pattern of behaviour by the Iranian authorities to limit the reporting of the aftermath of the disputed election".[17][152]

Al Jazeera English leveled allegations of direct media censorship by the Iranian government, stating that "some of the newspapers have been given notices to change their editorials or their main headlines".[3] BBC correspondent John Simpson was arrested, his material confiscated, and then released.[153] NBC News offices in Tehran were raided, with cameras and other equipment confiscated. ABC News reporter Jim Sciutto also has had material taken. People from the German public broadcasters ZDF and ARD have been harassed as well, with men carrying batons and knives reportedly storming the ARD's Tehran office. A BBC corporate official has referred to the network's conflict with the regime as 'electronic warfare'.[56]

On 13 June 2009, when thousands of opposition supporters clashed with the police, Facebook was filtered again. Some news websites were also blocked by the Iranian authorities. Mobile phone services including text messaging also stopped or became very difficult to use.[121] Specifically, all websites affiliated with the BBC were shut off,[55] as were ones with The Guardian.[33] Associated Press labeled the actions "ominous measures apparently seeking to undercut liberal voices".[21] The restrictions were likely intended to prevent Mousavi's supporters from organizing large-scale protests.[142] The protesters used phone calls, e-mails and word of mouth to get around the measures.[29]

Ahmadinejad has responded to concerns by saying, "[d]on't worry about freedom in Iran... Newspapers come and go and reappear. Don't worry about it."[154] In response to the crackdown, anti-regime activists have repeatedly taken down Ahmadinejad's and Khamenei's websites. According to CNN, the United States State Department has worked with Twitter to expand the website's access in Iran.[56]

Recount edit

Due to opposition protests, the Supreme Leader approved a partial vote recount. This was random, counting 10% of ballots. In order to create transparency, a 12 member council showed the recount on TV and concluded President Ahmadinejad led Mousavi after the recount. The Guardian council certified the election and concluded no evidence of irregularities, closing the election's dossier.[155]

Scapegoats edit

The Iranian government blamed the unrest on a variety of targets, including the Baháʼí Faith who served as "canaries in the coal mine of Iran’s theocracy" as Iran's largest religious minority by their state sanctioned persecution and as "scapegoats".[156] Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel, a Member of Parliament (and previously the Speaker of Parliament) even claimed that BBC stands for Baháʼí Broadcasting Company and made other allegations of Baháʼí involvement with outside parties like the Israeli, British and American governments,[157] though some claim that these accusations had little to do with the religion and rather seemed to be a part of an Islamic repertoire of what a heresy is supposed to look like,[158] and are "categorically rejected" by the Baháʼís.[159]

Iranian political reactions edit

 
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg, Russia
  • Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei initially urged the country to unite behind Ahmadinejad, labeling a victory by him as a "divine assessment."[21] On 15 June, however, he ordered an investigation into the claims of vote fraud.[160] Referring to Mousavi's appeal letter about the irregularities, Khamenei said "the Guardian Council has been emphasized to carry out investigation into this letter carefully," and probe allegations of Ahmadinejad cheating.[161]
  • Former Interior Minister Sadeq Mahsouli said that he had not received any "written complaint" about election fraud or irregularities. He also remarked that the vote proceeded in a way that "ruled out the possibility of cheating."[2]
  • Chairman of the Assembly of Experts Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was reported to have called a meeting of the Assembly, as they had the constitutional power to elect and dismiss the Supreme Leader.[162]
  • Incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, in a live address on state run television on 13 June, called the election "completely free" and the outcome "a great victory" for Iran. He also said, "[t]oday, the people of Iran have inspired other nations and disappointed their ill-wishers... propaganda facilities outside Iran and sometimes inside Iran were totally mobilized against our people." Ahmadinejad praised the country’s youth as well, but made no direct mention of the protests.[121] He later dismissed the protests, comparing them to "the passions after a football match."[17] In his 25 September 2009 speech at the UN he stated "Our nation has successfully gone through a glorious and successfully democratic election, ... They entrusted me once more with a large majority ..."[163]
  • Mir-Hossein Mousavi, the main opposition candidate, issued a statement saying, "I'm warning that I won't surrender to this manipulation." Mousavi lodged an official appeal against the result to the Guardian Council on 14 June.[129] He was not optimistic about his appeal, saying that many of the group's members "during the election were not impartial."[164]
  • Reformist cleric Mehdi Karroubi, another opposition candidate, echoed Mousavi’s demand for the election to be cancelled. He said, "I am announcing again that the elections should not be allowed and the results have no legitimacy or social standing... Therefore, I do not consider Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president of the republic."[136] He later declared in a speech to his supporters in Khoramabad that "this phase ["election dispute"] will not subside until we [Reformist leaders] suggest so."[165]
  • Mohsen Rezai, on 17 June, gave an ultimatum to Interior Ministry to release details of the results by that day, otherwise, he would call for a new election. However, on 24 July he withdrew formal complaints filed with the Guardian Council.[citation needed]
  • Gholam Ali Haddad Adel, a former Iranian parliamentary speaker, called on Mousavi to concede defeat, saying that then "everyone will benefit".[25]
  • The Association of Combatant Clerics, a moderate reformist clerical body which former President Khatami is a member of, issued a statement posted on reformist websites saying the election was rigged and calling for it to be canceled, warning that "if this process becomes the norm, the republican aspect of the regime will be damaged and people will lose confidence in the system."[136]
  • Former Foreign Minister Ibrahim Yazdi said, "[w]e don't have any doubt. And as far as we are concerned, it is not legitimate. There were many, many irregularities." He also described the process as a "coup".[166] On 17 June, he was arrested and transferred to prison.[56]
  • Reformist politician Ata'ollah Mohajerani blasted the election as "The End of the Islamic Republic".[56]
  • Hadi Ghaemi, spokesman for the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, denounced the outcome. He also compared the government's post-election activities to those of the Chinese government during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[21]
  • In a letter published on his website, reformist cleric Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri stated that the government used elections "in the worst way possible. Declaring results that no one in their right mind can believe, and despite all the evidence of crafted results, and to counter people protestations, in front of the eyes of the same nation who carried the weight of a revolution and 8 years of war, in front of the eyes of local and foreign reporters, attacked the children of the people with astonishing violence. And now they are attempting a purge, arresting intellectuals, political opponents and scientists."[167][168]
  • The Iranian national football team wore green wristbands in support for Mousavi in a World Cup qualifier against South Korea.[56]
  • Popular classical musician Mohammad Reza Shajarian demanded that Iranian government television and radio never play his music again after Ahmadinejad called Mousavi supporters "brushwood and thorns". Shajarian remarked, "my voice is like brushwood and thorns".[56]
  • British politician George Galloway has stated that Ahmadinejad "is the president of an important country and we'll just have to accept it."[169]
  • According to three Iranian newspapers 105 of 290 members of the Iranian Parliament invited to attend a 24 June victory party for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad attended the event, suggesting, according to the American The New York Times newspaper, "a deep divide within the political elite over the election and its aftermath."[170]
  • In his 19 June address to the nation after Friday prayers, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei defended the reputations of Hashemi Rafsanjani and Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri despite the fact that "Never before have I mentioned people by name in the Friday prayer sermons" adding that "The live televised debates were a positive step, but these (accusations against fellow candidates) should be removed. After the debates, I had a talk with the president because I knew he would listen to me."[citation needed] This amounted to a criticism of Ahmadinejad, who had made accusations against Nateq-Nouri's family during the debate[171] and accused Rafsanjani of being "corrupt" and whom he had called "the main puppet master."[172]

International reactions edit

 
Map of countries by reaction to the 2009 presidential election
  Iran
  Countries that have welcomed the results
  Arab League members that have not reacted publicly to the results (the Arab League has welcomed the results)
  European Union members that have not reacted publicly to the results (the EU has expressed doubts over the results)
  Countries that have expressed doubts over the results
  No data

Many western countries expressed doubt about the result and/or reacted in favour of protestors. Other countries, namely Brazil and some other Asian countries, amongst others, welcomed the result.

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Kamalipour, Yahya R., ed. (2010). Media, Power, and Politics in the Digital Age: The 2009 Presidential Election Uprising in Iran. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-0415-7.
  • Kamrava, Mehran (2010). "The 2009 Elections and Iran's Changing Political Landscape". Orbis. 54 (3): 400–412. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2010.04.006.
  • Morady, Farhang (2011). "Who rules Iran? The June 2009 election and political turmoil". Capital & Class. 35 (1): 39–61. doi:10.1177/0309816810393940. S2CID 154771293.
  • Honari, Ali (2014). "From Virtual to Tangible Social Movements in Iran". In Paul Aarts and Francesco Cavatorta (ed.). Civil Society in Syria and Iran: Activism in Authoritarian Contexts. Boulder,CO: Lynne Rinner.

External links edit

Official links

  • (in Persian)
  • (in Persian)
  • (in Persian)
  • Mohsen Rezaee campaign site (in Persian)

Images

  • Iranian Protesters Fill Streets After Election Result – slideshow by The New York Times
  • The Big Picture: Iran's Disputed Election – high res images by The Boston Globe
  • Flickr Photos – Iranian Elections 2009 From The Beginning

Video testimonies

  • (in Persian, English, and French) – webdocumentary disseminating and collecting eye witness testimonies of 2009 Iran election

Polling in Iran

  • A discussion with pollster Hossein Ghazian – IranWire in Persian.

Election aftermath

  • Who's Who in Iran? by BBC News
  • Letter from Mousavi to the Guardian Council – Challenging the Results 17 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  • Roundup: Analyses of Fraud in Iran
  • Question & Answer on the Iran Crisis
  • by Robert Baer, Time Magazine, 16 June 2009
  • Coverage from the Huffington Post: Live-Blogging The Uprising, Aljazeera, BBC 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times,
  • The Iranian elections and the aftermath, Analysis by Rouzbeh Parsi, June 2009, European Union Institute for Security Studies
  • Iranian Green Movement between two Elections, 2009–2013 – The Dynamics of Off-line and Online Activism

2009, iranian, presidential, election, presidential, elections, were, held, iran, june, 2009, with, incumbent, mahmoud, ahmadinejad, running, against, three, challengers, next, morning, islamic, republic, news, agency, iran, news, agency, announced, that, with. Presidential elections were held in Iran on 12 June 2009 1 2 with incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad running against three challengers The next morning the Islamic Republic News Agency Iran s news agency announced that with two thirds of the votes counted Ahmadinejad had won the election with 62 of the votes cast 3 and that Mir Hossein Mousavi had received 34 of the votes cast 4 5 There were large irregularities in the results and people were surprised by them which resulted in protests of millions of Iranians across every Iranian city and around the world and the emergence of the opposition Iranian Green Movement 6 failed verification 2009 Iranian presidential election 2005 12 June 2009 2013 Turnout85 22 Nominee Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Mir Hossein Mousavi Alliance ABII CCRF Popular vote 24 592 793 13 338 121 Percentage 63 14 34 24 Most voted for candidate by districtPresident before election Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ABII Elected President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ABII Many Iranian figures directly supported the protests and declared the votes were fraudulent Among them many film directors like Jafar Panahi 7 who was consequently banned from making movies for 20 years and condemned to six years imprisonment 8 9 Mohammad Rasoulof also condemned to 6 years imprisonment 10 actors and actresses like Pegah Ahangarani who was consequently imprisoned 11 Ramin Parchami who was consequently condemned to one year imprisonment 12 sportsmen like the whole Iran national football team who wore green wristbands in their game against South Korea to support the movement 13 14 scholars like Mostafa Tajzadeh Mohsen Aminzadeh Akbar Ganji Mohsen Sazegara many religious figures like Mohsen Kadivar Grand Ayatollah Yousef Saanei Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Mohammad Dastgheib Shirazi traditional singers like Mohammad Reza Shajarian defected Basij and Iranian Revolutionary Guards like Amir Farshad Ebrahimi and those who confessed with covered faces 15 16 The European Union and several western countries expressed concern over alleged irregularities during the vote 17 and many analysts and journalists from the United States and United Kingdom news media voiced doubts about the authenticity of the results 18 19 20 Mousavi issued a statement accusing the Interior Ministry which was responsible for conducting the election of widespread election fraud and urged his supporters to engage in peaceful protests He also lodged an official appeal with the Guardian Council for new and more transparent elections Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei urged the nation to unite behind Ahmadinejad labeling his victory as a divine assessment 21 Khamenei then announced there would be an investigation into vote rigging claims 22 On 16 June the Guardian Council announced it would recount 10 of the votes and concluded there were no irregularities at all dismissing all election complaints 23 24 However Mousavi stated that a recount would not be sufficient since he claimed 14 million unused ballots were missing giving the Interior Ministry an opportunity to manipulate the results 25 On 19 June Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei denounced the pro Mousavi demonstrations as illegal 26 and protests the next day were met with stiff resistance from government forces with many reported deaths 27 The Green Movement of Iran continued its peaceful protests until 14 February 2011 and radicalized itself demanding a total regime change and departure of Khamenei from power 28 Contents 1 Background 2 Candidates 2 1 Approved candidates 2 2 Rejected candidates 2 3 Withdrawn candidates 2 4 Declined candidates 3 Campaign 3 1 Background 3 2 Debates 3 3 Endorsements 3 4 Polling 3 4 1 Polls by Western Organizations 3 4 2 Polls by Iranian Organizations 4 Conduct 4 1 Pre election violence 4 2 Blocking of communications 4 3 Alleged vote rigging or coup attempt 5 Result 5 1 Analysis 6 Aftermath 6 1 Protests 6 2 Government actions 6 2 1 Arrests 6 2 2 Censorship allegations 6 2 3 Recount 6 2 4 Scapegoats 6 3 Iranian political reactions 6 4 International reactions 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksBackground editAhmadinejad became President of Iran after the 2005 election The losing candidates at that time claimed irregularities at the polls but the charges were not investigated 21 A formal protest to the Guardian Council was made and the group dismissed it without comment 29 His victory had surprised most observers of the campaign 30 At that time the reformist camp had mostly either boycotted elections entirely or held back out of disillusionment with past lack of progress 31 The voting for the 2009 election was scheduled for 12 June 2009 and ended up being extended until midnight that day because the turnout was unexpectedly high 32 Voting ended up proceeding four hours longer than originally scheduled 33 The President is elected by direct vote however candidates for the presidency must be approved by the 12 member Council of Guardians Candidates need to win a majority more than half to become President Iran has a two round system if none of the candidates wins the majority in the first round the top two candidates will go to a run off The first round was held on 12 June 2009 the run off would have been held one week later on 19 June 2009 34 All Iranian citizens of age 18 and up are eligible to vote Both the Iranian Center for Statistics and the Iranian Ministry of the Interior stated that there were around 46 2 million eligible voters 35 Candidates editOn 20 May 2009 the Guardian Council officially announced a list of approved candidates while rejecting a number of registered nominees 36 Only four candidates were approved by the Guardian Council out of the 476 men and women who had applied to seek the presidency of Iran in the 2009 election 37 Approved candidates edit Conservatives citation needed Mahmoud Ahmadinejad incumbent Mohsen Rezaee former Commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard and current secretary of the Expediency Council Supported by the Islamic Society of Engineers Reformists citation needed Mehdi Karroubi former Speaker of the Majlis Mir Hossein Mousavi the last Prime Minister of Iran Campaign nbsp Mahmoud Ahmadinejad nbsp Mir Hossein Mousavi nbsp Mohsen Rezaee nbsp Mehdi Karoubi Rejected candidates edit Conservatives Rafat Bayat female Majlis representative from Zanjan 38 Independents Akbar Alami former Majlis representative from Tabriz 39 Ghasem Sholeh Saadi former Majlis representative 40 Withdrawn candidates edit Mohammad Khatami former President of Iran endorsed Mousavi See article on Khatami presidential campaign for details 41 Declined candidates edit The following people were said to be possible candidates in the election but did not register within the five days allowed for registration 42 Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani former President and chairman of the Assembly of Experts would have been over 75 years old on the election day and therefore ineligible to run by election law Conservatives Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf Mayor of Tehran 43 Ali Larijani speaker of the Majlis 44 Mostafa Pour Mohammadi former Minister of the Interior 45 Ali Akbar Velayati Minister of Foreign Affairs 1981 97 44 Reformists Mohammad Reza Aref former First Vice President Masoumeh Ebtekar 46 47 Abdollah Nouri former Minister of Interior former Speaker of Tehran City Council 48 Campaign editBackground edit Further information Mir Hossein Mousavi 2009 presidential campaign Domestic criticism of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Major events in the Iranian reform movement The incumbent was Mahmoud Ahmadinejad The Iranian reform movement attempted to unite behind a single candidate former President Mohammad Khatami was the leading opponent to Ahmadinejad in some opinion polls until he withdrew and endorsed former Prime Minister Mir Hossein Mousavi 49 Former Speaker of the Majlis Mehdi Karroubi another Reformist was also running as was the former commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Mohsen Rezaee a conservative with a reputation for political pragmatism 35 The election marked a return to public spotlight for Mousavi who had not received much attention since he served as Prime Minister in the 1980s 50 Reformist opinions galvanized around him as the election grew nearer 32 He became the symbol for a groundswell of youthful democratic sentiment despite his personal background and political views 51 The Telegraph described the campaign as unusually open by Iranian standards but also highly acrimonious 19 It was marked by heated rhetoric between the incumbent and his challengers Mousavi and two other candidates said Ahmadinejad lied about the state of the economy which was suffering from high inflation and a fall in oil revenues from last year s record levels Ahmadinejad responded by comparing his opponents to Adolf Hitler adding they could be jailed for their comments No one has the right to insult the president and they did it And this is a crime The person who insulted the president should be punished and the punishment is jail Such insults and accusations against the government are a return to Hitler s methods to repeat lies and accusations until everyone believes those lies 50 Debates about the economy played the biggest role in the campaign with the global economic recession looming in peoples minds 35 About one in five Iranians lived under the poverty line inflation was about 25 and unemployment over 12 5 percent 52 some unofficial estimates reported 30 25 Mousavi advocated further privatisation of the economy towards a free market with a tight monetary policy in comparison to Ahmadinejad s populist fiscal policy Ahmadinejad s measures to fight poverty were a central issue of his campaign 30 53 Mousavi drew his electoral base from the middle and upper classes while Ahmadinejad drew support from the urban poor and rural residents 35 Civil servants police officers pensioners and others dependent on the government also contributed to Ahmadinejad s base 54 He turned the financial support of the business class opposing him into a theme of attack 52 BBC News described his campaign as one that foresees the death of capitalism 55 Mousavi criticized Ahmadinejad for diplomatically isolating Iran by denying the Holocaust and making anti western speeches He opposed the government s current strict enforcement of Islamic dress and social behavior 53 calling for an end to the regime s Vice Police 56 He advocated letting private individuals and groups own Iranian media 30 Both candidates strongly supported further development of the Iranian nuclear program 53 However Mousavi advocated a less combative and tense tone with other nations about it 50 He floated the idea of an international consortium overseeing uranium enrichment in Iran 30 The BBC stated about Mousavi i n foreign affairs he seems to be offering little change on major issues 35 Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow Mohamad Bazzi stated if Mousavi wins it could create a new opening for dialogue with the United States Ahmadinejad s continued presence would be a major obstacle 32 Robert Fisk also remarked a Mousavi victory would mean closer ties with the U S 30 The campaign was the most expensive in the Islamic Republic s history with the two main candidates spending over tens of millions of dollars in a bid to convince voters Funds were spent on among other things mass distribution of digital propaganda such as CDs and DVDs Another interesting phenomenon taking place during the campaign was a dramatic rise in text messages sent to Iranian cell phone subscribers between 60 and 110 million 52 Mousavi adopted the traditional Islamic color of green as his campaign theme Young male supporters wore green ribbons tied around their wrists and young female supporters wore green headscarves Activists used the term change as their primary slogan chanting green change for Iran together for change and vote for change 57 Debates edit From 2 to 8 June 2009 Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting reported nightly debates on TV channel IRIB 3 between two candidates at a time with each candidate facing the others once This was the first time Iran had held televised debates between candidates 58 Each debate lasted for around one and a half hours During the debate on 3 June between President Ahmadinejad and reformist rival former Prime Minister Mousavi Ahmadinejad made accusations regarding former presidents Mohammad Khatami and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and the Iranian Revolution Rafsanjani responded to these charges on 9 June in an open letter to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei requesting that he stepped in to rebuke Ahmadinejad for his comments at the debate 59 60 Endorsements edit Organization Coalition Candidate Islamic Coalition Party 61 Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader 61 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution 62 Islamic Society of Workers 62 Islamic Society of Engineers 62 Followers of Islamic Revolution Society 62 Islamic Revolution fraction parliamentary group 63 Association of Combatant Clerics 61 Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front 64 Mir Hossein Mousavi Executives of Construction Party 61 Islamic Iran Participation Front 62 Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization 62 Islamic Iran Solidarity Party 62 Moderation and Development Party 65 Development and Justice Party 61 The Front of Unity of Islamic Iran 62 Mohsen Rezaei National Trust Party 61 Mehdi Karrubi Polling edit The opinion polls within Iran were considered unreliable 66 67 A number of polls conducted between relatively small voting groups like university students and workers were reported as election propaganda More general polls reported in the media did not state the polling organization nor the basic facts about the methodology The results showed a high variance and depend heavily on who was reporting the poll 66 67 In 2002 the polling organization Ayandeh and another polling organization was closed and its directors were arrested 68 The director of Ayandeh Abbas Abdi spent several years in prison 69 Mousavi s and Karroubi s campaign posters in Tehran claimed that a high turnout would reduce Ahmadinejad s chance of winning the election 57 Karroubi s campaign manager Gholamhossein Karbaschi claimed that the chance of Ahmadinejad losing the election would be over 65 percent if over 32 million people voted but less than 35 percent if less than 27 million people voted 57 An independent poll conducted by Terror Free Tomorrow The Center for Public Opinion a nonprofit institute that researches attitudes toward extremism found that Ahmadinejad was leading by a margin of 2 to 1 34 said they would vote for Ahmadinejad 14 favored Mousavi 2 favored Karroubi 1 favored Rezaee and 27 were undecided The poll was taken from 11 to 20 May The poll was carried out by a company whose work for ABC News and the BBC in the Middle East has received an Emmy award Polling itself was funded by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Writing in The Washington Post pollsters Ken Ballen and Patrick Doherty have used this to suggest that Ahmadinejad s apparent victory might reflect the will of the Iranian people 70 The poll was quoted by Reuters 71 Khaleej Times 72 and Jim Muir of BBC News 73 However the Irish Times while quoting the poll also pointed out that it was taken three weeks before the election and electoral campaigning in Iran is only allowed for a period of 30 days prior to the election date which means this poll was conducted only one week into the campaigning 74 Another critic of the poll Mansoor Moaddel pointed out that of 1 731 people contacted by the poll well over half either refused to participate 42 2 or did not indicate a preferred candidate 15 6 75 For comparison the average response rate in US for such telephonic surveys does not exceed 30 76 while the minimum response rate for an opinion poll to be considered scientific by many leading academic journals is 50 77 78 A post election national poll was conducted in late August and early September 2009 by the American polling agency World Public Opinion which is affiliated with the University of Maryland Of the initial 46 respondents of the poll 27 did not state their chosen candidate 55 said that they had voted for Ahmadinejad Both Mr Karroubi and Mr Rezai received minimal support 87 of respondents replied that they had voted compared to 85 according to the official figures which is within the margin of error provided Also the survey found that 62 of Iranians had strong confidence in the election result whilst 64 expressed a similar feeling towards the incumbent president This finding almost exactly matches up with the proportion of the vote that Ahmadinejad received 79 Polls by Western Organizations edit Polling organisation Date Poll details Candidate Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Mehdi Karroubi Mir Hossein Mousavi Mohsen Rezaee New America Foundation 80 11 20 May 2009 Nationwide 1001 people error margin 3 1 27 undecided 59 satisfied 23 unsatisfied 34 2 14 1 Global Scan 81 June 2009 reported by International Peace Institute and Charney Research 56 32 University of Maryland 81 June 2009 reported by International Peace Institute and Charney Research 61 37 WPO World Public Opinion 82 9 September 2009 Post election national poll 1003 respondents in 30 provinces 55 1 14 3 WPO World Public Opinion On behalf of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Calvert Foundation 83 27 August 10 September 2009 Nationwide stratified using provincial telephone area codes with random number generation Around 83 of respondents reported some 21 or a high level 62 of confidence in the declared election results while 13 percent reported little or no confidence in the results 55 49 if new election held Unknown 14 13 if new election held Unknown Charney Research 81 30 August 7 September 2010 Nationwide error margin 3 5 the governments crackdown on post election protests 59 was correct 19 went too far 10 refused to answer 58 36 Polls by Iranian Organizations edit Polling organisation Date Poll details Candidate Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Mehdi Karroubi Mir Hossein Mousavi Mohsen Rezaee Rahbord Danesh reported by Tabnak 84 5 March 2009 Nationwide 44 7 13 0 Worker s Statistical Institute 85 late March 2009 Nationwide survey of workers 36 8 52 Unknown Rahbord Danesh reported by Tabnak 84 4 April 2009 Nationwide 40 8 24 1 Government citation needed before 3 May 2009 Unknown 54 45 in Tehran Unknown 22 29 in Tehran Unknown citation needed 3 May 2009 4 May 2009 62 cities 59 Unknown 22 Unknown Rahbord Danesh reported by Tabnak 84 5 May 2009 Nationwide 38 12 32 15 Etemad e Melli citation needed before 13 May 2009 Nationwide 1st 2nd 3rd 4th reported by Ayandeh News citation needed before 26 May 2009 10 major cities 34 Unknown 38 Unknown reported by Ghalamnews official Mousavi website 86 before 27 May 2009 1650 people on Ghalamnews 35 Unknown 54 Unknown ISPA Iranian Students Polling Association 87 29 May 2009 National 11 285 people 54 8 4 7 21 3 2 6 Young Journalists Club IRIB affiliated citation needed before 30 May 2009 Nationwide 30 000 people 1st with considerable lead over Karroubi 2nd 3rd 4th Baznevis reported by Tabnak 84 before 31 May 2009 Nationwide 77 058 people 33 3 36 27 Aftab News reported by Tabnak 84 before 31 May 2009 Nationwide 18 391 people Who will you not vote for 28 7 62 4 Rahbord Danesh reported by Tabnak 84 31 May 2009 Nationwide 32 6 36 27 citation needed before 1 June 2009 major cities 53 Unknown 36 Unknown Rahbord e Danesh reported by Tabnak 88 before 3 June 2009 1743 peopleKhozestan Tehran 1 3 4 14 15 22 Eastern Azarbaijan Gilan Middle and South Khorasan 29 5 7 5 37 5 25 2 reported by ILNA 89 before 5 June 2009 Nationwide 300 000 people 24 61 10 72 54 53 10 14 alleged secret Iranian government funded polls leaked by Newsweek 90 before 6 June 2009 nationwide 6 8 million Unknown 16 18 million Unknown IRIB reported by Alef 91 before 7 June 2009 more than 16 000 people 30 major cities in each Province 62 7 Unknown 25 7 Unknown reported by Alef 92 before 8 June 2009 Major cities 61 7 Unknown 28 Unknown reported by Rooz Online 93 before 9 June 2009 Nationwide 7900 people 23 Unknown 54 57 Unknown Rahbord e Danesh reported by Tabnak 94 before 9 June 2009 1743 peopleKhozestan Tehran 1 3 4 14 15 22 Eastern Azarbaijan Gilan Middle and South Khorasan 25 5 6 1 37 6 30 8 ISPA Iranian Students Polling Association 95 10 June 2009 National 47 Unknown 31 UnknownConduct edit nbsp Two screenshots from IRINN Iranian state run television illustrating the apparent decrease in votes for candidate Mohsen Rezaee over a four hour period The upper picture shows Rezaee with 633 048 votes at 09 47 the lower shows the same candidate with 587 913 votes at 13 53 later that day Mohsen Rezaee s official website published the screenshots and stated that never during the vote counting in Iran had the counted votes of candidates dropped 96 Pre election violence edit On 1 June a campaign office of Ahmadinejad s primary opponent Mir Hossein Mousavi was torched The office was located in the city of Qom No group claimed responsibility for the attack At the same time it was reported that an assassination had been attempted against former president Mohammad Khatami by means of a bomb placed on an aircraft he was to board 97 Blocking of communications edit Mobile phone communications were interrupted in Tehran on election day and the BBC has stated that heavy electronic jamming was being used to halt their broadcasts 98 On 23 May 2009 the Iranian government temporarily blocked access to Facebook across the country Gulf News reported that this move was a response to the use of Facebook by candidates running against Ahmadinejad 99 PC World reported that Mousavi s Facebook page had more than 6 600 supporters 100 Access was restored by 26 May 2009 101 Alleged vote rigging or coup attempt edit The New York Times quoted an unnamed employee of the Interior Ministry claiming that the government had been preparing its fraud for weeks purging anyone of doubtful loyalty and importing pliable staff members from around the country 54 The New Yorker stated that dissident employees of the Interior Ministry have reportedly issued an open letter saying that the election was stolen 51 The Guardian has also mentioned reports of a leaked interior ministry figures allegedly suggesting Mousavi had won although the article questioned the credibility of the report 22 The Guardian reported on 17 June 2009 that an Iranian news website identified at least 30 polling sites with turnout over 100 and 200 sites with turnout over 95 102 On 21 June 2009 a spokesman from the Guardian Council an organ of the Iranian government stated the number of votes cast exceeded the number of eligible voters in no more than 50 cities The Council argued this was a normal phenomenon which had also taken place in previous elections as people are not obliged to vote where they had been born registered 103 On 18 June Iranian film makers Marjane Satrapi and Mohsen Makhmalbaf appeared before Green Party members in the European Parliament to present a document allegedly received from a member of the Iranian electoral commission claiming that Mir Hossein Mousavi had actually won the election and that the conservative incumbent Mahmoud Ahmedinejad had received only 12 of the vote 104 105 106 Result editMain article Results of the 2009 Iranian presidential election CandidateVotes Mahmoud Ahmadinejad24 592 79363 14Mir Hossein Mousavi13 338 12134 24Mohsen Rezaee681 8511 75Mehdi Karroubi338 2780 87Total38 951 043100 00Valid votes38 951 04398 93Invalid blank votes420 1711 07Total votes39 371 214100 00Registered voters turnout46 199 99785 22Source Iran Data Portal Analysis edit This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is poor grammar and structure Please help improve this article if you can October 2012 Learn how and when to remove this message Main article Results of the 2009 Iranian presidential election Analysis According to Reza Esfandiari and Yousef Bozorgmehr the election data is consistent with a natural outcome in a statistical sense allowing for some possible fraud at the local level 107 Mohtashami former interior minister of Iran who was in the election monitoring committee of Mousavi s campaign claimed that according to official censuses the number of counted votes in 70 municipalities were more than the number of eligible voters who lived in those regions In all those cities Ahmadinejad won by 80 to 90 108 However excess votes have been common in all Iranian elections partly due to the way eligible voters are counted For example the Interior Ministry based its calculation of eligible voters on birth certificate registrations Iranians do not register to vote and hundreds of thousands regularly vote outside their own regions Shemiran which had the highest excess voter turnout 13 times the number of eligible voters overwhelmingly voted for Mousavi 109 On 17 June Tabnak the news agency close to defeated candidate Mohsen Rezaei whose official vote tally was 678 240 votes in the election stated that Mohsen Rezaei until yesterday afternoon found evidence that proves at least 900 000 Iranians who had sent in their national ID card numbers voted for him However there is no way of independently verifying whether those who disclosed their ID numbers had actually voted for Rezaei 110 BBC Iranian affairs analyst Sadeq Saba found abnormalities in the way results were announced Instead of results by province the results came in blocks of millions of votes with very little difference between the blocks in the percentages going to each candidate This suggested that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad did equally well in rural and urban areas while his three opponents did equally badly in their home regions and provinces as in the rest of the country This contradicted all precedent in Iranian politics where Ahmadinejad had been very popular in rural areas and unpopular in the big cities where ethnic minorities had favoured anti establishment candidates and where candidates had tended to carry their home provinces 111 Another anomaly according to British based researcher Ali Alizadeh is that a large turnout did not favour the opposition since in elections both in Iran and abroad those who usually don t vote i e the silent majority only come out when they want to change the status quo 112 According to modern Middle Eastern and South Asian historian Juan Cole there were several anomalies in the election results Official reports gave Ahmadinejad 50 of the vote in Tabriz despite the fact that this was the capital of Mousavi s home province Eastern Azerbaijan where Mousavi s rallies were well attended and which has traditionally given good turnouts for even minor presidential candidates who came from the province Ahmadinejad also won Tehran province by over 50 but crucially lost to Mousavi in the actual city of Tehran and was also soundly beaten in the affluent suburb of Shemiran to the north of the capital 113 Statistical analyses of the official election results were published in Journal of Applied Statistics 114 an online note 115 in blogs 116 117 118 and in The Washington Post 119 Aftermath editProtests edit Main article 2009 2010 Iranian election protests Clashes broke out between police and groups protesting the election results from early morning on Saturday onward Initially the protests were largely peaceful However as time passed they became increasingly violent Some protesters began to get violent after the results of the election were announced Angry crowds in Tehran broke into shops tore down signs and smashed windows 120 Civil unrest took place as protesters set fire to tyres outside the Interior Ministry building and others formed a human chain of around 300 people to close off a major Tehran street 33 The demonstrations grew bigger and more heated than the 1999 student protests 21 Al Jazeera English described 13 June situation as the biggest unrest since the 1979 revolution It also reported that protests seemed spontaneous without any formal organization 121 Two hundred people protested outside Iran s embassy in London on 13 June 122 Ynet stated that tens of thousands protested on 13 June 123 Demonstrators chanted phrases such as Down with the dictator Death to the dictator and Give us our votes back 55 123 Mousavi urged for calm and asked that his supporters refrain from acts of violence 55 nbsp Protesters in Tehran 16 June Ynet reported on 14 June that two people had died in the rioting so far 123 That day protests had been organized in front of the Iranian embassies in Turkey 29 Dubai 29 Paris 124 Berlin 124 London 125 Rome 126 Sydney 127 Vienna 124 and The Hague 128 In response to the reformist protests tens of thousands of people rallied in Tehran on 14 June to support the victory of Ahmadinejad 129 On 15 June Mousavi 130 rallied with anywhere from hundreds of thousands 56 to three million 131 of his supporters in Tehran despite being warned by state officials that any such rally would be illegal The demonstration was Mousavi s first public appearance after the election Protests focused around Azadi Tower around which lines of people stretched for more than nine kilometers met Gunshots were reported to have been fired at the rally where Mousavi had spoken to his supporters saying The vote of the people is more important than Mousavi or any other person 29 56 All three opposition candidates appeared 131 Competing rallies for Mousavi and for Ahmadinejad took place on 16 June The pro Ahmadinejad protesters chanting the phrases Death to America and Death to Israel outnumbered their opponents but they did not match the numbers of opponents who had protested the day before Reports from the state media and elsewhere stated on 16 June that seven people have died in all of the protests so far 25 132 However The Times quoted a Rasoul Akram Hospital nurse that day who asserted that 28 people have suffered from bullet wounds and eight have died so far 133 Over half a million reformist Iranians marched silently from Haft e Tir Square to Vali Asr Square on 17 June That day the Iranian opposition group Human Rights Activists News Agency stated that 32 people had died protesting during the events of 24 and 25 June 134 nbsp The Green Protest Rally in Azadi Tower and Square in Tehran Government actions edit Arrests edit See also Law enforcement in Iran and Human rights in Iran On the weekend of 13 and 14 June in a series of raids across Tehran the government arrested over 170 people according to police officials 135 Among them were prominent reformist politicians including MIRO founder Behzad Nabavi IIPF leader Mohsen Mirdamadi and former president Mohammad Khatami s brother Mohammad Reza Khatami who was later released 17 136 137 Also arrested were Mostafa Tajzadeh and Mohsen Aminzadeh whom the IRNA said were involved in orchestrating protests on 13 June 137 Anonymous sources said that the police stormed the headquarters of the IIPF and arrested a number of people 21 138 Iranian journalist Mashallah Shamsolvaezin claimed that Mousavi was put under house arrest although officials denied this 139 An estimated 200 people were detained after clashes with students at Tehran university although many were later released 140 Acting Police Chief Ahmad Reza Radan stated via the state press service on the 14th that in the interrogation of related rebels we intend to find the link between the plotters and foreign media 141 A judiciary spokesman said they had not been arrested but that they were summoned warned not to increase tension and later released 142 Intelligence minister Gholam Hossein Mohseni Ejehei linked some arrests to terrorism supported from outside Iran stating that more than 20 explosive consignments were discovered 143 Others he said were counter revolutionary groups who had penetrated election headquarters of the election candidates 143 On 16 June Reuters reported that former vice president Mohammad Ali Abtahi and former presidential advisor Saeed Hajjarian had been arrested 144 Human rights lawyer Abdolfattah Soltani who had been demanding a recount of all votes was also arrested on the Tuesday according to Shirin Ebadi who said that security officials had posed as clients 145 Over 100 students were arrested after security forces fired tear gas at protesters at Shiraz university on the same day 140 Reporters Without Borders reported that 5 of 11 arrested journalists were still detention as of 16 June and that a further 10 journalists were unaccounted for and may have been arrested 140 On 17 June former foreign minister and secretary general of the Freedom Movement of Iran Ebrahim Yazdi was arrested while undergoing tests at Pars hospital in Tehran 140 146 He was held overnight in Evin Prison before being released and returning to hospital where according to Human Rights Watch he remained under guard 147 148 In Tabriz other Freedom Movement activists and eight members of the IIPF were arrested with reports of at least 100 civic figures arrests 140 The total number of arrests across Iran since the election was reported as 500 140 Aaron Rhodes a spokesman for the international campaign for human rights in Iran stated that Iranian intelligence and security forces are using the public protests to engage in what appears to be a major purge of reform oriented individuals whose situations in detention could be life threatening 140 In Isfahan Province prosecutor general Mohammadreza Habibi warned that dissidents could face execution under Islamic law 149 Censorship allegations edit nbsp Wikinews has related news News services and World Wide Web companies increase Farsi services after Iranian presidential election See also Censorship in Iran and Communications in Iran nbsp A reformist protester holding a placard who wrote Ahmadinejad is not my president According to the Telegraph on 14 June Iran s regime was doing its utmost to choke off the flow of news from its capital 150 Reporters from the Italian public television broadcaster RAI stated that one of its interpreters was beaten with clubs by riot police and the officers then confiscated the cameraman s tapes 21 The Al Arabiya s offices in Tehran were closed on 14 June for a week by Iranian authorities who gave no explanation for the decision 151 Meanwhile the director of BBC World Service accused the Iranian Government of jamming its broadcasts to the country Peter Horrocks said audiences in Iran the Middle East and Europe had been affected by an electronic block on satellites used to broadcast the BBC Persian Television signal to Iran adding It seems to be part of a pattern of behaviour by the Iranian authorities to limit the reporting of the aftermath of the disputed election 17 152 Al Jazeera English leveled allegations of direct media censorship by the Iranian government stating that some of the newspapers have been given notices to change their editorials or their main headlines 3 BBC correspondent John Simpson was arrested his material confiscated and then released 153 NBC News offices in Tehran were raided with cameras and other equipment confiscated ABC News reporter Jim Sciutto also has had material taken People from the German public broadcasters ZDF and ARD have been harassed as well with men carrying batons and knives reportedly storming the ARD s Tehran office A BBC corporate official has referred to the network s conflict with the regime as electronic warfare 56 On 13 June 2009 when thousands of opposition supporters clashed with the police Facebook was filtered again Some news websites were also blocked by the Iranian authorities Mobile phone services including text messaging also stopped or became very difficult to use 121 Specifically all websites affiliated with the BBC were shut off 55 as were ones with The Guardian 33 Associated Press labeled the actions ominous measures apparently seeking to undercut liberal voices 21 The restrictions were likely intended to prevent Mousavi s supporters from organizing large scale protests 142 The protesters used phone calls e mails and word of mouth to get around the measures 29 Ahmadinejad has responded to concerns by saying d on t worry about freedom in Iran Newspapers come and go and reappear Don t worry about it 154 In response to the crackdown anti regime activists have repeatedly taken down Ahmadinejad s and Khamenei s websites According to CNN the United States State Department has worked with Twitter to expand the website s access in Iran 56 Recount edit Due to opposition protests the Supreme Leader approved a partial vote recount This was random counting 10 of ballots In order to create transparency a 12 member council showed the recount on TV and concluded President Ahmadinejad led Mousavi after the recount The Guardian council certified the election and concluded no evidence of irregularities closing the election s dossier 155 Scapegoats edit The Iranian government blamed the unrest on a variety of targets including the Bahaʼi Faith who served as canaries in the coal mine of Iran s theocracy as Iran s largest religious minority by their state sanctioned persecution and as scapegoats 156 Gholam Ali Haddad Adel a Member of Parliament and previously the Speaker of Parliament even claimed that BBC stands for Bahaʼi Broadcasting Company and made other allegations of Bahaʼi involvement with outside parties like the Israeli British and American governments 157 though some claim that these accusations had little to do with the religion and rather seemed to be a part of an Islamic repertoire of what a heresy is supposed to look like 158 and are categorically rejected by the Bahaʼis 159 Iranian political reactions edit nbsp Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on 16 June 2009 in Yekaterinburg Russia Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei initially urged the country to unite behind Ahmadinejad labeling a victory by him as a divine assessment 21 On 15 June however he ordered an investigation into the claims of vote fraud 160 Referring to Mousavi s appeal letter about the irregularities Khamenei said the Guardian Council has been emphasized to carry out investigation into this letter carefully and probe allegations of Ahmadinejad cheating 161 Former Interior Minister Sadeq Mahsouli said that he had not received any written complaint about election fraud or irregularities He also remarked that the vote proceeded in a way that ruled out the possibility of cheating 2 Chairman of the Assembly of Experts Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was reported to have called a meeting of the Assembly as they had the constitutional power to elect and dismiss the Supreme Leader 162 Incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in a live address on state run television on 13 June called the election completely free and the outcome a great victory for Iran He also said t oday the people of Iran have inspired other nations and disappointed their ill wishers propaganda facilities outside Iran and sometimes inside Iran were totally mobilized against our people Ahmadinejad praised the country s youth as well but made no direct mention of the protests 121 He later dismissed the protests comparing them to the passions after a football match 17 In his 25 September 2009 speech at the UN he stated Our nation has successfully gone through a glorious and successfully democratic election They entrusted me once more with a large majority 163 Mir Hossein Mousavi the main opposition candidate issued a statement saying I m warning that I won t surrender to this manipulation Mousavi lodged an official appeal against the result to the Guardian Council on 14 June 129 He was not optimistic about his appeal saying that many of the group s members during the election were not impartial 164 Reformist cleric Mehdi Karroubi another opposition candidate echoed Mousavi s demand for the election to be cancelled He said I am announcing again that the elections should not be allowed and the results have no legitimacy or social standing Therefore I do not consider Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president of the republic 136 He later declared in a speech to his supporters in Khoramabad that this phase election dispute will not subside until we Reformist leaders suggest so 165 Mohsen Rezai on 17 June gave an ultimatum to Interior Ministry to release details of the results by that day otherwise he would call for a new election However on 24 July he withdrew formal complaints filed with the Guardian Council citation needed Gholam Ali Haddad Adel a former Iranian parliamentary speaker called on Mousavi to concede defeat saying that then everyone will benefit 25 The Association of Combatant Clerics a moderate reformist clerical body which former President Khatami is a member of issued a statement posted on reformist websites saying the election was rigged and calling for it to be canceled warning that if this process becomes the norm the republican aspect of the regime will be damaged and people will lose confidence in the system 136 Former Foreign Minister Ibrahim Yazdi said w e don t have any doubt And as far as we are concerned it is not legitimate There were many many irregularities He also described the process as a coup 166 On 17 June he was arrested and transferred to prison 56 Reformist politician Ata ollah Mohajerani blasted the election as The End of the Islamic Republic 56 Hadi Ghaemi spokesman for the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran denounced the outcome He also compared the government s post election activities to those of the Chinese government during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 21 In a letter published on his website reformist cleric Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri stated that the government used elections in the worst way possible Declaring results that no one in their right mind can believe and despite all the evidence of crafted results and to counter people protestations in front of the eyes of the same nation who carried the weight of a revolution and 8 years of war in front of the eyes of local and foreign reporters attacked the children of the people with astonishing violence And now they are attempting a purge arresting intellectuals political opponents and scientists 167 168 The Iranian national football team wore green wristbands in support for Mousavi in a World Cup qualifier against South Korea 56 Popular classical musician Mohammad Reza Shajarian demanded that Iranian government television and radio never play his music again after Ahmadinejad called Mousavi supporters brushwood and thorns Shajarian remarked my voice is like brushwood and thorns 56 British politician George Galloway has stated that Ahmadinejad is the president of an important country and we ll just have to accept it 169 According to three Iranian newspapers 105 of 290 members of the Iranian Parliament invited to attend a 24 June victory party for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad attended the event suggesting according to the American The New York Times newspaper a deep divide within the political elite over the election and its aftermath 170 In his 19 June address to the nation after Friday prayers Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei defended the reputations of Hashemi Rafsanjani and Ali Akbar Nateq Nouri despite the fact that Never before have I mentioned people by name in the Friday prayer sermons adding that The live televised debates were a positive step but these accusations against fellow candidates should be removed After the debates I had a talk with the president because I knew he would listen to me citation needed This amounted to a criticism of Ahmadinejad who had made accusations against Nateq Nouri s family during the debate 171 and accused Rafsanjani of being corrupt and whom he had called the main puppet master 172 International reactions edit nbsp Map of countries by reaction to the 2009 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2009 A More Conciliatory Ahmadinejad at the U N By Sarah Wheaton Archived 28 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times 23 September 2009 Mousavi says not optimistic on Iran election appeal Ynet Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 Retrieved 16 June 2009 Economist issue 449201 Iran s Ex Foreign Minister Yazdi It s A Coup The Nation The Dreyfuss Report 13 June 2009 Archived from the original on 16 June 2009 Retrieved 14 June 2009 Letter from Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 Retrieved 16 June 2009 Ayatollah Montazeri s letter 16 June 2009 Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 Retrieved 10 December 2020 George Galloway 15 June 2009 You can count on the fact election was fair Daily Record Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 Retrieved 17 June 2009 Fathi Nazila Slackman Michael 25 June 2009 Ahmadinejad Assails Obama as Opposition Urges Defiance by Nazila Fathi and Alan Cowell The New York Times Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 Retrieved 24 February 2017 News Kodoom Retrieved 17 November 2010 Erdbrink Thomas 10 June 2009 Ex Iranian President Criticizes Ayatollah The Washington Post Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 Retrieved 17 November 2010 Further reading editKamalipour Yahya R ed 2010 Media Power and Politics in the Digital Age The 2009 Presidential Election Uprising in Iran Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 4422 0415 7 Kamrava Mehran 2010 The 2009 Elections and Iran s Changing Political Landscape Orbis 54 3 400 412 doi 10 1016 j orbis 2010 04 006 Morady Farhang 2011 Who rules Iran The June 2009 election and political turmoil Capital amp Class 35 1 39 61 doi 10 1177 0309816810393940 S2CID 154771293 Honari Ali 2014 From Virtual to Tangible Social Movements in Iran In Paul Aarts and Francesco Cavatorta ed Civil Society in Syria and Iran Activism in Authoritarian Contexts Boulder CO Lynne Rinner External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iranian presidential election 2009 Official links Coordination site for Ahmadinejad s supporters in Persian Mir Hossein Mousavi campaign site in Persian Mehdi Karroubi campaign site in Persian Mohsen Rezaee campaign site in Persian Images Iranian Pictures of Post Election 2009 Iranian Protesters Fill Streets After Election Result slideshow by The New York Times The Big Picture Iran s Disputed Election high res images by The Boston Globe Flickr Photos Iranian Elections 2009 From The Beginning Video testimonies Iranian Stories in Persian English and French webdocumentary disseminating and collecting eye witness testimonies of 2009 Iran election Polling in Iran A discussion with pollster Hossein Ghazian IranWire in Persian Election aftermath Who s Who in Iran by BBC News Rafsanjani s Gambit Backfires Letter from Mousavi to the Guardian Council Challenging the Results Archived 17 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Roundup Analyses of Fraud in Iran Question amp Answer on the Iran Crisis Don t Assume Ahmadinejad Really Lost by Robert Baer Time Magazine 16 June 2009 Coverage from the Huffington Post Live Blogging The Uprising Aljazeera BBC Archived 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine New York Times The Globe Opinion The Iranian elections and the aftermath Analysis by Rouzbeh Parsi June 2009 European Union Institute for Security Studies Iran Electoral Archive 2009 Presidential Election Iranian Green Movement between two Elections 2009 2013 The Dynamics of Off line and Online Activism Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2009 Iranian presidential election amp oldid 1219492410, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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