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1984 Summer Paralympics

February 02, 2023

The 1984 International Games for the Disabled, canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held. There were two separate competitions: one in Stoke Mandeville, England, United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University on Long Island, New York, United States for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy, amputees, and les autres [the others] (conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes). Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards, seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games, as the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games in Rome in 1960 are now recognised as the first Summer Paralympics.[1] As with the 1984 Summer Olympics, the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games.[2] The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time, arguing that they have no disabled people (called "invalids" by Soviet officials) in the country. The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988, during Perestroika.[3]

VII Paralympic Games
Host cityNew York City, United States
Stoke Mandeville, United Kingdom
Nations45 (USA)
41 (GBR)
Athletes1,800 (USA)
1,100 (GBR)
Events~300 in 15 sports (USA)
603 in 10 sports (GBR)
Opening17 June (USA)
22 July (GBR)
Closing30 June (USA)
1 August (GBR)
Opened by
President Ronald Reagan (USA)
Charles, Prince of Wales (GBR)
StadiumMitchel Athletic Complex (USA)
Stoke Mandeville Stadium (GBR)
Summer
Winter
1984 Summer Olympics

The 1984 Paralympic Games were the last Summer Games not to be staged by the same host city as the Olympic Games. Seoul hosted both events in 1988, a pattern maintained thereafter.

Ceremonies

In the opening ceremonies, patchy showers greeted the 14000 spectators packed into the Mitchel Park stadium for the 2pm start of the New York Games opening ceremony on 19 June.[4] New York radio personality William B. Williams introduced everyone with a welcome speech.[4] Entertainers such as Bill Buzzeo and the Dixie Ramblers, Richie Havens, The New Image Drum and Bugle Corps, the ARC Gospel Chorus and the Square Dance Extravaganza followed the introduction speech.[4] At the closing ceremonies, Commander Archie Cameron, President of ICC officially closed the games with a short speech acknowledging the athletes and the next host city, Seoul, South Korea and was to be held in a conjunction with the 1988 Summer Olympics. The flag of the Games was lowered and american athletes carried the flag back to the honor stand where they handed over to the President of the Organizing Committee, Dr William T. Callahan and Cameron.[4]

Mascot

Dan D. Lion
 
Mascot of the 1984 Summer Paralympics (New York)
CreatorMaryanne McGrath Higgins
SignificanceA lion

The mascot for the 1984 Paralympic Games was Dan D. Lion, which was designed by an art teacher Maryanne McGrath Higgins.[5]

Sports

Competitors were divided into five disability-specific categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired, wheelchair, and les autres (athletes with physical disabilities that had not been eligible to compete in previous Games). The wheelchair category was for those competitors who used a wheelchair due to a spinal cord disability. However some athletes in the amputee and cerebral palsy categories also competed in wheelchairs. Within the sport of athletics, a wheelchair marathon event was held for the first time. The trials for the two wheelchair events to be held at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games was held in conjunction with the New York Games. However, despite the long and established history of using "paralympic" terminology, in the United States the US Olympic Committee prohibited the Games organizers from using the term. The seventeen contested sports are listed below, along with the disability categories which competed in each.[6]

Medal table

Main article: 1984 Summer Paralympics medal table

The host nations, Great Britain and the United States, are highlighted. Bahrain, China, Jordan, Trinidad and Tobago won their first ever medals, with Luxembourg winning a first ever gold.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States*137131129397
2  Great Britain*107112112331
3  Canada878269238
4  Sweden834334160
5  West Germany817675232
6  France716946186
7  Netherlands555228135
8  Australia495451154
9  Poland463921106
10  Norway30303090
11  Denmark30131659
12  Spain22101244
13  Belgium21231458
14  Ireland20153166
15  Finland18142759
16  Switzerland18131243
17  Austria14201044
18  Hungary1213328
19  Israel11211244
20  Yugoslavia11101132
21  Italy9191442
22  Japan97824
23  New Zealand810725
24  Brazil717428
25  Mexico6141737
26  Portugal43714
27  Hong Kong35917
28  China212822
29  Trinidad and Tobago2013
30  Luxembourg1416
31  Kuwait1348
32  Burma1214
33  Egypt1157
34  Kenya1113
35  East Germany0314
36  Iceland02810
37  India0224
  South Korea0224
39  Jordan0123
  Zimbabwe0123
41  Bahamas0112
  Indonesia0112
43  Bahrain0022
Totals (43 entries)9789518512780

Participating delegations

Fifty-four delegations took part in the 1984 Paralympics. Bahrain, China, East Germany, Faroe Islands, Jordan, Liechtenstein, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela made their first appearances, India and Portugal returned to the Games after a 12-year absence.[7]

Reception at the host cities

Odeda Rosenthal, a professor of humanities at a local community college on Long Island and translator for the Austrian team highlighted a number of problems at the games in a series of articles.[4] She highlighted a number of issues such as poor communication, administrative hiccups and even bus drivers not knowing the routes to scheduled events that even caused some teams to miss events completely.[4] Rosenthal continues by slamming the work by the Police Chief claiming the Chief "took the opposite tack of anything that was suggested to sort out the mess".[4] However, overall reports and the general impression given off by the games was a friendly atmosphere and volunteers trying their hardest under difficult conditions.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ "2012 – The Paralympics come home", BBC, 4 July 2008
  2. ^ Bailey, Steve (2008). Athlete First: A history of the paralympic movement. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 35–26. ISBN 9780470058244.
  3. ^ Phillips, Sarah D. (2009). "'There Are No Invalids in the USSR!': A Missing Soviet Chapter in the New Disability History". Disability Studies Quarterly. Ohio State University Libraries; Society for Disability Studies. 29 (3). Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Brittain, Ian (2012). From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford: A history of the Summer Paralympic Games. Illinois: Common Ground Publishing.
  5. ^ "New York 1984 Paralympic Mascot Dan D. Lion – Photos & History". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  6. ^ "Stoke Mandeville & New York 1984". International Paralympic Committee. 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  7. ^ "Medal Standings – New York / Stoke Mandevile 1984 Paralympic Games". International Paralympic Committee. 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.

External links

  • International Paralympic Committee
Preceded by Summer Paralympics
New York–Stoke Mandeville
VII Paralympic Summer Games (1984) 		Succeeded by

February 02, 2023
1984, summer, paralympics, 1984, international, games, disabled, canonically, were, seventh, paralympic, games, held, there, were, separate, competitions, stoke, mandeville, england, united, kingdom, wheelchair, athletes, with, spinal, cord, injuries, other, m. The 1984 International Games for the Disabled canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held There were two separate competitions one in Stoke Mandeville England United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University on Long Island New York United States for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy amputees and les autres the others conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games as the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games in Rome in 1960 are now recognised as the first Summer Paralympics 1 As with the 1984 Summer Olympics the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China East Germany Hungary Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games 2 The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time arguing that they have no disabled people called invalids by Soviet officials in the country The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 during Perestroika 3 VII Paralympic GamesHost cityNew York City United StatesStoke Mandeville United KingdomNations45 USA 41 GBR Athletes1 800 USA 1 100 GBR Events 300 in 15 sports USA 603 in 10 sports GBR Opening17 June USA 22 July GBR Closing30 June USA 1 August GBR Opened byPresident Ronald Reagan USA Charles Prince of Wales GBR StadiumMitchel Athletic Complex USA Stoke Mandeville Stadium GBR Summer Arnhem 1980Seoul 1988 Winter Innsbruck 1984Innsbruck 1988 1984 Summer OlympicsThe 1984 Paralympic Games were the last Summer Games not to be staged by the same host city as the Olympic Games Seoul hosted both events in 1988 a pattern maintained thereafter Contents 1 Ceremonies 2 Mascot 3 Sports 4 Medal table 5 Participating delegations 6 Reception at the host cities 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksCeremonies EditIn the opening ceremonies patchy showers greeted the 14000 spectators packed into the Mitchel Park stadium for the 2pm start of the New York Games opening ceremony on 19 June 4 New York radio personality William B Williams introduced everyone with a welcome speech 4 Entertainers such as Bill Buzzeo and the Dixie Ramblers Richie Havens The New Image Drum and Bugle Corps the ARC Gospel Chorus and the Square Dance Extravaganza followed the introduction speech 4 At the closing ceremonies Commander Archie Cameron President of ICC officially closed the games with a short speech acknowledging the athletes and the next host city Seoul South Korea and was to be held in a conjunction with the 1988 Summer Olympics The flag of the Games was lowered and american athletes carried the flag back to the honor stand where they handed over to the President of the Organizing Committee Dr William T Callahan and Cameron 4 Mascot EditDan D Lion Mascot of the 1984 Summer Paralympics New York CreatorMaryanne McGrath HigginsSignificanceA lionThe mascot for the 1984 Paralympic Games was Dan D Lion which was designed by an art teacher Maryanne McGrath Higgins 5 Sports EditCompetitors were divided into five disability specific categories amputee cerebral palsy visually impaired wheelchair and les autres athletes with physical disabilities that had not been eligible to compete in previous Games The wheelchair category was for those competitors who used a wheelchair due to a spinal cord disability However some athletes in the amputee and cerebral palsy categories also competed in wheelchairs Within the sport of athletics a wheelchair marathon event was held for the first time The trials for the two wheelchair events to be held at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games was held in conjunction with the New York Games However despite the long and established history of using paralympic terminology in the United States the US Olympic Committee prohibited the Games organizers from using the term The seventeen contested sports are listed below along with the disability categories which competed in each 6 Archery Cerebral palsy wheelchair and les autres Athletics All Boccia Cerebral palsy Cycling Cerebral palsy Equestrian Cerebral palsy Football 7 a side Cerebral palsy Goalball Visually impaired Lawn bowls Amputee and wheelchair Lifting Amputee cerebral palsy wheelchair and les autres Powerlifting Weightlifting Shooting Amputee cerebral palsy wheelchair and les autres Snooker Wheelchair Swimming All Table tennis Amputee cerebral palsy wheelchair and les autres Volleyball Amputee and les autres Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair and les autres Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair Wrestling Visually impairedMedal table EditMain article 1984 Summer Paralympics medal table The host nations Great Britain and the United States are highlighted Bahrain China Jordan Trinidad and Tobago won their first ever medals with Luxembourg winning a first ever gold RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States 1371311293972 Great Britain 1071121123313 Canada8782692384 Sweden8343341605 West Germany8176752326 France7169461867 Netherlands5552281358 Australia4954511549 Poland46392110610 Norway3030309011 Denmark3013165912 Spain2210124413 Belgium2123145814 Ireland2015316615 Finland1814275916 Switzerland1813124317 Austria1420104418 Hungary121332819 Israel1121124420 Yugoslavia1110113221 Italy919144222 Japan9782423 New Zealand81072524 Brazil71742825 Mexico614173726 Portugal4371427 Hong Kong3591728 China21282229 Trinidad and Tobago201330 Luxembourg141631 Kuwait134832 Burma121433 Egypt115734 Kenya111335 East Germany031436 Iceland0281037 India0224 South Korea022439 Jordan0123 Zimbabwe012341 Bahamas0112 Indonesia011243 Bahrain0022Totals 43 entries 9789518512780Participating delegations EditFifty four delegations took part in the 1984 Paralympics Bahrain China East Germany Faroe Islands Jordan Liechtenstein Papua New Guinea Thailand Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela made their first appearances India and Portugal returned to the Games after a 12 year absence 7 Argentina 6 Australia 108 Austria 45 Bahamas 2 Bahrain 12 Belgium 35 Brazil 30 Burma 10 Canada 166 China 23 Denmark 36 East Germany 4 Ecuador 2 Egypt 28 Faroe Islands 3 Finland 57 France 115 Great Britain 224 Greece 3 Guatemala 4 Hong Kong 25 Hungary 26 Iceland 13 India 5 Indonesia 8 Ireland 51 Israel 47 Italy 60 Jamaica 1 Japan 37 Jordan 9 Kenya 13 Kuwait 22 Liechtenstein 1 Luxembourg 5 Malta 1 Mexico 54 Netherlands 61 New Zealand 13 Norway 64 Papua New Guinea 4 Poland 34 Portugal 17 South Korea 18 Spain 29 Sweden 97 Switzerland 43 Thailand 4 Trinidad and Tobago 8 United States 236 Venezuela 6 West Germany 142 Yugoslavia 30 Zimbabwe 8 Reception at the host cities EditOdeda Rosenthal a professor of humanities at a local community college on Long Island and translator for the Austrian team highlighted a number of problems at the games in a series of articles 4 She highlighted a number of issues such as poor communication administrative hiccups and even bus drivers not knowing the routes to scheduled events that even caused some teams to miss events completely 4 Rosenthal continues by slamming the work by the Police Chief claiming the Chief took the opposite tack of anything that was suggested to sort out the mess 4 However overall reports and the general impression given off by the games was a friendly atmosphere and volunteers trying their hardest under difficult conditions 4 See also Edit Sports portal1984 Summer Olympics 1984 Winter Olympics 1984 Winter ParalympicsReferences Edit 2012 The Paralympics come home BBC 4 July 2008 Bailey Steve 2008 Athlete First A history of the paralympic movement John Wiley amp Sons pp 35 26 ISBN 9780470058244 Phillips Sarah D 2009 There Are No Invalids in the USSR A Missing Soviet Chapter in the New Disability History Disability Studies Quarterly Ohio State University Libraries Society for Disability Studies 29 3 Retrieved 21 July 2019 a b c d e f g h Brittain Ian 2012 From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford A history of the Summer Paralympic Games Illinois Common Ground Publishing New York 1984 Paralympic Mascot Dan D Lion Photos amp History www paralympic org Retrieved 16 October 2015 Stoke Mandeville amp New York 1984 International Paralympic Committee 2008 Retrieved 6 August 2008 Medal Standings New York Stoke Mandevile 1984 Paralympic Games International Paralympic Committee 2008 Retrieved 8 August 2008 External links EditInternational Paralympic CommitteePreceded byArnhem Summer Paralympics New York Stoke MandevilleVII Paralympic Summer Games 1984 Succeeded bySeoul Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1984 Summer Paralympics amp oldid 1110269272, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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