Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the International Paralympic Committee. These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport. The classifications are for:[1]
Standing skiers with arm impairments, leg impairments or with both arm and leg impairments.
Sit-Skiers, all with leg impairments, but with varying degrees of torso control.
Skiers with visual impairment including blindness, low visual acuity, and limited field of vision.
Standing skiers use the two basic techniques in cross-country: classic-style, where the skis move parallel to each other through tracks in the snow, and the free-style or skate skiing where skiers propel themselves in a manner similar to speed skating, pushing off with the edge of their skis on smoothly groomed firm surfaces. Sit-skiers ride on sleds with skis designed for classic style tracks, propelling themselves with poles. Skiers compete in men’s and women’s individual events over short, middle and long distances ranging from 2.5 kilometres to 20 kilometres based on the type of event. Standing skiers compete in events of varying lengths—sprint (ca. 1,200 m), middle (10 km, men and 5 km, women) and long (20 km, men and 15 km, women). Sit-skiers compete in events of shorter lengths—sprint (ca. 800 m), middle (10 km, men and 5 km, women) and long (15 km, men and 12 km, women).[2]
IPC events use one of three available start formats: individual timed starts, pursuit with multiple starters, and relay with successive competitors. Relay races may have competitors with a combination of disabilities, each of whom is assigned a handicap according to a "Nordic Percentage System." The percentage is applied to each skier’s final time and the skier with the lowest calculated time is the winner.[2]
Sit-skiers compete in a sitting position using a sit-ski, which has a chair supported with a suspension over a pair of skis that ride in a track; the chair has strapping to secure the skier. Standing skiers use conventional cross-country racing skis, which are of fiberglass-composite construction. Both use poles, when able, to provide propulsion.[3]
The history of events has evolved by discipline in the distance categories shown. Note that the four-year cycle changed after 1992 to match the pattern of the Olympic Winter Games.[4]
^ IPC (2013). "Nordic Skiing Classification". IPC Cross-Country Skiing and Biathlon. International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-10-04.
^ ab IPC (November 2013). (PDF). IPC Cross-Country Skiing and Biathlon. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2014-10-04.
^ ab IPC (2013). "About the sport". IPC Cross-Country Skiing and Biathlon. International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-10-04.
paralympic, cross, country, skiing, adaptation, cross, country, skiing, athletes, with, disabilities, nordic, skiing, disciplines, winter, paralympic, games, other, biathlon, competition, governed, international, paralympic, committee, larysa, varona, belarus,. Paralympic cross country skiing is an adaptation of cross country skiing for athletes with disabilities Paralympic cross country skiing is one of two Nordic skiing disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games the other is biathlon Competition is governed by the International Paralympic Committee IPC Larysa Varona of Belarus competing at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Contents 1 Classification of skiers and events 2 Equipment 3 History 3 1 Disciplines and distances 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksClassification of skiers and events editParalympic cross country skiing includes standing events sitting events for wheelchair users and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the International Paralympic Committee These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs have amputations are blind or have any other physical disability to continue their sport The classifications are for 1 Standing skiers with arm impairments leg impairments or with both arm and leg impairments Sit Skiers all with leg impairments but with varying degrees of torso control Skiers with visual impairment including blindness low visual acuity and limited field of vision Standing skiers use the two basic techniques in cross country classic style where the skis move parallel to each other through tracks in the snow and the free style or skate skiing where skiers propel themselves in a manner similar to speed skating pushing off with the edge of their skis on smoothly groomed firm surfaces Sit skiers ride on sleds with skis designed for classic style tracks propelling themselves with poles Skiers compete in men s and women s individual events over short middle and long distances ranging from 2 5 kilometres to 20 kilometres based on the type of event Standing skiers compete in events of varying lengths sprint ca 1 200 m middle 10 km men and 5 km women and long 20 km men and 15 km women Sit skiers compete in events of shorter lengths sprint ca 800 m middle 10 km men and 5 km women and long 15 km men and 12 km women 2 IPC events use one of three available start formats individual timed starts pursuit with multiple starters and relay with successive competitors Relay races may have competitors with a combination of disabilities each of whom is assigned a handicap according to a Nordic Percentage System The percentage is applied to each skier s final time and the skier with the lowest calculated time is the winner 2 Equipment edit nbsp Olena Iurkovska of Ukraine competing on cross country sit skis at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Sit skiers compete in a sitting position using a sit ski which has a chair supported with a suspension over a pair of skis that ride in a track the chair has strapping to secure the skier Standing skiers use conventional cross country racing skis which are of fiberglass composite construction Both use poles when able to provide propulsion 3 History editAccording to the IPC paralympic cross country skiing was introduced at the 1976 inaugural Winter Paralympics in Ornskoldsvik Sweden initially using the classic technique Skate skiing was first sanctioned at the Innsbruck 1984 Winter Paralympics and became a medal race 1992 in Albertville France With the Lillehammer 1994 Winter Paralympics Nordic skiers first competed in the same venue used for the associated Olympic Winter Games 3 Disciplines and distances edit The history of events has evolved by discipline in the distance categories shown Note that the four year cycle changed after 1992 to match the pattern of the Olympic Winter Games 4 Games M W Distance 1976 men 5 km 10 km 15 km 3x 5 km 3x 10 km women 5 km 10 km 3x 5 km 1980 men 5 km 10 km 20 km 4x 5 km 4x 10 km women 5 km 10 km 4x 5 km 1984 men 5 km 10 km 3x 2 5 km 4x 5 km 4x 10 km women 2 5 km 5 km 10 km 3x 5 km 4x 5 km 1988 men 5 km 10 km 15 km 20 km 30 km 3x 2 5 km 4x 5 km 4x 10 km women 2 5 km 5 km 10 km 3x 5 km 1992 men 5 km 10 km 20 km 30 km 3x 2 5 km 3x 5 km 4x 5 km women 2 5 km 5 km 10 km 1994 men 5 km c 15 km f 20 km c 4x 5 km Sit ski 5 km 10 km 15 km 3x 2 5 km women 5 km c 5 km f 10 km c 3x 2 5 km Sit ski 2 5 km 5 km 10 km 1998 men 5 km c 15 km f 20 km c 3x 2 5 km 4x 5 km Sit ski 5 km 10 km 15 km women 5 km c 5 km f 15 km c 3x 2 5 km Sit ski 2 5 km 5 km 10 km 2002 men 5 km c 10 km f 20 km f 1x2 5 2x 5 km Sit ski 5 km 10 km 15 km women 5 km c 10 km f 15 km f 3x 2 5 km Sit ski 2 5 km 5 km 10 km 2006 men 5 km 10 km 20 km 1x 3 75 2x 5 km Sit ski 5 km 10 km 15 km women 5 km 10 km 15 km 3x 2 5 km Sit ski 2 5 km 5 km 10 km 2010 men 1 km c 10 km c 20 km f 1x 4 2x 5 km Sit ski 1 km 10 km 15 km women 1 km c 5 km c 15 km f 3x 2 5 km Sit ski 1 km 5 km 10 km c classic style f free style skate skiing See also editCross country skiing at the Winter Paralympics Ski for LightReferences edit IPC 2013 Nordic Skiing Classification IPC Cross Country Skiing and Biathlon International Paralympic Committee Retrieved 2014 10 04 a b IPC November 2013 Nordic Skiing Rules and Regulations PDF IPC Cross Country Skiing and Biathlon International Paralympic Committee Archived from the original PDF on 2014 01 06 Retrieved 2014 10 04 a b IPC 2013 About the sport IPC Cross Country Skiing and Biathlon International Paralympic Committee Retrieved 2014 10 04 IPC November 2013 General Search IPC Historical Results Database International Paralympic Committee Retrieved 2014 10 04 External links editIPC Nordic Skiing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paralympic cross country skiing amp oldid 1181189939, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
