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Yellow-breasted chat

January 01, 1970

"Icteria" redirects here. For the yellowing of the skin and eyes (icterus or icteric), see jaundice.
Not to be confused with Icteridae.

The yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) is a large songbird found in North America, and is the only member of the family Icteriidae. It was once a member of the New World warbler family Parulidae, but in 2017, the American Ornithological Society moved it to its own family. Its placement is not definitively resolved.

Yellow-breasted chat
Near the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Emberizoidea
Family: Icteriidae
Baird, 1858
Genus: Icteria
Vieillot, 1808
Species:
I. virens
Binomial name
Icteria virens
  Breeding
  Migration
  Nonbreeding
Synonyms

Turdus virens Linnaeus, 1758

Taxonomy edit

The yellow-breasted chat was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus, coined the binomial name Turdus virens, and specified the type locality as "America".[2] The specific epithet is Latin meaning "green".[3] The locality has been restricted to South Carolina.[4] Linnaeus based his account on the "yellow brested chat" that had been described and illustrated by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in his book The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.[5] It is now the only species placed in the genus Icteria that was introduced in 1808 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot.[6][7] It is also the only species placed in the family Icteriidae that was introduced (as Icterieae) in 1858 by the American naturalist Spencer Baird.[7][8][9]

The yellow-breasted chat was formerly considered the largest member of the family Parulidae, but following taxonomic studies, it was moved to the monotypic family Icteriidae in 2017.[10] Although Icteriidae is a distinct family from the New World blackbirds (Icteridae), which have a very similar name, taxonomic studies support them as being the closest living relatives of one another, and in a 2019 study[11] Carl Oliveros and colleagues actually classified the yellow-breasted chat as a member of Icteridae. In addition, the former grouping of the yellow-breasted chat as a warbler was not too far off because phylogenomic studies have placed Parulidae as sister to a clade that includes Icteridae. Those results make it reasonable to view Parulidae the sister group to the clade comprising Icteridae and Icteriidae, as in Oliveros et al.[11]

The cladogram below shows the relationship of the yellow-breasted chat to the other families. It is based on the molecular phylogenetic study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators that was published in 2019.[11] The species numbers are taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).[7]

Parulidae – New World warblers (120 species)

Icteriidae – yellow-breasted chat

Icteridae – New World blackbirds (108 species)

Description edit

When considered part of the family Parulidae (New World warblers), the yellow-breasted chat was the largest species of parulid. In fact, it can often weigh more than twice as much as other parulid species, but the membership in this taxonomic family is disputed.

This species has a total length of 17 to 19.1 cm (6.7 to 7.5 in) and a wingspan of 23 to 27 cm (9.1 to 10.6 in). Body mass can range from 20.2 to 33.8 g (0.71 to 1.19 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 7.1 to 8.4 cm (2.8 to 3.3 in), the elongated tail is 6.9 to 8.6 cm (2.7 to 3.4 in), the relatively long, heavy bill is 1.3 to 1.6 cm (0.51 to 0.63 in), and the tarsus is 2.5 to 3.1 cm (0.98 to 1.22 in).[12] These birds have olive upper parts with white bellies and bright-yellow throats and breasts. Other signature features of yellow-breasted chats are their large, white eye rings, and blackish legs. When seen, this species is unlikely to be mistaken for any other bird.

The song is an odd, variable mixture of cackles, clucks, whistles, and hoots. Their calls are harsh chak's. Unlike most warblers, this species has been known to mimic the calls of other birds. Thus, less experienced field birdwatchers sometimes overlook chats after mistaking their song for species such as grey catbirds and brown thrashers, which share similar habitat preferences and skulking habits, though are generally much more abundant. During the breeding season, chats are at their most conspicuous, as they usually sing from exposed locations and even fly in the open while gurgling their songs.[13]

Distribution and habitat edit

The yellow-breasted chat is found throughout North America. It breeds from the southern plains of Canada to central Mexico, and mainly migrates to Mexico and Central America for the winter, although some may overwinter in coastal areas farther north. This species occurs in areas where dense shrubbery is common. Today, its habitat often consists of abandoned farmland and other rural areas where overgrown vegetation proliferates.

Behaviour edit

 
Eating a small snail in a public plaza in New York City

The yellow-breasted chat is a shy, skulking species of bird, often being heard but not seen.

Breeding edit

The breeding habitat is dense, brushy vegetation or hedgerows. The nest is a bulky cup made of grasses, leaves, strips of bark, and stems of weeds, and lined with finer grasses, wiry plant stems, pine needles, and sometimes roots and hair. The nest is placed in thick shrub and often only about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) above the ground. The clutch is three to five creamy-white eggs with reddish-brown blotches or speckles. These are incubated by the female and hatch in 11 to 12 days. Both parents tend the young, which fledge in 8 to 11 days. Chats are apparently vigilant guards of their nests, as parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds is not as frequent as with other cup-nest builders.[14] They are not as monogamous, though, as other warblers. In one study in central Kentucky, DNA fingerprinting revealed that 17% of 29 yellow-breasted chat nestlings were not sired by the male of the social pair and three of nine broods contained at least one extra-pair nestling.

Food and feeding edit

Yellow-breasted chats are omnivorous birds, and forage in dense vegetation. Mostly, this species feeds on insects and berries, including blackberries and wild grapes. Insects up to moderate sizes, including grasshoppers, bugs, beetles, weevils, bees, wasps, tent caterpillars, ants, moths, and mayflies, are typically preyed upon and are gleaned from dense vegetation.[14] Other invertebrates, including spiders, are occasionally eaten, as well. Uniquely for a passerine of its size, the chat occasionally grips food with its feet before it eats.

Status edit

Yellow-breasted chats are declining in eastern North America due to habitat loss and degradation due to deforestation and urban development. This species, though less vulnerable than other cup nesters, is still sometimes victim to brood parasitism from brown-headed cowbirds that have taken advantage of the fragmentation of eastern forests to expand their range during the last century. The species still occurs over a wide range, though, and is considered to be of least concern globally.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Icteria virens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22722057A132011103. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22722057A132011103.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 171.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 81.
  5. ^ Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (in English and French). Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 50, Plate 50.
  6. ^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1807). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale : contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Chez Desray. pp. iv, 85. Although the title page bears the year 1807, the volume was not publish until 1808. See: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.
  7. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Caribbean "tanagers", Wrenthrush, Yellow-breasted Chat". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  8. ^ Baird, Spencer F. (1858). Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practical and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean made under the direction of the secretary of war in 1853-1856. Vol. 9 Birds. Washington: Beverly Tucker, printer. p. 248.
  9. ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 117, 155, 213, 224.
  10. ^ Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, John L.; Kratter, Andrew W; Lovette, Irby J; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (2017). "Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 134 (3): 751–773. doi:10.1642/AUK-17-72.1.
  11. ^ a b c Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
  12. ^ Jon Curson, David Quinn and David Beadle. 1994. New World Warblers: An Identification Guide, ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.
  13. ^ Yellow-breasted Chat, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  14. ^ a b Yellow-breasted Chat. Wbu.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.

Further reading edit

  • Thompson, C.F.; Eckerle, K.P. (2022). Rodewald, P.G.; Keeney, B.K. (eds.). "Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens), version 2.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 7 February 2024.

External links edit

  • Yellow-breasted chat at AviBase
  • at CT Department of Environmental Protection
  • Yellow-breasted chat Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  • Yellow-breasted chat – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
  • [usurped] (for Antigua and Barbuda)
  • Yellow-breasted chat videos on the Internet Bird Collection
  • Yellow-breasted chat photo gallery VIREO

January 01, 1970
yellow, breasted, chat, icteria, redirects, here, yellowing, skin, eyes, icterus, icteric, jaundice, confused, with, icteridae, yellow, breasted, chat, icteria, virens, large, songbird, found, north, america, only, member, family, icteriidae, once, member, wor. Icteria redirects here For the yellowing of the skin and eyes icterus or icteric see jaundice Not to be confused with Icteridae The yellow breasted chat Icteria virens is a large songbird found in North America and is the only member of the family Icteriidae It was once a member of the New World warbler family Parulidae but in 2017 the American Ornithological Society moved it to its own family Its placement is not definitively resolved Yellow breasted chat Near the Siskiyou Mountains Oregon Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Superfamily Emberizoidea Family IcteriidaeBaird 1858 Genus IcteriaVieillot 1808 Species I virens Binomial name Icteria virens Linnaeus 1758 Breeding Migration Nonbreeding Synonyms Turdus virens Linnaeus 1758 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour 4 1 Breeding 4 2 Food and feeding 5 Status 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksTaxonomy editThe yellow breasted chat was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus coined the binomial name Turdus virens and specified the type locality as America 2 The specific epithet is Latin meaning green 3 The locality has been restricted to South Carolina 4 Linnaeus based his account on the yellow brested chat that had been described and illustrated by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in his book The Natural History of Carolina Florida and the Bahama Islands 5 It is now the only species placed in the genus Icteria that was introduced in 1808 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot 6 7 It is also the only species placed in the family Icteriidae that was introduced as Icterieae in 1858 by the American naturalist Spencer Baird 7 8 9 The yellow breasted chat was formerly considered the largest member of the family Parulidae but following taxonomic studies it was moved to the monotypic family Icteriidae in 2017 10 Although Icteriidae is a distinct family from the New World blackbirds Icteridae which have a very similar name taxonomic studies support them as being the closest living relatives of one another and in a 2019 study 11 Carl Oliveros and colleagues actually classified the yellow breasted chat as a member of Icteridae In addition the former grouping of the yellow breasted chat as a warbler was not too far off because phylogenomic studies have placed Parulidae as sister to a clade that includes Icteridae Those results make it reasonable to view Parulidae the sister group to the clade comprising Icteridae and Icteriidae as in Oliveros et al 11 The cladogram below shows the relationship of the yellow breasted chat to the other families It is based on the molecular phylogenetic study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators that was published in 2019 11 The species numbers are taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee IOC 7 Parulidae New World warblers 120 species Icteriidae yellow breasted chat Icteridae New World blackbirds 108 species Description editWhen considered part of the family Parulidae New World warblers the yellow breasted chat was the largest species of parulid In fact it can often weigh more than twice as much as other parulid species but the membership in this taxonomic family is disputed This species has a total length of 17 to 19 1 cm 6 7 to 7 5 in and a wingspan of 23 to 27 cm 9 1 to 10 6 in Body mass can range from 20 2 to 33 8 g 0 71 to 1 19 oz Among standard measurements the wing chord is 7 1 to 8 4 cm 2 8 to 3 3 in the elongated tail is 6 9 to 8 6 cm 2 7 to 3 4 in the relatively long heavy bill is 1 3 to 1 6 cm 0 51 to 0 63 in and the tarsus is 2 5 to 3 1 cm 0 98 to 1 22 in 12 These birds have olive upper parts with white bellies and bright yellow throats and breasts Other signature features of yellow breasted chats are their large white eye rings and blackish legs When seen this species is unlikely to be mistaken for any other bird The song is an odd variable mixture of cackles clucks whistles and hoots Their calls are harsh chak s Unlike most warblers this species has been known to mimic the calls of other birds Thus less experienced field birdwatchers sometimes overlook chats after mistaking their song for species such as grey catbirds and brown thrashers which share similar habitat preferences and skulking habits though are generally much more abundant During the breeding season chats are at their most conspicuous as they usually sing from exposed locations and even fly in the open while gurgling their songs 13 Distribution and habitat editThe yellow breasted chat is found throughout North America It breeds from the southern plains of Canada to central Mexico and mainly migrates to Mexico and Central America for the winter although some may overwinter in coastal areas farther north This species occurs in areas where dense shrubbery is common Today its habitat often consists of abandoned farmland and other rural areas where overgrown vegetation proliferates Behaviour edit nbsp Eating a small snail in a public plaza in New York City The yellow breasted chat is a shy skulking species of bird often being heard but not seen Breeding edit The breeding habitat is dense brushy vegetation or hedgerows The nest is a bulky cup made of grasses leaves strips of bark and stems of weeds and lined with finer grasses wiry plant stems pine needles and sometimes roots and hair The nest is placed in thick shrub and often only about 2 5 m 8 ft 2 in above the ground The clutch is three to five creamy white eggs with reddish brown blotches or speckles These are incubated by the female and hatch in 11 to 12 days Both parents tend the young which fledge in 8 to 11 days Chats are apparently vigilant guards of their nests as parasitism by brown headed cowbirds is not as frequent as with other cup nest builders 14 They are not as monogamous though as other warblers In one study in central Kentucky DNA fingerprinting revealed that 17 of 29 yellow breasted chat nestlings were not sired by the male of the social pair and three of nine broods contained at least one extra pair nestling Food and feeding edit Yellow breasted chats are omnivorous birds and forage in dense vegetation Mostly this species feeds on insects and berries including blackberries and wild grapes Insects up to moderate sizes including grasshoppers bugs beetles weevils bees wasps tent caterpillars ants moths and mayflies are typically preyed upon and are gleaned from dense vegetation 14 Other invertebrates including spiders are occasionally eaten as well Uniquely for a passerine of its size the chat occasionally grips food with its feet before it eats Status editYellow breasted chats are declining in eastern North America due to habitat loss and degradation due to deforestation and urban development This species though less vulnerable than other cup nesters is still sometimes victim to brood parasitism from brown headed cowbirds that have taken advantage of the fragmentation of eastern forests to expand their range during the last century The species still occurs over a wide range though and is considered to be of least concern globally 1 References edit a b BirdLife International 2018 Icteria virens IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T22722057A132011103 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T22722057A132011103 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Linnaeus Carl 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 10th ed Holmiae Laurentii Salvii p 171 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 402 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Paynter Raymond A Jr ed 1968 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 14 Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 81 Catesby Mark 1729 1732 The Natural History of Carolina Florida and the Bahama Islands in English and French Vol 1 London W Innys and R Manby p 50 Plate 50 Vieillot Louis Pierre 1807 Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l Amerique Septentrionale contenant un grand nombre d especes decrites ou figurees pour la premiere fois in French Vol 1 Paris Chez Desray pp iv 85 Although the title page bears the year 1807 the volume was not publish until 1808 See Dickinson E C Overstreet L K Dowsett R J Bruce M D 2011 Priority The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology a Directory to the literature and its reviewers Northampton UK Aves Press p 157 ISBN 978 0 9568611 1 5 a b c Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds December 2023 Caribbean tanagers Wrenthrush Yellow breasted Chat IOC World Bird List Version 14 1 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 6 February 2024 Baird Spencer F 1858 Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practical and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean made under the direction of the secretary of war in 1853 1856 Vol 9 Birds Washington Beverly Tucker printer p 248 Bock Walter J 1994 History and Nomenclature of Avian Family Group Names Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Vol 222 New York American Museum of Natural History pp 117 155 213 224 Chesser R Terry Burns Kevin J Cicero Carla Dunn John L Kratter Andrew W Lovette Irby J Rasmussen Pamela C Remsen J V Jr Rising James D Stotz Douglas F Winker Kevin 2017 Fifty eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society s Check list of North American Birds The Auk 134 3 751 773 doi 10 1642 AUK 17 72 1 a b c Oliveros C H et al 2019 Earth history and the passerine superradiation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 116 16 7916 7925 Bibcode 2019PNAS 116 7916O doi 10 1073 pnas 1813206116 PMC 6475423 PMID 30936315 Jon Curson David Quinn and David Beadle 1994 New World Warblers An Identification Guide ISBN 0 7136 3932 6 Yellow breasted Chat Life History All About Birds Cornell Lab of Ornithology Allaboutbirds org Retrieved on 2012 08 24 a b Yellow breasted Chat Wbu com Retrieved on 2012 08 24 Further reading editThompson C F Eckerle K P 2022 Rodewald P G Keeney B K eds Yellow breasted Chat Icteria virens version 2 0 Birds of the World Ithaca NY USA Cornell Lab of Ornithology Retrieved 7 February 2024 External links editYellow breasted chat at AviBase Yellow breasted chat at CT Department of Environmental Protection Yellow breasted chat Species Account Cornell Lab of Ornithology Yellow breasted chat USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Stamps usurped for Antigua and Barbuda Yellow breasted chat videos on the Internet Bird Collection Yellow breasted chat photo gallery VIREO Yellow breasted chat bird sound Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yellow breasted chat amp oldid 1215345704, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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