fbpx
Wikipedia

Hotspot (geology)

January 01, 1970

In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle.[1] Examples include the Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone hotspots. A hotspot's position on the Earth's surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries, and so hotspots may create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them.

Diagram showing a cross section through Earth at the Hawaii hotspot. Magma originating in the mantle rises into the asthenosphere and lithosphere. A chain of volcanoes is created as the lithosphere moves over the source of magma.

There are two hypotheses that attempt to explain their origins. One suggests that hotspots are due to mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core–mantle boundary.[2] The alternative plate theory is that the mantle source beneath a hotspot is not anomalously hot, rather the crust above is unusually weak or thin, so that lithospheric extension permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths.[3][4]

Origin edit

 
Schematic diagram showing the physical processes inside the Earth that lead to the generation of magma. Partial melting begins above the fusion point.
 
Map showing approximate location of many current hotspots and the relationship to current tectonic plates and their boundaries and movement vectors

The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work of J. Tuzo Wilson, who postulated in 1963 that the formation of the Hawaiian Islands resulted from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a hot region beneath the surface.[5] It was later postulated that hotspots are fed by streams of hot mantle rising from the Earth's core–mantle boundary in a structure called a mantle plume.[6] Whether or not such mantle plumes exist has been the subject of a major controversy in Earth science,[4][7] but seismic images consistent with evolving theory now exist.[8]

At any place where volcanism is not linked to a constructive or destructive plate margin, the concept of a hotspot has been used to explain its origin. A review article by Courtillot et al.[9] listing possible hotspots makes a distinction between primary hotspots coming from deep within the mantle and secondary hotspots derived from mantle plumes. The primary hotspots originate from the core/mantle boundary and create large volcanic provinces with linear tracks (Easter Island, Iceland, Hawaii, Afar, Louisville, Reunion, and Tristan confirmed; Galapagos, Kerguelen and Marquersas likely). The secondary hotspots originate at the upper/lower mantle boundary, and do not form large volcanic provinces, but island chains (Samoa, Tahiti, Cook, Pitcairn, Caroline, MacDonald confirmed, with up to 20 or so more possible). Other potential hotspots are the result of shallow mantle material surfacing in areas of lithospheric break-up caused by tension and are thus a very different type of volcanism.

Estimates for the number of hotspots postulated to be fed by mantle plumes have ranged from about 20 to several thousand, with most geologists considering a few tens to exist.[8] Hawaii, Réunion, Yellowstone, Galápagos, and Iceland are some of the most active volcanic regions to which the hypothesis is applied. The plumes imaged to date vary widely in width and other characteristics, and are tilted, being not the simple, relatively narrow and purely thermal plumes many expected.[8] Only one, (Yellowstone) has as yet been consistently modelled and imaged from deep mantle to surface.[8]

Composition edit

Most hotspot volcanoes are basaltic (e.g., Hawaii, Tahiti). As a result, they are less explosive than subduction zone volcanoes, in which water is trapped under the overriding plate. Where hotspots occur in continental regions, basaltic magma rises through the continental crust, which melts to form rhyolites. These rhyolites can form violent eruptions.[10][11] For example, the Yellowstone Caldera was formed by some of the most powerful volcanic explosions in geologic history. However, when the rhyolite is completely erupted, it may be followed by eruptions of basaltic magma rising through the same lithospheric fissures (cracks in the lithosphere). An example of this activity is the Ilgachuz Range in British Columbia, which was created by an early complex series of trachyte and rhyolite eruptions, and late extrusion of a sequence of basaltic lava flows.[12]

The hotspot hypothesis is now closely linked to the mantle plume hypothesis.[13][8] The detailed compositional studies now possible on hotspot basalts have allowed linkage of samples over the wider areas often implicate in the later hypothesis,[14] and it's seismic imaging developments.[8]

Contrast with subduction zone island arcs edit

Hotspot volcanoes are considered to have a fundamentally different origin from island arc volcanoes. The latter form over subduction zones, at converging plate boundaries. When one oceanic plate meets another, the denser plate is forced downward into a deep ocean trench. This plate, as it is subducted, releases water into the base of the over-riding plate, and this water mixes with the rock, thus changing its composition causing some rock to melt and rise. It is this that fuels a chain of volcanoes, such as the Aleutian Islands, near Alaska.

Hotspot volcanic chains edit

 
Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Hawaii hotspot, creating a trail of underwater mountains that stretches across the Pacific.
 
Kilauea is the most active shield volcano in the world. The volcano erupted from 1983 to 2018 and is part of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.
 
Mauna Loa is a large shield volcano. Its last eruption was in 2022 and it is part of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.
 
Bowie Seamount is a dormant submarine volcano and part of the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain.
 
Axial Seamount is the youngest seamount of the Cobb–Eickelberg Seamount chain. Its last eruption was in 2015.
 
Mauna Kea is the tallest volcano in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Many cinder cones have been emplaced around its summit.
 
Hualalai is a massive shield volcano in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Its last eruption was in 1801.

The joint mantle plume/hotspot hypothesis originally envisaged the feeder structures to be fixed relative to one another, with the continents and seafloor drifting overhead. The hypothesis thus predicts that time-progressive chains of volcanoes are developed on the surface. Examples are Yellowstone, which lies at the end of a chain of extinct calderas, which become progressively older to the west. Another example is the Hawaiian archipelago, where islands become progressively older and more deeply eroded to the northwest.

Geologists have tried to use hotspot volcanic chains to track the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates. This effort has been vexed by the lack of very long chains, by the fact that many are not time-progressive (e.g. the Galápagos) and by the fact that hotspots do not appear to be fixed relative to one another (e.g. Hawaii and Iceland).[15] That mantle plumes are much more complex than originally hypothesised and move independently of each other and plates is now used to explain such observations.[8]

In 2020, Wei et al. used seismic tomography to detect the oceanic plateau, formed about 100 million years ago by the hypothesized mantle plume head of the Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain, now subducted to a depth of 800 km under eastern Siberia.[16]

Postulated hotspot volcano chains edit

 
An example of mantle plume locations suggested by one recent group.[9] Figure from Foulger (2010).[4]

List of volcanic regions postulated to be hotspots edit

 
Distribution of hotspots in the list to the left, with the numbers corresponding to those in the list. The Afar hotspot (29) is misplaced.
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Eurasian Plate edit

African Plate edit

Antarctic Plate edit

South American Plate edit

North American Plate edit

Australian Plate edit

Nazca Plate edit

Pacific Plate edit

 
Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Bowie hotspot, creating the Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain in the Gulf of Alaska.
 
The Hotspot highway in the south Pacific Ocean

Former hotspots edit

See also edit


References edit

  1. ^ "The source of Yellowstone's heat". USGS. 16 April 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b W. J. Morgan (5 March 1971). "Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle". Nature. 230 (5288): 42–43. Bibcode:1971Natur.230...42M. doi:10.1038/230042a0. S2CID 4145715.
  3. ^ "Do plumes exist?". Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Foulger, G.R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.
  5. ^ Wilson, J. Tuzo (1963). "A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Physics. 41 (6): 863–870. Bibcode:1963CaJPh..41..863W. doi:10.1139/p63-094.
  6. ^ "Hotspots: Mantle thermal plumes". United States Geological Survey. 5 May 1999. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
  7. ^ Wright, Laura (November 2000). "Earth's interior: Raising hot spots". Geotimes. American Geological Institute. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Koppers, A.A.; Becker, T.W.; Jackson, M.G.; Konrad, K.; Müller, R.D.; Romanowicz, B.; Steinberger, B.; Whittaker, J.M. (2021). "Mantle plumes and their role in Earth processes" (PDF). Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 2 (6): 382–401. Bibcode:2021NRvEE...2..382K. doi:10.1038/s43017-021-00168-6. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  9. ^ a b Courtillot, V.; Davaillie, A.; Besse, J.; Stock, J. (2003). "Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth's mantle". Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 205 (3–4): 295–308. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.205..295C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.6042. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01048-8.
  10. ^ Donald Hyndman; David Hyndman (1 January 2016). Natural Hazards and Disasters. Cengage Learning. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-1-305-88818-0.
  11. ^ Wolfgang Frisch; Martin Meschede; Ronald C. Blakey (2 November 2010). Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-3-540-76504-2.
  12. ^ Holbek, Peter (November 1983). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Mainak Choudhuri; Michal Nemčok (22 August 2016). Mantle Plumes and Their Effects. Springer. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-3-319-44239-6.
  14. ^ a b c Bredow, E; Steinberger, B (16 January 2018). "Variable melt production rate of the Kerguelen hotspot due to long-term plume-ridge interaction". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (1): 126–36. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45..126B. doi:10.1002/2017GL075822. hdl:10852/70913.
  15. ^ Sager, William W. (4 June 2007). "Insight into Motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot from Paleomagnetism". www.MantlePlumes.org.
  16. ^ Wei, Songqiao Shawn; Shearer, Peter M.; Lithgow-Bertelloni, Carolina; Stixrude, Lars; Tian, Dongdong (20 November 2020). "Oceanic plateau of the Hawaiian mantle plume head subducted to the uppermost lower mantle". Science. 370 (6519): 983–987. Bibcode:2020Sci...370..983W. doi:10.1126/science.abd0312. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33214281. S2CID 227059993.
  17. ^ E. V. Verzhbitsky (2003). "Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety-East and Chagos-Laccadive ridges". Journal of Geodynamics. 35 (3): 289. Bibcode:2003JGeo...35..289V. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(02)00068-6.
  18. ^ a b Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021). "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos". Encyclopedia of Geology. pp. 674–699. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8. ISBN 9780081029091. S2CID 226588940.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi W. J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. "Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement" (PDF). Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  20. ^ Nielsen, Søren B.; Stephenson, Randell; Thomsen, Erik (13 December 2007). "Letter:Dynamics of Mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra-plate deformations". Nature. 450 (7172): 1071–1074. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1071N. doi:10.1038/nature06379. PMID 18075591. S2CID 4428980.
  21. ^ O'Neill, C.; Müller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. (2003). (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 215 (1–2): 151–168. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.215..151O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.716.4910. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011.
  22. ^ O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. (1992). "South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and space". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 113 (3): 343–364. Bibcode:1992E&PSL.113..343O. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L.
  23. ^ Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard (20 November 2009). "Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics and mantle flow" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 188 (1–3): 26–56. Bibcode:2009JVGR..188...26S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.
  24. ^ . Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2008.

Further reading edit

  • "Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy". Wiley-Blackwell. October 2010.
  • Boschi, L.; Becker, T.W.; Steinberger, B. (2007). "Mantle plumes: Dynamic models and seismic images" (PDF). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 8 (Q10006): Q10006. Bibcode:2007GGG.....810006B. doi:10.1029/2007GC001733. ISSN 1525-2027.
  • Clouard, Valérie; Gerbault, Muriel (2007). "Break-up spots: Could the Pacific open as a consequence of plate kinematics?" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 265 (1–2): 195. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.265..195C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.013.
  • "Towards A Better Understanding Of Hot Spot Volcanism". ScienceDaily. 4 February 2008.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hot spots (volcanism).
 
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Hotspots
  • Formation of Hotspots
  • Raising Hot Spots
  • Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
  • Maria Antretter, PhD Thesis (2001): Moving hotspots – Evidence from paleomagnetism and modeling
  • Do Plumes Exist?

January 01, 1970
hotspot, geology, geology, hotspots, spots, volcanic, locales, thought, underlying, mantle, that, anomalously, compared, with, surrounding, mantle, examples, include, hawaii, iceland, yellowstone, hotspots, hotspot, position, earth, surface, independent, tecto. In geology hotspots or hot spots are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle 1 Examples include the Hawaii Iceland and Yellowstone hotspots A hotspot s position on the Earth s surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries and so hotspots may create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them Diagram showing a cross section through Earth at the Hawaii hotspot Magma originating in the mantle rises into the asthenosphere and lithosphere A chain of volcanoes is created as the lithosphere moves over the source of magma There are two hypotheses that attempt to explain their origins One suggests that hotspots are due to mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core mantle boundary 2 The alternative plate theory is that the mantle source beneath a hotspot is not anomalously hot rather the crust above is unusually weak or thin so that lithospheric extension permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths 3 4 Contents 1 Origin 2 Composition 3 Contrast with subduction zone island arcs 4 Hotspot volcanic chains 4 1 Postulated hotspot volcano chains 4 2 List of volcanic regions postulated to be hotspots 4 2 1 Eurasian Plate 4 2 2 African Plate 4 2 3 Antarctic Plate 4 2 4 South American Plate 4 2 5 North American Plate 4 2 6 Australian Plate 4 2 7 Nazca Plate 4 2 8 Pacific Plate 5 Former hotspots 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksOrigin edit nbsp Schematic diagram showing the physical processes inside the Earth that lead to the generation of magma Partial melting begins above the fusion point nbsp Map showing approximate location of many current hotspots and the relationship to current tectonic plates and their boundaries and movement vectors The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work of J Tuzo Wilson who postulated in 1963 that the formation of the Hawaiian Islands resulted from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a hot region beneath the surface 5 It was later postulated that hotspots are fed by streams of hot mantle rising from the Earth s core mantle boundary in a structure called a mantle plume 6 Whether or not such mantle plumes exist has been the subject of a major controversy in Earth science 4 7 but seismic images consistent with evolving theory now exist 8 At any place where volcanism is not linked to a constructive or destructive plate margin the concept of a hotspot has been used to explain its origin A review article by Courtillot et al 9 listing possible hotspots makes a distinction between primary hotspots coming from deep within the mantle and secondary hotspots derived from mantle plumes The primary hotspots originate from the core mantle boundary and create large volcanic provinces with linear tracks Easter Island Iceland Hawaii Afar Louisville Reunion and Tristan confirmed Galapagos Kerguelen and Marquersas likely The secondary hotspots originate at the upper lower mantle boundary and do not form large volcanic provinces but island chains Samoa Tahiti Cook Pitcairn Caroline MacDonald confirmed with up to 20 or so more possible Other potential hotspots are the result of shallow mantle material surfacing in areas of lithospheric break up caused by tension and are thus a very different type of volcanism Estimates for the number of hotspots postulated to be fed by mantle plumes have ranged from about 20 to several thousand with most geologists considering a few tens to exist 8 Hawaii Reunion Yellowstone Galapagos and Iceland are some of the most active volcanic regions to which the hypothesis is applied The plumes imaged to date vary widely in width and other characteristics and are tilted being not the simple relatively narrow and purely thermal plumes many expected 8 Only one Yellowstone has as yet been consistently modelled and imaged from deep mantle to surface 8 Composition editMost hotspot volcanoes are basaltic e g Hawaii Tahiti As a result they are less explosive than subduction zone volcanoes in which water is trapped under the overriding plate Where hotspots occur in continental regions basaltic magma rises through the continental crust which melts to form rhyolites These rhyolites can form violent eruptions 10 11 For example the Yellowstone Caldera was formed by some of the most powerful volcanic explosions in geologic history However when the rhyolite is completely erupted it may be followed by eruptions of basaltic magma rising through the same lithospheric fissures cracks in the lithosphere An example of this activity is the Ilgachuz Range in British Columbia which was created by an early complex series of trachyte and rhyolite eruptions and late extrusion of a sequence of basaltic lava flows 12 The hotspot hypothesis is now closely linked to the mantle plume hypothesis 13 8 The detailed compositional studies now possible on hotspot basalts have allowed linkage of samples over the wider areas often implicate in the later hypothesis 14 and it s seismic imaging developments 8 Contrast with subduction zone island arcs editHotspot volcanoes are considered to have a fundamentally different origin from island arc volcanoes The latter form over subduction zones at converging plate boundaries When one oceanic plate meets another the denser plate is forced downward into a deep ocean trench This plate as it is subducted releases water into the base of the over riding plate and this water mixes with the rock thus changing its composition causing some rock to melt and rise It is this that fuels a chain of volcanoes such as the Aleutian Islands near Alaska Hotspot volcanic chains edit nbsp Over millions of years the Pacific Plate has moved over the Hawaii hotspot creating a trail of underwater mountains that stretches across the Pacific nbsp Kilauea is the most active shield volcano in the world The volcano erupted from 1983 to 2018 and is part of the Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain nbsp Mauna Loa is a large shield volcano Its last eruption was in 2022 and it is part of the Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain nbsp Bowie Seamount is a dormant submarine volcano and part of the Kodiak Bowie Seamount chain nbsp Axial Seamount is the youngest seamount of the Cobb Eickelberg Seamount chain Its last eruption was in 2015 nbsp Mauna Kea is the tallest volcano in the Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain Many cinder cones have been emplaced around its summit nbsp Hualalai is a massive shield volcano in the Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain Its last eruption was in 1801 The joint mantle plume hotspot hypothesis originally envisaged the feeder structures to be fixed relative to one another with the continents and seafloor drifting overhead The hypothesis thus predicts that time progressive chains of volcanoes are developed on the surface Examples are Yellowstone which lies at the end of a chain of extinct calderas which become progressively older to the west Another example is the Hawaiian archipelago where islands become progressively older and more deeply eroded to the northwest Geologists have tried to use hotspot volcanic chains to track the movement of the Earth s tectonic plates This effort has been vexed by the lack of very long chains by the fact that many are not time progressive e g the Galapagos and by the fact that hotspots do not appear to be fixed relative to one another e g Hawaii and Iceland 15 That mantle plumes are much more complex than originally hypothesised and move independently of each other and plates is now used to explain such observations 8 In 2020 Wei et al used seismic tomography to detect the oceanic plateau formed about 100 million years ago by the hypothesized mantle plume head of the Hawaii Emperor seamount chain now subducted to a depth of 800 km under eastern Siberia 16 Postulated hotspot volcano chains edit nbsp An example of mantle plume locations suggested by one recent group 9 Figure from Foulger 2010 4 Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain Hawaii hotspot Louisville Ridge Louisville hotspot Walvis Ridge Gough and Tristan hotspot Kodiak Bowie Seamount chain Bowie hotspot Cobb Eickelberg Seamount chain Cobb hotspot New England Seamounts New England hotspot Anahim Volcanic Belt Anahim hotspot Mackenzie dike swarm Mackenzie hotspot Great Meteor hotspot track New England hotspot St Helena Seamount Chain Cameroon Volcanic Line Saint Helena hotspot Southern Mascarene Plateau Chagos Maldives Laccadive Ridge Reunion hotspot Ninety East Ridge Kerguelen hotspot 17 Tuamotu Line Island chain Easter hotspot 2 Austral Gilbert Marshall chain Macdonald hotspot Juan Fernandez Ridge Juan Fernandez hotspot Tasmantid Seamount Chain Tasmantid hotspot Canary Islands Canary hotspot 18 Cape Verde Cape Verde hotspot 18 List of volcanic regions postulated to be hotspots edit nbsp Distribution of hotspots in the list to the left with the numbers corresponding to those in the list The Afar hotspot 29 is misplaced Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates Eurasian Plate edit Eifel hotspot 8 50 12 N 6 42 E 50 2 N 6 7 E 50 2 6 7 Eifel hotspot w 1 az 082 8 rate 12 2 mm yr 19 Iceland hotspot 14 64 24 N 17 18 W 64 4 N 17 3 W 64 4 17 3 Iceland hotspot 19 Eurasian Plate w 8 az 075 10 rate 5 3 mm yr North American Plate w 8 az 287 10 rate 15 5 mm yr Possibly related to the North Atlantic continental rifting 62 Ma Greenland 20 Azores hotspot 1 37 54 N 26 00 W 37 9 N 26 0 W 37 9 26 0 Azores hotspot 19 Eurasian Plate w 5 az 110 12 North American Plate w 3 az 280 15 Jan Mayen hotspot 15 71 00 N 9 00 W 71 0 N 9 0 W 71 0 9 0 Jan Mayen hotspot 19 Hainan hotspot 46 20 00 N 110 00 E 20 0 N 110 0 E 20 0 110 0 Hainan hotspot az 000 15 19 African Plate edit Mount Etna 47 37 45 N 15 00 E 37 750 N 15 000 E 37 750 15 000 Mount Etna 19 Hoggar hotspot 13 23 18 N 5 36 E 23 3 N 5 6 E 23 3 5 6 Hoggar hotspot w 3 az 046 12 19 Tibesti hotspot 40 20 48 N 17 30 E 20 8 N 17 5 E 20 8 17 5 Tibesti hotspot w 2 az 030 15 19 Jebel Marra Darfur hotspot 6 13 00 N 24 12 E 13 0 N 24 2 E 13 0 24 2 Darfur hotspot w 5 az 045 8 19 Afar hotspot 29 misplaced in map 7 00 N 39 30 E 7 0 N 39 5 E 7 0 39 5 Afar hotspot w 2 az 030 15 rate 16 8 mm yr 19 Possibly related to the Afar Triple Junction 30 Ma Cameroon hotspot 17 2 00 N 5 06 E 2 0 N 5 1 E 2 0 5 1 Cameroon hotspot w 3 az 032 3 rate 15 5 mm yr 19 Madeira hotspot 48 32 36 N 17 18 W 32 6 N 17 3 W 32 6 17 3 Madeira hotspot w 3 az 055 15 rate 8 3 mm yr 19 Canary hotspot 18 28 12 N 18 00 W 28 2 N 18 0 W 28 2 18 0 Canary hotspot w 1 az 094 8 rate 20 4 mm yr 19 New England Great Meteor hotspot 28 29 24 N 29 12 W 29 4 N 29 2 W 29 4 29 2 Great Meteor hotspot w 8 az 040 10 19 Cape Verde hotspot 19 16 00 N 24 00 W 16 0 N 24 0 W 16 0 24 0 Cape Verde hotspot w 2 az 060 30 19 Sierra Leone hotspot St Helena hotspot 34 16 30 S 9 30 W 16 5 S 9 5 W 16 5 9 5 St Helena hotspot w 1 az 078 5 rate 20 3 mm yr 19 Gough hotspot 49 at 40 19 S 9 56 W 21 22 40 18 S 10 00 E 40 3 S 10 0 E 40 3 10 0 Gough hotspot w 8 az 079 5 rate 18 3 mm yr 19 Tristan hotspot 42 at 37 07 S 12 17 W 37 12 S 12 18 W 37 2 S 12 3 W 37 2 12 3 Tristan hotspot 19 Vema hotspot Vema Seamount 43 at 31 38 S 8 20 E 32 06 S 6 18 W 32 1 S 6 3 W 32 1 6 3 Vema hotspot 19 Related maybe to the Parana and Etendeka traps c 132 Ma through the Walvis Ridge Discovery hotspot 50 Discovery Seamounts 43 00 S 2 42 W 43 0 S 2 7 W 43 0 2 7 Discovery hotspot w 1 az 068 3 19 Bouvet hotspot 51 54 24 S 3 24 E 54 4 S 3 4 E 54 4 3 4 Bouvet hotspot 19 Shona Meteor hotspot 27 51 24 S 1 00 W 51 4 S 1 0 W 51 4 1 0 Shona hotspot w 3 az 074 6 19 Reunion hotspot 33 21 12 S 55 42 E 21 2 S 55 7 E 21 2 55 7 Reunion hotspot w 8 az 047 10 rate 40 10 mm yr 19 Possibly related to the Deccan Traps main events 68 5 66 Ma Comoros hotspot 21 11 30 S 43 18 E 11 5 S 43 3 E 11 5 43 3 Comoros hotspot w 5 az 118 10 rate 35 10 mm yr 19 Antarctic Plate edit Marion hotspot 25 46 54 S 37 36 E 46 9 S 37 6 E 46 9 37 6 Marion hotspot w 5 az 080 12 19 Crozet hotspot 52 46 06 S 50 12 E 46 1 S 50 2 E 46 1 50 2 Crozet hotspot w 8 az 109 10 rate 25 13 mm yr 19 Possibly related to the Karoo Ferrar geologic province 183 Ma Kerguelen hotspot 20 49 36 S 69 00 E 49 6 S 69 0 E 49 6 69 0 Kerguelen hotspot w 2 az 050 30 rate 3 1 mm yr 19 Related to the Kerguelen Plateau 130 Ma Heard hotspot 53 possibly part of Kerguelen hotspot 14 53 06 S 73 30 E 53 1 S 73 5 E 53 1 73 5 Heard hotspot w 2 az 030 20 19 Ile Saint Paul and Ile Amsterdam could be part of the Kerguelen hotspot trail St Paul is possibly not another hotspot 14 Balleny hotspot 2 67 36 S 164 48 E 67 6 S 164 8 E 67 6 164 8 Balleny hotspot w 2 az 325 7 19 Erebus hotspot 54 77 30 S 167 12 E 77 5 S 167 2 E 77 5 167 2 Erebus hotspot 19 South American Plate edit Trindade Martin Vaz hotspot 41 20 30 S 28 48 W 20 5 S 28 8 W 20 5 28 8 Trindade hotspot w 1 az 264 5 19 Fernando hotspot 9 3 48 S 32 24 W 3 8 S 32 4 W 3 8 32 4 Fernando hotspot w 1 az 266 7 19 Possibly related to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province c 200 Ma Ascension hotspot 55 7 54 S 14 18 W 7 9 S 14 3 W 7 9 14 3 Ascension hotspot 19 North American Plate edit Bermuda hotspot 56 32 36 N 64 18 W 32 6 N 64 3 W 32 6 64 3 Bermuda hotspot w 3 az 260 15 19 Yellowstone hotspot 44 44 30 N 110 24 W 44 5 N 110 4 W 44 5 110 4 Yellowstone hotspot w 8 az 235 5 rate 26 5 mm yr 19 Possibly related to the Columbia River Basalt Group 17 14 Ma 23 Raton hotspot 32 36 48 N 104 06 W 36 8 N 104 1 W 36 8 104 1 Raton hotspot w 1 az 240 4 rate 30 20 mm yr 19 Anahim hotspot 45 52 54 N 123 44 W 52 900 N 123 733 W 52 900 123 733 Anahim hotspot Nazko Cone 24 Australian Plate edit Lord Howe hotspot 22 34 42 S 159 48 E 34 7 S 159 8 E 34 7 159 8 Lord Howe hotspot w 8 az 351 10 19 Tasmantid hotspot 39 40 24 S 155 30 E 40 4 S 155 5 E 40 4 155 5 Tasmanid hotspot w 8 az 007 5 rate 63 5 mm yr 19 East Australia hotspot 30 40 48 S 146 00 E 40 8 S 146 0 E 40 8 146 0 East Australia hotspot w 3 az 000 15 rate 65 3 mm yr 19 Nazca Plate edit Juan Fernandez hotspot 16 33 54 S 81 48 W 33 9 S 81 8 W 33 9 81 8 Juan Fernandez hotspot w 1 az 084 3 rate 80 20 mm yr 19 San Felix hotspot 36 26 24 S 80 06 W 26 4 S 80 1 W 26 4 80 1 San Felix hotspot w 3 az 083 8 19 Easter hotspot 7 26 24 S 106 30 W 26 4 S 106 5 W 26 4 106 5 Easter hotspot w 1 az 087 3 rate 95 5 mm yr 19 Galapagos hotspot 10 0 24 S 91 36 W 0 4 S 91 6 W 0 4 91 6 Galapagos hotspot 19 Nazca Plate w 1 az 096 5 rate 55 8 mm yr Cocos Plate w 5 az 045 6 Possibly related to the Caribbean large igneous province main events 95 88 Ma Pacific Plate edit nbsp Over millions of years the Pacific Plate has moved over the Bowie hotspot creating the Kodiak Bowie Seamount chain in the Gulf of Alaska nbsp The Hotspot highway in the south Pacific Ocean Louisville hotspot 23 53 36 S 140 36 W 53 6 S 140 6 W 53 6 140 6 Louisville hotspot w 1 az 316 5 rate 67 5 mm yr 19 Possibly related to the Ontong Java Plateau 125 120 Ma Foundation hotspot Ngatemato seamounts 57 37 42 S 111 06 W 37 7 S 111 1 W 37 7 111 1 Foundation hotspot w 1 az 292 3 rate 80 6 mm yr 19 Macdonald hotspot 24 29 00 S 140 18 W 29 0 S 140 3 W 29 0 140 3 Macdonald hotspot w 1 az 289 6 rate 105 10 mm yr 19 North Austral President Thiers President Thiers Bank 58 25 36 S 143 18 W 25 6 S 143 3 W 25 6 143 3 North Austral hotspot w 1 0 azim 293 3 rate 75 15 mm yr 19 Arago hotspot Arago Seamount 59 23 24 S 150 42 W 23 4 S 150 7 W 23 4 150 7 Arago hotspot w 1 azim 296 4 rate 120 20 mm yr 19 Maria Southern Cook hotspot Iles Maria 60 20 12 S 153 48 W 20 2 S 153 8 W 20 2 153 8 Maria Southern Cook hotspot w 0 8 az 300 4 19 Samoa hotspot 35 14 30 S 168 12 W 14 5 S 168 2 W 14 5 168 2 Samoa hotspot w 8 az 285 5 rate 95 20 mm yr 19 Crough hotspot Crough Seamount 61 26 54 S 114 36 W 26 9 S 114 6 W 26 9 114 6 Crough hotspot w 8 az 284 2 19 Pitcairn hotspot 31 25 24 S 129 18 W 25 4 S 129 3 W 25 4 129 3 Pitcairn hotspot w 1 az 293 3 rate 90 15 mm yr 19 Society Tahiti hotspot 38 18 12 S 148 24 W 18 2 S 148 4 W 18 2 148 4 Society hotspot w 8 az 295 5 rate 109 10 mm yr 19 Marquesas hotspot 26 10 30 S 139 00 W 10 5 S 139 0 W 10 5 139 0 Marquesas hotspot w 5 az 319 8 rate 93 7 mm yr 19 Caroline hotspot 4 4 48 N 164 24 E 4 8 N 164 4 E 4 8 164 4 Caroline hotspot w 1 az 289 4 rate 135 20 mm yr 19 Hawaii hotspot 12 19 00 N 155 12 W 19 0 N 155 2 W 19 0 155 2 Hawaii hotspot w 1 az 304 3 rate 92 3 mm yr 19 Socorro Revillagigedos hotspot 37 19 00 N 111 00 W 19 0 N 111 0 W 19 0 111 0 Socorro 19 Guadalupe hotspot 11 27 42 N 114 30 W 27 7 N 114 5 W 27 7 114 5 Guadalupe hotspot w 8 az 292 5 rate 80 10 mm yr 19 Cobb hotspot 5 46 00 N 130 06 W 46 0 N 130 1 W 46 0 130 1 Cobb hotspot w 1 az 321 5 rate 43 3 mm yr 19 Bowie Pratt Welker hotspot 3 53 00 N 134 48 W 53 0 N 134 8 W 53 0 134 8 Bowie hotspot w 8 az 306 4 rate 40 20 mm yr 19 Former hotspots editEuterpe Musicians hotspot Musicians Seamounts 19 Mackenzie hotspot Matachewan hotspotSee also edit nbsp Earth sciences portal nbsp Geology portal nbsp Volcanoes portal Anorogenic magmatism Cold spot TharsisReferences edit The source of Yellowstone s heat USGS 16 April 2018 Retrieved 14 June 2021 a b W J Morgan 5 March 1971 Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle Nature 230 5288 42 43 Bibcode 1971Natur 230 42M doi 10 1038 230042a0 S2CID 4145715 Do plumes exist Retrieved 25 April 2010 a b c Foulger G R 2010 Plates vs Plumes A Geological Controversy Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 4051 6148 0 Wilson J Tuzo 1963 A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands PDF Canadian Journal of Physics 41 6 863 870 Bibcode 1963CaJPh 41 863W doi 10 1139 p63 094 Hotspots Mantle thermal plumes United States Geological Survey 5 May 1999 Retrieved 15 May 2008 Wright Laura November 2000 Earth s interior Raising hot spots Geotimes American Geological Institute Retrieved 15 June 2008 a b c d e f g Koppers A A Becker T W Jackson M G Konrad K Muller R D Romanowicz B Steinberger B Whittaker J M 2021 Mantle plumes and their role in Earth processes PDF Nature Reviews Earth amp Environment 2 6 382 401 Bibcode 2021NRvEE 2 382K doi 10 1038 s43017 021 00168 6 Retrieved 21 November 2023 a b Courtillot V Davaillie A Besse J Stock J 2003 Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth s mantle Earth Planet Sci Lett 205 3 4 295 308 Bibcode 2003E amp PSL 205 295C CiteSeerX 10 1 1 693 6042 doi 10 1016 S0012 821X 02 01048 8 Donald Hyndman David Hyndman 1 January 2016 Natural Hazards and Disasters Cengage Learning pp 44 ISBN 978 1 305 88818 0 Wolfgang Frisch Martin Meschede Ronald C Blakey 2 November 2010 Plate Tectonics Continental Drift and Mountain Building Springer Science amp Business Media pp 87 ISBN 978 3 540 76504 2 Holbek Peter November 1983 Report on Preliminary Geology and Geochemistry of the Ilga Claim Group PDF Archived from the original PDF on 12 January 2014 Retrieved 15 June 2008 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Mainak Choudhuri Michal Nemcok 22 August 2016 Mantle Plumes and Their Effects Springer pp 18 ISBN 978 3 319 44239 6 a b c Bredow E Steinberger B 16 January 2018 Variable melt production rate of the Kerguelen hotspot due to long term plume ridge interaction Geophysical Research Letters 45 1 126 36 Bibcode 2018GeoRL 45 126B doi 10 1002 2017GL075822 hdl 10852 70913 Sager William W 4 June 2007 Insight into Motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot from Paleomagnetism www MantlePlumes org Wei Songqiao Shawn Shearer Peter M Lithgow Bertelloni Carolina Stixrude Lars Tian Dongdong 20 November 2020 Oceanic plateau of the Hawaiian mantle plume head subducted to the uppermost lower mantle Science 370 6519 983 987 Bibcode 2020Sci 370 983W doi 10 1126 science abd0312 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 33214281 S2CID 227059993 E V Verzhbitsky 2003 Geothermal regime and genesis of the Ninety East and Chagos Laccadive ridges Journal of Geodynamics 35 3 289 Bibcode 2003JGeo 35 289V doi 10 1016 S0264 3707 02 00068 6 a b Carracedo Juan Carlos Troll Valentin R 1 January 2021 North East Atlantic Islands The Macaronesian Archipelagos Encyclopedia of Geology pp 674 699 doi 10 1016 B978 0 08 102908 4 00027 8 ISBN 9780081029091 S2CID 226588940 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi W J Morgan and J P Morgan Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame electronic supplement PDF Retrieved 6 November 2011 Nielsen Soren B Stephenson Randell Thomsen Erik 13 December 2007 Letter Dynamics of Mid Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra plate deformations Nature 450 7172 1071 1074 Bibcode 2007Natur 450 1071N doi 10 1038 nature06379 PMID 18075591 S2CID 4428980 O Neill C Muller R D Steinberger B 2003 Revised Indian plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots PDF Earth and Planetary Science Letters 215 1 2 151 168 Bibcode 2003E amp PSL 215 151O CiteSeerX 10 1 1 716 4910 doi 10 1016 S0012 821X 03 00368 6 Archived from the original PDF on 26 July 2011 O Connor J M le Roex A P 1992 South Atlantic hot spot plume systems 1 Distribution of volcanism in time and space Earth and Planetary Science Letters 113 3 343 364 Bibcode 1992E amp PSL 113 343O doi 10 1016 0012 821X 92 90138 L Smith Robert B Jordan Michael Steinberger Bernhard Puskas Christine M Farrell Jamie Waite Gregory P Husen Stephan Chang Wu Lung O Connell Richard 20 November 2009 Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume Seismic and GPS imaging kinematics and mantle flow PDF Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 188 1 3 26 56 Bibcode 2009JVGR 188 26S doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2009 08 020 Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes Anahim volcanic belt Natural Resources Canada Geological Survey of Canada Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 14 June 2008 Further reading edit Plates vs Plumes A Geological Controversy Wiley Blackwell October 2010 Boschi L Becker T W Steinberger B 2007 Mantle plumes Dynamic models and seismic images PDF Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 8 Q10006 Q10006 Bibcode 2007GGG 810006B doi 10 1029 2007GC001733 ISSN 1525 2027 Clouard Valerie Gerbault Muriel 2007 Break up spots Could the Pacific open as a consequence of plate kinematics PDF Earth and Planetary Science Letters 265 1 2 195 Bibcode 2008E amp PSL 265 195C doi 10 1016 j epsl 2007 10 013 Towards A Better Understanding Of Hot Spot Volcanism ScienceDaily 4 February 2008 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hot spots volcanism nbsp The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of Hotspots Formation of Hotspots Raising Hot Spots Large Igneous Provinces LIPs Maria Antretter PhD Thesis 2001 Moving hotspots Evidence from paleomagnetism and modeling Do Plumes Exist Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hotspot geology amp oldid 1218149834, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.