For the extraterrestrial volcanoes in the outer Solar System, see Cryovolcano.
An ice volcano is a conical mound of ice formed over a terrestrial lake via the eruption of water and slush through an ice shelf. The process is wave-driven, with wind providing the energy for the waves to cut through the ice and create formations that loosely mimic the shape and activity of volcanoes.[1] After being ejected into the atmosphere, the liquid water and slush freeze and fall back to the surface, growing the formation. Ice may also be erupted. The phenomenon is most often observed along the southern coast of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, when the temperature is below freezing and the wind blows onshore with a velocity of at least 25 mph (40 km/h). They are known to reduce coastal erosion there. The formations are temporary: they are frequently destroyed by storms and warm weather, and once the lake wholly freezes over, eruptions are no longer possible.[2]
There is no consensus name for this phenomenon. Due to its visual similarity to volcanism and particularly cryovolcanism, the term "ice volcano" is frequently used, but it remains controversial.[1][2] Unlike geysers and related structures, ice volcanoes are not hydrothermal.
The uplifts may attract a number of visitors, but they are dangerous, and experts warn that people may fall through the ice or slip into the cold lake. Ice volcanoes are used by snowy owls as hunting platforms to search for waterfowl.[1][3]
These features are distinct from pressure ridges,[4] which are uplifts formed by the compression of ice against a shoreline or another floe.[5] Instead, ice volcanoes are created by waves colliding with irregularities at the edge of an ice sheet. The abnormalities concentrate the wave energy in a small area, where the ice is eroded to form a V-shaped channel. Spray, ice, and slush splashing out of the feature create a volcanic cone at the channel's shoreward end. This process takes only a few hours.[2] The lakeward end of the channel may then be sealed by ice, but the volcano may continue to erupt. A wave amplitude of at least one metre (3 ft 3 in) is needed to induce eruptions, so ice volcanoes are rarely active without storm-force winds. Formation near land is suppressed by reefs and shoals, which absorb the wave energy needed for the phenomenon. Nonetheless, they may produce larger cones further out at sea, where the greater depth makes this possible.[6] Formation is more thoroughly suppressed by powerful storms, which erode the ice too fast for mound creation.[2]
One type of ice volcano, known as a "cold spot", does not require waves to break against the edge of an ice shelf. Instead, water and slush erupt through a region of weak ice near the coast and form a mound. This is analogous to a geological hotspot.[6]
Appearance and eruptionsedit
Landfast ice is required, so the volcanoes normally form near land. They are found in successive rows, and within one row, the features usually have equal height and spacing. However, when comparing two rows, the height and spacing may be drastically different.[2] Ice volcanoes range in height from less than one meter to ten meters, with the largest ones located far from the shore.[6] Eruptions over ten meters high have been observed, but it is believed that the height of the eruptions are proportional to the size of the mounds. A single eruption may increase the height of the volcano by several centimeters.[2] When an eruption occurs above 0 °C (32 °F), however, the water erodes the uplift instead of expanding it. Spacing is determined by the amplitude and direction of the waves. In general, the appearance and number of ice volcanoes change considerably between winters.[6]
Different types of ice volcanoes have been compared to shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes. They are noted for their symmetry. Cold spot volcanoes are particularly symmetrical, but their eruption has not been observed.[6]
Referencesedit
^ abcSwasko, Mick (2015-02-12). "'Ice volcanoes' are a frozen Chicago beach phenomenon". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
^ abcdefFahnestock, R. K.; Crowley, D. J.; Wilson, M.; Schneider, H. (1973). "Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A." Journal of Glaciology. 12 (64): 93–99. Bibcode:1973JGlac..12...93F. doi:10.1017/s0022143000022735.
^Burlingame, Liz (2014-03-01). . The Weather Channel. The Weather Company. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
^Leonard Bryan, M.; Marcus, Melvin G. (September 1972). "Physical Characteristics of Near-Shore Ice Ridges". Arctic. 25 (3): 182–192. doi:10.14430/arctic2960. JSTOR 40508045.
^Jeffries, Martin O. (December 29, 2006). "Sea ice". In Rafferty, John P. (ed.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abcdeDolan, Michael; Kimberly, Paul (2011-02-07). "Ice Volcanoes of Lake Superior's South Shore". Michigan Technological University. Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences at Michigan Technological University. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
"Bizarre 'ice volcanoes' erupt on Lake Michigan beach". Live Science. 19 Feb 2020.
Nadia Drake (17 Sep 2018). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018.
^"Evidence of Cryovolcanism on Titan". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
January 01, 1970
volcano, extraterrestrial, volcanoes, outer, solar, system, cryovolcano, volcano, conical, mound, formed, over, terrestrial, lake, eruption, water, slush, through, shelf, process, wave, driven, with, wind, providing, energy, waves, through, create, formations,. For the extraterrestrial volcanoes in the outer Solar System see Cryovolcano An ice volcano is a conical mound of ice formed over a terrestrial lake via the eruption of water and slush through an ice shelf The process is wave driven with wind providing the energy for the waves to cut through the ice and create formations that loosely mimic the shape and activity of volcanoes 1 After being ejected into the atmosphere the liquid water and slush freeze and fall back to the surface growing the formation Ice may also be erupted The phenomenon is most often observed along the southern coast of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario when the temperature is below freezing and the wind blows onshore with a velocity of at least 25 mph 40 km h They are known to reduce coastal erosion there The formations are temporary they are frequently destroyed by storms and warm weather and once the lake wholly freezes over eruptions are no longer possible 2 An ice volcano over Lake Michigan Ice volcanos in Ystad Sweden 2018 There is no consensus name for this phenomenon Due to its visual similarity to volcanism and particularly cryovolcanism the term ice volcano is frequently used but it remains controversial 1 2 Unlike geysers and related structures ice volcanoes are not hydrothermal The uplifts may attract a number of visitors but they are dangerous and experts warn that people may fall through the ice or slip into the cold lake Ice volcanoes are used by snowy owls as hunting platforms to search for waterfowl 1 3 Contents 1 Formation 2 Appearance and eruptions 3 References 4 Further readingFormation editThese features are distinct from pressure ridges 4 which are uplifts formed by the compression of ice against a shoreline or another floe 5 Instead ice volcanoes are created by waves colliding with irregularities at the edge of an ice sheet The abnormalities concentrate the wave energy in a small area where the ice is eroded to form a V shaped channel Spray ice and slush splashing out of the feature create a volcanic cone at the channel s shoreward end This process takes only a few hours 2 The lakeward end of the channel may then be sealed by ice but the volcano may continue to erupt A wave amplitude of at least one metre 3 ft 3 in is needed to induce eruptions so ice volcanoes are rarely active without storm force winds Formation near land is suppressed by reefs and shoals which absorb the wave energy needed for the phenomenon Nonetheless they may produce larger cones further out at sea where the greater depth makes this possible 6 Formation is more thoroughly suppressed by powerful storms which erode the ice too fast for mound creation 2 One type of ice volcano known as a cold spot does not require waves to break against the edge of an ice shelf Instead water and slush erupt through a region of weak ice near the coast and form a mound This is analogous to a geological hotspot 6 Appearance and eruptions editLandfast ice is required so the volcanoes normally form near land They are found in successive rows and within one row the features usually have equal height and spacing However when comparing two rows the height and spacing may be drastically different 2 Ice volcanoes range in height from less than one meter to ten meters with the largest ones located far from the shore 6 Eruptions over ten meters high have been observed but it is believed that the height of the eruptions are proportional to the size of the mounds A single eruption may increase the height of the volcano by several centimeters 2 When an eruption occurs above 0 C 32 F however the water erodes the uplift instead of expanding it Spacing is determined by the amplitude and direction of the waves In general the appearance and number of ice volcanoes change considerably between winters 6 Different types of ice volcanoes have been compared to shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes They are noted for their symmetry Cold spot volcanoes are particularly symmetrical but their eruption has not been observed 6 References edit a b c Swasko Mick 2015 02 12 Ice volcanoes are a frozen Chicago beach phenomenon Chicago Tribune Retrieved 2018 05 25 a b c d e f Fahnestock R K Crowley D J Wilson M Schneider H 1973 Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk New York U S A Journal of Glaciology 12 64 93 99 Bibcode 1973JGlac 12 93F doi 10 1017 s0022143000022735 Burlingame Liz 2014 03 01 A Great Lakes Oddity Ice Volcanoes PHOTOS The Weather Channel The Weather Company Archived from the original on 2020 01 02 Retrieved 2018 05 26 Leonard Bryan M Marcus Melvin G September 1972 Physical Characteristics of Near Shore Ice Ridges Arctic 25 3 182 192 doi 10 14430 arctic2960 JSTOR 40508045 Jeffries Martin O December 29 2006 Sea ice In Rafferty John P ed Encyclopedia Britannica Chicago a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b c d e Dolan Michael Kimberly Paul 2011 02 07 Ice Volcanoes of Lake Superior s South Shore Michigan Technological University Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences at Michigan Technological University Retrieved 2018 05 25 1 Further reading edit Bizarre ice volcanoes erupt on Lake Michigan beach Live Science 19 Feb 2020 Nadia Drake 17 Sep 2018 Dozens of Ice Volcanoes Discovered on Nearby Dwarf Planet National Geographic Archived from the original on September 17 2018 Evidence of Cryovolcanism on Titan www usgs gov Retrieved 2021 10 13 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ice volcano amp oldid 1200814879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
