A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. Mantles are made of rock or ices, and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density. All terrestrial planets (including Earth), a number of asteroids, and some planetary moons have mantles.
Mercury has a silicate mantle approximately 490 kilometers (300 miles) thick, constituting only 28% of its mass.[1]Venus's silicate mantle is approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,700 miles) thick, constituting around 70% of its mass.[1]Mars's silicate mantle is approximately 1,600 kilometers (990 miles) thick, constituting ~74–88% of its mass,[1] and may be represented by chassignite meteorites.[3]
Moons with mantles
Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, and Ganymede have silicate mantles; Io's ~1,100 kilometers (680 miles) silicate mantle is overlain by a volcanic crust, Ganymede's ~1,315 kilometers (817 miles) thick silicate mantle is overlain by ~835 kilometers (519 miles) of ice, and Europa's ~1,165 kilometers (724 miles) km silicate mantle is overlain by ~85 kilometers (53 miles) of ice and possibly liquid water.[1]
The silicate mantle of the Earth's moon is approximately 1300–1400 km thick, and is the source of mare basalts.[4] The lunar mantle might be exposed in the South Pole-Aitken basin or the Crisium basin.[4] The lunar mantle contains a seismic discontinuity at ~500 kilometers (310 miles) depth, most likely related to a change in composition.[4]
^ abcWieczorek, M. A. (2006-01-01). "The Constitution and Structure of the Lunar Interior". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 60 (1): 221–364. Bibcode:2006RvMG...60..221W. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3. ISSN 1529-6466.
^. NASA. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^. NASA. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
^. www.griffithobservatory.org. Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
^Reddy, Vishnu; Nathues, Andreas; Gaffey, Michael J. (2011-03-01). "First fragment of Asteroid 4 Vesta's mantle detected". Icarus. 212 (1): 175–179. Bibcode:2011Icar..212..175R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.032. ISSN 0019-1035.
Further reading
Don L. Anderson, Theory of the Earth, Blackwell (1989), is a textbook dealing with the Earth's interior and is now available on the web. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
Jeanloz, Raymond (2000). "Mantle of the Earth". In Haraldur Sigurdsson; Bruce Houghton; Hazel Rymer; John Stix; Steve McNutt (eds.). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 41–54. ISBN978-0-12-643140-7.
mantle, geology, other, uses, mantle, disambiguation, mantle, layer, inside, planetary, body, bounded, below, core, above, crust, mantles, made, rock, ices, generally, largest, most, massive, layer, planetary, body, mantles, characteristic, planetary, bodies, . For other uses see Mantle disambiguation A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust Mantles are made of rock or ices and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density All terrestrial planets including Earth a number of asteroids and some planetary moons have mantles Contents 1 Earth s mantle 2 Other planetary mantles 3 Moons with mantles 4 Asteroids with mantles 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEarth s mantle The internal structure of Earth Main article Earth s mantle The Earth s mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core Its mass of 4 01 1024 kg is 67 the mass of the Earth 1 It has a thickness of 2 900 kilometres 1 800 mi 1 making up about 84 of Earth s volume It is predominantly solid but in geological time it behaves as a viscous fluid Partial melting of the mantle at mid ocean ridges produces oceanic crust and partial melting of the mantle at subduction zones produces continental crust 2 Other planetary mantlesMercury has a silicate mantle approximately 490 kilometers 300 miles thick constituting only 28 of its mass 1 Venus s silicate mantle is approximately 2 800 kilometers 1 700 miles thick constituting around 70 of its mass 1 Mars s silicate mantle is approximately 1 600 kilometers 990 miles thick constituting 74 88 of its mass 1 and may be represented by chassignite meteorites 3 Moons with mantlesJupiter s moons Io Europa and Ganymede have silicate mantles Io s 1 100 kilometers 680 miles silicate mantle is overlain by a volcanic crust Ganymede s 1 315 kilometers 817 miles thick silicate mantle is overlain by 835 kilometers 519 miles of ice and Europa s 1 165 kilometers 724 miles km silicate mantle is overlain by 85 kilometers 53 miles of ice and possibly liquid water 1 The silicate mantle of the Earth s moon is approximately 1300 1400 km thick and is the source of mare basalts 4 The lunar mantle might be exposed in the South Pole Aitken basin or the Crisium basin 4 The lunar mantle contains a seismic discontinuity at 500 kilometers 310 miles depth most likely related to a change in composition 4 Titan and Triton each have a mantle made of ice or other solid volatile substances 5 6 Asteroids with mantlesSee also 4 Vesta Geology Some of the largest asteroids have mantles 7 for example Vesta has a silicate mantle similar in composition to diogenite meteorites 8 See alsoEarth s internal heat budget Lehmann discontinuity Mantle xenoliths Mantle convection Mesosphere mantle Numerical modeling geology Primitive mantleReferences a b c d e f Katharina Lodders 1998 The planetary scientist s companion Fegley Bruce New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 1423759836 OCLC 65171709 What is the Earth s Mantle Made Of Universe Today Universe Today 2016 03 26 Retrieved 2018 11 24 Swindle T D 2002 01 01 Martian Noble Gases Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 47 1 171 190 Bibcode 2002RvMG 47 171S doi 10 2138 rmg 2002 47 6 ISSN 1529 6466 a b c Wieczorek M A 2006 01 01 The Constitution and Structure of the Lunar Interior Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 60 1 221 364 Bibcode 2006RvMG 60 221W doi 10 2138 rmg 2006 60 3 ISSN 1529 6466 Layers of Titan NASA 23 February 2012 Archived from the original on 14 September 2015 Retrieved 7 October 2015 Triton In Depth NASA Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 16 October 2015 Griffith Observatory Pieces of the Sky Meteorite Histories www griffithobservatory org Archived from the original on 2020 02 10 Retrieved 2018 11 24 Reddy Vishnu Nathues Andreas Gaffey Michael J 2011 03 01 First fragment of Asteroid 4 Vesta s mantle detected Icarus 212 1 175 179 Bibcode 2011Icar 212 175R doi 10 1016 j icarus 2010 11 032 ISSN 0019 1035 Further readingDon L Anderson Theory of the Earth Blackwell 1989 is a textbook dealing with the Earth s interior and is now available on the web Retrieved 2007 12 23 Jeanloz Raymond 2000 Mantle of the Earth In Haraldur Sigurdsson Bruce Houghton Hazel Rymer John Stix Steve McNutt eds Encyclopedia of Volcanoes San Diego Academic Press pp 41 54 ISBN 978 0 12 643140 7 Nixon Peter H 1987 Mantle xenoliths J Wiley amp Sons 844p ISBN 0 471 91209 3 Donald L Turcotte and Gerald Schubert Geodynamics Cambridge University Press Third Edition 2014 ISBN 978 1 107 00653 9 Hardback ISBN 978 0 521 18623 0 Paperback External links The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of Structure of the Earth The Biggest Dig Japan builds a ship to drill to the earth s mantle Scientific American September 2005 Information on the Mohole Project Portals Geology Earth sciences Astronomy Stars Outer space Solar System Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mantle geology amp oldid 1130874747, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
