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Jewish views on homosexuality

March 08, 2023

"LGBT topics and Judaism" redirects here. For transgender topics in Judaism, see Transgender people and religion § Judaism.

The subject of homosexuality and Judaism dates back to the Torah. The book of Vayikra (Leviticus) is traditionally regarded as classifying sexual intercourse between males as a to'eivah (something abhorred or detested) that can be subject to capital punishment by the currently non-existent Sanhedrin under halakha (Jewish law).

LGBTQ and Judaism
Halakhic texts relating to this article
Torah:Leviticus 18:22, Leviticus 20:13[1]
Mishneh Torah:• For men: Issurei Bi'ah 1:14,[2] 21:18[3] • For women: Issurei Bi'ah 21:8[4]
Jewish marchers at San Francisco Pride 2014
A Jewish Pride participant wears a rainbow yarmulke at the 2015 Marcha Gay of Mexico City
Orthodox Jewish protesters holding Anti-LGBT Protest signs during the Gay Pride parade in Haifa, Israel (2010)

The issue has been a subject of contention within modern Jewish denominations, and has led to debate and division. Traditionally, Judaism has seen that homosexual male intercourse, and not homosexuality in-and-of-itself, as contrary to Judaism, and this opinion is still maintained by Orthodox Judaism.

On the other hand, Reconstructionist Judaism and Reform Judaism do not hold this view, and allow both homosexual intercourse and same-sex marriage. Conservative Judaism's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, which until December 2006 held the same position as Orthodoxy, has since issued multiple opinions under its philosophy of pluralism; one opinion continues to follow the Orthodox position while another opinion substantially liberalizes the view of homosexual sex and relationships (while continuing to regard certain sexual acts as prohibited).

Allen Bennett became the first openly gay rabbi in the United States in 1978.[5] Lionel Blue was the first British rabbi to publicly declare himself as gay, which he did in 1980.[6]

Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible

Further information: The Bible and homosexuality and Leviticus 18 § Homosexuality

The Book of Leviticus refers to male homosexual sexual practices twice (JPS translation):

.וְאֶת-זָכָר, לֹא תִשְׁכַּב מִשְׁכְּבֵי אִשָּׁה — תּוֹעֵבָה הִוא
"Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind; it is detestable."[7]
.וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁכַּב אֶת-זָכָר מִשְׁכְּבֵי אִשָּׁה — תּוֹעֵבָה עָשׂוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם. מוֹת יוּמָתוּ; דְּמֵיהֶם בָּם
"And if a man lie with mankind, as with womankind, both of them have committed a detestable act: They shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them."[8]

Several commentators believe that the verses specifically condemn the practice of sodomy (i.e. anal intercourse between two males).[9][10][11]

Deuteronomy 23:18 tells followers: "None of the daughters of Israel shall be a kedeshah, nor shall any of the sons of Israel be a Kadesh." This has been interpreted as prohibiting the "sons of Israel" from serving as a homosexual temple prostitute in a pagan cult.[12]

Interpretations of homosexual relationships

The story of David and Jonathan is introduced in Samuel 1 (18:1), where it says that "Jonathan became one in spirit with David, and he loved him as himself". The feeling is expressed before the men exchanged a single word in an interaction that has been described as philia or love at first sight.[a] The relationship between David and Jonathan has also been compared more explicitly to other ambiguously homoerotic or homosexual relationships in Near Eastern literature, including by the Near Eastern scholar Cyrus H. Gordon, who noted the instance in the Book of Jashar, excerpted in Samuel 2 (1:26), in which David "proclaims that Jonathan's love was sweeter to him than the love of a women" as being similar to Achilles' comparison of Patroclus to a girl and Gilgamesh's love for Enkidu "as a woman".[14][15]

The story of Ruth and Naomi in the Book of Ruth is also occasionally interpreted as the story of a lesbian couple.[16]

Rabbinic Jewish application and interpretation of these verses

Prohibitions for homosocial interaction

The laws of negiah prohibit affectionate touch between an unmarried man and woman (except close relatives), because this touch is considered "approaching" a forbidden relationship.[17] As gay male sex is included in the category of arayot along with other sexual prohibitions,[18] the prohibition of negiah would seem to also apply between two gay men. Nevertheless, some sources raise the possibility that the law may be more lenient for two men than for a man and a woman.[19] The consensus seems to be that touch between gay men which involves sexual desire is rabbinically forbidden, while touch which does not involve sexual desire is permitted.[20]

Another issue is the prohibition of yichud (seclusion of two individuals together in a manner that would allow them to have sex). The Talmud records a debate over whether yichud applies to any two men.[21] Maimonides, Tur, and Shulchan Aruch rule leniently, that yichud of two men is permitted, because "Jews are not suspected of homosexual sex".[22] Nevertheless, the Shulchan Aruch recommended to avoid such yichud, "in these generations where promiscuous people are common" (possibly a reference to the use of Köçek dancer-prostitutes in the Ottoman Empire at the time). However, this recommendation was not repeated by later authorities.[23]

Based on the above precedents that yichud can apply to two men in a circumstance where homosexual behavior is a concern, a modern halakhic authority rules that two men cannot be alone together if both of them are homosexual.[24] Opinions also exist that the prohibition only applies to two men who are in a relationship with each other, or that there is no technical prohibition at all if they are confident they can avoid forbidden touch (but they should still avoid sharing a bedroom).[20]

Applicability of Biblical death penalty

Like many similar commandments, the stated punishment for willful violation was the death penalty, though minors under 13 years of age were exempt from this, as from any other penalty.[25] However, even in Biblical times, it was very difficult to get a conviction that would lead to this prescribed punishment. The Jewish Oral Law states that capital punishment would be applicable only if two men were caught in the act of anal sex, if there were two witnesses to the act, if the men involved were warned that they committed a capital offense, and the two men — or the willing party, in case of rape — subsequently acknowledged the warning but continued to engage in the prohibited act anyway. In fact, there is no account of capital punishment, in regards to this law, in Jewish history.

Rabbinic tradition understands the Torah's system of capital punishment to not be in effect for the past approximately 2,000 years, in the absence of a Sanhedrin and Temple.[26]

Classical rabbinic Jewish sources do not specifically mention that homosexual attraction is inherently sinful. However, someone who has had homosexual intercourse is considered to have violated a prohibition.[27] If he does teshuva (repentance), i. e., he ceases his forbidden actions, regrets what he has done, apologizes to God, and makes a binding resolution never to repeat those actions, he is seen to be forgiven by God.[28]

Lesbian sexual activity

Although lesbianism is not explicitly prohibited in the Hebrew Bible, sexual liaisons between women are forbidden by Orthodox rabbinical literature. The Talmud discusses tribadism (women rubbing genitals together, or "nashim mesolelot") without explicitly prohibiting it; the main concern was whether or not this activity removed their status as a virgin, making them ineligible to marry a member of the priesthood. However, the Sifra condemned marriage between two women, considering it within the category of licentious foreign behavior which is forbidden to Jews.[29][30] Following this lead, later halakhic codes prohibited tribadism on the same grounds.[31] The penalty for lesbian acts was flagellation, rather than the death penalty.[32]

Same-sex marriage in the Midrash and the Talmud

The Babylonian Talmud is one of the few ancient religious texts that makes reference to same-sex marriage: "Ulla said: Non-Jews [litt. Bnei Noach, the progeny of Noah] accepted upon themselves thirty mitzvot [divinely ordered laws], but they only abide by three of them: The first one is that they do not write marriage documents for male couples, the second one is that they don't sell dead [human] meat by the pound in stores, and the third one is that they respect the Torah.'"[33]

Sifra states: "'Like the deeds of the land of Egypt where you dwelt, you shall not do'[29] - What would they do? A man would marry a man, a woman would marry a woman..."[34]

Reasons for the prohibition

Reasons suggested by the rabbis for the prohibition on gay male sex include the following:

  • It is forbidden by the L-D own words for Jews to engage in homosexual activty because it is an Abomination (Judaism) Leviticus 18:22, Leviticus 20:13[35]
  • It is considered a defiance of sexual anatomy, which is unlike God's intention of procreation and sexual activity[36]
  • The sexual arousal involved results in a vain emission of semen[36]
  • It may lead a man to abandon his family to pursue a homosexual relationship[37][38][36]
  • It is non-procreative[39][38]

Orthodox Jewish views

While a variety of views regarding homosexuality as an inclination or status exist within the Orthodox Jewish community, Orthodox Judaism generally prohibits homosexual conduct. While there is some disagreement about which male homosexual acts come under core prohibitions, the majority of Orthodox Judaism puts male-male anal sex in the category of yehareg ve'al ya'avor, "die rather than transgress", the small category of Biblically-prohibited acts (also including murder, idolatry, adultery, and incest) which an Orthodox Jew is obligated under the laws of Self-sacrifice under Jewish Law to die rather than do.[40] According to the Talmud, homosexual acts are forbidden between non-Jews as well, and this is included among the sexual restrictions of the Noachide laws.[41] The archetypal model in Judaism is marital heterosexuality with fornication, celibacy, adultery, homosexuality, incest and bestiality seen to be part of a continuous prism of wrong.[42]

In a speech given in 1986, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, discussed "individuals who express an inclination towards a particular form of physical relationship in which the libidinal gratification is sought with members of one's own gender". He wrote that "society and government must be to offer a helping hand to those who are afflicted with this problem".[43]

In a 2008 open letter distributed to Orthodox community leaders, the Hod organization appealed to the Orthodox community to recognize them as part of the religious society.[44] Up to 2013, 163 Orthodox rabbis from Israel and abroad signed this statement, including Yuval Cherlow, Binyamin Lau, Haim Navon,i Daniel Sperber, Eliezer Melamed, Shai Piron, and Yehuda Gilad.[citation needed] In 2010, TorahWeb.org published a brief position statement entitled "Torah View on Homosexuality", co-authored by Rav Hershel Schachter, Rav Mordechai Willig, Rav Michael Rosensweig, and Rav Mayer Twersky.[45][non-primary source needed]

On July 22, 2010, a "Statement of Principles on the Place of Jews with a Homosexual Orientation in Our Community" was released.[46] It was written primarily by Nathaniel Helfgot, Aryeh Klapper, and Yitzchak Blau. Signatories include more than a hundred rabbis and laypeople. Some of the statement's more notable supporters are Rabbi Marc Angel, co-founder of The Rabbinic Fellowship; Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, founder of Lincoln Square Synagogue, Efrat, and Ohr Torah Stone Institutions; and Rabbi Avi Weiss, head of the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale, founder of Yeshivat Chovevei Torah and Yeshivat Maharat, and co-founder of The Rabbinic Fellowship.[47]

An edict signed by dozens of Israeli Orthodox rabbis and published in 2016 by the Israeli Modern Orthodox rabbinic group Beit Hillel, a group which promotes inclusiveness in Orthodox Judaism, stated, in part, "According to the Torah and halacha, the [same-sex sexual] acts are forbidden, but not the proclivities, and therefore, people with same-sex tendencies, men and women, have no invalidation in halacha or tradition. They are obligated by the commandments of the Torah, they can fulfill a [ritual] obligation on behalf of the public, and carry out all of the community functions just like any member."[48] It also stated, in part, "Just as it [is] inconceivable to mock someone for being physically, behaviorally, or mentally different, so too those with same-sex tendencies should not be mocked. On the contrary, those around them — family and community — should show special feeling for them, and apply to them the Torah commandment of 'Love thy neighbor as thyself' and to be diligent in avoiding the prohibition of insulting another."[48]

Rabbi Dr. Immanuel Jakobovits describes the traditional opinion on homosexuality as follows: "Jewish law [...] rejects the view that homosexuality is to be regarded merely as a disease or as morally neutral... Jewish law holds that no hedonistic ethic, even if called "love", can justify the morality of homosexuality any more than it can legitimize adultery or incest, however genuinely such acts may be performed out of love and by mutual consent."[49] Rabbi Norman Lamm argued that some (although not all) homosexuals should be viewed as diseased and in need of compassion and treatment, rather than willful rebels who should be ostracized. He distinguishes between six varieties of homosexuals, including "genuine homosexuals" who have "strong preferential erotic feelings for members of the same sex", "transitory" and "situational" homosexuals who would prefer heterosexual intercourse but are denied it or seek gain in homosexuality, and heterosexuals who are merely curious.[50]

Orthodox Jews who are Homosexual

When Steven Greenberg, who received Orthodox rabbinic ordination, publicly announced in 1999 that he was homosexual, there was a significant response from rabbis of all denominations reported in the Jewish newspapers. Rabbi Moshe Tendler, a leading rabbi at Yeshiva University, stated, "It is very sad that an individual who attended our yeshiva sunk to the depths of what we consider a depraved society."[51] As Greenberg has a rabbinic ordination from the Orthodox rabbinical seminary of Yeshiva University (RIETS), he is generally described as the first openly gay Orthodox Jewish rabbi.[52] However, some Orthodox Jews, including many rabbis, dispute his being an Orthodox rabbi.[53]

Orthodox Israeli rabbi Ron Yosef became in 2009 the first Israeli Orthodox Rabbi to come out, by appearing in Uvda [he] ("Fact"), Israel's leading investigative television program, in an episode regarding conversion therapies in Israel.[54] Yosef remains in his position as a pulpit Rabbi.[55] Yosef testified that his Yemenite congregation did not accept him being a homosexual very easily and it took them a while to accept it. Yosef received death threats in the year leading up to the 2009 Tel Aviv gay centre shooting.[56] In 2013, he stated he is in a relationship with a man.[57] Yosef has stated his approach to the issue of homosexuality in Judaism as follows: "It is clear to me that lying with another man is forbidden, and our starting point is commitment to halacha and Torah. The goal is not to seek permission. But you need to give us a shoulder and support."[55]

In 2019 Daniel Atwood became the first openly gay Orthodox person to be ordained as a rabbi; he was ordained by the rabbi Daniel Landes, in Jerusalem.[58][59]

Ex-gay organizations

Further information: Ex-gay movement

JONAH was a Jewish ex-gay organization that focuses on "prevention, intervention, and healing of the underlying issues causing same-sex attractions".[60] In 2012, four former clients of JONAH sued the organization for fraud, claiming that it sold them therapies that were ineffective and counterproductive.[61] Soon after in that same year, the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), a professional association of more than 1,000 Orthodox rabbis around the world, sent an open email to its members that it no longer supported conversion therapy generally, or JONAH specifically.[61] In 2015, a New Jersey jury found JONAH guilty of consumer fraud for promising to be able to change its clients' sexual urges and determined its commercial practices to be unconscionable.[62] As part of the sentence, JONAH was required to cease all operations, but continues to operate under the name JIFGA as of 2018.[63]

Other viewpoints

Jiří Mordechai Langer, who studied in the Hasidic community of Belz, arrived in the land of Israel in 1940. "His reconciliation of homosexuality and Judaism involved ...a homosexual Jewish theology; ...a sociology of Jewish homosexuality in Hasidism".[64]

The late UK Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks wrote the foreword to Rabbi Chaim Rapoport's book Judaism and Homosexuality: An Authentic Orthodox View.[65] In the foreword, Rabbi Sacks has written: "Compassion, sympathy, empathy, understanding - these are essential elements of Judaism. They are what homosexual Jews who care about Judaism need from us today."

Modern Orthodox leader Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein is reported to have said that the intensity of Orthodox community's condemnation of homosexuality goes beyond what its status as a religious transgression warrants, and that he feels toward homosexual people "criticism, disapproval, but tempered with an element of sympathy".[66]

In both the United States and in Israel several groups have sprung up in the last few years that seek to support those who identify as both Orthodox and homosexual; support Orthodox parents of LGBT children;[67] and promote understanding of homosexuality within Orthodox communities and among Orthodox rabbis. These include an umbrella organization called Eshel,[68] the Gay and Lesbian Yeshiva Day School Alumni Association,[69] the women's group OrthoDykes,[70] the youth group JQYouth,[71] the American-Israeli group headquartered in Jerusalem Bat Kol[72] and the Israeli group Hod ("Majesty").[73][74] In 2012, Hod held an advertising campaign against conversion therapies and for self-acceptance of the religious homosexual community in Israel.[75] Online blogs and support groups have enabled many to find other Orthodox LGBT people with whom to share the conflict between Orthodox religious and social norms and LGBT self-identification.[76]

Orthodox Rabbis Shmuley Boteach and Zev Farber have questioned the opposition of Orthodox groups to government recognition of same-sex civil marriages (or in Boteach's case, to state-sanctioned civil unions), arguing that although Judaism does not condone homosexuality, governments should not enforce any particular religion's view of marriage, and that conferring civil benefits to committed homosexual couples should be viewed as promoting family values.[77][78] Boteach wrote in a 2010 Wall Street Journal op-ed column on homosexuality that he does not deny that there is a biblical prohibition on male same-sex relationships and a commandment for men and women to marry and have children.[79] Still, he understands those in context.[79] "There are 613 commandments in the Torah... So when Jewish gay couples tell me they have never been attracted to members of the opposite sex and are desperate alone, I tell them "You have 611 commandments left. That should keep you busy. Now, go create a kosher home ... you are His beloved children."[79] Five years later he wrote that he believed in the equality of all of God's children, and has seen too much homophobia in his life.[80] He believes that the biggest threat to marriage doesn't come from gay marriage, but heterosexual divorce, which he says afflicts half of marriages.[80] He opposes government involvement at all in recognizing marriage, but supports state-sanctioned "civil unions" for all.[79][81][82][83][80] Orthodox Rabbi Shmuly Yanklowitz declared that the Jewish values of justice, equality, and dignity lead him to support the cause of gay rights and advocate for same-sex civil marriage.[84]

In November 2016, dozens of LGBT activists protested in Jerusalem against comments reportedly made by the city's chief rabbi Rabbi Shlomo Amar, who reportedly told an Israeli newspaper that gay people were an "abomination", and homosexuality a "cult".[85]

In 2017, the Senior Rabbi of the Spanish & Portuguese Sephardi Community Joseph Dweck gave a class describing "the entire revolution of feminism and even homosexuality in our society ... is a fantastic development for humanity". These words were condemned by Rabbi Aaron Bassous as "false and misguided ... corrupt from beginning to end".[86] This affair caused Dweck to step down from the Sephardic Beth Din but not as a communal leader.[87]

In 2019, Rabbi Daniel Landes wrote, "Leviticus 18:22 ... has not been erased from the Torah. But that biblical commandment does not give us license to ignore or abuse the significant number of carefully observant Jews who are LGBTQ."[88]

Film documentaries made about Orthodox homosexuals in recent years include Trembling Before G-d, Keep Not Silent, and Say Amen.

Conservative Judaism

Further information: Conservative Judaism and sexual orientation

As a matter of both Jewish law and institutional policy, Conservative ("Masorti") Judaism has wrestled with homosexuality issues since the 1980s.

Conservative Jewish writer Herschell Matt initially argued that homosexuals may be excused because Judaism does recognise 'constraint' as a valid excuse to disobey the law. However, Matt later shifted to outright support for homosexuality, viewing it as part of the natural order. Conservative Rabbi Robert Kirshchner states that Jews have historically adapted their laws to new circumstances, indicating accommodation for homosexuality.[89]

 
Jewish Theological Seminary of America, the main rabbinical seminary of Conservative Judaism

In Conservative Judaism, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards (CJLS) of the Rabbinical Assembly makes the movement's decisions concerning Jewish law. In 1992, the CJLS action affirmed its traditional prohibition on homosexual conduct, blessing same-sex unions, and ordaining openly gay/lesbian/bisexual clergy. However, these prohibitions grew increasingly controversial within the Conservative movement.

In 2006, the CJLS shifted its position and paved the way for significant changes regarding the Conservative movement's policies toward homosexuality. On December 6, 2006, The CJLS adopted three distinct responsa reflecting very different approaches to the subject. One responsum substantially liberalized Conservative Judaism's approach including lifting most (but not all) classical prohibitions on homosexual conduct and permitted the blessing of homosexual unions and the ordination of openly gay/lesbian/bisexual clergy. Two others completely retained traditional prohibitions. Under the rules of the Conservative movement, the adoption of multiple opinions permits individual Conservative rabbis, congregations, and rabbinical schools to select which opinion to accept, and hence to choose individually whether to maintain a traditional prohibition on homosexual conduct or to permit openly gay/lesbian/bisexual unions and clergy.

The liberalizing responsum, adopted as a majority opinion by 13 of 25 votes, was authored by Rabbis Elliot N. Dorff, Daniel Nevins, and Avram Reisner. It lifted most restrictions on homosexual conduct and opened the way to the ordination of openly gay/lesbian/bisexual rabbis and cantors and acceptance of homosexual unions, but stopped short of religiously recognizing same-sex marriage. The responsum invoked the Talmudic principle of kavod habriyot, which the authors translated as "human dignity", as authority for this approach. The responsum maintained a prohibition on male-male anal sex, which it described as the sole Biblically prohibited homosexual act. This act remains a yehareg ve'al ya'avor ("die rather than transgress" offense) under the decision.[90]

Two traditionalist responsa were adopted. A responsum by Rabbi Joel Roth,[91] adopted as a majority opinion by 13 votes, reaffirmed a general complete prohibition on homosexual conduct. A second responsum by Rabbi Leonard Levy, adopted as a minority opinion by 6 votes, delineated ways in which to ensure that gays and lesbians would be accorded human dignity and a respected place in Conservative communities and institutions while maintaining the authority of the traditional prohibitions against same-sex sexual activity.

The Committee rejected the fourth paper by Gordon Tucker which would have lifted all restrictions on homosexual sexual practices.

The consequences of the decision have been mixed. On the one hand, four members of the Committee - Rabbis Joel Roth, Leonard Levy, Mayer Rabinowitz, and Joseph Prouser - resigned from the CJLS following adoption of the change.[92][93] On the other hand, the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies of the University of Judaism (now the American Jewish University) in Los Angeles had previously stated that it will immediately begin admitting gay/lesbian/bisexual students as soon as the law committee passes a policy that sanctions such ordination.[94] On March 26, 2007, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York followed suit and began accepting openly gay/lesbian/bisexual candidates for admission for their Rabbinical program.[95]

In June 2012, the American branch of Conservative Judaism formally approved same-sex marriage ceremonies in a 13–0 vote.[96] In 2021, two Conservative Rabbis became the first known example of two Rabbis of the same sex marrying each other.[97]

Although the American example was initially an outlier in the global Conservative movement, it is now the case that "all Masorti seminaries, except for the one in Argentina, now accept openly gay students".[98] Since 2014 in the United Kingdom the Masorti movement offers a Shutafut ("partnership") ceremony to same-gender couples wishing to marry in a Conservative religious ceremony. The Shutafut contains many of the iconic elements of a traditional Jewish wedding service - the chupah, the seven blessings, the wine, the glass breaking, but without the symbolic act of acquisition in a traditional Jewish wedding.[99]

In Israel, the head of the Masorti's Vaad Halakha (equivalent to the CJLS), Rabbi David Golinkin, wrote to the CJLS protesting its reconsideration of the traditional ban on homosexual conduct.[100] Despite the contention within the Israeli movement however in the same year, Israel's Schechter Rabbinical Seminary sanctioned the training of openly gay Rabbis.[101]

Hungary's Neolog movement - distinct from but seen as a fraternal counterpart and in some ways spiritual ancestor of the modern Masorti movement - has been more divided. Although not embracing and providing for same-gender marriage or full inclusion in Jewish life, Mazsihisz, the main representative umbrella body for Neolog Judaism, has affirmed its opposition to exclusion by homophobia and in 2013 dismissed the director of its youth movement for making comments about excluding gay people from all religious life for their sexual orientation.[102] In 2021 the President of Mazsihisz was made to apologise for signing a Joint Declaration of the Churches on the Holiness of Marriage that held "the sanctification of the woman-man relationship by marriage is the foundation of human dignity". His critics included Mazsihisz's Chief Rabbi and earlier that same year the movement made a statement widely seen as condemning new Hungarian laws limiting the exposure of children to content referencing homosexuality.[103]

Rabbi Bradley Artson, Dean of the Rabbinic School at American Jewish University, claims to have studied every reference he could find to homosexual activity mentioned in ancient Greek and Latin writers. Every citation he found described an encounter between males where one party, the master, physically abused another, the slave. Rabbi Artson could not find a single example where one partner was not subservient to the other. "Homosexual relationships today", Rabbi Artson says, "should not be compared to the ancient world. I know too many homosexual individuals, including close friends and relatives, who are committed to one another in loving long-term monogamous relationships. I know too many same-sex couples that are loving parents raising good descent [sic] ethical children. Who's to say their family relationships are less sanctified in the eyes of God than mine is with my wife and our children?"[104]

Reform Judaism

The Reform Judaism movement, the largest branch of Judaism in North America, has rejected the traditional view of Jewish Law on homosexuality and bisexuality. As such, they do not prohibit the ordination of openly gay, lesbian, and bisexual people as rabbis and cantors. They view Levitical laws as sometimes seen to be referring to prostitution, making it a stand against Jews adopting the idolatrous fertility cults and practices of the neighbouring Canaanite nations, rather than a blanket condemnation of same-sex intercourse, homosexuality, or bisexuality. Reform authorities consider that, in light of what is seen as current scientific evidence about the nature of homosexuality and bisexuality as inborn sexual orientations, a new interpretation of the law is required.

In 1972, Beth Chayim Chadashim, the world's first explicitly-gay-and-lesbian-centered synagogue recognized by the Reform Jewish community, was established in West Los Angeles, resulting in a slew of non-Orthodox congregations being established along similar lines. Beth Chayim Chadashim now focuses on the entire LGBT community, rather than just gays and lesbians.

In 1977, the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR), which is the Union for Reform Judaism's principal body, adopted a resolution calling for legislation decriminalizing homosexual acts between consenting adults, and calling for an end to discrimination against gays and lesbians.[105] The resolution called on Reform Jewish organizations to develop programs to implement this stand.[105]

Reform rabbi Lionel Blue was the first British rabbi to publicly declare himself as gay, which he did in 1980.[6]

In the late 1980s, the primary seminary of the Reform movement, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, changed its admission requirements to allow openly gay and lesbian people to join the student body.

In 1990, the Union for Reform Judaism announced a national policy declaring lesbian and gay Jews to be full and equal members of the religious community. Also in 1990, the CCAR officially endorsed a report of their own Ad Hoc Committee on Homosexuality and the Rabbinate.[105] This position paper urged that "all rabbis, regardless of sexual orientation, be accorded the opportunity to fulfill the sacred vocation that they have chosen".[105] The committee endorsed the view that "all Jews are religiously equal, regardless of their sexual orientation".[105]

In 1995, Reform Rabbi Margaret Wenig's essay "Truly Welcoming Lesbian and Gay Jews" was published in The Jewish Condition: Essays on Contemporary Judaism Honoring [Reform] Rabbi Alexander M. Schindler; it was the first published argument to the Jewish community on behalf of civil marriage for gay couples.[106][107][citation needed]

In 1996, the CCAR passed a resolution approving the same-sex civil marriage. However, this same resolution made a distinction between civil marriages and religious marriages; this resolution thus stated:

However we may understand homosexuality, whether as an illness, as a genetically based dysfunction or as a sexual preference and lifestyle—we cannot accommodate the relationship of two homosexuals as a "marriage" within the context of Judaism, for none of the elements of qiddushin (sanctification) normally associated with marriage can be invoked for this relationship.[108]
The Central Conference of American Rabbis support the right of gay and lesbian couples to share fully and equally in the rights of civil marriage, and
That the CCAR oppose governmental efforts to ban gay and lesbian marriage.
That this is a matter of civil law, and is separate from the question of rabbinic officiation at such marriages.

In 1998, an ad hoc CCAR committee on Human Sexuality issued its majority report (11 to 1, 1 abstention) which stated that the holiness within a Jewish marriage "may be present in committed same-gender relationships between two Jews and that these relationships can serve as the foundation of stable Jewish families, thus adding strength to the Jewish community". The report called for the CCAR to support rabbis in officiating at same-sex marriages. Also in 1998, the Responsa Committee of the CCAR issued a lengthy teshuvah (rabbinical opinion)[109] that offered detailed argumentation in support of both sides of the question whether a rabbi may officiate at a commitment ceremony for a same-sex couple.

In March 2000, the CCAR issued a new resolution stating that "We do hereby resolve that the relationship of a Jewish, same-gender couple is worthy of affirmation through appropriate Jewish ritual and further resolve, that we recognize the diversity of opinions within our ranks on this issue. We support the decision of those who choose to officiate at rituals of union for same-sex couples, and we support the decision of those who do not."

Also in 2000, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion established the Institute for Judaism, Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity to "educate HUC-JIR students on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues to help them challenge and eliminate homophobia and heterosexism; and to learn tools to be able to transform the communities they encounter into ones that are inclusive and welcoming of LGBT Jews".[110] It is the first and only institute of its kind in the Jewish world.[110]

In 2003, the Union for Reform Judaism retroactively applied its pro-rights policy on gays and lesbians to the bisexual and transgender communities, issuing a resolution titled, "Support for the Inclusion and Acceptance of the Transgender and Bisexual Communities".[111]

Also in 2003, Women of Reform Judaism issued a statement describing their support for human and civil rights and the struggles of the bisexual and transgender communities, and saying, "Women of Reform Judaism accordingly: Calls for civil rights protections from all forms of discrimination against bisexual and transgender individuals; Urges that such legislation allows transgender individuals to be seen under the law as the gender by which they identify; and Calls upon sisterhoods to hold informative programs about the transgender and bisexual communities."[112]

In 2009, Siddur Sha'ar Zahav, a prayer book written to address the lives and needs of LGBTQ as well as heterosexual and cisgender Jews, was published.[113][114]

In 2014, the CCAR joined a lawsuit challenging North Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage, which is America's first faith-based challenge to same-sex marriage bans.[115][116]

In 2015, Rabbi Denise Eger became the first openly gay president of the CCAR.[117][118]

Also in 2015, the High Holy Days Reform Jewish prayer book Mishkan HaNefesh was released; it is intended as a companion to Mishkan T'filah.[119] Mishkan HaNefesh can be translated as "sanctuary of the soul".[119] It replaces a line from the Reform movement's earlier prayerbook, "Gates of Repentance", that mentioned the joy of a bride and groom specifically, with the line "rejoicing with couples under the chuppah [wedding canopy]", and adds a third, non-gendered option to the way worshippers are called to the Torah, offering "mibeit", Hebrew for "from the house of", in addition to the traditional "son of" or "daughter of".[119] The Mishkan HaNefesh includes several sets of translations for the traditional prayers. Psalm 23 includes the familiar "traditional" translation, an adaptation that is considered "gender-sensitive" but remains faithful to the traditional version, a feminist adaption from Phyllis Appell Bass, and the fourth was published in 1978 by a contemporary rabbi.[120]

Reconstructionist Judaism

The Reconstructionist movement sees homosexuality and bisexuality as normal expressions of sexuality and welcomes gays, bisexuals, and lesbians into Reconstructionist communities to participate fully in every aspect of community life. Since 1985, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College has admitted openly gay, bisexual, and lesbian candidates to their rabbinical and cantorial programs. In 1993, a movement Commission issued: Homosexuality and Judaism: The Reconstructionist Position.[121] The Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association (RRA) encourages its members to officiate at same-sex marriages/commitment ceremonies, though the RRA does not require its members to officiate at them. In 2007, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association elected as president Rabbi Toba Spitzer, the first openly LGBT person chosen to head a rabbinical association in the United States. In 2011 Sandra Lawson became the first openly homosexual African-American and first African-American admitted to the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College;[122][123] she was ordained in June 2018, which made her the first openly homosexual, female, black rabbi in the world.[83][124][125] In 2013, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association elected as president Rabbi Jason Klein, the first openly gay man chosen to head a national rabbinical association of one of the major Jewish denominations in the United States.[126] Also in 2013, Rabbi Deborah Waxman was elected as the president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College.[127][128] As the President, she is believed to be the first woman and first lesbian to lead a Jewish congregational union, and the first female rabbi and first lesbian to lead a Jewish seminary; the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College is both a congregational union and a seminary.[127][129]

Jewish Renewal

Jewish Renewal is a recent movement in Judaism which endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with Kabbalistic, Hasidic, musical and meditative practices; it describes itself as "a worldwide, transdenominational movement grounded in Judaism's prophetic and mystical traditions".[130] The Jewish Renewal movement ordains people of all sexual orientations as rabbis and cantors. In 2005, Eli Cohen became the first openly gay rabbi ordained by the Jewish Renewal Movement, followed by Chaya Gusfield and Rabbi Lori Klein in 2006, who became the two first openly lesbian rabbis ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement. In 2007, Jalda Rebling, born in Amsterdam and now living in Germany, became the first openly lesbian cantor ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement.[131] In 2011, the bisexual rights activist Debra Kolodny was ordained as a rabbi by the Jewish Renewal movement and hired as the rabbi for congregation P'nai Or of Portland.[132][133] The Statement of Principles of ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal (and OHALAH and the Rabbinic Pastors Association) states in part, "We welcome and recognize the sanctity of every individual regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. We recognize respectful and mutual expressions of adult human sexuality as potentially sacred expressions of love, and therefore, we strive to welcome a variety of constellations of intimate relationships and family forms including gay, lesbian, and heterosexual relationships as well as people choosing to be single."[134]

Humanistic Judaism

Humanistic Judaism is a movement in Judaism that offers a non-theistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life. In 2004, the Society for Humanistic Judaism issued a resolution supporting "the legal recognition of marriage and divorce between adults of the same sex", and affirming "the value of marriage between any two committed adults with the sense of obligations, responsibilities, and consequences thereof".[135] In 2010 they pledged to speak out against homophobic bullying.[136] The Association of Humanistic Rabbis has also issued a pro-LGBT statement titled "In Support of Diverse Sexualities and Gender Identities".[137] It was adopted in 2003 and issued in 2004.[137]

LGBT-affirmative activities

 
A halachic egalitarian Pride minyan in Tel Aviv on the second Shabbat of Hanukkah.

Jewish LGBT rights advocates and sympathetic clergy have created various institutions within Jewish life to accommodate gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender parishioners. Beth Chayim Chadashim, established in 1972 in West Los Angeles, was the world's first explicitly-gay-and-lesbian-centered synagogue recognized by the Reform Jewish community, resulting in a slew of non-Orthodox congregations being established along similar lines, including Congregation Beit Simchat Torah in New York City, Bet Mishpachah in Washington, D. C., and Congregation Or Chadash in Chicago. Beth Chayim Chadashim now focuses on the entire LGBT community, rather than just gays and lesbians.

LGBT-inclusive services and ceremonies specific to Jewish religious culture have also been created, ranging from LGBT-affirmative haggadot for Passover[138] to a "Stonewall Shabbat Seder".[139][140]

In October 2012 Rainbow Jews, an oral history project showcasing the lives of Jewish bisexual, lesbian, gay, and transgender people in the United Kingdom from the 1950s until the present, was launched.[141] It is the United Kingdom's first archive of Jewish bisexual, lesbian, gay, and transgender history.[142]

The ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives has, among other things, the Twice Blessed Collection, circa 1966-2000; this collection "consists of materials documenting the Jewish lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender experience, circa 1966-2000, collected by the Jewish Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Archives, founded and operated by Johnny Abush".[143]

Recent research by the sociocultural psychologist, Chana Etengoff, has highlighted the therapeutic benefits of LGBTQ petitions to religious leaders, including meaning-making, social action, agency and empowerment.[144]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ In the text, the attraction of Jonathan to David begins almost immediately, as Saul is delighted by his new companion. This attraction is given extravagant expression. In the first place it appears to be love (philia) at first sight. We are told: "When David had finished speaking to Saul, the soul of Jonathan was bound to the soul of David" (1 Sam 18:1).[13]

References

  1. ^ Hebrew-English Bible Leviticus 18:22, Leviticus 20:13
  2. ^ Issurei Bi'ah 1:14
  3. ^ Issurei Bi'ah 21:18
  4. ^ Issurei Bi'ah 21:8
  5. ^ Dana Evan Kaplan (8 August 2005). The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-521-52951-8.
  6. ^ a b "Rabbi Lionel Blue, the first openly gay British rabbi, dies at 86 | Jewish Telegraphic Agency". Jta.org. 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-06-22.
  7. ^ Hebrew-English BibleLeviticus 18:22
  8. ^ Hebrew-English Bible Leviticus 20:13
  9. ^ "Translations and interpretations of Leviticus 18:22; all views". www.religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  10. ^ Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 54a and b; Josephus, Against Apion 2.199; and Philo, Abraham 135. Some modern authors stating this view include Alter (2004), p. 623, 632; Boyarin (1995), p. 339, 343; Brooten (1996), p. 61; Cohen (1990), p. 6; Daube (1986), p. 447; Milgrom (2000), p. 1568; Olyan (1994), p. 185; Thurston (1990), p. 16; and Walsh (2001), p. 208.
  11. ^ Brodsky (2009).
  12. ^ "Deuteronomy 23:17 No daughter or son of Israel is to be a cult prostitute". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  13. ^ Baldwin 1988, p. 135.
  14. ^ Gordon 1955, p. 89.
  15. ^ Horner 1978, p. 19.
  16. ^ "Finding Our Past: A Lesbian Interpretation of the Book of Ruth", by Rebecca Alpert, in Reading Ruth: Contemporary Women Reclaim a Sacred Story, edited by J. A. Kates and G.T. Reimer (1994).
  17. ^ Sifre, Acharei Mot, 13:2; Mishneh Torah, Issurei Biah 21:1; Maimonides and Nahmanides debate whether this law is biblical or rabbinic.
  18. ^ Mishneh Torah, Issurei Biah 1:4
  19. ^ For example, Yosef Shalom Elyashiv (Kobetz Teshuvot 3:184): דווקא בבא על הזכר, אבל בבא דרך איברים על הזכר לא שייך איסור וחיוב מלקות על הקריבה... שהרי לדעת הרמב"ם בכלל איסור קריבה גם חיבוק ונישוק, ואיסור זה לא שייך באיש לאיש... אמנם ודאי חיבוק ונישוק זכר לזכר אין בכלל הלאו הנ"ל, ובזה יש לומר דהוי ליה כאב לבתו ואם לבנה... אבל בזכר הבא על אחר דרך איברים מנא לן לחלק בזה, והרי לפי המנחת חינוך בבא על הזכר חייב גם על הקריבה? אכן ממה שכתב הרמב"ם בפרק א' מאיסורי ביאה... וכתב המגיד משנה... משמע שאין בזה אלא איסור מדבריהם..."
  20. ^ a b Yonatan Rosensweig, התמודדות מקראית פרשנית הלכתית ומחשבתית עם משכב זכר
  21. ^ Mishna Kiddushin 4:14; Kiddushin 82a
  22. ^ Mishneh Torah, Issurei Biah 22:2; Tur Even Haezer 24:1; Shulchan Aruch Even Haezer 24:1
  23. ^ For example: Yam Shel Shlomo, Kiddushin 4:23; Rema, Yoreh Deah 153:1; Vilna Gaon, Yoreh Deah 153:3; Aruch Hashulchan, Even Haezer 24:6
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  28. ^ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Repentance, Chapter 2
  29. ^ a b Hebrew-English Bible Leviticus 18:3
  30. ^ Sifra, Acharei Mot 13:10
  31. ^ Mishneh Torah, Issurei Biah 21:8
  32. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica | vol 9 | second edition | pg 518 | Homosexuality
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  34. ^ Sifra, on Leviticus 18:3
  35. ^ Hebrew-English Bible Leviticus 18:22, Leviticus 20:13
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  • Cohen, Martin (1990). "The Biblical Prohibition of Homosexual Intercourse". Journal of Homosexuality. 19 (4): 3–20. doi:10.1300/J082v19n04_02. PMID 2230109.
  • Daube, David (1986). "The Old Testament Prohibitions of Homosexuality". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fur Rechtsgeschichte Romantische Abteilung. 103.
  • Dworkin, Sara H.
  • Moshe Feinstein. Igrot Moshe OH 4:115, 1 Adar I, 5736
  • Gordon, Cyrus H. (1955). "Homer And Bible: The Origin and Character of East Mediterranean Literature". Hebrew Union College Annual. 26: 43–108. JSTOR 23506150.
  • Gorlin, Rebecca. "The Voice of a Wandering Jewish Bisexual", in Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out, Alyson Publications, 1991, edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Kaʻahumanu
  • Gorlin, Rebecca. "The Voice of a Wandering Jewish Bisexual: An Update" in Kulanu = (all of us) : a resource book for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (glbt) inclusion, URJ Press, 2007, edited by Richard F. Address, Joel L. Kushner, and Geoffrey Mitelman
  • Greenberg, Steven, . University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. ISBN 0-299-19090-0
  • Horner, Tom (1978). Jonathan Loved David: Homosexuality in Biblical Times. Westminster: John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664241858.
  • _______. (Under pseudonym Yaakov Levado). , Tikkun magazine, 1993.
  • Kahn, Yoel H. "Judaism and Homosexuality: The Traditionalist/Progressive Debate" in Homosexuality and Religion, Richard Hasbany, ed. Haworth Press, 1989
  • Kolodny, Debra and Rosenthol, Gilly, "Hear, I Pray You, This Dream Which I Have Dreamed" and "I Can Love All The Faces of G-d" in Blessed Bi Spirit: Bisexual People of Faith, Continuum, 2000, edited by Kolodny, Debra
  • Milgrom, Jacob (2000). Leviticus 17–22.
  • Moss Jacob A., Ulmer Rivka (2008). "Two men under one cloak—the Sages permit it: Homosexual Marriage in Judaism". Journal of Homosexuality. 55 (1): 71–105. doi:10.1080/00918360802129337. PMID 18928046. S2CID 39050949.
  • Olyan, Saul M. (1994). ""And with a Male You Shall Not Lie the Lying down of a Woman": On the Meaning and Significance of Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 5 (2): 179–206. ISSN 1043-4070. JSTOR 3704197. PMID 11639358.
  • Thurston, Thomas (1990). "Leviticus 18:22 and the Prohibition of Homosexual Acts". In Stemmeler, Michael L.; Clark, J. Michael (eds.). Homophobia and the Judeo-Christian Tradition.
  • Jewish Reconstruction Federation & RRA, Homosexuality and Judaism: The Reconstructionist Position, The Reconstructionist Press, 1993
  • Unterman, Alan. "Judaism and Homosexuality: Some Orthodox Perspectives" in Jewish Explorations of Sexuality, Jonathan Magonet, ed.
  • Walsh, Jerome (2001). "Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13: Who Is Doing What To Whom?" (PDF). Journal of Biblical Literature. 120 (2): 201–209. doi:10.2307/3268292. JSTOR 3268292. Also available

Further reading

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judaism and LGBT.
  • Found Tribe: Jewish Coming Out Stories, edited by Lawrence Schimel (May 1, 2004)
  • A Gay Synagogue in New York by Moshe Shokeid (Nov 1, 2002)
  • Judaism and Homosexuality: An Authentic Orthodox View by Rabbi Chaim Rapoport (Apr 1, 2004)
  • "Hear, I Pray You, This Dream Which I Have Dreamed" by Debra Kolodny and "I Can Love All The Faces of G-d" by Gilly Rosenthol, both in Blessed Bi Spirit: Bisexual People of Faith, edited by Debra Kolodny (2000)
  • "Lesbianism", by Rebecca Alpert, part of Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
  • Lesbian Rabbis: The First Generation by Rebecca Alpert, Sue Levi Elwell and Shirley Idelson (Aug 15, 2001)
  • Like Bread on the Seder Plate: Jewish Lesbians and the Transformation of Tradition by Rebecca Alpert (Nov 15, 1998)
  • "Judaism, Post-Biblical" by Warren Johansson, in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (1990)
  • "Judaism, Sephardic" by Daniel Eisenberg, in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (1990)
  • "Judeo-Christian Tradition" by Warren Johansson, in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (1990)
  • Nice Jewish Girls: A Lesbian Anthology edited by Evelyn Torton Beck (Dec 1989)
  • Twice Blessed: On Being Lesbian or Gay and Jewish, edited by Christie Balka and Andy Rose (Apr 2, 1991)
  • "The Voice of a Wandering Jewish Bisexual" by Rebecca Gorlin, in Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out, Alyson Publications, 1991, edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Kaʻahumanu
  • "The Voice of a Wandering Jewish Bisexual: An Update" by Rebecca Gorlin, in Kulanu = (all of us) : a resource book for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (glbt) inclusion, URJ Press, 2007, edited by Richard F. Address, Joel L. Kushner, and Geoffrey Mitelman
  • at glbtq.com
  • Queer Jewish Lives Between Central Europe and Mandatory Palestine. transcript Verlag. 2021. ISBN 978-3-8394-5332-2.

Research References:

  • Yaron Ben Naeh: Homosexuality in Jewish medieval society, comparison with the Islam, at "Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World", 13 sqq
  • Coyle, Adrian; Rafalin, Deborah (2001). "Jewish gay men's accounts of negotiating cultural, religious, and sexual identity: A qualitative study". Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. 12 (4): 21–48. doi:10.1300/J056v12n04_02. S2CID 7552857. Pdf.
  • Etengoff, Chana; Daiute, Colette (February 2014). "Family members' uses of religion in post–coming-out conflicts with their gay relative". Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 6 (1): 33–43. doi:10.1037/a0035198.
  • Etengoff, Chana; Daiute, Colette (November 2014). "Online coming-out communications between gay men and their religious family allies: a family of choice and origin perspective". Journal of GLBT Family Studies. 11 (3): 278–304. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2014.964442. S2CID 143709709.
  • Etengoff, Chana; Daiute, Colette (2015). "Clinicians' perspective of the relational processes for family and individual development during the mediation of religious and sexual identity disclosure". Journal of Homosexuality. 62 (3): 394–426. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.977115. PMID 25364980. S2CID 10971273.
  • Glassgold, Judith M. (2008). "Bridging the divide integrating lesbian identity and Orthodox Judaism". Women & Therapy. 31 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1300/02703140802145227. S2CID 141855451.
  • Halbertal, T. H., & Koren, I. (2006). Between "being" and "doing": Conflict and coherence in the identity formation of gay and lesbian Orthodox Jews. In D. P. McAdams, R. Josselson, and A. Lieblich (Eds.), Identity and story: Creating self in narrative (p. 37–61). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association Press.
  • Mark, Naomi (2008). "Identities in conflict: forging an Orthodox gay identity". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health. 12 (3): 179–194. doi:10.1080/19359700802111189. S2CID 216137589.
  • Schnoor, Randal F. (2006). "Being gay and Jewish: Negotiating intersecting identities". Sociology of Religion. 67 (1): 43–60. doi:10.1093/socrel/67.1.43.

March 08, 2023
jewish, views, homosexuality, lgbt, topics, judaism, redirects, here, transgender, topics, judaism, transgender, people, religion, judaism, subject, homosexuality, judaism, dates, back, torah, book, vayikra, leviticus, traditionally, regarded, classifying, sex. LGBT topics and Judaism redirects here For transgender topics in Judaism see Transgender people and religion Judaism The subject of homosexuality and Judaism dates back to the Torah The book of Vayikra Leviticus is traditionally regarded as classifying sexual intercourse between males as a to eivah something abhorred or detested that can be subject to capital punishment by the currently non existent Sanhedrin under halakha Jewish law LGBTQ and JudaismHalakhic texts relating to this articleTorah Leviticus 18 22 Leviticus 20 13 1 Mishneh Torah For men Issurei Bi ah 1 14 2 21 18 3 For women Issurei Bi ah 21 8 4 Jewish marchers at San Francisco Pride 2014 A Jewish Pride participant wears a rainbow yarmulke at the 2015 Marcha Gay of Mexico City Orthodox Jewish protesters holding Anti LGBT Protest signs during the Gay Pride parade in Haifa Israel 2010 The issue has been a subject of contention within modern Jewish denominations and has led to debate and division Traditionally Judaism has seen that homosexual male intercourse and not homosexuality in and of itself as contrary to Judaism and this opinion is still maintained by Orthodox Judaism On the other hand Reconstructionist Judaism and Reform Judaism do not hold this view and allow both homosexual intercourse and same sex marriage Conservative Judaism s Committee on Jewish Law and Standards which until December 2006 held the same position as Orthodoxy has since issued multiple opinions under its philosophy of pluralism one opinion continues to follow the Orthodox position while another opinion substantially liberalizes the view of homosexual sex and relationships while continuing to regard certain sexual acts as prohibited Allen Bennett became the first openly gay rabbi in the United States in 1978 5 Lionel Blue was the first British rabbi to publicly declare himself as gay which he did in 1980 6 Contents 1 Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible 1 1 Interpretations of homosexual relationships 2 Rabbinic Jewish application and interpretation of these verses 2 1 Prohibitions for homosocial interaction 2 2 Applicability of Biblical death penalty 2 3 Lesbian sexual activity 2 4 Same sex marriage in the Midrash and the Talmud 2 5 Reasons for the prohibition 3 Orthodox Jewish views 3 1 Orthodox Jews who are Homosexual 3 2 Ex gay organizations 3 3 Other viewpoints 4 Conservative Judaism 5 Reform Judaism 6 Reconstructionist Judaism 7 Jewish Renewal 8 Humanistic Judaism 9 LGBT affirmative activities 10 See also 11 References 11 1 Notes 11 2 References 11 3 Sources 12 Further readingHomosexuality in the Hebrew Bible EditFurther information The Bible and homosexuality and Leviticus 18 Homosexuality The Book of Leviticus refers to male homosexual sexual practices twice JPS translation ו א ת ז כ ר ל א ת ש כ ב מ ש כ ב י א ש ה ת ו ע ב ה ה וא Thou shalt not lie with mankind as with womankind it is detestable 7 ו א יש א ש ר י ש כ ב א ת ז כ ר מ ש כ ב י א ש ה ת ו ע ב ה ע ש ו ש נ יה ם מו ת יו מ תו ד מ יה ם ב ם And if a man lie with mankind as with womankind both of them have committed a detestable act They shall surely be put to death their blood shall be upon them 8 Several commentators believe that the verses specifically condemn the practice of sodomy i e anal intercourse between two males 9 10 11 Deuteronomy 23 18 tells followers None of the daughters of Israel shall be a kedeshah nor shall any of the sons of Israel be a Kadesh This has been interpreted as prohibiting the sons of Israel from serving as a homosexual temple prostitute in a pagan cult 12 Interpretations of homosexual relationships Edit The story of David and Jonathan is introduced in Samuel 1 18 1 where it says that Jonathan became one in spirit with David and he loved him as himself The feeling is expressed before the men exchanged a single word in an interaction that has been described as philia or love at first sight a The relationship between David and Jonathan has also been compared more explicitly to other ambiguously homoerotic or homosexual relationships in Near Eastern literature including by the Near Eastern scholar Cyrus H Gordon who noted the instance in the Book of Jashar excerpted in Samuel 2 1 26 in which David proclaims that Jonathan s love was sweeter to him than the love of a women as being similar to Achilles comparison of Patroclus to a girl and Gilgamesh s love for Enkidu as a woman 14 15 The story of Ruth and Naomi in the Book of Ruth is also occasionally interpreted as the story of a lesbian couple 16 Rabbinic Jewish application and interpretation of these verses EditProhibitions for homosocial interaction Edit The laws of negiah prohibit affectionate touch between an unmarried man and woman except close relatives because this touch is considered approaching a forbidden relationship 17 As gay male sex is included in the category of arayot along with other sexual prohibitions 18 the prohibition of negiah would seem to also apply between two gay men Nevertheless some sources raise the possibility that the law may be more lenient for two men than for a man and a woman 19 The consensus seems to be that touch between gay men which involves sexual desire is rabbinically forbidden while touch which does not involve sexual desire is permitted 20 Another issue is the prohibition of yichud seclusion of two individuals together in a manner that would allow them to have sex The Talmud records a debate over whether yichud applies to any two men 21 Maimonides Tur and Shulchan Aruch rule leniently that yichud of two men is permitted because Jews are not suspected of homosexual sex 22 Nevertheless the Shulchan Aruch recommended to avoid such yichud in these generations where promiscuous people are common possibly a reference to the use of Kocek dancer prostitutes in the Ottoman Empire at the time However this recommendation was not repeated by later authorities 23 Based on the above precedents that yichud can apply to two men in a circumstance where homosexual behavior is a concern a modern halakhic authority rules that two men cannot be alone together if both of them are homosexual 24 Opinions also exist that the prohibition only applies to two men who are in a relationship with each other or that there is no technical prohibition at all if they are confident they can avoid forbidden touch but they should still avoid sharing a bedroom 20 Applicability of Biblical death penalty Edit Like many similar commandments the stated punishment for willful violation was the death penalty though minors under 13 years of age were exempt from this as from any other penalty 25 However even in Biblical times it was very difficult to get a conviction that would lead to this prescribed punishment The Jewish Oral Law states that capital punishment would be applicable only if two men were caught in the act of anal sex if there were two witnesses to the act if the men involved were warned that they committed a capital offense and the two men or the willing party in case of rape subsequently acknowledged the warning but continued to engage in the prohibited act anyway In fact there is no account of capital punishment in regards to this law in Jewish history Rabbinic tradition understands the Torah s system of capital punishment to not be in effect for the past approximately 2 000 years in the absence of a Sanhedrin and Temple 26 Classical rabbinic Jewish sources do not specifically mention that homosexual attraction is inherently sinful However someone who has had homosexual intercourse is considered to have violated a prohibition 27 If he does teshuva repentance i e he ceases his forbidden actions regrets what he has done apologizes to God and makes a binding resolution never to repeat those actions he is seen to be forgiven by God 28 Lesbian sexual activity Edit Although lesbianism is not explicitly prohibited in the Hebrew Bible sexual liaisons between women are forbidden by Orthodox rabbinical literature The Talmud discusses tribadism women rubbing genitals together or nashim mesolelot without explicitly prohibiting it the main concern was whether or not this activity removed their status as a virgin making them ineligible to marry a member of the priesthood However the Sifra condemned marriage between two women considering it within the category of licentious foreign behavior which is forbidden to Jews 29 30 Following this lead later halakhic codes prohibited tribadism on the same grounds 31 The penalty for lesbian acts was flagellation rather than the death penalty 32 Same sex marriage in the Midrash and the Talmud Edit The Babylonian Talmud is one of the few ancient religious texts that makes reference to same sex marriage Ulla said Non Jews litt Bnei Noach the progeny of Noah accepted upon themselves thirty mitzvot divinely ordered laws but they only abide by three of them The first one is that they do not write marriage documents for male couples the second one is that they don t sell dead human meat by the pound in stores and the third one is that they respect the Torah 33 Sifra states Like the deeds of the land of Egypt where you dwelt you shall not do 29 What would they do A man would marry a man a woman would marry a woman 34 Reasons for the prohibition Edit Reasons suggested by the rabbis for the prohibition on gay male sex include the following It is forbidden by the L D own words for Jews to engage in homosexual activty because it is an Abomination Judaism Leviticus 18 22 Leviticus 20 13 35 It is considered a defiance of sexual anatomy which is unlike God s intention of procreation and sexual activity 36 The sexual arousal involved results in a vain emission of semen 36 It may lead a man to abandon his family to pursue a homosexual relationship 37 38 36 It is non procreative 39 38 Orthodox Jewish views EditWhile a variety of views regarding homosexuality as an inclination or status exist within the Orthodox Jewish community Orthodox Judaism generally prohibits homosexual conduct While there is some disagreement about which male homosexual acts come under core prohibitions the majority of Orthodox Judaism puts male male anal sex in the category of yehareg ve al ya avor die rather than transgress the small category of Biblically prohibited acts also including murder idolatry adultery and incest which an Orthodox Jew is obligated under the laws of Self sacrifice under Jewish Law to die rather than do 40 According to the Talmud homosexual acts are forbidden between non Jews as well and this is included among the sexual restrictions of the Noachide laws 41 The archetypal model in Judaism is marital heterosexuality with fornication celibacy adultery homosexuality incest and bestiality seen to be part of a continuous prism of wrong 42 In a speech given in 1986 the Lubavitcher Rebbe Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson discussed individuals who express an inclination towards a particular form of physical relationship in which the libidinal gratification is sought with members of one s own gender He wrote that society and government must be to offer a helping hand to those who are afflicted with this problem 43 In a 2008 open letter distributed to Orthodox community leaders the Hod organization appealed to the Orthodox community to recognize them as part of the religious society 44 Up to 2013 163 Orthodox rabbis from Israel and abroad signed this statement including Yuval Cherlow Binyamin Lau Haim Navon i Daniel Sperber Eliezer Melamed Shai Piron and Yehuda Gilad citation needed In 2010 TorahWeb org published a brief position statement entitled Torah View on Homosexuality co authored by Rav Hershel Schachter Rav Mordechai Willig Rav Michael Rosensweig and Rav Mayer Twersky 45 non primary source needed On July 22 2010 a Statement of Principles on the Place of Jews with a Homosexual Orientation in Our Community was released 46 It was written primarily by Nathaniel Helfgot Aryeh Klapper and Yitzchak Blau Signatories include more than a hundred rabbis and laypeople Some of the statement s more notable supporters are Rabbi Marc Angel co founder of The Rabbinic Fellowship Rabbi Shlomo Riskin founder of Lincoln Square Synagogue Efrat and Ohr Torah Stone Institutions and Rabbi Avi Weiss head of the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale founder of Yeshivat Chovevei Torah and Yeshivat Maharat and co founder of The Rabbinic Fellowship 47 An edict signed by dozens of Israeli Orthodox rabbis and published in 2016 by the Israeli Modern Orthodox rabbinic group Beit Hillel a group which promotes inclusiveness in Orthodox Judaism stated in part According to the Torah and halacha the same sex sexual acts are forbidden but not the proclivities and therefore people with same sex tendencies men and women have no invalidation in halacha or tradition They are obligated by the commandments of the Torah they can fulfill a ritual obligation on behalf of the public and carry out all of the community functions just like any member 48 It also stated in part Just as it is inconceivable to mock someone for being physically behaviorally or mentally different so too those with same sex tendencies should not be mocked On the contrary those around them family and community should show special feeling for them and apply to them the Torah commandment of Love thy neighbor as thyself and to be diligent in avoiding the prohibition of insulting another 48 Rabbi Dr Immanuel Jakobovits describes the traditional opinion on homosexuality as follows Jewish law rejects the view that homosexuality is to be regarded merely as a disease or as morally neutral Jewish law holds that no hedonistic ethic even if called love can justify the morality of homosexuality any more than it can legitimize adultery or incest however genuinely such acts may be performed out of love and by mutual consent 49 Rabbi Norman Lamm argued that some although not all homosexuals should be viewed as diseased and in need of compassion and treatment rather than willful rebels who should be ostracized He distinguishes between six varieties of homosexuals including genuine homosexuals who have strong preferential erotic feelings for members of the same sex transitory and situational homosexuals who would prefer heterosexual intercourse but are denied it or seek gain in homosexuality and heterosexuals who are merely curious 50 Orthodox Jews who are Homosexual Edit When Steven Greenberg who received Orthodox rabbinic ordination publicly announced in 1999 that he was homosexual there was a significant response from rabbis of all denominations reported in the Jewish newspapers Rabbi Moshe Tendler a leading rabbi at Yeshiva University stated It is very sad that an individual who attended our yeshiva sunk to the depths of what we consider a depraved society 51 As Greenberg has a rabbinic ordination from the Orthodox rabbinical seminary of Yeshiva University RIETS he is generally described as the first openly gay Orthodox Jewish rabbi 52 However some Orthodox Jews including many rabbis dispute his being an Orthodox rabbi 53 Orthodox Israeli rabbi Ron Yosef became in 2009 the first Israeli Orthodox Rabbi to come out by appearing in Uvda he Fact Israel s leading investigative television program in an episode regarding conversion therapies in Israel 54 Yosef remains in his position as a pulpit Rabbi 55 Yosef testified that his Yemenite congregation did not accept him being a homosexual very easily and it took them a while to accept it Yosef received death threats in the year leading up to the 2009 Tel Aviv gay centre shooting 56 In 2013 he stated he is in a relationship with a man 57 Yosef has stated his approach to the issue of homosexuality in Judaism as follows It is clear to me that lying with another man is forbidden and our starting point is commitment to halacha and Torah The goal is not to seek permission But you need to give us a shoulder and support 55 In 2019 Daniel Atwood became the first openly gay Orthodox person to be ordained as a rabbi he was ordained by the rabbi Daniel Landes in Jerusalem 58 59 Ex gay organizations Edit Further information Ex gay movement JONAH was a Jewish ex gay organization that focuses on prevention intervention and healing of the underlying issues causing same sex attractions 60 In 2012 four former clients of JONAH sued the organization for fraud claiming that it sold them therapies that were ineffective and counterproductive 61 Soon after in that same year the Rabbinical Council of America RCA a professional association of more than 1 000 Orthodox rabbis around the world sent an open email to its members that it no longer supported conversion therapy generally or JONAH specifically 61 In 2015 a New Jersey jury found JONAH guilty of consumer fraud for promising to be able to change its clients sexual urges and determined its commercial practices to be unconscionable 62 As part of the sentence JONAH was required to cease all operations but continues to operate under the name JIFGA as of 2018 63 Other viewpoints Edit Jiri Mordechai Langer who studied in the Hasidic community of Belz arrived in the land of Israel in 1940 His reconciliation of homosexuality and Judaism involved a homosexual Jewish theology a sociology of Jewish homosexuality in Hasidism 64 The late UK Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks wrote the foreword to Rabbi Chaim Rapoport s book Judaism and Homosexuality An Authentic Orthodox View 65 In the foreword Rabbi Sacks has written Compassion sympathy empathy understanding these are essential elements of Judaism They are what homosexual Jews who care about Judaism need from us today Modern Orthodox leader Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein is reported to have said that the intensity of Orthodox community s condemnation of homosexuality goes beyond what its status as a religious transgression warrants and that he feels toward homosexual people criticism disapproval but tempered with an element of sympathy 66 In both the United States and in Israel several groups have sprung up in the last few years that seek to support those who identify as both Orthodox and homosexual support Orthodox parents of LGBT children 67 and promote understanding of homosexuality within Orthodox communities and among Orthodox rabbis These include an umbrella organization called Eshel 68 the Gay and Lesbian Yeshiva Day School Alumni Association 69 the women s group OrthoDykes 70 the youth group JQYouth 71 the American Israeli group headquartered in Jerusalem Bat Kol 72 and the Israeli group Hod Majesty 73 74 In 2012 Hod held an advertising campaign against conversion therapies and for self acceptance of the religious homosexual community in Israel 75 Online blogs and support groups have enabled many to find other Orthodox LGBT people with whom to share the conflict between Orthodox religious and social norms and LGBT self identification 76 Orthodox Rabbis Shmuley Boteach and Zev Farber have questioned the opposition of Orthodox groups to government recognition of same sex civil marriages or in Boteach s case to state sanctioned civil unions arguing that although Judaism does not condone homosexuality governments should not enforce any particular religion s view of marriage and that conferring civil benefits to committed homosexual couples should be viewed as promoting family values 77 78 Boteach wrote in a 2010 Wall Street Journal op ed column on homosexuality that he does not deny that there is a biblical prohibition on male same sex relationships and a commandment for men and women to marry and have children 79 Still he understands those in context 79 There are 613 commandments in the Torah So when Jewish gay couples tell me they have never been attracted to members of the opposite sex and are desperate alone I tell them You have 611 commandments left That should keep you busy Now go create a kosher home you are His beloved children 79 Five years later he wrote that he believed in the equality of all of God s children and has seen too much homophobia in his life 80 He believes that the biggest threat to marriage doesn t come from gay marriage but heterosexual divorce which he says afflicts half of marriages 80 He opposes government involvement at all in recognizing marriage but supports state sanctioned civil unions for all 79 81 82 83 80 Orthodox Rabbi Shmuly Yanklowitz declared that the Jewish values of justice equality and dignity lead him to support the cause of gay rights and advocate for same sex civil marriage 84 In November 2016 dozens of LGBT activists protested in Jerusalem against comments reportedly made by the city s chief rabbi Rabbi Shlomo Amar who reportedly told an Israeli newspaper that gay people were an abomination and homosexuality a cult 85 In 2017 the Senior Rabbi of the Spanish amp Portuguese Sephardi Community Joseph Dweck gave a class describing the entire revolution of feminism and even homosexuality in our society is a fantastic development for humanity These words were condemned by Rabbi Aaron Bassous as false and misguided corrupt from beginning to end 86 This affair caused Dweck to step down from the Sephardic Beth Din but not as a communal leader 87 In 2019 Rabbi Daniel Landes wrote Leviticus 18 22 has not been erased from the Torah But that biblical commandment does not give us license to ignore or abuse the significant number of carefully observant Jews who are LGBTQ 88 Film documentaries made about Orthodox homosexuals in recent years include Trembling Before G d Keep Not Silent and Say Amen Conservative Judaism EditFurther information Conservative Judaism and sexual orientation As a matter of both Jewish law and institutional policy Conservative Masorti Judaism has wrestled with homosexuality issues since the 1980s Conservative Jewish writer Herschell Matt initially argued that homosexuals may be excused because Judaism does recognise constraint as a valid excuse to disobey the law However Matt later shifted to outright support for homosexuality viewing it as part of the natural order Conservative Rabbi Robert Kirshchner states that Jews have historically adapted their laws to new circumstances indicating accommodation for homosexuality 89 Jewish Theological Seminary of America the main rabbinical seminary of Conservative Judaism In Conservative Judaism the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards CJLS of the Rabbinical Assembly makes the movement s decisions concerning Jewish law In 1992 the CJLS action affirmed its traditional prohibition on homosexual conduct blessing same sex unions and ordaining openly gay lesbian bisexual clergy However these prohibitions grew increasingly controversial within the Conservative movement In 2006 the CJLS shifted its position and paved the way for significant changes regarding the Conservative movement s policies toward homosexuality On December 6 2006 The CJLS adopted three distinct responsa reflecting very different approaches to the subject One responsum substantially liberalized Conservative Judaism s approach including lifting most but not all classical prohibitions on homosexual conduct and permitted the blessing of homosexual unions and the ordination of openly gay lesbian bisexual clergy Two others completely retained traditional prohibitions Under the rules of the Conservative movement the adoption of multiple opinions permits individual Conservative rabbis congregations and rabbinical schools to select which opinion to accept and hence to choose individually whether to maintain a traditional prohibition on homosexual conduct or to permit openly gay lesbian bisexual unions and clergy The liberalizing responsum adopted as a majority opinion by 13 of 25 votes was authored by Rabbis Elliot N Dorff Daniel Nevins and Avram Reisner It lifted most restrictions on homosexual conduct and opened the way to the ordination of openly gay lesbian bisexual rabbis and cantors and acceptance of homosexual unions but stopped short of religiously recognizing same sex marriage The responsum invoked the Talmudic principle of kavod habriyot which the authors translated as human dignity as authority for this approach The responsum maintained a prohibition on male male anal sex which it described as the sole Biblically prohibited homosexual act This act remains a yehareg ve al ya avor die rather than transgress offense under the decision 90 Two traditionalist responsa were adopted A responsum by Rabbi Joel Roth 91 adopted as a majority opinion by 13 votes reaffirmed a general complete prohibition on homosexual conduct A second responsum by Rabbi Leonard Levy adopted as a minority opinion by 6 votes delineated ways in which to ensure that gays and lesbians would be accorded human dignity and a respected place in Conservative communities and institutions while maintaining the authority of the traditional prohibitions against same sex sexual activity The Committee rejected the fourth paper by Gordon Tucker which would have lifted all restrictions on homosexual sexual practices The consequences of the decision have been mixed On the one hand four members of the Committee Rabbis Joel Roth Leonard Levy Mayer Rabinowitz and Joseph Prouser resigned from the CJLS following adoption of the change 92 93 On the other hand the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies of the University of Judaism now the American Jewish University in Los Angeles had previously stated that it will immediately begin admitting gay lesbian bisexual students as soon as the law committee passes a policy that sanctions such ordination 94 On March 26 2007 the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York followed suit and began accepting openly gay lesbian bisexual candidates for admission for their Rabbinical program 95 In June 2012 the American branch of Conservative Judaism formally approved same sex marriage ceremonies in a 13 0 vote 96 In 2021 two Conservative Rabbis became the first known example of two Rabbis of the same sex marrying each other 97 Although the American example was initially an outlier in the global Conservative movement it is now the case that all Masorti seminaries except for the one in Argentina now accept openly gay students 98 Since 2014 in the United Kingdom the Masorti movement offers a Shutafut partnership ceremony to same gender couples wishing to marry in a Conservative religious ceremony The Shutafut contains many of the iconic elements of a traditional Jewish wedding service the chupah the seven blessings the wine the glass breaking but without the symbolic act of acquisition in a traditional Jewish wedding 99 In Israel the head of the Masorti s Vaad Halakha equivalent to the CJLS Rabbi David Golinkin wrote to the CJLS protesting its reconsideration of the traditional ban on homosexual conduct 100 Despite the contention within the Israeli movement however in the same year Israel s Schechter Rabbinical Seminary sanctioned the training of openly gay Rabbis 101 Hungary s Neolog movement distinct from but seen as a fraternal counterpart and in some ways spiritual ancestor of the modern Masorti movement has been more divided Although not embracing and providing for same gender marriage or full inclusion in Jewish life Mazsihisz the main representative umbrella body for Neolog Judaism has affirmed its opposition to exclusion by homophobia and in 2013 dismissed the director of its youth movement for making comments about excluding gay people from all religious life for their sexual orientation 102 In 2021 the President of Mazsihisz was made to apologise for signing a Joint Declaration of the Churches on the Holiness of Marriage that held the sanctification of the woman man relationship by marriage is the foundation of human dignity His critics included Mazsihisz s Chief Rabbi and earlier that same year the movement made a statement widely seen as condemning new Hungarian laws limiting the exposure of children to content referencing homosexuality 103 Rabbi Bradley Artson Dean of the Rabbinic School at American Jewish University claims to have studied every reference he could find to homosexual activity mentioned in ancient Greek and Latin writers Every citation he found described an encounter between males where one party the master physically abused another the slave Rabbi Artson could not find a single example where one partner was not subservient to the other Homosexual relationships today Rabbi Artson says should not be compared to the ancient world I know too many homosexual individuals including close friends and relatives who are committed to one another in loving long term monogamous relationships I know too many same sex couples that are loving parents raising good descent sic ethical children Who s to say their family relationships are less sanctified in the eyes of God than mine is with my wife and our children 104 Reform Judaism EditThe Reform Judaism movement the largest branch of Judaism in North America has rejected the traditional view of Jewish Law on homosexuality and bisexuality As such they do not prohibit the ordination of openly gay lesbian and bisexual people as rabbis and cantors They view Levitical laws as sometimes seen to be referring to prostitution making it a stand against Jews adopting the idolatrous fertility cults and practices of the neighbouring Canaanite nations rather than a blanket condemnation of same sex intercourse homosexuality or bisexuality Reform authorities consider that in light of what is seen as current scientific evidence about the nature of homosexuality and bisexuality as inborn sexual orientations a new interpretation of the law is required In 1972 Beth Chayim Chadashim the world s first explicitly gay and lesbian centered synagogue recognized by the Reform Jewish community was established in West Los Angeles resulting in a slew of non Orthodox congregations being established along similar lines Beth Chayim Chadashim now focuses on the entire LGBT community rather than just gays and lesbians In 1977 the Central Conference of American Rabbis CCAR which is the Union for Reform Judaism s principal body adopted a resolution calling for legislation decriminalizing homosexual acts between consenting adults and calling for an end to discrimination against gays and lesbians 105 The resolution called on Reform Jewish organizations to develop programs to implement this stand 105 Reform rabbi Lionel Blue was the first British rabbi to publicly declare himself as gay which he did in 1980 6 In the late 1980s the primary seminary of the Reform movement Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion changed its admission requirements to allow openly gay and lesbian people to join the student body In 1990 the Union for Reform Judaism announced a national policy declaring lesbian and gay Jews to be full and equal members of the religious community Also in 1990 the CCAR officially endorsed a report of their own Ad Hoc Committee on Homosexuality and the Rabbinate 105 This position paper urged that all rabbis regardless of sexual orientation be accorded the opportunity to fulfill the sacred vocation that they have chosen 105 The committee endorsed the view that all Jews are religiously equal regardless of their sexual orientation 105 In 1995 Reform Rabbi Margaret Wenig s essay Truly Welcoming Lesbian and Gay Jews was published in The Jewish Condition Essays on Contemporary Judaism Honoring Reform Rabbi Alexander M Schindler it was the first published argument to the Jewish community on behalf of civil marriage for gay couples 106 107 citation needed In 1996 the CCAR passed a resolution approving the same sex civil marriage However this same resolution made a distinction between civil marriages and religious marriages this resolution thus stated However we may understand homosexuality whether as an illness as a genetically based dysfunction or as a sexual preference and lifestyle we cannot accommodate the relationship of two homosexuals as a marriage within the context of Judaism for none of the elements of qiddushin sanctification normally associated with marriage can be invoked for this relationship 108 The Central Conference of American Rabbis support the right of gay and lesbian couples to share fully and equally in the rights of civil marriage andThat the CCAR oppose governmental efforts to ban gay and lesbian marriage That this is a matter of civil law and is separate from the question of rabbinic officiation at such marriages In 1998 an ad hoc CCAR committee on Human Sexuality issued its majority report 11 to 1 1 abstention which stated that the holiness within a Jewish marriage may be present in committed same gender relationships between two Jews and that these relationships can serve as the foundation of stable Jewish families thus adding strength to the Jewish community The report called for the CCAR to support rabbis in officiating at same sex marriages Also in 1998 the Responsa Committee of the CCAR issued a lengthy teshuvah rabbinical opinion 109 that offered detailed argumentation in support of both sides of the question whether a rabbi may officiate at a commitment ceremony for a same sex couple In March 2000 the CCAR issued a new resolution stating that We do hereby resolve that the relationship of a Jewish same gender couple is worthy of affirmation through appropriate Jewish ritual and further resolve that we recognize the diversity of opinions within our ranks on this issue We support the decision of those who choose to officiate at rituals of union for same sex couples and we support the decision of those who do not Also in 2000 Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion established the Institute for Judaism Sexual Orientation amp Gender Identity to educate HUC JIR students on lesbian gay bisexual and transgender issues to help them challenge and eliminate homophobia and heterosexism and to learn tools to be able to transform the communities they encounter into ones that are inclusive and welcoming of LGBT Jews 110 It is the first and only institute of its kind in the Jewish world 110 In 2003 the Union for Reform Judaism retroactively applied its pro rights policy on gays and lesbians to the bisexual and transgender communities issuing a resolution titled Support for the Inclusion and Acceptance of the Transgender and Bisexual Communities 111 Also in 2003 Women of Reform Judaism issued a statement describing their support for human and civil rights and the struggles of the bisexual and transgender communities and saying Women of Reform Judaism accordingly Calls for civil rights protections from all forms of discrimination against bisexual and transgender individuals Urges that such legislation allows transgender individuals to be seen under the law as the gender by which they identify and Calls upon sisterhoods to hold informative programs about the transgender and bisexual communities 112 In 2009 Siddur Sha ar Zahav a prayer book written to address the lives and needs of LGBTQ as well as heterosexual and cisgender Jews was published 113 114 In 2014 the CCAR joined a lawsuit challenging North Carolina s ban on same sex marriage which is America s first faith based challenge to same sex marriage bans 115 116 In 2015 Rabbi Denise Eger became the first openly gay president of the CCAR 117 118 Also in 2015 the High Holy Days Reform Jewish prayer book Mishkan HaNefesh was released it is intended as a companion to Mishkan T filah 119 Mishkan HaNefesh can be translated as sanctuary of the soul 119 It replaces a line from the Reform movement s earlier prayerbook Gates of Repentance that mentioned the joy of a bride and groom specifically with the line rejoicing with couples under the chuppah wedding canopy and adds a third non gendered option to the way worshippers are called to the Torah offering mibeit Hebrew for from the house of in addition to the traditional son of or daughter of 119 The Mishkan HaNefesh includes several sets of translations for the traditional prayers Psalm 23 includes the familiar traditional translation an adaptation that is considered gender sensitive but remains faithful to the traditional version a feminist adaption from Phyllis Appell Bass and the fourth was published in 1978 by a contemporary rabbi 120 Reconstructionist Judaism EditThe Reconstructionist movement sees homosexuality and bisexuality as normal expressions of sexuality and welcomes gays bisexuals and lesbians into Reconstructionist communities to participate fully in every aspect of community life Since 1985 the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College has admitted openly gay bisexual and lesbian candidates to their rabbinical and cantorial programs In 1993 a movement Commission issued Homosexuality and Judaism The Reconstructionist Position 121 The Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association RRA encourages its members to officiate at same sex marriages commitment ceremonies though the RRA does not require its members to officiate at them In 2007 the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association elected as president Rabbi Toba Spitzer the first openly LGBT person chosen to head a rabbinical association in the United States In 2011 Sandra Lawson became the first openly homosexual African American and first African American admitted to the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College 122 123 she was ordained in June 2018 which made her the first openly homosexual female black rabbi in the world 83 124 125 In 2013 the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association elected as president Rabbi Jason Klein the first openly gay man chosen to head a national rabbinical association of one of the major Jewish denominations in the United States 126 Also in 2013 Rabbi Deborah Waxman was elected as the president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College 127 128 As the President she is believed to be the first woman and first lesbian to lead a Jewish congregational union and the first female rabbi and first lesbian to lead a Jewish seminary the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College is both a congregational union and a seminary 127 129 Jewish Renewal EditJewish Renewal is a recent movement in Judaism which endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with Kabbalistic Hasidic musical and meditative practices it describes itself as a worldwide transdenominational movement grounded in Judaism s prophetic and mystical traditions 130 The Jewish Renewal movement ordains people of all sexual orientations as rabbis and cantors In 2005 Eli Cohen became the first openly gay rabbi ordained by the Jewish Renewal Movement followed by Chaya Gusfield and Rabbi Lori Klein in 2006 who became the two first openly lesbian rabbis ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement In 2007 Jalda Rebling born in Amsterdam and now living in Germany became the first openly lesbian cantor ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement 131 In 2011 the bisexual rights activist Debra Kolodny was ordained as a rabbi by the Jewish Renewal movement and hired as the rabbi for congregation P nai Or of Portland 132 133 The Statement of Principles of ALEPH Alliance for Jewish Renewal and OHALAH and the Rabbinic Pastors Association states in part We welcome and recognize the sanctity of every individual regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity We recognize respectful and mutual expressions of adult human sexuality as potentially sacred expressions of love and therefore we strive to welcome a variety of constellations of intimate relationships and family forms including gay lesbian and heterosexual relationships as well as people choosing to be single 134 Humanistic Judaism EditHumanistic Judaism is a movement in Judaism that offers a non theistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life In 2004 the Society for Humanistic Judaism issued a resolution supporting the legal recognition of marriage and divorce between adults of the same sex and affirming the value of marriage between any two committed adults with the sense of obligations responsibilities and consequences thereof 135 In 2010 they pledged to speak out against homophobic bullying 136 The Association of Humanistic Rabbis has also issued a pro LGBT statement titled In Support of Diverse Sexualities and Gender Identities 137 It was adopted in 2003 and issued in 2004 137 LGBT affirmative activities Edit A halachic egalitarian Pride minyan in Tel Aviv on the second Shabbat of Hanukkah Jewish LGBT rights advocates and sympathetic clergy have created various institutions within Jewish life to accommodate gay lesbian bisexual and transgender parishioners Beth Chayim Chadashim established in 1972 in West Los Angeles was the world s first explicitly gay and lesbian centered synagogue recognized by the Reform Jewish community resulting in a slew of non Orthodox congregations being established along similar lines including Congregation Beit Simchat Torah in New York City Bet Mishpachah in Washington D C and Congregation Or Chadash in Chicago Beth Chayim Chadashim now focuses on the entire LGBT community rather than just gays and lesbians LGBT inclusive services and ceremonies specific to Jewish religious culture have also been created ranging from LGBT affirmative haggadot for Passover 138 to a Stonewall Shabbat Seder 139 140 In October 2012 Rainbow Jews an oral history project showcasing the lives of Jewish bisexual lesbian gay and transgender people in the United Kingdom from the 1950s until the present was launched 141 It is the United Kingdom s first archive of Jewish bisexual lesbian gay and transgender history 142 The ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives has among other things the Twice Blessed Collection circa 1966 2000 this collection consists of materials documenting the Jewish lesbian gay bisexual and transgender experience circa 1966 2000 collected by the Jewish Gay Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender Archives founded and operated by Johnny Abush 143 Recent research by the sociocultural psychologist Chana Etengoff has highlighted the therapeutic benefits of LGBTQ petitions to religious leaders including meaning making social action agency and empowerment 144 See also Edit Judaism portal LGBT portal Israel portal Bat Kol Religious lesbian community in Israel Eshel Havruta Religious gay community in Israel Judaism and sexuality Keshet Rabbis LGBT affirming denominations in Judaism LGBT clergy in Judaism LGBT matters and religion LGBT rights in Israel List of LGBT Jews Same sex marriage and Judaism Timeline of LGBT Jewish history Transgender people and religion Abomination Judaism References EditNotes Edit In the text the attraction of Jonathan to David begins almost immediately as Saul is delighted by his new companion This attraction is given extravagant expression In the first place it appears to be love philia at first sight We are told When David had finished speaking to Saul the soul of Jonathan was bound to the soul of David 1 Sam 18 1 13 References Edit Hebrew English Bible Leviticus 18 22 Leviticus 20 13 Issurei Bi ah 1 14 Issurei Bi ah 21 18 Issurei Bi ah 21 8 Dana Evan Kaplan 8 August 2005 The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism Cambridge University Press pp 75 ISBN 978 0 521 52951 8 a b Rabbi Lionel Blue the first openly gay British rabbi dies at 86 Jewish Telegraphic Agency Jta org 2016 12 20 Retrieved 2017 06 22 Hebrew English BibleLeviticus 18 22 Hebrew English Bible Leviticus 20 13 Translations and interpretations of Leviticus 18 22 all views www religioustolerance org Retrieved 19 June 2019 Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 54a and b Josephus Against Apion 2 199 and Philo Abraham 135 Some modern authors stating this view include Alter 2004 p 623 632 Boyarin 1995 p 339 343 Brooten 1996 p 61 Cohen 1990 p 6 Daube 1986 p 447 Milgrom 2000 p 1568 Olyan 1994 p 185 Thurston 1990 p 16 and Walsh 2001 p 208 Brodsky 2009 Deuteronomy 23 17 No daughter or son of Israel is to be a cult prostitute biblehub com Retrieved 2019 10 08 Baldwin 1988 p 135 Gordon 1955 p 89 Horner 1978 p 19 Finding Our Past A Lesbian Interpretation of the Book of Ruth by Rebecca Alpert in Reading Ruth Contemporary Women Reclaim a Sacred Story edited by J A Kates and G T Reimer 1994 Sifre Acharei Mot 13 2 Mishneh Torah Issurei Biah 21 1 Maimonides and Nahmanides debate whether this law is biblical or rabbinic Mishneh Torah Issurei Biah 1 4 For example Yosef Shalom Elyashiv Kobetz Teshuvot 3 184 דווקא בבא על הזכר אבל בבא דרך איברים על הזכר לא שייך איסור וחיוב מלקות על הקריבה שהרי לדעת הרמב ם בכלל איסור קריבה גם חיבוק ונישוק ואיסור זה לא שייך באיש לאיש אמנם ודאי חיבוק ונישוק זכר לזכר אין בכלל הלאו הנ ל ובזה יש לומר דהוי ליה כאב לבתו ואם לבנה אבל בזכר הבא על אחר דרך איברים מנא לן לחלק בזה והרי לפי המנחת חינוך בבא על הזכר חייב גם על הקריבה אכן ממה שכתב הרמב ם בפרק א מאיסורי ביאה וכתב המגיד משנה משמע שאין בזה אלא איסור מדבריהם a b Yonatan Rosensweig התמודדות מקראית פרשנית הלכתית ומחשבתית עם משכב זכר Mishna Kiddushin 4 14 Kiddushin 82a Mishneh Torah Issurei Biah 22 2 Tur Even Haezer 24 1 Shulchan Aruch Even Haezer 24 1 For example Yam Shel Shlomo Kiddushin 4 23 Rema Yoreh Deah 153 1 Vilna Gaon Yoreh Deah 153 3 Aruch Hashulchan Even Haezer 24 6 דיני ייחוד לבעלי נטייה חד מינית p 81 100 Sanhedrin 54a 29 www sefaria org Samuel J Levine 1997 1998 Capital Punishment in Jewish Law and its Application to the American Legal System A Conceptual Overview St Mary s Law Journal 29 1037 1051 Orthodox Judaism and LGBTQ Issues Maimonides Mishneh Torah Laws of Repentance Chapter 2 a b Hebrew English Bible Leviticus 18 3 Sifra Acharei Mot 13 10 Mishneh Torah Issurei Biah 21 8 Encyclopaedia Judaica vol 9 second edition pg 518 Homosexuality Chullin 92ab Sifra on Leviticus 18 3 Hebrew English Bible Leviticus 18 22 Leviticus 20 13 a b c Eisenberg Ronald 2005 The 613 Mitzvot A Contemporary Guide to the Commandments of Judaism Schreiber Publishing p 325 ISBN 0 88400 303 5 a similar list appears in Lamm Maurice 1991 The Jewish Way in Love and Marriage Jonathan David Publishers Inc ISBN 0 8246 0353 2 Tosafot the Rosh and the Ran a b Rabbi Joel Roth Homosexuality rabbinicalassembly org 1992 Pesikta Zutrasa Nachmanides Sefer Hachinuch משכב זכר נכלל בגדר ייהרג ובל יעבור Judaism and the Modern Attitude to Homosexuality Archived from the original on March 30 2007 Retrieved March 16 2006 David L Balch 2000 Homosexuality Science and the plain Sense of Scripture Wm B Eerdmans Publishing pp 293 ISBN 978 0 8028 4698 3 Judaism s sexual ideal is marital sex all other forms of sexual behavior deviate from that ideal There is a continuum of wrong from premarital sex to celibacy to adultery to homosexuality incest and bestiality Rights or Ills Jonah International Archived from the original on March 2 2015 Retrieved November 26 2014 Kobi Nahshoni February 10 2008 Religious homosexuals seek acceptance Ynetnews Retrieved November 26 2014 Torah View on Homosexuality Torahweb Retrieved November 26 2014 Nati Helfgot July 28 2010 Statement of Principles Retrieved November 26 2014 RCA No Female Rabbis Israel National News 2010 04 27 Retrieved 2012 07 24 a b Dozens of Orthodox rabbis call for accepting gay congregants The Times of Israel In his entry Homosexuality in the Encyclopedia Judaica Keter Publishing Rabbi Dr Norman Lamm Judaism and the Modern Attitude to Homosexuality 2002 Archived from the original on March 2 2015 Retrieved November 26 2014 Rabbi Ordained by Yeshiva University Announces He is Gay Israel Wire May 18 1999 Archived from the original on March 6 2000 Retrieved April 11 2010 Goodstein Laurie 11 September 2004 Bishop Says Conflict on Gays Distracts From Vital Issues The New York Times Retrieved 18 November 2011 Rocker Simon 26 February 2005 Judaism and the gay dilemma The Guardian London Retrieved 16 November 2011 Neroulias Nicole 7 July 2010 An Interview With Rabbi Steven Greenberg Orthodox And Gay Huffington Post Retrieved 16 November 2011 Merwin Ted 19 July 2011 Gay And Orthodox According To Jon Marans The Jewish Week Retrieved 16 November 2011 100 Orthodox Rabbis Issue Same Sex Marriage Declaration algemeiner com 5 December 2011 Retrieved 19 April 2013 Yermi Brenner 2009 Gay Rabbi Comes Out of His Orthodox Closet VJ Movement Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved November 26 2014 a b Nissan Strauchler February 16 2010 Gay with perfect faith Ynetnews Retrieved November 26 2014 Kobi Nahshoni August 2 2009 Rabbis condemn anti gay shooting Ynetnews Retrieved November 26 2014 minute 00 39 in a radio interview with Razi Barkay here 1 This Was a Week of Jewish Blessings Gay Orthodox Ordination an 80 Person B nei Mitzvah and a Spelling Bee 31 May 2019 First openly gay Orthodox rabbi ordained in Jerusalem Israel News Haaretz com 2019 05 28 Retrieved 2019 06 03 JONAH S Mission Statement Archived from the original on March 29 2007 Retrieved April 6 2007 a b Jay Michaelson 2012 08 02 Orthodox Rabbis Say Gay Cure Therapy Doesn t Work The Daily Beast Retrieved 2012 12 03 Livio Susan K June 25 2015 Group claiming to turn gay men straight committed consumer fraud N J jury says NJ com New Jersey On Line NJ Advance Media for NJ com Retrieved September 23 2015 SPLC asks court to enforce order closing fraudulent conversion therapy provider Southern Poverty Law Center Retrieved 7 August 2018 Halper Shaun Jacob 2013 Mordechai Langer 1894 1943 and the Birth of the Modern Jewish Homosexual PhD University of California Berkeley p 1 Rapoport Rabbi Chaim 2004 Judaism and Homosexuality An Authentic Orthodox View London Portland OR Vallentine Mitchell ISBN 978 0853034520 Kobi Nahshoni January 1 2013 Top rabbi Soften attitude towards gays Ynetnews Maayan Jaffe January 27 2014 Orthodox and out of the closet JNS Archived from the original on February 2 2014 Retrieved November 26 2014 Eshel Archived from the original on October 31 2014 Retrieved November 26 2014 Frum Gay Jews Home Page Glydsa org Retrieved 2015 03 16 Orthodykes org Archived May 18 2014 at the Wayback Machine JQY Retrieved November 26 2014 English בת קול ארגון לסביות דתיות www bat kol org Hod Archived from the original on 2014 11 04 Ari Rabinovitch February 14 2008 Orthodox gays in Israel find support in Web site Reuters Retrieved November 26 2014 Sarah Karlan March 19 2013 Guerilla Campaign Against Gay Conversion Launched In Orthodox Jewish Community Buzzfeed Retrieved November 26 2014 For LGBT Orthodox Jews Growth of Social Media Creates a Safe Space Online Tablet June 26 2013 Shmuley Boteach May 14 2013 What If Government Recognized Only Civil Unions and Left Marriage to Religion Huffington Post Zev Farber May 22 2013 Obama s Advocacy of Gay Marriage An Alternative Orthodox Response by Rabbi Zev Farber Morethodoxy a b c d Boteach Shmuley October 15 2010 My Jewish Perspective on Homosexuality I tell gay couples they still have 611 of the Torah s 613 rules to keep them busy The Wall Street Journal a b c Boteach Shmuley July 1 2015 Gay Marriage and the End of Days The Observer Hunter Walker April 11 2012 Run Rabbi Run Shmuley Boteach Goes From Neverland to Capitol Hill Observer Roger Friedman May 23 2001 Jacko s Rabbi Gets Meshugah on Court TV Fox News Retrieved 28 February 2011 a b Rabbi Sandra Lawson named associate chaplain for Jewish life Jewish educator at Hillel E Net Elon University News amp Information 20 June 2018 Retrieved 2019 05 12 Shmuly Yanklowitz December 19 2013 5 Reasons Being an Orthodox Rabbi Compelled Me to Support Gay Marriage The Huffington Post Rabbi s Remarks on Homosexuality Spark Protests in Jerusalem AP 20 November 2016 via The New York Times Sherwood Harriet 18 June 2017 Chief rabbi intervenes in Orthodox rabbis row over homosexuality The Guardian Rocker Simon 19 July 2017 Rabbi Dweck can remain as Sephardi leader rabbinic panel says The Jewish Chronicle Landes Daniel We Need Gay Orthodox Rabbis Jewish Journal 28 May 2019 28 May 2019 David L Balch 2000 Homosexuality Science and the plain Sense of Scripture Wm B Eerdmans Publishing pp 293 ISBN 978 0 8028 4698 3 Herschell Matt a Conservative Jewish thinker moved away from the category of illness to speaking of sexual deviance malfunctioning or abnormality usually unavoidable and often irredemediable Matt recignized traditional reasons for condemning homosexuality but argued that Halakah traditional law recognizes the category of constraint me ones excusing one in circumstances beyond one s control Because there is no possibility of change to a hetereosexual preference the homosexual should be considered to be acting under constraint A decade later Matt went further and rejected his own suggestion that homosexuals should be tolerated because they are acting out of uncontrollable compulsion Homosexuality is rather part of God s creation therefore gay men and lesbians may be ordained to the rabbinate Matt went further than many other Conservative Jews but virtually all Jewish writers support the decriminalization of private sexual acts Another Conservative Rabbi Robert Kirshchner pointed out that in the interpretation of Jewish tradition where there is a halachic will there is a halachic way In other words if our understanding of a situation changes we Jews have always found a way to make the law fit in with our new understanding Elliott N Dorff Daniel Nevins and Avram Reisner Homosexuality Human Dignity and Halakha Committee on Jewish Law and Standards Rabbinical Assembly December 6 2006 PDF Archived from the original PDF on April 13 2008 Joel Roth Homosexuality Revisited Rabbinical Assembly December 6 2006 PDF Archived from the original PDF on April 22 2007 Retrieved 2007 01 23 Ben Harris 2006 12 06 Conflicting Conservative opinions expected to open the way for gays Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 Retrieved 2006 12 07 Rabbi Joel Roth Op Ed Law committee in its gay ruling stepped outside halachic framework JTS News December 10 2006 Archived from the original on February 5 2012 Rebecca Spence December 8 2006 Conservative Panel Votes To Permit Gay Rabbis The Jewish Daily Forward Archived from the original on December 8 2006 Retrieved November 26 2014 Chancellor elect Eisen s Letter to the Community The Jewish Theological Seminary March 26 2007 Archived from the original on December 4 2014 Retrieved November 26 2014 Conservative Jews approve gay wedding guidelines Conservative Judaism has just celebrated its first same sex wedding between rabbis Pink News November 6 2021 Retrieved April 28 2022 Keshet UK Denominational perspectives on LGBT inclusion PDF Archived from the original PDF on April 28 2022 Retrieved April 28 2022 Birth of a new tradition Masorti ceremonies for same sex couples The Jewish Chronicle September 1 2016 Retrieved April 28 2022 Rabbi Joseph Prouser The Conservative Movement and Homosexuality Settled Law in Unsettling Times PDF Archived from the original PDF on February 7 2012 Retrieved November 26 2014 Marcy Oster April 19 2012 Israel s Masorti movement to ordain gays and lesbians as rabbis Jewish Telegraphic Agency Retrieved April 28 2022 Cnaan Liphshiz July 6 2014 Young Hungarian Jews angle for slice of communal pie Times of Israel Retrieved 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22 Moss Jacob A Ulmer Rivka 2008 Two men under one cloak the Sages permit it Homosexual Marriage in Judaism Journal of Homosexuality 55 1 71 105 doi 10 1080 00918360802129337 PMID 18928046 S2CID 39050949 Olyan Saul M 1994 And with a Male You Shall Not Lie the Lying down of a Woman On the Meaning and Significance of Leviticus 18 22 and 20 13 Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 2 179 206 ISSN 1043 4070 JSTOR 3704197 PMID 11639358 Thurston Thomas 1990 Leviticus 18 22 and the Prohibition of Homosexual Acts In Stemmeler Michael L Clark J Michael eds Homophobia and the Judeo Christian Tradition Jewish Reconstruction Federation amp RRA Homosexuality and Judaism The Reconstructionist Position The Reconstructionist Press 1993 Unterman Alan Judaism and Homosexuality Some Orthodox Perspectives in Jewish Explorations of Sexuality Jonathan Magonet ed Walsh Jerome 2001 Leviticus 18 22 and 20 13 Who Is Doing What To Whom PDF Journal of Biblical Literature 120 2 201 209 doi 10 2307 3268292 JSTOR 3268292 Also available onlineFurther reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judaism and LGBT Found Tribe Jewish Coming Out Stories edited by Lawrence Schimel May 1 2004 A Gay Synagogue in New York by Moshe Shokeid Nov 1 2002 Judaism and Homosexuality An Authentic Orthodox View by Rabbi Chaim Rapoport Apr 1 2004 Hear I Pray You This Dream Which I Have Dreamed by Debra Kolodny and I Can Love All The Faces of G d by Gilly Rosenthol both in Blessed Bi Spirit Bisexual People of Faith edited by Debra Kolodny 2000 Lesbianism by Rebecca Alpert part of Jewish Women A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia Lesbian Rabbis The First Generation by Rebecca Alpert Sue Levi Elwell and Shirley Idelson Aug 15 2001 Like Bread on the Seder Plate Jewish Lesbians and the Transformation of Tradition by Rebecca Alpert Nov 15 1998 Judaism Post Biblical by Warren Johansson in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality 1990 Judaism Sephardic by Daniel Eisenberg in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality 1990 Judeo 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gay men s accounts of negotiating cultural religious and sexual identity A qualitative study Journal of Psychology amp Human Sexuality 12 4 21 48 doi 10 1300 J056v12n04 02 S2CID 7552857 Pdf Etengoff Chana Daiute Colette February 2014 Family members uses of religion in post coming out conflicts with their gay relative Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 6 1 33 43 doi 10 1037 a0035198 Etengoff Chana Daiute Colette November 2014 Online coming out communications between gay men and their religious family allies a family of choice and origin perspective Journal of GLBT Family Studies 11 3 278 304 doi 10 1080 1550428X 2014 964442 S2CID 143709709 Etengoff Chana Daiute Colette 2015 Clinicians perspective of the relational processes for family and individual development during the mediation of religious and sexual identity disclosure Journal of Homosexuality 62 3 394 426 doi 10 1080 00918369 2014 977115 PMID 25364980 S2CID 10971273 Glassgold Judith M 2008 Bridging the divide integrating lesbian identity and Orthodox Judaism Women amp Therapy 31 1 59 73 doi 10 1300 02703140802145227 S2CID 141855451 Halbertal T H amp Koren I 2006 Between being and doing Conflict and coherence in the identity formation of gay and lesbian Orthodox Jews In D P McAdams R Josselson and A Lieblich Eds Identity and story Creating self in narrative p 37 61 Washington D C American Psychological Association Press Mark Naomi 2008 Identities in conflict forging an Orthodox gay identity Journal of Gay amp Lesbian Mental Health 12 3 179 194 doi 10 1080 19359700802111189 S2CID 216137589 Schnoor Randal F 2006 Being gay and Jewish Negotiating intersecting identities Sociology of Religion 67 1 43 60 doi 10 1093 socrel 67 1 43 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jewish views on homosexuality amp oldid 1143263894, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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