This article is about the biblical person from 1 Samuel. For other uses, see Jonathan (disambiguation).
Jonathan (Hebrew: יְהוֹנָתָן Yəhōnāṯān or יוֹנָתָן Yōnāṯān; "Yahweh has gifted") is a figure in the Book of Samuel of the Hebrew Bible. In the biblical narrative, he is the eldest son of King Saul of the Kingdom of Israel, and a close friend of David. He is described as having great strength and swiftness (2 Samuel 1:23) and excelling in archery (1 Samuel 20:20, 2 Samuel 1:22) and slinging (1 Chronicles 12:2).[3]
Jonathan first appears in the biblical narrative as the victor of Geba, a Philistine stronghold (1 Samuel 13), while in the following chapter he carries out a lone and secret attack on another Philistine garrison, demonstrating his "prowess and courage as a warrior."[4] However, he eats honey without knowing that his father had said, "Cursed be any man who eats food before evening comes" (1 Samuel 14:24). When he learns of his father's oath, Jonathan disagrees with the wisdom of it, as it requires the soldiers to pursue the enemy although weak from fasting.[5] Saul decides to put Jonathan to death for breaking the ban, but relents when the soldiers protest (1 Samuel 14:45).
The story of David and Jonathan is introduced in Samuel 1 (18:1), where it says that "Jonathan became one in spirit with David, and he loved him as himself". The feeling is expressed before the men exchanged a single word in an interaction that has been described as philia or love at first sight.[a] The relationship between David and Jonathan has also been compared more explicitly to other homoerotic relationships in Near Eastern literature, including by the Near Eastern scholar Cyrus H. Gordon, who noted the instance in the Book of Jashar, excerpted in Samuel 2 (1:26), in which David "proclaims that Jonathan's love was sweeter to him than the love of a women" as being similar to Achilles' comparison of Patroclus to a girl and Gilgamesh's love for Enkidu "as a woman".[7]
Saul suspects that Jonathan is colluding with David, who he believes is conspiring to overthrow him. Saul insults Jonathan calling him the "... son of a perverse and rebellious woman!" in 1 Samuel 20:30.[b] Saul even goes so far as to attempt to kill Jonathan by throwing a javelin at him during a fit of paranoid rage. But, before this event happened, all Jonathan did was ask his father what did David do to him so that he would be put to death? (1 Sam. 20:32-33), which suggests David had never wronged Saul.[c]
The last meeting between Jonathan and David would take place in a forest of Ziph at Horesh, during Saul's pursuit of David. There, the two would make a covenant before the Lord before going their separate ways.[11][3]
Jonathan died at the battle of Mount Gilboa along with his father and brothers[13] (1 Samuel 31). His bones were buried first at Jabesh-gilead, (1 Samuel 31:13) but were later removed with those of his father and moved to Zelah.[3][14] Jonathan was the father of Mephibosheth, to whom David showed special kindness for Jonathan's sake (2 Samuel 9).
Cultural symbolism
Jonathan has typically been portrayed as a "model of loyalty to truth and friendship", in the words of T. H. Jones.[4]
^In the text, the attraction of Jonathan to David begins almost immediately, as Saul is delighted by his new companion. This attraction is given extravagant expression. In the first place it appears to be love (philia) at first sight. We are told: "When David had finished speaking to Saul, the soul of Jonathan was bound to the soul of David" (1 Sam 18:1). It seems unlikely that it was caused by something David has said, since what David said to Saul immediately preceding is only "I am the son of your servant Jesse the Bethlehemite" (17:58). Joyce Baldwin suggests that this indicates that Jonathan recognised David as the future king.[6]
^While this is an "idiom of insult directed at Jonathan",[8] some scholars see in this verse support for the theory that Ahinoam, the wife of Saul, was the same Ahinoam who is described as the second wife of David. Jon Levenson and Baruch Halpern suggest that the phrase "to the shame of your mother's nakedness" suggests "David's theft of Saul's wife",[9] but such an event is never described in the Bible and one Bible scholar, Diana V. Edelman, has ruled it as unlikely:
“Such a presumption would require David to have run off with the queen mother while Saul was still on the throne, which seems unlikely. In view of the possession of the royal harem as a claim to royal legitimacy, Nathan’s comment can be related to David’s eventual possession of Saul’s wives after he ascended the throne in the wake of Eshbaal’s death ...”[10]
The taking of Saul's wives by David had not yet taken place, and when it did happen was not theft – at that point in the narrative, Saul and Jonathan were dead, and the royal harem were all widows. In fact, it was YHWH (God of Israel) that anointed David's lineage with the Kingship instead of Saul's.
^Jonathan sharing mutual interests with David denied his own throne because David was anointed by Samuel; the last judge and first priest of Israel. In other words, the hand to the King. Jonathan denied his throne to serve his God, and he blessed David. Therefore, Jonathan is righteous before the Lord.
References
Citations
^"Jonathan's Token to David - Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton of Stretton". Google Arts & Culture.
^ G. Darshan, "The Reinterment of Saul and Jonathan’s Bones (II Sam 21, 12–14) in Light of Ancient Greek Hero-Cult Stories", ZAW, 125,4 (2013), 640–645.
Gordon, Cyrus H. (1955). "Homer And Bible: The Origin and Character of East Mediterranean Literature". Hebrew Union College Annual. 26: 43–108. JSTOR 23506150.
Horner, Tom (1978). Jonathan Loved David: Homosexuality in Biblical Times. Westminster: John Knox Press. ISBN9780664241858.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan (Biblical figure).
Further reading
Adam Green, King Saul, The True History of the First Messiah (Lutterworth Press, 2007) – includes a critical literary reassessment of the character and personality of Jonathan and his relationships with Saul and David.
March 03, 2023
jonathan, samuel, this, article, about, biblical, person, from, samuel, other, uses, jonathan, disambiguation, jonathan, hebrew, הו, yəhōnāṯān, יו, yōnāṯān, yahweh, gifted, figure, book, samuel, hebrew, bible, biblical, narrative, eldest, king, saul, kingdom, . This article is about the biblical person from 1 Samuel For other uses see Jonathan disambiguation Jonathan Hebrew י הו נ ת ן Yehōnaṯan or יו נ ת ן Yōnaṯan Yahweh has gifted is a figure in the Book of Samuel of the Hebrew Bible In the biblical narrative he is the eldest son of King Saul of the Kingdom of Israel and a close friend of David He is described as having great strength and swiftness 2 Samuel 1 23 and excelling in archery 1 Samuel 20 20 2 Samuel 1 22 and slinging 1 Chronicles 12 2 3 Prince JonathanJonathan shooting three arrows to warn David 1 Prince of Israel and King David s friendVenerated inRoman CatholicismFeastDecember 29 2 AttributesBow and Arrow Contents 1 Conflicts with Saul 2 Death 3 Cultural symbolism 4 Notes 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 Further readingConflicts with Saul EditJonathan first appears in the biblical narrative as the victor of Geba a Philistine stronghold 1 Samuel 13 while in the following chapter he carries out a lone and secret attack on another Philistine garrison demonstrating his prowess and courage as a warrior 4 However he eats honey without knowing that his father had said Cursed be any man who eats food before evening comes 1 Samuel 14 24 When he learns of his father s oath Jonathan disagrees with the wisdom of it as it requires the soldiers to pursue the enemy although weak from fasting 5 Saul decides to put Jonathan to death for breaking the ban but relents when the soldiers protest 1 Samuel 14 45 The story of David and Jonathan is introduced in Samuel 1 18 1 where it says that Jonathan became one in spirit with David and he loved him as himself The feeling is expressed before the men exchanged a single word in an interaction that has been described as philia or love at first sight a The relationship between David and Jonathan has also been compared more explicitly to other homoerotic relationships in Near Eastern literature including by the Near Eastern scholar Cyrus H Gordon who noted the instance in the Book of Jashar excerpted in Samuel 2 1 26 in which David proclaims that Jonathan s love was sweeter to him than the love of a women as being similar to Achilles comparison of Patroclus to a girl and Gilgamesh s love for Enkidu as a woman 7 Saul suspects that Jonathan is colluding with David who he believes is conspiring to overthrow him Saul insults Jonathan calling him the son of a perverse and rebellious woman in 1 Samuel 20 30 b Saul even goes so far as to attempt to kill Jonathan by throwing a javelin at him during a fit of paranoid rage But before this event happened all Jonathan did was ask his father what did David do to him so that he would be put to death 1 Sam 20 32 33 which suggests David had never wronged Saul c The last meeting between Jonathan and David would take place in a forest of Ziph at Horesh during Saul s pursuit of David There the two would make a covenant before the Lord before going their separate ways 11 3 Death Edit David and Jonathan 1642 by the studio or a follower of Rembrandt Jonathan is the figure in the turban 12 Jonathan died at the battle of Mount Gilboa along with his father and brothers 13 1 Samuel 31 His bones were buried first at Jabesh gilead 1 Samuel 31 13 but were later removed with those of his father and moved to Zelah 3 14 Jonathan was the father of Mephibosheth to whom David showed special kindness for Jonathan s sake 2 Samuel 9 Cultural symbolism EditJonathan has typically been portrayed as a model of loyalty to truth and friendship in the words of T H Jones 4 He is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church with a feast day on 29 December 2 Notes Edit In the text the attraction of Jonathan to David begins almost immediately as Saul is delighted by his new companion This attraction is given extravagant expression In the first place it appears to be love philia at first sight We are told When David had finished speaking to Saul the soul of Jonathan was bound to the soul of David 1 Sam 18 1 It seems unlikely that it was caused by something David has said since what David said to Saul immediately preceding is only I am the son of your servant Jesse the Bethlehemite 17 58 Joyce Baldwin suggests that this indicates that Jonathan recognised David as the future king 6 While this is an idiom of insult directed at Jonathan 8 some scholars see in this verse support for the theory that Ahinoam the wife of Saul was the same Ahinoam who is described as the second wife of David Jon Levenson and Baruch Halpern suggest that the phrase to the shame of your mother s nakedness suggests David s theft of Saul s wife 9 but such an event is never described in the Bible and one Bible scholar Diana V Edelman has ruled it as unlikely Such a presumption would require David to have run off with the queen mother while Saul was still on the throne which seems unlikely In view of the possession of the royal harem as a claim to royal legitimacy Nathan s comment can be related to David s eventual possession of Saul s wives after he ascended the throne in the wake of Eshbaal s death 10 The taking of Saul s wives by David had not yet taken place and when it did happen was not theft at that point in the narrative Saul and Jonathan were dead and the royal harem were all widows In fact it was YHWH God of Israel that anointed David s lineage with the Kingship instead of Saul s Jonathan sharing mutual interests with David denied his own throne because David was anointed by Samuel the last judge and first priest of Israel In other words the hand to the King Jonathan denied his throne to serve his God and he blessed David Therefore Jonathan is righteous before the Lord References EditCitations Edit Jonathan s Token to David Frederic Leighton 1st Baron Leighton of Stretton Google Arts amp Culture a b Jonatan Okumenisches Heiligenlexikon a b c BIBLEing com Jonathan Retrieved 2014 05 23 a b T H Jones Jonathan in J D Douglas ed New Bible Dictionary Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1965 654 Bar Shaul Saul and Jonathan Jewish Bible Quarterly Vol 47 No 2 2019 p 95 PDF Baldwin 1988 p 135 Gordon 1955 p 89 Horner 1978 p 19 David Toshio Tsumura The First Book of Samuel NICOT Grand Rapids Eerdmans 2007 520 Jon D Levenson and Baruch Halpern The Political Import of David s Marriages JBL 99 1980 515 Edelman Diana Ahinoam Person The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary David Noel Freedman ed New York Doubleday 1992 1 118 1 Samuel 23 15 1 Samuel 23 18 Hermitage News Archived from the original on July 4 2008 1 Chronicles 10 1 2 G Darshan The Reinterment of Saul and Jonathan s Bones II Sam 21 12 14 in Light of Ancient Greek Hero Cult Stories ZAW 125 4 2013 640 645 Sources Edit Baldwin Joyce G 1988 1 and 2 Samuel An Introduction and Commentary Inter Varsity Press ISBN 9780830814268 Gordon Cyrus H 1955 Homer And Bible The Origin and Character of East Mediterranean Literature Hebrew Union College Annual 26 43 108 JSTOR 23506150 Horner Tom 1978 Jonathan Loved David Homosexuality in Biblical Times Westminster John Knox Press ISBN 9780664241858 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Biblical figure Further reading EditAdam Green King Saul The True History of the First Messiah Lutterworth Press 2007 includes a critical literary reassessment of the character and personality of Jonathan and his relationships with Saul and David Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jonathan 1 Samuel amp oldid 1136123985, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
