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History of medical cannabis

October 15, 2023

The history of medicinal cannabis goes back to the ancient times. Ancient physicians in many parts of the world mixed cannabis into medicines to treat pain and other ailments. In the 19th century, cannabis was introduced for therapeutic use in Western Medicine. Since then, there have been several advancements in how the drug is administered. Initially, cannabis was reduced to a powder and mixed with wine for administration. In the 1970s, synthetic THC was created to be administered as the drug Marinol in a capsule. However, the main mode of administration for cannabis is smoking because its effects are almost immediate when the smoke is inhaled. Between 1996 and 1999, eight U.S. states supported cannabis prescriptions opposing policies of the federal government. Most people who are prescribed marijuana for medical purposes use it to alleviate severe pain.

Ancient China Edit

 
"Dàmá", the Chinese word for "cannabis", compounds "big; great" and "cannabis; hemp."

Cannabis, called má 麻 (meaning "hemp; cannabis; numbness") or dàmá 大麻 (with the compound Wikt:大, meaning "big; great") in Chinese, was used in Taiwan for fiber starting about 10,000 years ago.[1] The botanist Hui-lin Li wrote that in China, "The use of Cannabis in medicine was probably a very early development. Since ancient humans used hemp seed as food, it was quite natural for them to also discover the medicinal properties of the plant."[2] The oldest Chinese pharmacopeia, the (c. 100 AD) Shennong Bencaojing 神農本草經 ("Shennong's Materia Medica Classic"), describes cannabis.

The flowers when they burst (when the pollen is scattered) are called 麻蕡 (Pinyin: máfén) or 麻勃 (Pinyin: mábó). The best time for gathering is the seventh day of the seventh month. The seeds are gathered in the ninth month. The seeds which have entered the soil are injurious to man. It grows in Taishan (in Shandong ...). The flowers, the fruit (seed) and the leaves are officinal. The leaves and the fruit are said to be poisonous, but not the flowers and the kernels of the seeds.[3]

The early Chinese surgeon Hua Tuo (c. 140–208) is credited with being the first recorded person to use cannabis as an anesthetic. He reduced the plant to powder and mixed it with wine for administration prior to conducting surgery.[4] The Chinese term for "anesthesia" (mázui 麻醉) literally means "cannabis intoxication". Elizabeth Wayland Barber says the Chinese evidence "proves a knowledge of the narcotic properties of Cannabis at least from the 1st millennium B.C." when ma was already used in a secondary meaning of "numbness; senseless." "Such a strong drug, however, suggests that the Chinese pharmacists had now obtained from far to the southwest not THC-bearing Cannabis sativa, but rather Cannabis indica.[5]

The Dutch sinologist Frank Dikötter's history of drugs in China says,

The medical uses were highlighted in a pharmacopeia of the Tang, which prescribed the root of the plant to remove a blood clot, while the juice from the leaves could be ingested to combat tapeworm. The seeds of cannabis, reduced to powder and mixed with rice wine, were recommended in various other materia medica against several ailments, ranging from constipation to hair loss. The Ming dynasty Mingyi bielu provided detailed instructions about the harvesting of the heads of the cannabis sativa plant (mafen, mabo), while the few authors who acknowledged hemp in various pharmacopoeias seemed to agree that the resinous female flowering heads were the source of dreams and revelations. After copious consumption, according to the ancient Shennong bencaojing, one could see demons and walk like a madman, even becoming 'in touch with the spirits' over time. Other medical writers warned that ghosts could be seen after ingesting a potion based on raw seeds blended with calamus and podophyllum (guijiu).[6]

Cannabis is one of the 50 "fundamental" herbs in traditional Chinese medicine,[7] and is prescribed to treat diverse indications. FP Smith writes in Chinese Materia Medica: Vegetable Kingdom:

Every part of the hemp plant is used in medicine ... The flowers are recommended in the 120 different forms of (風 feng) disease, in menstrual disorders, and in wounds. The achenia, which are considered to be poisonous, stimulate the nervous system, and if used in excess, will produce hallucinations and staggering gait. They are prescribed in nervous disorders, especially those marked by local anaesthesia. The seeds ... are considered to be tonic, demulcent, alternative [restorative], laxative, emmenagogue, diuretic, anthelmintic, and corrective. ... They are prescribed internally in fluxes, post-partum difficulties, aconite poisoning, vermillion poisoning, constipation, and obstinate vomiting. Externally they are used for eruptions, ulcers, favus, wounds, and falling of the hair. The oil is used for falling hair, sulfur poisoning, and dryness of the throat. The leaves are considered to be poisonous, and the freshly expressed juice is used as an anthelmintic, in scorpion stings, to stop the hair from falling out and to prevent it from turning gray. ... The stalk, or its bark, is considered to be diuretic ... The juice of the root is ... thought to have a beneficial action in retained placenta and post-partum hemorrhage. An infusion of hemp ... is used as a demulcent drink for quenching thirst and relieving fluxes.[8]

Ancient Netherlands Edit

In 2007, a late Neolithic grave attributed to the Beaker culture (found near Hattemerbroek [nl], Gelderland; dated 2459-2203 BCE) was found containing an unusually large concentration of pollen. After five years of careful investigation these pollen were concluded to be mostly cannabis along with a smaller amount of meadowsweet. Due to the fever-reducing properties of meadowsweet, the archeologists speculated that the person in the grave had likely been very ill, in which case the cannabis would have served as painkiller.[9]

Ancient Egypt Edit

 
The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) from Ancient Egypt has a prescription for medical marijuana applied directly for inflammation.

The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) from Ancient Egypt describes medical cannabis.[10] Other ancient Egyptian papyri that mention medical cannabis are the Ramesseum III Papyrus (1700 BC), the Berlin Papyrus (1300 BC) and the Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus VI (1300 BC).[11] The ancient Egyptians used hemp (cannabis) in suppositories for relieving the pain of hemorrhoids.[12] Around 2,000 BCE, the ancient Egyptians used cannabis to treat sore eyes.[13] The egyptologist Lise Manniche notes the reference to "plant medical cannabis" in several Egyptian texts, one of which dates back to the eighteenth century BCE.[14]

Ancient India Edit

Cannabis was a major component in religious practices in ancient India as well as in medicinal practices. For many centuries, most parts of life in ancient India incorporated cannabis of some form.[15] Surviving texts from ancient India confirm that cannabis' psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for treating a variety of illnesses and ailments. These included insomnia, headaches, a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders, and pain: cannabis was frequently used to relieve the pain of childbirth.[16] One Indian philosopher expressed his views on the nature and uses of bhang (a form of cannabis), which combined religious thought with medical practices. "A guardian lives in the bhang leaf. …To see in a dream the leaves, plant, or water of bhang is lucky. …A longing for bhang foretells happiness. It cures dysentery and sunstroke, clears phlegm, quickens digestion, sharpens appetite, makes the tongue of the lisper plain, freshens the intellect and gives alertness to the body and gaiety to the mind. Such are the useful and needful ends for which in His goodness the Almighty made bhang."[15]

Ancient Greece Edit

 
The Ancient Greeks used cannabis not only for human medicine, but also in veterinary medicine to dress wounds and sores on their horses.[17]

The Ancient Greeks used cannabis to dress wounds and sores on their horses.[17] In humans, dried leaves of cannabis were used to treat nose bleeds, and cannabis seeds were used to expel tapeworms.[17] The most frequently described use of cannabis in humans was to steep green seeds of cannabis in either water or wine, later taking the seeds out and using the warm extract to treat inflammation and pain resulting from obstruction of the ear.[17]

In the 5th century BC Herodotus, a Greek historian, described how the Scythians of the Middle East used cannabis in steam baths. These baths drove the people to a frenzied state.[17]

Medieval Islamic world Edit

In the medieval Islamic world, Arabic physicians made use of the diuretic, antiemetic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of Cannabis sativa, and used it extensively as medication from the 8th to 18th centuries.[18]

 
Cannabis sativa from Vienna Dioscurides, 512 AD

Modern history Edit

 
An advertisement for Maltos-Cannabis, a Scandinavian cannabis-based drink popular in the early 20th century[19]

In the mid 19th century, medical interest in the use of cannabis began to grow in the West.[20] In the 19th century cannabis was one of the secret ingredients in several so-called patent medicines. There were at least 2,000 cannabis medicines prior to 1937, produced by more than 280 manufacturers.[21] The advent of the syringe and injectable medicines contributed to an eventual decline in the popularity of cannabis for therapeutic uses, as did the invention of new drugs such as aspirin.[20]

An Irish physician, William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, is credited with introducing the therapeutic use of cannabis to Western medicine in English-speaking countries. He was Assistant-Surgeon and Professor of Chemistry at the Medical College of Calcutta, and conducted a cannabis experiment in the 1830s, first testing his preparations on animals, then administering them to patients to help treat muscle spasms, stomach cramps or general pain.[22] Modern medical and scientific inquiry began with doctors like O'Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, who used it to treat melancholia and migraines, and as a sleeping aid, analgesic and anticonvulsant. At the local level, authorities[which?] introduced various laws which required preparations containing cannabis and were to be sold over the counter must be marked with warning labels under the so-called poison laws.[23] In 1905 Samuel Hopkins Adams published an exposé entitled "The Great American Fraud" in Collier's Weekly about the patent medicines that led to the passage of the first Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.[24] This statute did not ban alcohol, narcotics, and stimulants in the medicines; rather, it required medicinal products to be labeled as such and curbed some of the more misleading, overstated, or fraudulent claims that previously appeared on labels.

At the turn of the 20th century the Scandinavian maltose- and cannabis-based drink Maltos-Cannabis was widely available in Denmark and Norway.[19][25] Promoted as "an excellent lunch drink, especially for children and young people", the product had won a prize at the Exposition Internationale d'Anvers in 1894.[19] A Swedish encyclopedia from 1912 claim that European hemp, the raw material for Maltos-Sugar, almost lacked the narcotic effect that is typical for Indian hemp and that products from Indian hemp was abandon by modern science for medical use. Maltos-Cannabis was promoted with text about its content of maltose sugar.[26]

 
An advertisement for cannabis americana distributed by a pharmacist in New York in 1917

Later in the century, researchers investigating methods of detecting cannabis intoxication discovered that smoking the drug reduced intraocular pressure.[27][unreliable source?] In 1955 the antibacterial effects were described at the Palacký University of Olomouc. Since 1971 Lumír Ondřej Hanuš was growing cannabis for his scientific research on two large fields in authority of the University. The marijuana extracts were then used at the University hospital as a cure for aphthae and haze.[28] In 1973 physician Tod H. Mikuriya reignited the debate concerning cannabis as medicine when he published "Marijuana Medical Papers". High intraocular pressure causes blindness in glaucoma patients, so he hypothesized that using the drug could prevent blindness in patients.[citation needed] Many Vietnam War veterans also found that the drug prevented muscle spasms caused by spinal injuries suffered in battle.[29]

In 1964, Dr. Albert Lockhart and Manley West began studying the health effects of traditional cannabis use in Jamaican communities. They discovered that Rastafarians had unusually low glaucoma rates and local fishermen were washing their eyes with cannabis extract in the belief that it would improve their sight. Lockhart and West developed, and in 1987 gained permission to market, the pharmaceutical Canasol: one of the first cannabis extracts. They continued to work with cannabis, developing more pharmaceuticals and eventually receiving the Jamaican Order of Merit for their work.[30]

Later, in the 1970s, a synthetic version of THC was produced and approved for use in the United States as the drug Marinol. It was delivered as a capsule, to be swallowed. Patients complained that the violent nausea associated with chemotherapy made swallowing capsules difficult. Further, along with ingested cannabis, capsules are harder to dose-titrate accurately than smoked cannabis because their onset of action is so much slower. Smoking has remained the route of choice for many patients because its onset of action provides almost immediate relief from symptoms and because that fast onset greatly simplifies titration. For these reasons, and because of the difficulties arising from the way cannabinoids are metabolized after being ingested, oral dosing is probably the least satisfactory route for cannabis administration.[31]

Voters in eight U.S. states showed their support for cannabis prescriptions or recommendations given by physicians between 1996 and 1999,[needs update] including Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Maine, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington, going against policies of the federal government.[32] In May 2001, "The Chronic Cannabis Use in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program: An Examination of Benefits and Adverse Effects of Legal Clinical Cannabis" (Russo, Mathre, Byrne et al.) was completed. This three-day examination of major body functions of four of the five living US federal cannabis patients found "mild pulmonary changes" in two patients.[33]

Among the more than 108,000 persons in Colorado who in 2012 had received a certificate to use marijuana for medical purposes, 94% said that severe pain was the reason for the requested certificate, followed by 3% for cancer and 1% for HIV/Aids. The typical card holder was a 41-year-old male. Twelve doctors had issued 50% of the certificates. Opponents of the card system claim that most card holders are drug abusers who are faking or exaggerating their illnesses; three-fourths male patients is not the normal pattern for pain patients, it is the normal pattern for drug addicts, claim the critics.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Abel, Ernest L. (1980). "Cannabis in the Ancient World". Marihuana: the first twelve thousand years. New York City: Plenum Publishers. ISBN 978-0-306-40496-2.[page needed]
  2. ^ Li, Hui-Lin (1974). "An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China", Economic Botany 28.4:437–448, p. 444.
  3. ^ Bretschneider, Emil (1895). Botanicon Sinicum: Notes on Chinese Botany from Native and Western Sources. Part III, Botanical Investigations in the Materia Medica of the Ancient Chinese. Kelly & Walsh. p. 378.
  4. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 332. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0. OCLC 71779118.
  5. ^ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. (1992). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press. p. 38.
  6. ^ Dikötter, Frank, Lars Laamann, and Zhou Xun (2004), Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China, University Of Chicago Press, p. 200.
  7. ^ Wong, Ming (1976). La Médecine chinoise par les plantes. Paris: Tchou. p. 142. OCLC 2646789.
  8. ^ Smith, Frederick Porter (1911). Chinese Materia Medica: Vegetable Kingdom. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. pp. 90–91.
  9. ^ Cannabis van 4200 jaar oud in graf Hanzelijn (Dutch), NU.nl
  10. ^ "The Ebers Papyrus The Oldest (confirmed) Written Prescriptions For Medical Marihuana era 1,550 BC". onlinepot.org. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
  11. ^ . reefermadnessmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  12. ^ Pain, Stephanie (15 December 2007). "The Pharaoh's pharmacists". New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd.
  13. ^ (Webley, Kayla. "Brief History: Medical Marijuana." Time 21 June 2010.)
  14. ^ Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, University of Texas Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0-292-70415-2[page needed]
  15. ^ a b Bloomquist, Edward (1971). Marijuana: The Second Trip. California: Glencoe Press.
  16. ^ Touw, Mia (1981). "The Religious and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 13 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1080/02791072.1981.10471447. PMID 7024492.
  17. ^ a b c d e Butrica, James L. (2002). "The Medical Use of Cannabis Among the Greeks and Romans". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 2 (2): 51. doi:10.1300/J175v02n02_04.
  18. ^ Lozano, Indalecio (2001). "The Therapeutic Use of Cannabis sativa (L.) in Arabic Medicine". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 1: 63. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.550.1717. doi:10.1300/J175v01n01_05.
  19. ^ a b c Tom Decorte; Gary W. Potter; Martin Bouchard (2011). World Wide Weed: Global Trends in Cannabis Cultivation and Its Control. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-4094-1780-4.
  20. ^ a b "History of Cannabis". BBC News. 2 November 2001. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  21. ^ The Antique Cannabis Book. antiquecannabisbook.com (16 March 2012). Retrieved 2012-05-19.
  22. ^ Alison Mack; Janet Joy (7 December 2000). Marijuana As Medicine?: The Science Beyond the Controversy. National Academies Press. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-309-06531-3.
  23. ^ "The Newsweekly for Pharmacy". Chemist + Druggist. London, New York City, Melbourne: Benn Brothers. 28: 68, 330. 1886.
  24. ^ Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1905). The Great American Fraud (4th ed., 1907). Chicago: American Medical Association. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  25. ^ "Hurudan är Extract af Maltos". Kalmar (in Swedish). 1894-07-08. p. 4.
  26. ^ "Hasjisj, Nordisk familjebok, 1912". Runeberg.org. 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2018-02-12.
  27. ^ "Golden Guide". zauberpilz.com.
  28. ^ "Nad léčivými jointy s Lumírem Hanušem" (in Czech). blisty.cz. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
  29. ^ Zimmerman, Bill; Nancy Crumpacker; Rick Bayer (1998). Is Marijuana the Right Medicine for You?: A Factual Guide to Medical Uses of Marijuana. Keats Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87983-906-2.[page needed]
  30. ^ Dr Farid F. Youssef. "Cannibis Unmasked: What it is and why it does what it does". UWIToday: June 2010. http://sta.uwi.edu/uwitoday/archive/june_2010/article9.asp
  31. ^ Baker D, Pryce G, Giovannoni G, Thompson AJ (May 2003). "The therapeutic potential of cannabis". Lancet Neurol. 2 (5): 291–8. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00381-8. PMID 12849183. S2CID 8434292.
  32. ^ Mack, Alison; Joy, Janet (2001). Marijuana As Medicine. National Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06531-3.[page needed]
  33. ^ Russo, Ethan; Mathre, Mary Lynn; Byrne, Al; Velin, Robert; Bach, Paul J.; Sanchez-Ramos, Juan; Kirlin, Kristin A. (2002). "Chronic Cannabis Use in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 2: 3. doi:10.1300/J175v02n01_02.

Further reading Edit

  • Zuardi, Antonio Waldo (2006). "History of cannabis as a medicine: A review". Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 28 (2): 153–7. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006000200015. PMID 16810401.
  • Martinez, Martin (4 August 2008). "History of Medical Cannabis". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

October 15, 2023
history, medical, cannabis, history, medicinal, cannabis, goes, back, ancient, times, ancient, physicians, many, parts, world, mixed, cannabis, into, medicines, treat, pain, other, ailments, 19th, century, cannabis, introduced, therapeutic, western, medicine, . The history of medicinal cannabis goes back to the ancient times Ancient physicians in many parts of the world mixed cannabis into medicines to treat pain and other ailments In the 19th century cannabis was introduced for therapeutic use in Western Medicine Since then there have been several advancements in how the drug is administered Initially cannabis was reduced to a powder and mixed with wine for administration In the 1970s synthetic THC was created to be administered as the drug Marinol in a capsule However the main mode of administration for cannabis is smoking because its effects are almost immediate when the smoke is inhaled Between 1996 and 1999 eight U S states supported cannabis prescriptions opposing policies of the federal government Most people who are prescribed marijuana for medical purposes use it to alleviate severe pain Contents 1 Ancient China 2 Ancient Netherlands 3 Ancient Egypt 4 Ancient India 5 Ancient Greece 6 Medieval Islamic world 7 Modern history 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingAncient China Edit nbsp Dama the Chinese word for cannabis compounds big great and cannabis hemp Cannabis called ma 麻 meaning hemp cannabis numbness or dama 大麻 with the compound Wikt 大 meaning big great in Chinese was used in Taiwan for fiber starting about 10 000 years ago 1 The botanist Hui lin Li wrote that in China The use of Cannabis in medicine was probably a very early development Since ancient humans used hemp seed as food it was quite natural for them to also discover the medicinal properties of the plant 2 The oldest Chinese pharmacopeia the c 100 AD Shennong Bencaojing 神農本草經 Shennong s Materia Medica Classic describes cannabis The flowers when they burst when the pollen is scattered are called 麻蕡 Pinyin mafen or 麻勃 Pinyin mabo The best time for gathering is the seventh day of the seventh month The seeds are gathered in the ninth month The seeds which have entered the soil are injurious to man It grows in Taishan in Shandong The flowers the fruit seed and the leaves are officinal The leaves and the fruit are said to be poisonous but not the flowers and the kernels of the seeds 3 The early Chinese surgeon Hua Tuo c 140 208 is credited with being the first recorded person to use cannabis as an anesthetic He reduced the plant to powder and mixed it with wine for administration prior to conducting surgery 4 The Chinese term for anesthesia mazui 麻醉 literally means cannabis intoxication Elizabeth Wayland Barber says the Chinese evidence proves a knowledge of the narcotic properties of Cannabis at least from the 1st millennium B C when ma was already used in a secondary meaning of numbness senseless Such a strong drug however suggests that the Chinese pharmacists had now obtained from far to the southwest not THC bearing Cannabis sativa but rather Cannabis indica 5 The Dutch sinologist Frank Dikotter s history of drugs in China says The medical uses were highlighted in a pharmacopeia of the Tang which prescribed the root of the plant to remove a blood clot while the juice from the leaves could be ingested to combat tapeworm The seeds of cannabis reduced to powder and mixed with rice wine were recommended in various other materia medica against several ailments ranging from constipation to hair loss The Ming dynasty Mingyi bielu provided detailed instructions about the harvesting of the heads of the cannabis sativa plant mafen mabo while the few authors who acknowledged hemp in various pharmacopoeias seemed to agree that the resinous female flowering heads were the source of dreams and revelations After copious consumption according to the ancient Shennong bencaojing one could see demons and walk like a madman even becoming in touch with the spirits over time Other medical writers warned that ghosts could be seen after ingesting a potion based on raw seeds blended with calamus and podophyllum guijiu 6 Cannabis is one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine 7 and is prescribed to treat diverse indications FP Smith writes in Chinese Materia Medica Vegetable Kingdom Every part of the hemp plant is used in medicine The flowers are recommended in the 120 different forms of 風 feng disease in menstrual disorders and in wounds The achenia which are considered to be poisonous stimulate the nervous system and if used in excess will produce hallucinations and staggering gait They are prescribed in nervous disorders especially those marked by local anaesthesia The seeds are considered to be tonic demulcent alternative restorative laxative emmenagogue diuretic anthelmintic and corrective They are prescribed internally in fluxes post partum difficulties aconite poisoning vermillion poisoning constipation and obstinate vomiting Externally they are used for eruptions ulcers favus wounds and falling of the hair The oil is used for falling hair sulfur poisoning and dryness of the throat The leaves are considered to be poisonous and the freshly expressed juice is used as an anthelmintic in scorpion stings to stop the hair from falling out and to prevent it from turning gray The stalk or its bark is considered to be diuretic The juice of the root is thought to have a beneficial action in retained placenta and post partum hemorrhage An infusion of hemp is used as a demulcent drink for quenching thirst and relieving fluxes 8 Ancient Netherlands EditIn 2007 a late Neolithic grave attributed to the Beaker culture found near Hattemerbroek nl Gelderland dated 2459 2203 BCE was found containing an unusually large concentration of pollen After five years of careful investigation these pollen were concluded to be mostly cannabis along with a smaller amount of meadowsweet Due to the fever reducing properties of meadowsweet the archeologists speculated that the person in the grave had likely been very ill in which case the cannabis would have served as painkiller 9 Ancient Egypt Edit nbsp The Ebers Papyrus c 1550 BC from Ancient Egypt has a prescription for medical marijuana applied directly for inflammation The Ebers Papyrus c 1550 BC from Ancient Egypt describes medical cannabis 10 Other ancient Egyptian papyri that mention medical cannabis are the Ramesseum III Papyrus 1700 BC the Berlin Papyrus 1300 BC and the Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus VI 1300 BC 11 The ancient Egyptians used hemp cannabis in suppositories for relieving the pain of hemorrhoids 12 Around 2 000 BCE the ancient Egyptians used cannabis to treat sore eyes 13 The egyptologist Lise Manniche notes the reference to plant medical cannabis in several Egyptian texts one of which dates back to the eighteenth century BCE 14 Ancient India EditCannabis was a major component in religious practices in ancient India as well as in medicinal practices For many centuries most parts of life in ancient India incorporated cannabis of some form 15 Surviving texts from ancient India confirm that cannabis psychoactive properties were recognized and doctors used it for treating a variety of illnesses and ailments These included insomnia headaches a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders and pain cannabis was frequently used to relieve the pain of childbirth 16 One Indian philosopher expressed his views on the nature and uses of bhang a form of cannabis which combined religious thought with medical practices A guardian lives in the bhang leaf To see in a dream the leaves plant or water of bhang is lucky A longing for bhang foretells happiness It cures dysentery and sunstroke clears phlegm quickens digestion sharpens appetite makes the tongue of the lisper plain freshens the intellect and gives alertness to the body and gaiety to the mind Such are the useful and needful ends for which in His goodness the Almighty made bhang 15 Ancient Greece Edit nbsp The Ancient Greeks used cannabis not only for human medicine but also in veterinary medicine to dress wounds and sores on their horses 17 The Ancient Greeks used cannabis to dress wounds and sores on their horses 17 In humans dried leaves of cannabis were used to treat nose bleeds and cannabis seeds were used to expel tapeworms 17 The most frequently described use of cannabis in humans was to steep green seeds of cannabis in either water or wine later taking the seeds out and using the warm extract to treat inflammation and pain resulting from obstruction of the ear 17 In the 5th century BC Herodotus a Greek historian described how the Scythians of the Middle East used cannabis in steam baths These baths drove the people to a frenzied state 17 Medieval Islamic world EditIn the medieval Islamic world Arabic physicians made use of the diuretic antiemetic antiepileptic anti inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic properties of Cannabis sativa and used it extensively as medication from the 8th to 18th centuries 18 nbsp Cannabis sativa from Vienna Dioscurides 512 ADModern history Edit nbsp An advertisement for Maltos Cannabis a Scandinavian cannabis based drink popular in the early 20th century 19 In the mid 19th century medical interest in the use of cannabis began to grow in the West 20 In the 19th century cannabis was one of the secret ingredients in several so called patent medicines There were at least 2 000 cannabis medicines prior to 1937 produced by more than 280 manufacturers 21 The advent of the syringe and injectable medicines contributed to an eventual decline in the popularity of cannabis for therapeutic uses as did the invention of new drugs such as aspirin 20 An Irish physician William Brooke O Shaughnessy is credited with introducing the therapeutic use of cannabis to Western medicine in English speaking countries He was Assistant Surgeon and Professor of Chemistry at the Medical College of Calcutta and conducted a cannabis experiment in the 1830s first testing his preparations on animals then administering them to patients to help treat muscle spasms stomach cramps or general pain 22 Modern medical and scientific inquiry began with doctors like O Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours who used it to treat melancholia and migraines and as a sleeping aid analgesic and anticonvulsant At the local level authorities which introduced various laws which required preparations containing cannabis and were to be sold over the counter must be marked with warning labels under the so called poison laws 23 In 1905 Samuel Hopkins Adams published an expose entitled The Great American Fraud in Collier s Weekly about the patent medicines that led to the passage of the first Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 24 This statute did not ban alcohol narcotics and stimulants in the medicines rather it required medicinal products to be labeled as such and curbed some of the more misleading overstated or fraudulent claims that previously appeared on labels At the turn of the 20th century the Scandinavian maltose and cannabis based drink Maltos Cannabis was widely available in Denmark and Norway 19 25 Promoted as an excellent lunch drink especially for children and young people the product had won a prize at the Exposition Internationale d Anvers in 1894 19 A Swedish encyclopedia from 1912 claim that European hemp the raw material for Maltos Sugar almost lacked the narcotic effect that is typical for Indian hemp and that products from Indian hemp was abandon by modern science for medical use Maltos Cannabis was promoted with text about its content of maltose sugar 26 nbsp An advertisement for cannabis americana distributed by a pharmacist in New York in 1917Later in the century researchers investigating methods of detecting cannabis intoxication discovered that smoking the drug reduced intraocular pressure 27 unreliable source In 1955 the antibacterial effects were described at the Palacky University of Olomouc Since 1971 Lumir Ondrej Hanus was growing cannabis for his scientific research on two large fields in authority of the University The marijuana extracts were then used at the University hospital as a cure for aphthae and haze 28 In 1973 physician Tod H Mikuriya reignited the debate concerning cannabis as medicine when he published Marijuana Medical Papers High intraocular pressure causes blindness in glaucoma patients so he hypothesized that using the drug could prevent blindness in patients citation needed Many Vietnam War veterans also found that the drug prevented muscle spasms caused by spinal injuries suffered in battle 29 In 1964 Dr Albert Lockhart and Manley West began studying the health effects of traditional cannabis use in Jamaican communities They discovered that Rastafarians had unusually low glaucoma rates and local fishermen were washing their eyes with cannabis extract in the belief that it would improve their sight Lockhart and West developed and in 1987 gained permission to market the pharmaceutical Canasol one of the first cannabis extracts They continued to work with cannabis developing more pharmaceuticals and eventually receiving the Jamaican Order of Merit for their work 30 Later in the 1970s a synthetic version of THC was produced and approved for use in the United States as the drug Marinol It was delivered as a capsule to be swallowed Patients complained that the violent nausea associated with chemotherapy made swallowing capsules difficult Further along with ingested cannabis capsules are harder to dose titrate accurately than smoked cannabis because their onset of action is so much slower Smoking has remained the route of choice for many patients because its onset of action provides almost immediate relief from symptoms and because that fast onset greatly simplifies titration For these reasons and because of the difficulties arising from the way cannabinoids are metabolized after being ingested oral dosing is probably the least satisfactory route for cannabis administration 31 Voters in eight U S states showed their support for cannabis prescriptions or recommendations given by physicians between 1996 and 1999 needs update including Alaska Arizona California Colorado Maine Michigan Nevada Oregon and Washington going against policies of the federal government 32 In May 2001 The Chronic Cannabis Use in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program An Examination of Benefits and Adverse Effects of Legal Clinical Cannabis Russo Mathre Byrne et al was completed This three day examination of major body functions of four of the five living US federal cannabis patients found mild pulmonary changes in two patients 33 Among the more than 108 000 persons in Colorado who in 2012 had received a certificate to use marijuana for medical purposes 94 said that severe pain was the reason for the requested certificate followed by 3 for cancer and 1 for HIV Aids The typical card holder was a 41 year old male Twelve doctors had issued 50 of the certificates Opponents of the card system claim that most card holders are drug abusers who are faking or exaggerating their illnesses three fourths male patients is not the normal pattern for pain patients it is the normal pattern for drug addicts claim the critics See also EditHistory of cannabis Medical cannabisReferences Edit Abel Ernest L 1980 Cannabis in the Ancient World Marihuana the first twelve thousand years New York City Plenum Publishers ISBN 978 0 306 40496 2 page needed Li Hui Lin 1974 An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China Economic Botany 28 4 437 448 p 444 Bretschneider Emil 1895 Botanicon Sinicum Notes on Chinese Botany from Native and Western Sources Part III Botanical Investigations in the Materia Medica of the Ancient Chinese Kelly amp Walsh p 378 de Crespigny Rafe 2007 A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23 220 AD Leiden Brill Publishers p 332 ISBN 978 90 04 15605 0 OCLC 71779118 Barber Elizabeth Wayland 1992 Prehistoric Textiles The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean Princeton University Press p 38 Dikotter Frank Lars Laamann and Zhou Xun 2004 Narcotic Culture A History of Drugs in China University Of Chicago Press p 200 Wong Ming 1976 La Medecine chinoise par les plantes Paris Tchou p 142 OCLC 2646789 Smith Frederick Porter 1911 Chinese Materia Medica Vegetable Kingdom Shanghai American Presbyterian Mission Press pp 90 91 Cannabis van 4200 jaar oud in graf Hanzelijn Dutch NU nl The Ebers Papyrus The Oldest confirmed Written Prescriptions For Medical Marihuana era 1 550 BC onlinepot org Retrieved 2008 06 10 History of Cannabis reefermadnessmuseum org Archived from the original on 25 May 2008 Retrieved 2008 07 09 Pain Stephanie 15 December 2007 The Pharaoh s pharmacists New Scientist Reed Business Information Ltd Webley Kayla Brief History Medical Marijuana Time 21 June 2010 Lise Manniche An Ancient Egyptian Herbal University of Texas Press 1989 ISBN 978 0 292 70415 2 page needed a b Bloomquist Edward 1971 Marijuana The Second Trip California Glencoe Press Touw Mia 1981 The Religious and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis in China India and Tibet Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 13 1 23 34 doi 10 1080 02791072 1981 10471447 PMID 7024492 a b c d e Butrica James L 2002 The Medical Use of Cannabis Among the Greeks and Romans Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 2 2 51 doi 10 1300 J175v02n02 04 Lozano Indalecio 2001 The Therapeutic Use of Cannabis sativa L in Arabic Medicine Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 1 63 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 550 1717 doi 10 1300 J175v01n01 05 a b c Tom Decorte Gary W Potter Martin Bouchard 2011 World Wide Weed Global Trends in Cannabis Cultivation and Its Control Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 59 ISBN 978 1 4094 1780 4 a b History of Cannabis BBC News 2 November 2001 Retrieved 17 August 2011 The Antique Cannabis Book antiquecannabisbook com 16 March 2012 Retrieved 2012 05 19 Alison Mack Janet Joy 7 December 2000 Marijuana As Medicine The Science Beyond the Controversy National Academies Press pp 15 ISBN 978 0 309 06531 3 The Newsweekly for Pharmacy Chemist Druggist London New York City Melbourne Benn Brothers 28 68 330 1886 Adams Samuel Hopkins 1905 The Great American Fraud 4th ed 1907 Chicago American Medical Association Retrieved 2009 07 30 Hurudan ar Extract af Maltos Kalmar in Swedish 1894 07 08 p 4 Hasjisj Nordisk familjebok 1912 Runeberg org 2016 01 17 Retrieved 2018 02 12 Golden Guide zauberpilz com Nad lecivymi jointy s Lumirem Hanusem in Czech blisty cz Retrieved 2011 05 03 Zimmerman Bill Nancy Crumpacker Rick Bayer 1998 Is Marijuana the Right Medicine for You A Factual Guide to Medical Uses of Marijuana Keats Publishing ISBN 978 0 87983 906 2 page needed Dr Farid F Youssef Cannibis Unmasked What it is and why it does what it does UWIToday June 2010 http sta uwi edu uwitoday archive june 2010 article9 asp Baker D Pryce G Giovannoni G Thompson AJ May 2003 The therapeutic potential of cannabis Lancet Neurol 2 5 291 8 doi 10 1016 S1474 4422 03 00381 8 PMID 12849183 S2CID 8434292 Mack Alison Joy Janet 2001 Marijuana As Medicine National Academy Press ISBN 978 0 309 06531 3 page needed Russo Ethan Mathre Mary Lynn Byrne Al Velin Robert Bach Paul J Sanchez Ramos Juan Kirlin Kristin A 2002 Chronic Cannabis Use in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 2 3 doi 10 1300 J175v02n01 02 Further reading EditZuardi Antonio Waldo 2006 History of cannabis as a medicine A review Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28 2 153 7 doi 10 1590 S1516 44462006000200015 PMID 16810401 Martinez Martin 4 August 2008 History of Medical Cannabis a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty url help Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of medical cannabis amp oldid 1179617934, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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