Hinduism in the Middle East
Hinduism has been found in the Middle East since the early 16th century. Millions of members of the Indian diaspora, of different religions, reside and work in Arab states of the Persian Gulf; many of them are Hindu. Many came due to the migration of Indians and Nepalese expatriates and employees to the area around the Persian Gulf.
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 3,062,645 (1.6% of population) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United Arab Emirates | 855,738 (2022) |
| Saudi Arabia | 451,347 (2020) |
| Kuwait | 425,950 (2020) |
| Qatar | 422,118 (2022) |
| Yemen | 297,103 (2022) |
| Oman | 279,488 (2022) |
| Bahrain | 165,706 (2020) |
| Religions | |
| Hinduism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Buddhism in the Middle East, Sikhism, Christianity in the Middle East | |
Hindu temples have been built in Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Oman.[1]
Demographics edit
Distribution of Hindus among the Middle Eastern countries
| Country | Population (2020E) | % of Hindus | Hindu total |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates | 9,869,000 | 10%[2][3] | 986,900 |
| Saudi Arabia | 34,719,000 | 1.3%[4][5] | 451,347 |
| Kuwait | 4,259,500 | 10%[6] | 425,950 |
| Qatar | 2,113,000 | 15.9%[7][8] | 335,967 |
| Yemen | 29,710,300 | 1%[9] | 297,103 |
| Oman | 5,081,600 | 5.5%[10][11][12] | 279,488 |
| Bahrain | 1,690,900 | 9.8%[13][14] | 165,708 |
| Turkey | 84,339,067 | 0.1%[15][16] | 84,340 |
| Jordan | 10,185,500 | 0.1%[17] | 10,186 |
| Lebanon | 6,830,600 | 0.1%[18][19] | 6,830 |
| Total | 197,438,267 | 1.6 | 3,062,645 |
Historical background edit
Indian settlers came to live in Oman, creating settlements and practicing Hinduism. Arab sailors were using the southwest monsoon winds to trade with western Indian ports before the first century CE. An Arab army conquered Sindh in 711 and Arab traders settled in Kerala in the 6th century. In the opposite direction, medieval Gujaratis, Kutchis, and other Indians traded extensively with Arab and Somali ports, including Hormuz, Salalah, Socotra, Mogadishu, Merca, Barawa, Hobyo, Muscat and Aden. Arab merchants were the dominant carriers of Indian Ocean trade until the Portuguese forcibly supplanted them at the end of the 15th century. Indo-Arabian links were renewed under the British Empire, when many Indians serving in the army or civil service were stationed in Arab lands such as Sudan.[citation needed] The current wave of Indian immigration to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf dates roughly to the 1960s. Hinduism is also one of the fastest growing religions in the Middle East, mainly due to immigration from the Indian Subcontinent.[citation needed]
In 2001, Belgian speleologists discovered a large number of inscriptions, drawings, and archaeological objects on the Socotra island in Yemen[20][21] left by sailors who visited the island from the 1st century BC to 6th century AD. Most of the texts found were written in the Indian Brahmi script.[22]
Egypt edit
There were about 2,700 Hindus in Egypt in 2010.[23] That number decreased to about 1535 in 2020.[24]
Oman edit
Oman has an immigrant Hindu minority. The number of Hindus has declined in the 20th century although it is now stable. Hinduism first came to Muscat in 1507 from Kutch. The original Hindus spoke Kutchi. By the early 19th century there were at least 4,000 Hindus in Oman, all of the intermediate merchant caste. By 1900, their numbers had plummeted to 300. In 1895, the Hindu colony in Muscat came under attack by the Ibadhis. By the time of independence, only a few dozen Hindus remained in Oman. The historical Hindu Quarters of al-Waljat and al-Banyan are no longer occupied by Hindus. The most prominent immigrant Hindus, are Visoomal Damodar Gandhi (Aulad Kara), Khimji Ramdas, Dhanji Morarji, Ratansi Purushottam and Purushottam Toprani. The only Hindu crematorium is located in Sohar, northwest of Muscat.[25]
Temples edit
Hindu temples once located in Ma'bad al Banyan and Bayt al Pir no longer exist after the area's redevelopment in the mid-1970s.[25] The only active Hindu temples today are the Shiva temple complex in Muscat (locally known as Motishwar Mandir),[26] and the Krishna temple located in Darsait.[27]
Qatar edit
Hindus make up 15.9% of Qatar. There are an estimated 422,118 Hindus in the country.[28][29] Many Hindus are from South and Southeast Asia.[30][31]
Saudi Arabia edit
Saudi authorities interpret Hindu icons as idols, and idol worship is strongly condemned in Sunni Islam. This is likely the foundation for the stringent position of Saudi authorities when it comes to idol-worshipping religious practice.[32]
United Arab Emirates edit
South Asians in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) constitute the largest ethnic group in the country.[33] Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the southern Indian states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Coastal Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) are estimated to be living in the UAE, constituting 28% of the total population of the Emirates as of 2017.[34] A majority of Indians live in the three largest cities of the UAE — Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah. From the estimated 2 million migrants, 1 million are from Kerala and 450,000 from Tamil Nadu, thus constituting a majority of the Indian community in the UAE. The population of Indian migrants in the UAE had grown from 170,000 in 1975 to an estimated value of 750,000 in 1999. By 2009, this value had grown to an estimated value of 2 million. A majority of Indians in the UAE (approximately 50%—883,313 in 2011) are from the South Indian state of Kerala, followed by migrants from Tamil Nadu. The majority of Indian migrants to UAE are Muslim (50%), followed by Christian (25%) and Hindu (25%). Estimated Hindu population in UAE is between 6-10%.[35]
Temples edit
In 1958, permission were given to build the Hindu Temple, Dubai in Bur Dubai in a complex that included Shiva Mandir, Krishna Mandir, and Gurudwara. In January 2024, a new Hindu Temple, Dubai opened in Jebel Ali and the existing Shiva Mandir and Gurudwara were moved to this new location. Krishan Mandir is still housed in the original complex in Bur Dubai.[36]
Majority of Hindus living in UAE practice their religion within their homes.[37] The new temple, BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi, had its foundation stone laying ceremony in April, 2019.[38][39] The inauguration ceremony of the temple took place on 14 February 2024.[40]
Yemen edit
There are about 200,000 Hindus in Yemen.[41] Many of them are from India and Nepal.[42]
Hindu temples edit
- BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Sindhi Guru Darbar Temple in Dubai, UAE
- Motishwar Mandir in Muscat, Oman
- Hindu Temple, Dubai, UAE
- Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Hindu temples of Gulf countries: more exist than you imagined". catchnews. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report: United Arab Emirates".
- ^ . Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report: Saudi Arabia". 14 September 2007.
- ^ "Religions in Saudi Arabia | PEW-GRF".
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report: Kuwait".
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report: Qatar".
- ^ "CIA World FactBook: Qatar". 21 December 2021.
- ^ "Global Religious Futures: Yemen".
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-11-06.
- ^ . Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
- ^ "Religions in Oman | PEW-GRF".
- ^ "Global Religious Landscape: Hindus". Pew Research Center. December 18, 2012.
- ^ "Religions in Bahrain | PEW-GRF".
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-12-04.
- ^ "Religions in Turkey | PEW-GRF".
- ^ "Gloabal Religious Futures: Jordan".
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report: Lebanon".
- ^ "Religions in Lebanon | PEW-GRF".
- ^ "La grotte sanctuaire de Suqutra". Archéologia (in French) (396). 26 March 2020.
- ^ Robin, C.; Gorea, M. (2002). "Les vestiges antiques de la grotte de Hôq (Suqutra, Yémen) (note d'information)". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 146 (2): 409–445. doi:10.3406/crai.2002.22441.
- ^ Bukharin, Mikhail D.; De Geest, Peter; Dridi, Hédi; Gorea, Maria; Jansen Van Rensburg, Julian; Robin, Christian Julien; Shelat, Bharati; Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Strauch, Ingo (2012). Strauch, Ingo (ed.). Foreign Sailors on Socotra. The inscriptions and drawings from the cave Hoq. Bremen: Dr. Ute Hempen Verlag. p. 592. ISBN 978-3-934106-91-8.
- ^ . www.shvoong.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- ^ The ARDA website, retrieved 2024-04-29
- ^ a b J.E. Peterson,Oman's diverse society: Northern Oman, Middle East Journal, Vol. 58, Nr. 1, Winter 2004
- ^ "Shri Shiva Temple".
- ^ "Shri Krishna Temple".
- ^ Global Religious Landscape. Pew Forum.
- ^ . Qatar Statistics Authority. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18.
- ^ "Population structure". Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. 31 January 2020.
- ^ "Population By Religion, Gender And Municipality March 2020". Qatar Statistics Authority.
- ^ Marsh, Donna (May 11, 2015). Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all business professionals. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9781472135674. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ . bq magazine. April 12, 2015. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ^ "India is a top source and destination for world's migrants". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
- ^ "Hindu community in UAE supports the global initiative to pray to end pandemic - EasternEye". 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
- ^ "Iconic Bur Dubai temple complex to close doors in January 2024". gulfnews.com. 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
- ^ Al-Jaber, Khalid; Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates (2021-12-31). Political Islam in the Gulf Region. Gulf International Forum. ISBN 979-8-9859177-0-3.
- ^ "First Hindu Mandir In Abu Dhabi, UAE, To Be Built By BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha | Indo American News". www.indoamerican-news.com. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
- ^ "First Hindu Temple's Foundation Ceremony Laying Ceremony in Abu Dhabi". Gulf News.
- ^ "PM Modi performs Aarti at the BAPS Mandir, the first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi". 2024-02-14.
- ^ "Religions in Yemen".
- ^ "Religious Beliefs In Yemen". 25 April 2017.