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Hejaz

May 09, 2023

This article is about the geographical and historical region. For the mountain region, see Hijaz Mountains. For other uses, see Hejaz (disambiguation).

The Hejaz (/hiːˈdʒæz, hɪˈ-/, also US: /hɛˈ-/; Arabic: ٱلْحِجَاز, romanized: al-Ḥijāz, lit. 'the Barrier', Hejazi pronunciation: [alħɪˈdʒaːz]) is a region in the west of Saudi Arabia, which includes the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Baljurashi. It is thus known as the "Western Province",[1] and is bordered in the west by the Red Sea, in the north by Jordan, in the east by the Najd, and in the south by the Region of 'Asir.[2] It is the most cosmopolitan region in the Arabian Peninsula. Its largest city is Jeddah, which is the second largest city in Saudi Arabia, with Mecca and Medina respectively being the fourth and fifth largest cities in the country.[3]

Hejaz
ٱلْحِجَاز
Al-Ḥijāz
Region
Islam's holiest site, that is Al-Masjid al-Haram, which surrounds the Kaaba (middle), in Mecca. Mecca is the city of Muhammad's birth and ancestry, and an annual point of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims.
Map of the Hejaz showing the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Yanbu and Tabuk. The Saudi region is outlined in red and the 1923 Kingdom is in green.
Coordinates: Coordinates: 23°N 40°E / 23°N 40°E / 23; 40
Country Saudi Arabia
RegionsAl-Bahah, Mecca, Medina, Tabuk

As the location of the cities of Mecca[4] and Medina,[5][6][7] respectively the first and second holiest sites in Islam, the Hejaz is significant in the Arabo-Islamic historical and political landscape. This region is the most populated in Saudi Arabia,[8] and Arabic is the predominant language, as in the rest of Saudi Arabia, with Hejazi Arabic being the most widely spoken dialect here. Some Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins,[3] although the vast majority are of Arab origin.[9]

According to Islamic tradition, this region is the birthplace of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who was born in Mecca, which is locally considered to have been founded by his ancestors Abraham, Ishmael, and Hagar.[10][11] The area became part of his empire through the early Muslim conquests, and it formed part of successive caliphates, first the Rashidun Caliphate, followed by the Umayyad Caliphate, and finally the Abbasid Caliphate. The Ottoman Empire held partial control over the area; after its dissolution, an independent Kingdom of Hejaz existed briefly in 1925 before being conquered by the neighbouring Sultanate of Nejd, creating the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.[12] In September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of Al-Hasa and Qatif, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[13][14]

Etymology

The name of the region is derived from a verb ḥajaza (حَجَز), from the Arabic root ḥ-j-z (ح-ج-ز), meaning "to separate",[15] and it is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihāmah in the west.

History

 
Workers laying tracks for the Hejaz Railway near Tabuk, 1906

Prehistoric and ancient times

 
The city of Al-'Ula in 2012. The city's archaeological district is in the foreground, with the Hijaz Mountains in the background.

One or possibly two megalithic dolmen have been found in Hejaz.[16]

The Hejaz includes both the Mahd adh-Dhahab ("Cradle of the Gold") (23°30′13″N 40°51′35″E / 23.50361°N 40.85972°E / 23.50361; 40.85972) and a water source, now dried out, that used to flow 600 miles (970 km) north east to the Persian Gulf via the Wādi Al-Rummah and Wādi Al-Bātin system. Archaeological research led by of Boston University and the University of Qassim indicates that the river system was active and 2500–3000 BCE.[17]

According to Al-Masudi the northern part of Hejaz was a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah,[18] and according to Butrus al-Bustani the Jews in Hejaz established a sovereign state.[19] The German orientalist Ferdinand Wüstenfeld believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz.[20]

The northern part of the Hejaz was part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.[21]

Era of Saleh

Main article: Hegra (Mada'in Salih)
 
The rock-carved Qaṣr Al-Farīd at Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) or Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ ("Cities of Saleh")

Saudi Arabia's and Hejaz's first World Heritage Site that was recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is that of Al-Hijr. The name Al-Ḥijr ("The Land of Stones" or "The Rocky Place") occurs in the Qur'an,[22] and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, similar to Petra.[23][24] Construction of the structures is credited to the people of Thamud. The location is also called Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ ("Cities of Saleh"),[25][26][27][28][29][30] as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet Saleh was sent to the people of Thamud. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada'in Saleh, it came under the influence of other people, such as the Nabataeans, whose capital was Petra. Later, it would lie in a route used by Muslim Pilgrims going to Mecca.[21][31][32][33]

Era of Abraham and Ishmael

According to Arab and Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) brought his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) here, for the latter two to stay. Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing another, at least one of them from this tribe, and helped his father to construct or re-construct the Ka'bah ('Cube'),[34][35][36] which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.[10][11]

For example, in Arab or Islamic belief, the tribe of Quraysh would descend from Isma'il ibn Ibrahim, be based in the vicinity of the Ka'bah,[37] and include Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf. From the Period of Jāhiliyyah ('Ignorance') to the days of Muhammad, the often-warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of Pilgrimage, and go on pilgrimage to Mecca, as inspired by Ibrahim.[36] It was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to migrate to Medina, to escape persecution by his opponents in Mecca.[38][39][40][41][42][43]

Era of Muhammad

Main article: Muhammad in Islam
 
Muhammad's Mosque in Medina, his place-of-residence after the Hijrah (Migration) from Mecca, 2010

As the land of Mecca[4] and Medina,[5][6][7] the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born, and where he founded a Monotheistic Ummah of followers, bore patience with his foes or struggled against them, migrated from one place to another, preached or implemented his beliefs, lived and died. Given that he had both followers and enemies here, a number of battles or expeditions were carried out in this area, like those of Al-Aḥzāb ("The Confederates"), Badr[44] and Ḥunayn. They involved both Makkan companions, such as Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Ubayda ibn al-Harith and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, and Madani companions.[5][42][43][45][46] The Hejaz fell under Muhammad's influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire.[10][38][40][41][47][48][49]

Subsequent history

Further information: Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, Fatimids, Ayyubids, and Mamluk Sultanate

Due to the presence of the two holy cities in the Hejaz, the region was ruled by numerous empires. The Hejaz was at the center of the Rashidun Caliphate, in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 ACE. The region was then under the control of regional powers, such as Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, throughout much of its later history. After the Ottomans lost control of it, Hejaz became an independent state.

Brief independence

Main article: Kingdom of Hejaz

After the end of the of Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, in 1916, Hussein bin Ali became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz.[50] In 1924, Ali bin Hussein succeeded as the King of Hejaz. Then Ibn Saud succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd. Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units, known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from 1926 to 1932.

In modern Saudi Arabia

Main article: Regions of Saudi Arabia

On 23 September 1932, the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[51] This day is commemorated as the Saudi National Day.[52]

Culture

 
The village of Dhi 'Ain in Al-Bahah Province

Religion

The cultural setting of Hejaz is greatly influenced by that of Islam, especially as it contains its 2 holiest cities, Mecca and Medina. Moreover, the Quran is considered the constitution of Saudi Arabia, and the Sharia is the main legal source. In Saudi Arabia, Islam is not just adhered politically by the government but also it has a great influence on the people's culture and everyday life.[53][54] The society is in general deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family-oriented. Many attitudes and traditions are centuries-old, derived from Arab civilization and Islamic heritage.

Cuisine

Hejazi cuisine has mostly Arabian dishes like the rest of Saudi Arabia. Grilled meat dishes such as shawarma and kebab are well-known in Hejaz. Some dishes are native to the Hejaz, like Saleeg.[55] The Hejazi dishes are known for their spice.

Geography

The region is located along the Red Sea Rift. It is also known for its darker, more volcanic sand. Depending on the previous definition, the Hejaz includes some of the mountains of the Sarat range, which topographically separate the Najd from Tehamah. Bdellium plants are also abundant in the Hejaz. Saudi Arabia, and in particular the Hejaz, is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes.[56] Lava fields in the Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of ḥarrāt (حَرَّات, singular: ḥarrah (حَرَّة)), form one of Earth's largest alkali basalt regions, covering some 180,000 km2 (69,000 sq mi), an area greater than the state of Missouri.[57]

Flags

Cities

 
The old city of Jeddah on the coast of the Tihamah

Al Bahah Region:

Medina:

Mecca Province:

Tabuk Region:

International touristic development

 
Beach promenade in Al-Wajh

As a component of Saudi Vision 2030, a touristic destination with an area of 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 square miles) is under development,[64] between the towns of Umluj (25°3′0″N 37°15′54.36″E / 25.05000°N 37.2651000°E / 25.05000; 37.2651000) and Al-Wajh (26°14′11.76″N 36°28′8.04″E / 26.2366000°N 36.4689000°E / 26.2366000; 36.4689000), on the coast of the Red Sea. The project will involve "the development of 22 of the 90+ islands"[65] that lie along the coast to create a "fully integrated luxury mixed-use destination",[66] and will be "governed by laws on par with international standards".[67]

Demographics

The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia,[8] containing 35% of the population of Saudi Arabia.[68] Most people of Hejaz are Sunnis with a Shia minority in the cities of Medina, Mecca and Jeddah. Many consider themselves more cosmopolitan because Hejaz was for centuries a part of the great empires of Islam from the Umayyads to the Ottomans.[69] People of Hejaz, who feel particularly connected to the holy places of Mecca and Medina, have probably the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia.[70]

Gallery

Notable Hejazis

Al-Abwa'

Further information: Al-Abwa'

Mecca

Pre–6th century CE

Since

Medina

Pre–6th century CE

Since

Ta'if

6th–7th centuries CE

Since

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Quran: 7:73–79;[25] 11:61–69;[26] 26:141–158;[27] 54:23–31;[28] 89:6–13;[29] 91:11–15.[30]

References

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  4. ^ a b Quran 48:22–29
  5. ^ a b c d Quran 9:25–129
  6. ^ a b Quran 33:09–73
  7. ^ a b Quran 63:1–11
  8. ^ a b "Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart". The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the pilgrims to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there.
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Further reading

  • Mackey, Sandra (2002). The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom (Updated ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32417-6. PBK, first edition: 1987.

External links

 
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May 09, 2023
hejaz, this, article, about, geographical, historical, region, mountain, region, hijaz, mountains, other, uses, disambiguation, also, arabic, ٱل, از, romanized, Ḥijāz, barrier, pronunciation, alħɪˈdʒaːz, region, west, saudi, arabia, which, includes, cities, me. This article is about the geographical and historical region For the mountain region see Hijaz Mountains For other uses see Hejaz disambiguation The Hejaz h iː ˈ dʒ ae z h ɪ ˈ also US h ɛ ˈ Arabic ٱل ح ج از romanized al Ḥijaz lit the Barrier Hejazi pronunciation alħɪˈdʒaːz is a region in the west of Saudi Arabia which includes the cities of Mecca Medina Jeddah Tabuk Yanbu Taif and Baljurashi It is thus known as the Western Province 1 and is bordered in the west by the Red Sea in the north by Jordan in the east by the Najd and in the south by the Region of Asir 2 It is the most cosmopolitan region in the Arabian Peninsula Its largest city is Jeddah which is the second largest city in Saudi Arabia with Mecca and Medina respectively being the fourth and fifth largest cities in the country 3 Hejaz ٱل ح ج ازAl ḤijazRegionIslam s holiest site that is Al Masjid al Haram which surrounds the Kaaba middle in Mecca Mecca is the city of Muhammad s birth and ancestry and an annual point of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims Map of the Hejaz showing the cities of Mecca Medina Jeddah Yanbu and Tabuk The Saudi region is outlined in red and the 1923 Kingdom is in green Coordinates Coordinates 23 N 40 E 23 N 40 E 23 40Country Saudi ArabiaRegionsAl Bahah Mecca Medina TabukAs the location of the cities of Mecca 4 and Medina 5 6 7 respectively the first and second holiest sites in Islam the Hejaz is significant in the Arabo Islamic historical and political landscape This region is the most populated in Saudi Arabia 8 and Arabic is the predominant language as in the rest of Saudi Arabia with Hejazi Arabic being the most widely spoken dialect here Some Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins 3 although the vast majority are of Arab origin 9 According to Islamic tradition this region is the birthplace of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who was born in Mecca which is locally considered to have been founded by his ancestors Abraham Ishmael and Hagar 10 11 The area became part of his empire through the early Muslim conquests and it formed part of successive caliphates first the Rashidun Caliphate followed by the Umayyad Caliphate and finally the Abbasid Caliphate The Ottoman Empire held partial control over the area after its dissolution an independent Kingdom of Hejaz existed briefly in 1925 before being conquered by the neighbouring Sultanate of Nejd creating the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd 12 In September 1932 the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of Al Hasa and Qatif creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 13 14 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Prehistoric and ancient times 2 1 1 Era of Saleh 2 1 2 Era of Abraham and Ishmael 2 1 3 Era of Muhammad 2 2 Subsequent history 2 2 1 Brief independence 2 2 2 In modern Saudi Arabia 3 Culture 3 1 Religion 3 2 Cuisine 4 Geography 5 Flags 6 Cities 7 International touristic development 8 Demographics 9 Gallery 10 Notable Hejazis 10 1 Al Abwa 10 2 Mecca 10 2 1 Pre 6th century CE 10 2 2 Since 10 3 Medina 10 3 1 Pre 6th century CE 10 3 2 Since 10 4 Ta if 10 4 1 6th 7th centuries CE 10 4 2 Since 11 See also 12 Explanatory notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksEtymology EditThe name of the region is derived from a verb ḥajaza ح ج ز from the Arabic root ḥ j z ح ج ز meaning to separate 15 and it is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihamah in the west History Edit Workers laying tracks for the Hejaz Railway near Tabuk 1906 Prehistoric and ancient times Edit The city of Al Ula in 2012 The city s archaeological district is in the foreground with the Hijaz Mountains in the background One or possibly two megalithic dolmen have been found in Hejaz 16 The Hejaz includes both the Mahd adh Dhahab Cradle of the Gold 23 30 13 N 40 51 35 E 23 50361 N 40 85972 E 23 50361 40 85972 and a water source now dried out that used to flow 600 miles 970 km north east to the Persian Gulf via the Wadi Al Rummah and Wadi Al Batin system Archaeological research led by of Boston University and the University of Qassim indicates that the river system was active and 2500 3000 BCE 17 According to Al Masudi the northern part of Hejaz was a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah 18 and according to Butrus al Bustani the Jews in Hejaz established a sovereign state 19 The German orientalist Ferdinand Wustenfeld believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz 20 The northern part of the Hejaz was part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea 21 Era of Saleh Edit Main article Hegra Mada in Salih The rock carved Qaṣr Al Farid at Al Ḥijr Hegra or Madaʾin Ṣaliḥ Cities of Saleh Saudi Arabia s and Hejaz s first World Heritage Site that was recognized by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization is that of Al Hijr The name Al Ḥijr The Land of Stones or The Rocky Place occurs in the Qur an 22 and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks similar to Petra 23 24 Construction of the structures is credited to the people of Thamud The location is also called Madaʾin Ṣaliḥ Cities of Saleh 25 26 27 28 29 30 as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet Saleh was sent to the people of Thamud After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada in Saleh it came under the influence of other people such as the Nabataeans whose capital was Petra Later it would lie in a route used by Muslim Pilgrims going to Mecca 21 31 32 33 Era of Abraham and Ishmael Edit According to Arab and Islamic sources the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrahim Abraham brought his son Ismaʿil Ishmael and wife Hajar Hagar here for the latter two to stay Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them and Isma il reportedly married two women one after divorcing another at least one of them from this tribe and helped his father to construct or re construct the Ka bah Cube 34 35 36 which would have social religious political and historical implications for the site and region 10 11 For example in Arab or Islamic belief the tribe of Quraysh would descend from Isma il ibn Ibrahim be based in the vicinity of the Ka bah 37 and include Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf From the Period of Jahiliyyah Ignorance to the days of Muhammad the often warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of Pilgrimage and go on pilgrimage to Mecca as inspired by Ibrahim 36 It was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to migrate to Medina to escape persecution by his opponents in Mecca 38 39 40 41 42 43 Era of Muhammad Edit Main article Muhammad in Islam Muhammad s Mosque in Medina his place of residence after the Hijrah Migration from Mecca 2010 As the land of Mecca 4 and Medina 5 6 7 the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born and where he founded a Monotheistic Ummah of followers bore patience with his foes or struggled against them migrated from one place to another preached or implemented his beliefs lived and died Given that he had both followers and enemies here a number of battles or expeditions were carried out in this area like those of Al Aḥzab The Confederates Badr 44 and Ḥunayn They involved both Makkan companions such as Hamza ibn Abd al Muttalib Ubayda ibn al Harith and Sa d ibn Abi Waqqas and Madani companions 5 42 43 45 46 The Hejaz fell under Muhammad s influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents and was thus a part of his empire 10 38 40 41 47 48 49 Subsequent history Edit Further information Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Fatimids Ayyubids and Mamluk Sultanate Due to the presence of the two holy cities in the Hejaz the region was ruled by numerous empires The Hejaz was at the center of the Rashidun Caliphate in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 ACE The region was then under the control of regional powers such as Egypt and the Ottoman Empire throughout much of its later history After the Ottomans lost control of it Hejaz became an independent state Brief independence Edit Main article Kingdom of Hejaz After the end of the of Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia in 1916 Hussein bin Ali became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz 50 In 1924 Ali bin Hussein succeeded as the King of Hejaz Then Ibn Saud succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from 1926 to 1932 In modern Saudi Arabia Edit Main article Regions of Saudi Arabia On 23 September 1932 the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 51 This day is commemorated as the Saudi National Day 52 Culture Edit The village of Dhi Ain in Al Bahah Province Religion Edit The cultural setting of Hejaz is greatly influenced by that of Islam especially as it contains its 2 holiest cities Mecca and Medina Moreover the Quran is considered the constitution of Saudi Arabia and the Sharia is the main legal source In Saudi Arabia Islam is not just adhered politically by the government but also it has a great influence on the people s culture and everyday life 53 54 The society is in general deeply religious conservative traditional and family oriented Many attitudes and traditions are centuries old derived from Arab civilization and Islamic heritage Cuisine Edit Hejazi cuisine has mostly Arabian dishes like the rest of Saudi Arabia Grilled meat dishes such as shawarma and kebab are well known in Hejaz Some dishes are native to the Hejaz like Saleeg 55 The Hejazi dishes are known for their spice Geography Edit Harrat Khaybar as seen from the International Space Station The region is located along the Red Sea Rift It is also known for its darker more volcanic sand Depending on the previous definition the Hejaz includes some of the mountains of the Sarat range which topographically separate the Najd from Tehamah Bdellium plants are also abundant in the Hejaz Saudi Arabia and in particular the Hejaz is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes 56 Lava fields in the Hejaz known locally by their Arabic name of ḥarrat ح ر ات singular ḥarrah ح ر ة form one of Earth s largest alkali basalt regions covering some 180 000 km2 69 000 sq mi an area greater than the state of Missouri 57 Flags Edit Flag of the Rashidun Caliphate 632 661 Flag of the Umayyad Caliphate 661 750 Flag of the Abbasid Caliphate 750 1258 Flag of the Fatimid Caliphate 909 1171 Flag of the Ayyubid dynasty 1171 1254 Flag of the Mamluk Sultanate 1254 1517 Flag of the Ottoman Empire 1517 1916 Sheikdom of Upper Asir 1916 1920 Provisional flag of the Kingdom of Hejaz from 1916 to 1917 Flag of the Kingdom of Hejaz 1917 1920 Flag of the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sharifian Caliphate 1920 to 1926 Flag of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd 1926 to 1932 Flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1973 present Cities Edit The old city of Jeddah on the coast of the Tihamah Al Bahah Region Al Baḥah 58 Medina Al Madinah Al Munawwarah Medina 2 Badr 59 Yanbuʿ al Baḥr Yanbu 2 Mecca Province Aṭ Ṭaʾif 60 Jiddah Jeddah 2 Makkah Mecca 2 Rabigh 61 62 Tabuk Region Tabuk 63 UmlujInternational touristic development Edit Beach promenade in Al Wajh As a component of Saudi Vision 2030 a touristic destination with an area of 28 000 square kilometres 11 000 square miles is under development 64 between the towns of Umluj 25 3 0 N 37 15 54 36 E 25 05000 N 37 2651000 E 25 05000 37 2651000 and Al Wajh 26 14 11 76 N 36 28 8 04 E 26 2366000 N 36 4689000 E 26 2366000 36 4689000 on the coast of the Red Sea The project will involve the development of 22 of the 90 islands 65 that lie along the coast to create a fully integrated luxury mixed use destination 66 and will be governed by laws on par with international standards 67 Demographics EditThe Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia 8 containing 35 of the population of Saudi Arabia 68 Most people of Hejaz are Sunnis with a Shia minority in the cities of Medina Mecca and Jeddah Many consider themselves more cosmopolitan because Hejaz was for centuries a part of the great empires of Islam from the Umayyads to the Ottomans 69 People of Hejaz who feel particularly connected to the holy places of Mecca and Medina have probably the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia 70 Gallery Edit Mountains near At Ta if 2012 The camp of Mina on the outskirts of Mecca where Muslim pilgrims gather for the Hajj Greater Pilgrimage Masjid Al Khayf is visible to the right Muslim pilgrims gathering at the plain of Mount Arafat Mount Uhud in the area of Medina King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST campus at night Al Bahah City located 2 155 m 7 070 ft above sea levelNotable Hejazis EditThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items July 2016 Salih of Thamud 23 a Al Abwa Edit Further information Al Abwa Musa al Kazim ibn Ja far al Sadiq descendant of Muhammad 71 Mecca Edit Pre 6th century CE Edit Qusai ibn Kilab ibn Murrah ibn Ka b ibn Lu ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr ibn Malik ibn An Nadr ibn Kinanah 72 ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma ad ibn Adnan the descendant of Isma il ibn Ibrahim ibn Azar ibn Nahor ibn Serug ibn Reu ibn Peleg ibn Eber ibn Shelakh 73 74 Chief of the Tribe of Quraysh and an ancestor of Muhammad 75 Qusai s son Abd al Dar 76 77 the father of Uthman the father of Abdul Uzza the father of Barrah the maternal grandmother of Muhammad Abd Manaf ibn Qusai paternal ancestor of Muhammad 78 Abdul Uzza son of Qusai and an ancestor of Barrah bint Abdul Uzza Hashim son of Abd Manaf paternal great grandfather of Muhammad and the progenitor of Banu Hashim in the Tribe of Quraysh Hubbah bint Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka b ibn Amr al Khuza i wife of Qusai and an ancestor of Muhammad Atikah bint Murrah ibn Hilal ibn Falij ibn Dhakwan wife of Abd Manaf and an ancestor of Muhammad 78 Since Edit Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib 42 43 Abu Bakr 42 43 Abdullah ibn Uthman Abu Quhafah ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka b ibn Sa d ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka b father in law of Muhammad and Caliph Umar 42 43 ibn Al Khattab ibn Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza the descendant of Adi ibn Ka b ibn Lu ayy father in law of Muhammad and Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib 42 43 cousin and son in law of Muhammad and Caliph Hamzah son of Abdul Muttalib and a paternal uncle of Muhammad and other Muhajirun 5 or Makkan followers of Muhammad including Ubaydah and Sa d 42 43 45 Abu Talib son of Abdul Muttalib 42 43 Chief of Banu Hashim paternal uncle of Muhammad and the father of Ali Abd al Muttalib ibn Hashim 42 43 Chief of Bani Hashim and the paternal grandfather of Muhammad Khadijah bint Khuwaylid 79 ibn Asad ibn Abdul Uzza ibn Qusai and other Meccan wives of Muhammad Fatimah 79 other daughters of Muhammad and other Muhajir women Umm Ammar Sumayyah bint Khayyat wife of Yasir ibn Amir ibn Malik al Ansi believed to be the first martyr from the followers of Muhammad Aminah 42 43 75 bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah ibn Kilab ibn Murrah wife of Abdullah and the mother of MuhammadMedina Edit Pre 6th century CE Edit Salmah daughter of Amr wife of Hashim and a great grandmother of Muhammad 78 Since Edit Caliph Al Hasan 42 43 and other sons of Ali and grandsons of Muhammad born in Medina 79 Caliph Umar ibn Abdul Aziz ibn Marwan ibn Al Hakam ibn Abi al As ibn Umayyah ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusai great grandson of Umar ibn Al Khattab Al Hasan of Basra Muhammad al Baqir ibn Ali Zaynul Abidin grandson of Hasan and Husayn the grandsons of Muhammad 79 Zayd ibn Ali Zaynul Abidin ibn Husayn ibn Fatimah bint Muhammad half brother of Muhammad al Baqir Ansari women 42 43 Ja far al Sadiq ibn Muhammad al Baqir 79 Malik the son of Anas ibn Malik ibn Abi Amir al Asbahi not Anas the companion of Muhammad Ali al Ridha ibn Musa al Kadhim ibn Ja far al Sadiq 79 Fatimah bint Musa ibn Ja far 80 sister of Ali al Ridha Abu Ali Muhammad al Jawad ibn Ali al Ridha 79 Ta if Edit 6th 7th centuries CE Edit Uthman ibn Affan 42 43 ibn Abu al As ibn Umayyah ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf son in law of Muhammad and Caliph Urwah ibn Mas ud 38 Chief of Banu Thaqif Nafi ibn al Harith Physician 81 Since Edit Sharif Ali ibn Ajlan ibn Rumaithah ibn Muhammad son in law and successor of Sultan Ahmad of Brunei father of Sultan Sulaiman and a descendant of Muhammad 82 See also Edit Saudi Arabia portal History portal Asia portalAl Baydha Project Desert of Paran Hejaz Vilayet Hejazi turban Hijazi script Midian Relationship between the Hijaz Shaam and Yemen Sharifate of Mecca History of the Jews in Saudi ArabiaExplanatory notes Edit Quran 7 73 79 25 11 61 69 26 26 141 158 27 54 23 31 28 89 6 13 29 91 11 15 30 References Edit Mackey p 101 The Western Province or the Hejaz a b c d e Hopkins Daniel J 2001 Merriam Webster s Geographical Dictionary p 479 ISBN 0 87779 546 0 Retrieved March 17 2013 a b Leatherdale Clive 1983 Britain and Saudi Arabia 1925 1939 The Imperial Oasis p 12 ISBN 9780714632209 a b Quran 48 22 29 a b c d Quran 9 25 129 a b Quran 33 09 73 a b Quran 63 1 11 a b Mecca Islam s cosmopolitan heart The Hijaz is the largest most populated and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the pilgrims to Mecca many of whom settled and intermarried there Minahan James 1996 Nations Without States A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements Greenwood Press p 229 ISBN 978 0 313 28354 3 a b c Lings Martin 1983 Muhammad His Life Based on the Earliest Sources Islamic Texts Society ISBN 978 0 946621 33 0 a b Glasse Cyril 1991 Kaaba The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam HarperSanFrancisco ISBN 0 0606 3126 0 Yamani M 2009 Cradle of Islam the Hijaz and the quest for an Arabian identity I B Tauris ISBN 978 1 84511 824 2 Pbk ed Al Rasheed M A History of Saudi Arabia Cambridge England UK Cambridge University Press 2002 verification needed A Brief overview of Hejaz Hejaz history verification needed Rutter Eldon February 1931 The Hejaz The Geographical Journal 77 2 97 108 doi 10 2307 1784385 JSTOR 1784385 Gajus Scheltema 2008 Megalithic Jordan an introduction and field guide ACOR ISBN 978 9957 8543 3 1 Retrieved October 5 2012 Sullivan Walter March 30 1993 Science Watch Signs of Ancient River The New York Times Retrieved June 25 2014 Ibn Khaldun Kitab al ʻIbar wa Diwan al Mubtadaʼ wa l Khabar Dar Al Fikr publication Beirut 1988 volume 2 page 342 al Bustani Butrus Daerat Al Maaref Dar Al Marifa Publication Beirut volume 11 page 672 Wolfensohn Israel Tarikh Al Yahood Fi Belad Al Arab Al Nafezah Publication Cairo 2006 page 68 a b Kesting Piney Saudi Aramco World May June 2001 Well of Good Fortune Retrieved April 7 2014 Quran 15 80 84 a b Butler J W S Schulte Peevers A Shearer I October 1 2010 Oman UAE amp Arabian Peninsula Lonely Planet pp 316 333 ISBN 9781741791457 Al Hijr Archaeological Site Madain Salih UNESCO Retrieved April 7 2014 a b Quran 7 73 79 a b Quran 11 61 69 a b Quran 26 141 158 a b Quran 54 23 31 a b Quran 89 6 13 a b Quran 91 11 15 Hizon Danny Madain Saleh Arabia s Hidden Treasure Saudi Arabia Retrieved September 17 2009 ICOMOS Evaluation of Al Hijr Archaeological Site Madain Salih World Heritage Nomination PDF World Heritage Center Retrieved September 16 2009 Information at nabataea net Retrieved September 17 2009 Quran 2 127 Translated by Yusuf Ali Quran 3 96 Translated by Yusuf Ali a b Quran 22 25 37 Quran 106 1 4 a b c Ibn Ishaq Muhammad 1955 Guillaume Alfred ed Ibn Ishaq s Sirat Rasul Allah The Life of Muhammad Oxford Oxford University Press pp 88 589 ISBN 978 0 1963 6033 1 Karen Armstrong 2002 Islam A Short History p 11 ISBN 0 8129 6618 X a b Firestone Reuven 1990 Journeys in Holy Lands The Evolution of the Abraham Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis Albany New York State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 0331 0 a b al Tabari 1987 Brinner William M ed The History of al Tabari Vol 2 Prophets and Patriarchs Albany NY State University of NY Press ISBN 978 0 87395 921 6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Mubarakpuri S R 2002 The Compensatory Umrah Lesser Pilgrimage Ar Raḥiq Al Makhtum The Sealed Nectar Darussalam pp 127 47 ISBN 9960 899 55 1 Archived from the original on August 20 2011 Retrieved October 6 2014 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Haykal Husayn 1976 The Life of Muhammad Islamic Book Trust pp 217 18 ISBN 978 983 9154 17 7 Quran 3 110 128 a b Sahih al Bukhari 5 57 74 Witness Pioneer Pre Badr Missions and Invasions Muhammad Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world Holt 1977 p 57 Lapidus 2002 pp 31 32 Hourani Albert 2005 A History of the Arab Peoples pp 315 319 ISBN 978 0 571 22664 1 History of Arabia Encyclopaedia Britannica History of Saudi Arabia The Saudi National Day 23 Sep Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University Retrieved September 21 2018 Saudi Arabia Religion Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved February 5 2019 Islam The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia www saudiembassy net Retrieved February 5 2019 Saleeg a Saudi dish that won t let you down Arab News September 11 2013 Retrieved June 23 2021 The Tourists Guide To The 10 Amazing Volcanoes in Saudi Arabia insidesaudi com Retrieved January 9 2021 VOLCANIC ARABIA It started with tremors archive aramcoworld com Retrieved January 9 2021 Al Baha City Profile The Saudi Network Retrieved October 2 2012 بـتـصـرف عـن مـجـلـة الأمـانـة الـعـدد عـشـرون شـوال 1419 تـصـدر عـن أمـانـة الـمـديـنـة الـمـنـورة إمـارة مـنـطـقـة الـمـديـنـة الـمـنـورة Brief about Ta if City Ta if City in Arabic Taif Municipality Retrieved April 26 2016 Rabigh GeoNames Retrieved November 28 2017 Al Juhfah Hajj amp Umrah Planner hajjumrahplanner com Retrieved April 10 2017 Tabouk City Profile Saudi Arabia The Saudi Network Retrieved May 4 2017 Construction underway on Saudi Red Sea project site Zawya February 27 2019 Retrieved March 31 2019 Red Sea project master plan wins approval The Saudi Gazette September 17 2017 Retrieved March 31 2019 Hospitality is anchor of Red Sea project Arab News January 27 2019 Retrieved March 31 2019 Saudi Arabia to allow women in bikinis at new beach resort The USA Today August 4 2017 Retrieved August 14 2017 Saudi Arabia Population Statistics 2011 Arabic PDF p 11 Archived from the original PDF on November 15 2013 Riedel Bruce 2011 Brezhnev in the Hejaz PDF The National Interest 115 Archived from the original PDF on November 15 2013 Retrieved April 23 2012 Beranek Ondrej January 2009 Divided We Survive A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia PDF Middle East Brief 33 1 7 Retrieved June 29 2019 The Infallibles Taken from Kitab al Irshad By Sheikh al Mufid al islam org Retrieved November 20 2008 Maqsood Ruqaiyyah Waris The Prophet s Line Family No 3 Qusayy Hubbah and Banu Nadr to Quraysh Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah Archived from the original on May 30 2008 Retrieved July 1 2013 Book of Genesis Chapters 10 11 16 17 21 and 25 1 Chronicles Chapter 1 a b Ibn Hisham The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Vol 1 p 181 SUNY Press History of al Tabari Vol 39 The Archived from the original on September 12 2006 Adab of Islam Masud Retrieved August 8 2017 a b c Maqsood Ruqaiyyah Waris The Prophet s Family Line No 4 Amr Hashim the Founder of the Hashimites Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah Archived from the original on May 30 2008 Retrieved August 3 2011 a b c d e f g Chittick William C 1981 A Shi ite Anthology SUNY Press ISBN 978 0 87395 510 2 Jaffer Masuma 2003 Lady Fatima Masuma a of Qom Qum Jami at al Zahra Islamic Seminary for Women Browne Edward G 2002 Islamic Medicine p 11 ISBN 81 87570 19 9 Pusat Sejarah Brunei in Malay www history centre gov bn Archived from the original on April 15 2015 Retrieved August 23 2016 Further reading EditMackey Sandra 2002 The Saudis Inside the Desert Kingdom Updated ed New York W W Norton and Company ISBN 0 393 32417 6 PBK first edition 1987 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hejaz Hejaz Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 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