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Haida Gwaii

Haida Gwaii (/ˈhdə ˈɡw/;[2] Haida: X̱aaydag̱a Gwaay.yaay / X̱aayda gwaay, literally "Islands of the Haida people"),[3] formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands, is an archipelago located between 55–125 km (34–78 mi) off the northern Pacific coast of Canada. The islands are separated from the mainland to the east by the shallow Hecate Strait.[4] Queen Charlotte Sound lies to the south, with Vancouver Island beyond. To the north, the disputed Dixon Entrance separates Haida Gwaii from the Alexander Archipelago in the U.S. state of Alaska.

Haida Gwaii
X̱aaydag̱a Gwaay.yaay
X̱aayda gwaay
Nickname: "Queen Charlottes"
"The Charlottes"
Map of Haida Gwaii
Haida Gwaii
Haida Gwaii in British Columbia
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates53°N 132°W / 53°N 132°W / 53; -132
Total islandsc. 150
Major islandsGraham Island, Moresby Island
Area10,180 km2 (3,930 sq mi)
Highest elevation1,164 m (3819 ft)
Highest pointMount Moresby
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Largest settlementVillage of Daajing Giids (pop. 964)
Demographics
Population4,526[1] (2021)
Pop. density0.445/km2 (1.153/sq mi)
Additional information
Time zone
PeopleHaida
LanguageHaida kil
CountryHaida Gwaii

Haida Gwaii consists of two main islands: Graham Island (Kiis Gwaay) in the north and Moresby Island (T'aawxii X̱aaydaɢ̱a Gwaay.yaay linaɢ̱waay, literally: south people island half, or Gwaay Haanas "Islands of Beauty") in the south, along with approximately 400 smaller islands[4][better source needed] with a total landmass of 10,180 km2 (3,931 sq mi). Other major islands include Anthony Island (Ḵ'waagaaw / Sɢ̱ang Gwaay), Burnaby Island (Sɢ̱aay Kun Gwaay.yaay), Langara Island (Kiis Gwaay), Lyell Island, Louise Island, Alder Island (Ḵ'uuna Gwaay / Ḵ'uuna Gwaay.yaay),[3] and Kunghit Island. (For a fuller, but still incomplete, list see List of islands of British Columbia.)

Part of the Canadian province of British Columbia, the islands were known from 1787 until 2010 as the Queen Charlotte Islands, and colloquially as "the Charlottes".[5] On June 3, 2010, the Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act formally renamed the archipelago as part of the Kunst'aa guu – Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol[6] between British Columbia and the Haida people.[2][7][8]

The islands form the heartland of the Haida Nation, upon which people have lived for 13,000 years,[9] and who currently make up approximately half of the population.[10] The Haida exercise their sovereignty over the islands through their acting government, the Council of the Haida Nation (CHN, X̱aaydaG̱a Waadlux̱an Naay).[11] As recently as 2015, the Haida Nation hosted First Nations delegations such as the potlatch and subsequent treaty signing between the Haida and Heiltsuk Nation.[12] A small number of Kaigani Haida also live on the traditionally Tlingit Prince of Wales Island in Alaska.

Some of the islands are protected under federal legislation as the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site, which includes the southernmost part of Moresby Island and several adjoining islands and islets. Coastal temperate rain forest at the shore, the preserve also includes the San Cristoval Mountains, so named by the first European explorer, Juan Perez, and the oldest surviving European place name on the BC coast. Facilities are minimal, and access is via boat or seaplane.[13]

Also protected, but under provincial jurisdiction, are several provincial parks, the largest of which is Naikoon Provincial Park on northeastern Graham Island. The islands are home to an abundance of wildlife, including a large subspecies of black bear (Ursus americanus carlottae), and the smallest subspecies of ermine, the Haida ermine (Mustela haidarum haidarum), both endemic to the islands. Black-tailed deer, elk, beaver, muskrat, two species of rats, and raccoon are introduced species of mammals that have become abundant, imparting many ecological changes to the ecosystem.

Transportation edit

There is no public transportation on Haida Gwaii. Taxis and car rentals are available, and shuttles can be arranged.[14]

The primary transportation links between the Islands and mainland British Columbia are through the Sandspit Airport, the Masset Airport and the BC Ferries terminal at Skidegate.

The westernmost leg of Highway 16 connects Masset and Skidegate on Graham Island,[4] and Skidegate with Prince Rupert on the mainland via regular BC Ferries service by the MV Northern Adventure. Reservations are strongly recommended for the ferry.[14]

There is also regular BC Ferries service between Skidegate and Alliford Bay on Moresby Island. Floatplane services connect to facilities such as the Alliford Bay Water Aerodrome and Masset Water Aerodrome.

There are 120 km (75 mi) of highway on Graham Island. On Moresby, only 20 km (12 mi) of paved road line the coast.[15]

Economy edit

The economy is mixed, including art and natural resources, primarily logging and commercial fishing. Furthermore, service industries and government jobs provide about one-third of the jobs, and tourism has become a more prominent part of the economy in recent years, especially for fishing and tour guides, cycling, camping, and adventure tourism. Aboriginal culture tourism has been enhanced with the establishment of the Haida Heritage Centre at Kaay Ilnygaay.

Education edit

Public education is provided through School District 50 Haida Gwaii, which operates elementary and secondary schools in Masset, Port Clements, Daajing Giids (formerly called Queen Charlotte), Sandspit, and Skidegate. The Old Masset Village Council operates Chief Matthews School, a K/4 through grade 5 (and grade 6 as of the 2023-24 school year) school.[16] Higher education programs are offered at the Haida Heritage Centre in partnership with Coast Mountain College, University of Northern British Columbia, and with the Haida Gwaii Higher Education Society.[17]

Health care edit

Publicly funded health services are provided by Northern Health, the regional health authority responsible for the northern half of the province.

Haida Gwaii is served by two hospitals, The Northern Haida Gwaii Hospital and Health Centre in Masset and the Haida Gwaii Hospital in Daajing Giids which was completed in fall 2015.

Haida Gwaii has four British Columbia Ambulance stations. They are staffed by approximately 36 casual emergency medical responders (EMR), and one part-time community paramedic based in Masset.

Population edit

At the time of European contact in 1774, the population was roughly 30,000 people, residing in several towns and including slave populations drawn from other clans of Haida as well as from other nations. It is estimated that ninety percent of the population died during the 1800s from smallpox alone; other diseases arrived as well, including typhoid, measles, and syphilis, affecting many more inhabitants.[18][19] The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic alone killed over 70% of the Haida people.

By 1900, only 350 people remained. Towns were abandoned as people left their homes for the towns of Skidegate and Masset, for cannery towns on the mainland, or for Vancouver Island. Today, around 4,500[20] people live on the islands. About 70% of the indigenous people (Haida) live in two communities at Skidegate and Old Massett, with a population of about 700 each. In total the Haida make up 45% of the population of the islands.

Anthony Island and the Ninstints Haida village site were made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006; in the decision, the decline in population wrought by disease was referenced when citing the 'vanished civilization' of the Haida.[21]

History edit

 
Houses and totem poles, Skidegate, 26 July 1878 (George Mercer Dawson, Geological Survey of Canada, NAC-PA-37756)

Haida Gwaii is considered by archaeologists as an option for a Pacific coastal route taken by the first humans migrating to the Americas from the Bering Strait.[22] At this time Haida Gwaii was likely not an island, but connected to Vancouver Island and the mainland via the now-submerged continental shelf.[23][24]

It is unclear how people arrived on Haida Gwaii, but archaeological sites have established human habitation on the islands as far back as 13,000 years ago.[25] Populations that formerly inhabited Beringia expanded into northern North America after the Last Glacial Maximum, and gave rise to Eskimo-Aleuts and Na-Dené Indians.[26]

Although unsubstantiated, an oral tradition told by the Haida Chief, Albert Edward Edenshaw, says that the Haida came from northern Alaska and travelled to Haida Gwaii in search of new territory.[citation needed]

Underwater archaeologists from the University of Victoria are seeking to confirm that stone structures discovered in 2014 on the seabed of Hecate Strait may date back 13,700 or more years ago and be the earliest known signs of human habitation in Canada.[22] Coastal sites of this era are now deep underwater.[27]

Pre-colonial era edit

The coastal migration hypothesis of the settlement of the Americas suggests that the first North Americans may have been here as the oldest human remains known from Alaska or Canada are from On Your Knees Cave. Anthropologists have found striking parallels between the myths, rituals, and dwelling types of the Koryaks—inhabitants of the Kamchatka Peninsula—and those of the native peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. At this time the island was twice as large as today. There is strong genetic evidence for these early people having an origin there.[28][29] The Koryaks were a matrilineal seafaring people hunting whales and other marine mammals.[30] Kujkynnjaku, the Raven, is their primary deity.[31][32] Most of the Raven myths are similar to those of the Koryak.[32]

The group of people inhabiting these Islands developed a culture made rich by the abundance of the land and sea. These people became the Haida. The Haida are a linguistically-distinct group, and they have a complex class and rank system consisting of two main clans, the Eagles and Ravens. Links and diversity within the Haida Nation were gained through a cross lineal marriage system between the clans. This system was also important for the transfer of wealth within the Nation, with each clan reliant on the other for the building of longhouses, the carving of totem poles and other items of cultural importance.

Noted seafarers, the Haida occupied more than 100 villages throughout the Islands. The Haida were skilled traders, with established trade links with their neighbouring First Nations on the mainland to California.[33] The Haida people regularly took slaves from their wars with other peoples around them.[34]

Colonial era edit

The archipelago was first sighted by Europeans in 1774 by Juan Pérez, at Langara Island,[35] and in 1778 by James Cook. In 1794, the Haida captured and sank two American maritime fur trade vessels seeking to acquire sea otter pelts, Ino, under captain Simon Metcalfe, which was captured in Houston Stewart Channel near Ninstints, and Resolution, captured near Cumshewa Inlet.[36] In both cases only one crewmember survived. In 1851, the Haida captured the Georgiana, a ship carrying gold prospectors, and held its crew for ransom for nearly two months.[37]

The islands played an important role during the maritime fur trade era of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. During most of that era the trade in the islands was dominated by Americans.[38] The Oregon Treaty of 1846 put an end to American claims to the islands. Following the discovery of gold in the 1850s the British made efforts to exclude whatever American territorial claims might remain.[39]

The Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands was a British colony created by the Colonial Office in response to the increase in American marine trading activity resulting from the gold rush on Moresby Island in 1851. No separate administration or capital for the colony was ever established, as its only officer or appointee was James Douglas, who was simultaneously Governor of Vancouver Island. In essence, the colony was merged with the Vancouver Island colony for administrative purposes from the 1850s to 1866 when the Colony of Vancouver Island was merged with the mainland, which until that point was the separate Colony of British Columbia.

Naming edit

 
The northern Pacific Northwest Coast, showing the position of the archipelago in relation to other islands in the region. The southern half of Prince of Wales Island is Kaigani Haida territory, but is not included in the term Haida Gwaii.

In 1787 Captain George Dixon surveyed the islands. He named the islands the Queen Charlotte Islands after his ship, the Queen Charlotte, which was named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of King George III of the United Kingdom.

Another name, "Washington's Isles," was commonly used by American traders, who frequented the islands in the days of the marine fur trade and considered the islands part of the US-claimed Oregon Country.[5][40][41] Following the 1846 Oregon Treaty, which established the current international borders and made the islands definitively part of the British empire, the "Queen Charlotte Islands" name became official.

On December 11, 2009, the British Columbia government announced that legislation would be introduced in mid-2010 to officially rename the Queen Charlotte Islands to the new name "Haida Gwaii". The legislation received royal assent on June 3, 2010, formalizing the name change.[2] At an official Giving Back the Name ceremony, the name, written on a piece of paper and placed in a bentwood box, was handed to the premier of British Columbia.[4] This name change is officially recognized by all levels of Canadian governments,[42] and also by the United States' National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency name database.[43] The name Haida Gwaii is a modern coinage and was created in the early 1980s as an alternative to the colonial-era name "Queen Charlotte Islands", to recognize the history of the Haida people.[2] "Haida Gwaii" means "islands of the people",[4] while Haida on its own means not only "us" but also "people".

Still in use is the older name Xaadala Gwayee or, in alternative orthography, Xhaaidlagha Gwaayaai, meaning "islands at the boundary of the world".[2] Xhaaydla ("worlds") refers here to the sea and sky.[5]

Environment edit

Haida Gwaii forests
 
 
Haida Gwaii forests ecoregion in Canada
Ecology
RealmNearctic
BiomeTemperate coniferous forest
Borders
Bird species143[44]
Mammal species3[44]
Geography
Area10,101 km2 (3,900 sq mi)
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Climate typeOceanic (Cfb)
Conservation
Conservation statusVulnerable[45]
Habitat loss0%[44]
Protected20.7%[44]

Research by Simon Fraser University concludes that Haida Gwaii around 55,000 BCE was likely covered with tundra and low meadows that were populated by grazing mammals including caribou and mammoths. Although no mammoth or mastodon fossils were found, the research discovered dung-eating fungi underground in ancient peat by the Cape Ball site in Naikoon Provincial Park on Graham Island.[46] The tundra-like landscape then evolved to a mix of alpine forest and meadows.[46]

The last Pleistocene glaciation receded from the archipelago about 16,000 BCE, about 2,000 years earlier than the rest of the British Columbia Coast's ice age.[47] That, and its subsequent isolation from the mainland, encouraged Haida indigenous and environmental activists in the 1970s to use the term "Galápagos of the North", a unique biocultural zone with many endemic plants and animals. The climate of this temperate north hemisphere forested region, like that of much of the British Columbia and Alaskan coast in the area, is moderated by the North Pacific Current, with heavy rainfall and relatively mild temperatures throughout the year.

The islands are home to the Taan Forest, with a wide variety of large trees, including the Sitka spruce, western red cedar, yellow cedar (Nootka cypress), shore pine, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, western yew and red alder. The Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands[48] describes plants from the islands.

Soils are variable. Peat is common in poorly drained flats and even on sloping ground in the wetter areas. Where drainage is good, the mature soils are podzols that have classic development (well defined eluvial horizon, Ae under Canadian classification) in undisturbed areas.[49] A history of disturbance, as from logging or windthrow, sees the Ae mixed with other horizons and only patchily visible.[50]Kiidk'yaas (Golden Spruce), a naturally occurring genetic-variant yellow-colour Sitka spruce tree, was near the Yakoun River, the largest on Graham Island. It was a popular tourist attraction until it was illegally cut down in 1997 as a protest against the industrial logging practices.

From the spring of 1996 until November 30, 1997, a popular attraction for tourists to the islands was a male albino white raven. He lived around Port Clements and would commonly be seen taking food handouts from locals and visitors alike. He died after making contact with an electrical transformer. The white raven was preserved by former Port Clements residents, taxidermists Roger Britten Sr. and Jr., and is on display in the Port Clements Historical Society's museum.[51]

Climate edit

The climate is oceanic (Cfb), except near the summit of Mount Moresby where the climate is subpolar oceanic (Cfc). It is very similar to the climate of the west coast of Scotland in terms of average temperatures and total year-round precipitation, but the latitude is lower than the west coast of Scotland; it is 52° 39', the same as southern Ireland.[52]

In the relatively shielded areas around Tlell and Sandspit annual rainfall averages from 1,200 millimetres (47 in) to 1,400 millimetres (55 in).[53] Average monthly precipitation is markedly concentrated from October to January, with December the wettest month, averaging about 198 millimetres (7.8 in), most of which is rain, though snow is possible. May through July represent a markedly drier season; July, the driest month, averages about 46.4 millimetres (1.83 in) of rain.

Snowfall is generally moderate, averaging from 10 centimetres (4 in) to 70 centimetres (28 in), though at northerly Langara Island, it averages around 100 centimetres (40 in).

Precipitation is typically extremely frequent (especially from autumn to mid-winter), occurring on around two-thirds of all days even in relatively shielded areas, and direct sunlight is scarce, averaging around 3 to 4 hours per day.

Climate data for Sandspit Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 13.9 13.5 13.5 17.9 23.2 28.5 30.9 30.3 27.4 24.5 17.9 15.0 30.9
Record high °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3)
13.4
(56.1)
13.9
(57.0)
18.9
(66.0)
21.7
(71.1)
26.7
(80.1)
27.8
(82.0)
26.7
(80.1)
24.1
(75.4)
20.6
(69.1)
16.3
(61.3)
13.4
(56.1)
27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5)
6.7
(44.1)
7.8
(46.0)
9.7
(49.5)
12.3
(54.1)
15.0
(59.0)
17.3
(63.1)
18.1
(64.6)
16.1
(61.0)
12.2
(54.0)
8.4
(47.1)
6.7
(44.1)
11.4
(52.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2)
4.1
(39.4)
4.9
(40.8)
6.6
(43.9)
9.4
(48.9)
12.2
(54.0)
14.5
(58.1)
15.2
(59.4)
13.2
(55.8)
9.4
(48.9)
5.7
(42.3)
4.2
(39.6)
8.6
(47.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9)
1.5
(34.7)
1.9
(35.4)
3.4
(38.1)
6.4
(43.5)
9.3
(48.7)
11.6
(52.9)
12.2
(54.0)
10.2
(50.4)
6.6
(43.9)
3.0
(37.4)
1.7
(35.1)
5.8
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F) −13.9
(7.0)
−12.3
(9.9)
−12.2
(10.0)
−5.1
(22.8)
−1.1
(30.0)
2.2
(36.0)
5.0
(41.0)
1.9
(35.4)
−0.6
(30.9)
−3.1
(26.4)
−15.5
(4.1)
−12.8
(9.0)
−15.5
(4.1)
Record low wind chill −22.9 −24.1 −22.9 −10.8 −3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 −10.7 −26.0 −20.8 −26.0
Average precipitation mm (inches) 190.7
(7.51)
130.8
(5.15)
116.8
(4.60)
97.7
(3.85)
66.4
(2.61)
51.7
(2.04)
48.1
(1.89)
62.2
(2.45)
83.5
(3.29)
169.5
(6.67)
193.8
(7.63)
196.2
(7.72)
1,407.5
(55.41)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 178.4
(7.02)
120.8
(4.76)
112.0
(4.41)
96.6
(3.80)
66.4
(2.61)
51.7
(2.04)
48.2
(1.90)
62.3
(2.45)
83.5
(3.29)
169.5
(6.67)
191.8
(7.55)
190.0
(7.48)
1,371.2
(53.98)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 12.7
(5.0)
9.9
(3.9)
5.2
(2.0)
1.0
(0.4)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
3.0
(1.2)
6.0
(2.4)
37.9
(14.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 23.3 19.2 21.5 19.9 17.7 15.8 14.9 14.8 17.3 22.8 24.0 23.8 234.9
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 21.8 17.8 20.9 19.8 17.7 15.8 14.9 14.9 17.3 22.8 23.3 22.7 229.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 3.6 2.8 2.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.0 13.0
Average relative humidity (%) 84.4 80.1 77.1 76.4 76.0 77.1 76.1 76.1 76.3 78.5 81.6 84.6 78.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 41.9 77.2 115.9 157.7 194.0 183.8 195.9 187.7 137.9 98.0 58.4 44.8 1,493.1
Percent possible sunshine 16.6 28.0 31.6 37.7 39.5 36.3 38.5 41.0 36.1 29.8 22.3 18.9 31.4
Source: 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals[53]

2012 controversy around depositing iron in the ocean edit

In July 2012, entrepreneur Russ George dispersed 100 short tons (91 t) of iron sulphate dust into the Pacific Ocean several hundred miles west of the islands of Haida Gwaii. The Old Massett Village Council was persuaded to finance this geoengineering experiment as a "salmon enhancement project" with $1 million in village funds.[54] The concept was that the formerly iron-deficient waters would produce more phytoplankton that would in turn produce more salmon. George hoped to finance the project by using the carbon sequestration effects of the new plankton as marketable carbon offsets. The project has been plagued by charges of unscientific procedures and recklessness. George contended that 100 tons of iron is negligible compared to what naturally enters the ocean.[55]

Lawyers, environmentalists, and civil society groups are calling the dumping a "blatant violation" of two international moratoriums.[54][56] George said that the Old Massett Village Council and its lawyers approved the effort and at least seven Canadian agencies were aware of it.[55] In May 2013, the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation removed George as a director of the company and ended his employment.[57] The 2013 salmon runs increased from 50 million to 226 million fish,[58] but research conducted on 13 major iron-fertilization experiments in the open ocean since 1990 concludes that the method is unproven, and with respect to the Haida Gwaii project, "scientists have seen no evidence that the experiment worked".[59]

Geology edit

Earthquake hazards edit

The islands are located along the Queen Charlotte Fault, an active transform fault that produces significant earthquakes every 3–30 years. This is the result of the converging of the Pacific and North American Plates along the archipelago's west coast.[60][61] Major earthquakes have occurred in the Haida Gwaii in 1949 and 2012. Though the region is prone to fair geological activity, there is little infrastructure set up to gather accurate information to warn locals of possible threats. Many residents, notably from First Nations communities, have been critical of the fact that they must rely on information coming from neighbouring American states such as Washington or Alaska and from the USGS (United States Geological Survey). Regardless of the inconsistencies, Environment Canada does regularly do field tests across the Pacific coast of British Columbia relating to this matter.

The Cascadia subduction zone does pose some additional earthquake risks, but, most importantly, the subduction zone poses direct tsunami risks to the coastal settlements on the western side of the islands.

Culture edit

 
Totem pole in World Museum, Liverpool

Visual arts edit

The artwork known as Spirit of Haida Gwaii, by Bill Reid, is featured on the reverse of Canadian $20 bills produced between 2004 and 2011.[62] It depicts a Haida chief in a canoe, accompanied by the mythic messengers Raven, Frog and Eagle (the first casting of this sculpture, Spirit of Haida Gwaii: The Black Canoe, is on display in the atrium of the Canadian Embassy in Washington DC, the other, Spirit of Haida Gwaii: the Jade Canoe, is on display in Vancouver Airport). Haida art is also frequently seen on large monumental-sized cedar totem poles and dugout canoes, hand-crafted gold and silver jewellery, and even as cartoons in the form of Haida manga.

Repatriation of cultural property edit

The Buxton Museum and Art Gallery in England repatriated items in its collection to the Haida people. The Museum returned the items as part of its initiative to return Native American and First Nation artefacts.[63]

Haida language edit

The Haida language was proposed for classification as part of the Na-Dene family of languages on the basis of a few similarities with Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit. Many linguists, however, consider the evidence insufficient and continue to regard Haida as a language isolate. All 50 remaining speakers of Haida are over 70 years old.[citation needed][needs update?] Telus and Gwaii Trust recently completed a project to bring broadband internet to the island via a 150 km (93 mi) microwave relay. This enables interactive research to be carried out on the more than 80 CDs of language, story and spoken history of the people.

In popular culture edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "BC Population Estimates & Projections". Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Haida Gwaii". BC Geographical Names.
  3. ^ a b (PDF). sd50.bc.ca. Skidegate Haida Immersion Program. March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Welcome to Haida Gwaii: "Haida Gwaii is not only where we are, this is who we are"". Haida Gwaii Observer. 2018. p. 3. from the original on 2019-06-04. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  5. ^ a b c "Queen Charlotte Islands". BC Geographical Names.
  6. ^ Haida Nation; Her Majesty the Queen in Her Right of the Province of British Columbia (Autumn 2015). "Amending Agreement of the Kunst'aa guu - Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  7. ^ Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. "Bill 18 — 2010: Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act". Queen's Printer. from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  8. ^ "HAIDA GWAII RECONCILIATION ACT". from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
  9. ^ "History: Where we've come from (our history)". Masset BC. Village of Masset. from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Haida Gwaii has been home to the Haida since time immemorial, and evidence of their habitation of the islands dates back 13,000 years.
  10. ^ History of the Haida Nation 2016-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, Council of the Haida Nation, retrieved 2014-08-16: "Today, Haida people make up half of the 5000 people living on the islands."
  11. ^ "Mandate - Council of the Haida Nation". Council of the Haida Nation. Council of the Haida Nation. 2019. from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019. The CHN shall strive for full independence, sovereignty and self-sufficiency of the Haida Nation.
  12. ^ Erwin, Ryan (30 June 2015). "Heiltsuk and Haida nations finalize peace treaty". Global News. from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  13. ^ "Gwaii Haanas". Haida Gwaii. Haida Gwaii Observer. 2018. p. 22.
  14. ^ a b "Arriving in Haida Gwaii". Haida Gwaii. Haida Gwaii Observer. 2018. p. 7.
  15. ^ "Getting Around". Haida Gwaii. Haida Gwaii Observer. 2018. p. 8.
  16. ^ Chief Matthews School webpage
  17. ^ Haida Gwaii Higher Education Society webpage 2022-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2014-02-02
  18. ^ Trigger et al. 1996, p. 124.
  19. ^ Kennedy, Bouchard & Gessler 2010.
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-10-23.
  21. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "SGang Gwaay" (PDF). whc.unesco.org. (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
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Bibliography edit

  • Trigger, Bruce G.; Washburn, Wilcomb E.; Adams, Richard E. W.; MacLeod, Murdo J.; Salomon, Frank; Schwartz, Stuart B. (1996). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: North America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521573931. - Total pages: 500
  • Kennedy, Dorothy; Bouchard, Randy; Gessler, Trisha (2010). "Haida". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 17, 2020.

External links edit

  • Village of Queen Charlotte
  • Sandspit Community Website (Moresby Island Management Committee)
  • Village of Masset
  • Council of the Haida Nation
  • Haida Heritage Centre at Kaay Llnagaay
  • The Haida Gwaii Observer – Local Newspaper
  • Pelmorex Inc. (2013-05-31). "Statistics". The Weather Network. Retrieved 2014-04-23.

haida, gwaii, queen, charlotte, islands, redirects, here, group, islands, south, pacific, previously, known, queen, charlotte, islands, santa, cruz, islands, haida, aaydag, gwaay, yaay, aayda, gwaay, literally, islands, haida, people, formerly, known, queen, c. Queen Charlotte Islands redirects here For the group of islands in the South Pacific previously known as Queen Charlotte s Islands see Santa Cruz Islands Haida Gwaii ˈ h aɪ d e ˈ ɡ w aɪ 2 Haida X aaydag a Gwaay yaay X aayda gwaay literally Islands of the Haida people 3 formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands is an archipelago located between 55 125 km 34 78 mi off the northern Pacific coast of Canada The islands are separated from the mainland to the east by the shallow Hecate Strait 4 Queen Charlotte Sound lies to the south with Vancouver Island beyond To the north the disputed Dixon Entrance separates Haida Gwaii from the Alexander Archipelago in the U S state of Alaska Haida GwaiiX aaydag a Gwaay yaay X aayda gwaayNickname Queen Charlottes The Charlottes Gwaii Haanas National Park ReserveMap of Haida GwaiiHaida GwaiiHaida Gwaii in British ColumbiaGeographyLocationPacific OceanCoordinates53 N 132 W 53 N 132 W 53 132Total islandsc 150Major islandsGraham Island Moresby IslandArea10 180 km2 3 930 sq mi Highest elevation1 164 m 3819 ft Highest pointMount Moresby CanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaLargest settlementVillage of Daajing Giids pop 964 Haida NationDemographicsPopulation4 526 1 2021 Pop density0 445 km2 1 153 sq mi Additional informationTime zonePacificPeopleHaidaLanguageHaida kilCountryHaida GwaiiHaida Gwaii consists of two main islands Graham Island Kiis Gwaay in the north and Moresby Island T aawxii X aaydaɢ a Gwaay yaay linaɢ waay literally south people island half or Gwaay Haanas Islands of Beauty in the south along with approximately 400 smaller islands 4 better source needed with a total landmass of 10 180 km2 3 931 sq mi Other major islands include Anthony Island Ḵ waagaaw Sɢ ang Gwaay Burnaby Island Sɢ aay Kun Gwaay yaay Langara Island Kiis Gwaay Lyell Island Louise Island Alder Island Ḵ uuna Gwaay Ḵ uuna Gwaay yaay 3 and Kunghit Island For a fuller but still incomplete list see List of islands of British Columbia Part of the Canadian province of British Columbia the islands were known from 1787 until 2010 as the Queen Charlotte Islands and colloquially as the Charlottes 5 On June 3 2010 the Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act formally renamed the archipelago as part of the Kunst aa guu Kunst aayah Reconciliation Protocol 6 between British Columbia and the Haida people 2 7 8 The islands form the heartland of the Haida Nation upon which people have lived for 13 000 years 9 and who currently make up approximately half of the population 10 The Haida exercise their sovereignty over the islands through their acting government the Council of the Haida Nation CHN X aaydaG a Waadlux an Naay 11 As recently as 2015 the Haida Nation hosted First Nations delegations such as the potlatch and subsequent treaty signing between the Haida and Heiltsuk Nation 12 A small number of Kaigani Haida also live on the traditionally Tlingit Prince of Wales Island in Alaska Some of the islands are protected under federal legislation as the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site which includes the southernmost part of Moresby Island and several adjoining islands and islets Coastal temperate rain forest at the shore the preserve also includes the San Cristoval Mountains so named by the first European explorer Juan Perez and the oldest surviving European place name on the BC coast Facilities are minimal and access is via boat or seaplane 13 Also protected but under provincial jurisdiction are several provincial parks the largest of which is Naikoon Provincial Park on northeastern Graham Island The islands are home to an abundance of wildlife including a large subspecies of black bear Ursus americanus carlottae and the smallest subspecies of ermine the Haida ermine Mustela haidarum haidarum both endemic to the islands Black tailed deer elk beaver muskrat two species of rats and raccoon are introduced species of mammals that have become abundant imparting many ecological changes to the ecosystem Contents 1 Transportation 2 Economy 3 Education 4 Health care 5 Population 6 History 6 1 Pre colonial era 6 2 Colonial era 7 Naming 8 Environment 9 Climate 9 1 2012 controversy around depositing iron in the ocean 10 Geology 10 1 Earthquake hazards 11 Culture 11 1 Visual arts 11 2 Repatriation of cultural property 11 3 Haida language 11 4 In popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External linksTransportation editThere is no public transportation on Haida Gwaii Taxis and car rentals are available and shuttles can be arranged 14 The primary transportation links between the Islands and mainland British Columbia are through the Sandspit Airport the Masset Airport and the BC Ferries terminal at Skidegate The westernmost leg of Highway 16 connects Masset and Skidegate on Graham Island 4 and Skidegate with Prince Rupert on the mainland via regular BC Ferries service by the MV Northern Adventure Reservations are strongly recommended for the ferry 14 There is also regular BC Ferries service between Skidegate and Alliford Bay on Moresby Island Floatplane services connect to facilities such as the Alliford Bay Water Aerodrome and Masset Water Aerodrome There are 120 km 75 mi of highway on Graham Island On Moresby only 20 km 12 mi of paved road line the coast 15 Economy editThe economy is mixed including art and natural resources primarily logging and commercial fishing Furthermore service industries and government jobs provide about one third of the jobs and tourism has become a more prominent part of the economy in recent years especially for fishing and tour guides cycling camping and adventure tourism Aboriginal culture tourism has been enhanced with the establishment of the Haida Heritage Centre at Kaay Ilnygaay Education editPublic education is provided through School District 50 Haida Gwaii which operates elementary and secondary schools in Masset Port Clements Daajing Giids formerly called Queen Charlotte Sandspit and Skidegate The Old Masset Village Council operates Chief Matthews School a K 4 through grade 5 and grade 6 as of the 2023 24 school year school 16 Higher education programs are offered at the Haida Heritage Centre in partnership with Coast Mountain College University of Northern British Columbia and with the Haida Gwaii Higher Education Society 17 Health care editPublicly funded health services are provided by Northern Health the regional health authority responsible for the northern half of the province Haida Gwaii is served by two hospitals The Northern Haida Gwaii Hospital and Health Centre in Masset and the Haida Gwaii Hospital in Daajing Giids which was completed in fall 2015 Haida Gwaii has four British Columbia Ambulance stations They are staffed by approximately 36 casual emergency medical responders EMR and one part time community paramedic based in Masset Population editAt the time of European contact in 1774 the population was roughly 30 000 people residing in several towns and including slave populations drawn from other clans of Haida as well as from other nations It is estimated that ninety percent of the population died during the 1800s from smallpox alone other diseases arrived as well including typhoid measles and syphilis affecting many more inhabitants 18 19 The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic alone killed over 70 of the Haida people By 1900 only 350 people remained Towns were abandoned as people left their homes for the towns of Skidegate and Masset for cannery towns on the mainland or for Vancouver Island Today around 4 500 20 people live on the islands About 70 of the indigenous people Haida live in two communities at Skidegate and Old Massett with a population of about 700 each In total the Haida make up 45 of the population of the islands Anthony Island and the Ninstints Haida village site were made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 in the decision the decline in population wrought by disease was referenced when citing the vanished civilization of the Haida 21 History edit nbsp Houses and totem poles Skidegate 26 July 1878 George Mercer Dawson Geological Survey of Canada NAC PA 37756 Haida Gwaii is considered by archaeologists as an option for a Pacific coastal route taken by the first humans migrating to the Americas from the Bering Strait 22 At this time Haida Gwaii was likely not an island but connected to Vancouver Island and the mainland via the now submerged continental shelf 23 24 It is unclear how people arrived on Haida Gwaii but archaeological sites have established human habitation on the islands as far back as 13 000 years ago 25 Populations that formerly inhabited Beringia expanded into northern North America after the Last Glacial Maximum and gave rise to Eskimo Aleuts and Na Dene Indians 26 Although unsubstantiated an oral tradition told by the Haida Chief Albert Edward Edenshaw says that the Haida came from northern Alaska and travelled to Haida Gwaii in search of new territory citation needed Underwater archaeologists from the University of Victoria are seeking to confirm that stone structures discovered in 2014 on the seabed of Hecate Strait may date back 13 700 or more years ago and be the earliest known signs of human habitation in Canada 22 Coastal sites of this era are now deep underwater 27 Pre colonial era edit The coastal migration hypothesis of the settlement of the Americas suggests that the first North Americans may have been here as the oldest human remains known from Alaska or Canada are from On Your Knees Cave Anthropologists have found striking parallels between the myths rituals and dwelling types of the Koryaks inhabitants of the Kamchatka Peninsula and those of the native peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast At this time the island was twice as large as today There is strong genetic evidence for these early people having an origin there 28 29 The Koryaks were a matrilineal seafaring people hunting whales and other marine mammals 30 Kujkynnjaku the Raven is their primary deity 31 32 Most of the Raven myths are similar to those of the Koryak 32 The group of people inhabiting these Islands developed a culture made rich by the abundance of the land and sea These people became the Haida The Haida are a linguistically distinct group and they have a complex class and rank system consisting of two main clans the Eagles and Ravens Links and diversity within the Haida Nation were gained through a cross lineal marriage system between the clans This system was also important for the transfer of wealth within the Nation with each clan reliant on the other for the building of longhouses the carving of totem poles and other items of cultural importance Noted seafarers the Haida occupied more than 100 villages throughout the Islands The Haida were skilled traders with established trade links with their neighbouring First Nations on the mainland to California 33 The Haida people regularly took slaves from their wars with other peoples around them 34 Colonial era edit See also Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands Queen Charlottes Gold Rush and Colonial police action against the people of Haida Gwaii The archipelago was first sighted by Europeans in 1774 by Juan Perez at Langara Island 35 and in 1778 by James Cook In 1794 the Haida captured and sank two American maritime fur trade vessels seeking to acquire sea otter pelts Ino under captain Simon Metcalfe which was captured in Houston Stewart Channel near Ninstints and Resolution captured near Cumshewa Inlet 36 In both cases only one crewmember survived In 1851 the Haida captured the Georgiana a ship carrying gold prospectors and held its crew for ransom for nearly two months 37 The islands played an important role during the maritime fur trade era of the late 18th and early 19th centuries During most of that era the trade in the islands was dominated by Americans 38 The Oregon Treaty of 1846 put an end to American claims to the islands Following the discovery of gold in the 1850s the British made efforts to exclude whatever American territorial claims might remain 39 The Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands was a British colony created by the Colonial Office in response to the increase in American marine trading activity resulting from the gold rush on Moresby Island in 1851 No separate administration or capital for the colony was ever established as its only officer or appointee was James Douglas who was simultaneously Governor of Vancouver Island In essence the colony was merged with the Vancouver Island colony for administrative purposes from the 1850s to 1866 when the Colony of Vancouver Island was merged with the mainland which until that point was the separate Colony of British Columbia Naming edit nbsp The northern Pacific Northwest Coast showing the position of the archipelago in relation to other islands in the region The southern half of Prince of Wales Island is Kaigani Haida territory but is not included in the term Haida Gwaii In 1787 Captain George Dixon surveyed the islands He named the islands the Queen Charlotte Islands after his ship the Queen Charlotte which was named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz wife of King George III of the United Kingdom Another name Washington s Isles was commonly used by American traders who frequented the islands in the days of the marine fur trade and considered the islands part of the US claimed Oregon Country 5 40 41 Following the 1846 Oregon Treaty which established the current international borders and made the islands definitively part of the British empire the Queen Charlotte Islands name became official On December 11 2009 the British Columbia government announced that legislation would be introduced in mid 2010 to officially rename the Queen Charlotte Islands to the new name Haida Gwaii The legislation received royal assent on June 3 2010 formalizing the name change 2 At an official Giving Back the Name ceremony the name written on a piece of paper and placed in a bentwood box was handed to the premier of British Columbia 4 This name change is officially recognized by all levels of Canadian governments 42 and also by the United States National Geospatial Intelligence Agency name database 43 The name Haida Gwaii is a modern coinage and was created in the early 1980s as an alternative to the colonial era name Queen Charlotte Islands to recognize the history of the Haida people 2 Haida Gwaii means islands of the people 4 while Haida on its own means not only us but also people Still in use is the older name Xaadala Gwayee or in alternative orthography Xhaaidlagha Gwaayaai meaning islands at the boundary of the world 2 Xhaaydla worlds refers here to the sea and sky 5 Environment editHaida Gwaii forests nbsp Western hemlock forest on Moresby Island nbsp Haida Gwaii forests ecoregion in CanadaEcologyRealmNearcticBiomeTemperate coniferous forestBordersBritish Columbia mainland coastal forestsNorthern Pacific coastal forestsBird species143 44 Mammal species3 44 GeographyArea10 101 km2 3 900 sq mi CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaClimate typeOceanic Cfb ConservationConservation statusVulnerable 45 Habitat loss0 44 Protected20 7 44 Research by Simon Fraser University concludes that Haida Gwaii around 55 000 BCE was likely covered with tundra and low meadows that were populated by grazing mammals including caribou and mammoths Although no mammoth or mastodon fossils were found the research discovered dung eating fungi underground in ancient peat by the Cape Ball site in Naikoon Provincial Park on Graham Island 46 The tundra like landscape then evolved to a mix of alpine forest and meadows 46 The last Pleistocene glaciation receded from the archipelago about 16 000 BCE about 2 000 years earlier than the rest of the British Columbia Coast s ice age 47 That and its subsequent isolation from the mainland encouraged Haida indigenous and environmental activists in the 1970s to use the term Galapagos of the North a unique biocultural zone with many endemic plants and animals The climate of this temperate north hemisphere forested region like that of much of the British Columbia and Alaskan coast in the area is moderated by the North Pacific Current with heavy rainfall and relatively mild temperatures throughout the year The islands are home to the Taan Forest with a wide variety of large trees including the Sitka spruce western red cedar yellow cedar Nootka cypress shore pine western hemlock mountain hemlock western yew and red alder The Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands 48 describes plants from the islands Soils are variable Peat is common in poorly drained flats and even on sloping ground in the wetter areas Where drainage is good the mature soils are podzols that have classic development well defined eluvial horizon Ae under Canadian classification in undisturbed areas 49 A history of disturbance as from logging or windthrow sees the Ae mixed with other horizons and only patchily visible 50 Kiidk yaas Golden Spruce a naturally occurring genetic variant yellow colour Sitka spruce tree was near the Yakoun River the largest on Graham Island It was a popular tourist attraction until it was illegally cut down in 1997 as a protest against the industrial logging practices From the spring of 1996 until November 30 1997 a popular attraction for tourists to the islands was a male albino white raven He lived around Port Clements and would commonly be seen taking food handouts from locals and visitors alike He died after making contact with an electrical transformer The white raven was preserved by former Port Clements residents taxidermists Roger Britten Sr and Jr and is on display in the Port Clements Historical Society s museum 51 Climate editThe climate is oceanic Cfb except near the summit of Mount Moresby where the climate is subpolar oceanic Cfc It is very similar to the climate of the west coast of Scotland in terms of average temperatures and total year round precipitation but the latitude is lower than the west coast of Scotland it is 52 39 the same as southern Ireland 52 In the relatively shielded areas around Tlell and Sandspit annual rainfall averages from 1 200 millimetres 47 in to 1 400 millimetres 55 in 53 Average monthly precipitation is markedly concentrated from October to January with December the wettest month averaging about 198 millimetres 7 8 in most of which is rain though snow is possible May through July represent a markedly drier season July the driest month averages about 46 4 millimetres 1 83 in of rain Snowfall is generally moderate averaging from 10 centimetres 4 in to 70 centimetres 28 in though at northerly Langara Island it averages around 100 centimetres 40 in Precipitation is typically extremely frequent especially from autumn to mid winter occurring on around two thirds of all days even in relatively shielded areas and direct sunlight is scarce averaging around 3 to 4 hours per day Climate data for Sandspit AirportMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high humidex 13 9 13 5 13 5 17 9 23 2 28 5 30 9 30 3 27 4 24 5 17 9 15 0 30 9Record high C F 12 4 54 3 13 4 56 1 13 9 57 0 18 9 66 0 21 7 71 1 26 7 80 1 27 8 82 0 26 7 80 1 24 1 75 4 20 6 69 1 16 3 61 3 13 4 56 1 27 8 82 0 Mean daily maximum C F 6 4 43 5 6 7 44 1 7 8 46 0 9 7 49 5 12 3 54 1 15 0 59 0 17 3 63 1 18 1 64 6 16 1 61 0 12 2 54 0 8 4 47 1 6 7 44 1 11 4 52 5 Daily mean C F 4 0 39 2 4 1 39 4 4 9 40 8 6 6 43 9 9 4 48 9 12 2 54 0 14 5 58 1 15 2 59 4 13 2 55 8 9 4 48 9 5 7 42 3 4 2 39 6 8 6 47 5 Mean daily minimum C F 1 6 34 9 1 5 34 7 1 9 35 4 3 4 38 1 6 4 43 5 9 3 48 7 11 6 52 9 12 2 54 0 10 2 50 4 6 6 43 9 3 0 37 4 1 7 35 1 5 8 42 4 Record low C F 13 9 7 0 12 3 9 9 12 2 10 0 5 1 22 8 1 1 30 0 2 2 36 0 5 0 41 0 1 9 35 4 0 6 30 9 3 1 26 4 15 5 4 1 12 8 9 0 15 5 4 1 Record low wind chill 22 9 24 1 22 9 10 8 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 7 26 0 20 8 26 0Average precipitation mm inches 190 7 7 51 130 8 5 15 116 8 4 60 97 7 3 85 66 4 2 61 51 7 2 04 48 1 1 89 62 2 2 45 83 5 3 29 169 5 6 67 193 8 7 63 196 2 7 72 1 407 5 55 41 Average rainfall mm inches 178 4 7 02 120 8 4 76 112 0 4 41 96 6 3 80 66 4 2 61 51 7 2 04 48 2 1 90 62 3 2 45 83 5 3 29 169 5 6 67 191 8 7 55 190 0 7 48 1 371 2 53 98 Average snowfall cm inches 12 7 5 0 9 9 3 9 5 2 2 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 2 6 0 2 4 37 9 14 9 Average precipitation days 0 2 mm 23 3 19 2 21 5 19 9 17 7 15 8 14 9 14 8 17 3 22 8 24 0 23 8 234 9Average rainy days 0 2 mm 21 8 17 8 20 9 19 8 17 7 15 8 14 9 14 9 17 3 22 8 23 3 22 7 229 7Average snowy days 0 2 cm 3 6 2 8 2 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 0 13 0Average relative humidity 84 4 80 1 77 1 76 4 76 0 77 1 76 1 76 1 76 3 78 5 81 6 84 6 78 7Mean monthly sunshine hours 41 9 77 2 115 9 157 7 194 0 183 8 195 9 187 7 137 9 98 0 58 4 44 8 1 493 1Percent possible sunshine 16 6 28 0 31 6 37 7 39 5 36 3 38 5 41 0 36 1 29 8 22 3 18 9 31 4Source 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals 53 2012 controversy around depositing iron in the ocean edit In July 2012 entrepreneur Russ George dispersed 100 short tons 91 t of iron sulphate dust into the Pacific Ocean several hundred miles west of the islands of Haida Gwaii The Old Massett Village Council was persuaded to finance this geoengineering experiment as a salmon enhancement project with 1 million in village funds 54 The concept was that the formerly iron deficient waters would produce more phytoplankton that would in turn produce more salmon George hoped to finance the project by using the carbon sequestration effects of the new plankton as marketable carbon offsets The project has been plagued by charges of unscientific procedures and recklessness George contended that 100 tons of iron is negligible compared to what naturally enters the ocean 55 Lawyers environmentalists and civil society groups are calling the dumping a blatant violation of two international moratoriums 54 56 George said that the Old Massett Village Council and its lawyers approved the effort and at least seven Canadian agencies were aware of it 55 In May 2013 the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation removed George as a director of the company and ended his employment 57 The 2013 salmon runs increased from 50 million to 226 million fish 58 but research conducted on 13 major iron fertilization experiments in the open ocean since 1990 concludes that the method is unproven and with respect to the Haida Gwaii project scientists have seen no evidence that the experiment worked 59 Geology editEarthquake hazards edit See also 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake and 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake The islands are located along the Queen Charlotte Fault an active transform fault that produces significant earthquakes every 3 30 years This is the result of the converging of the Pacific and North American Plates along the archipelago s west coast 60 61 Major earthquakes have occurred in the Haida Gwaii in 1949 and 2012 Though the region is prone to fair geological activity there is little infrastructure set up to gather accurate information to warn locals of possible threats Many residents notably from First Nations communities have been critical of the fact that they must rely on information coming from neighbouring American states such as Washington or Alaska and from the USGS United States Geological Survey Regardless of the inconsistencies Environment Canada does regularly do field tests across the Pacific coast of British Columbia relating to this matter The Cascadia subduction zone does pose some additional earthquake risks but most importantly the subduction zone poses direct tsunami risks to the coastal settlements on the western side of the islands Culture edit nbsp Totem pole in World Museum LiverpoolVisual arts edit Main article Northwest Coast art The artwork known as Spirit of Haida Gwaii by Bill Reid is featured on the reverse of Canadian 20 bills produced between 2004 and 2011 62 It depicts a Haida chief in a canoe accompanied by the mythic messengers Raven Frog and Eagle the first casting of this sculpture Spirit of Haida Gwaii The Black Canoe is on display in the atrium of the Canadian Embassy in Washington DC the other Spirit of Haida Gwaii the Jade Canoe is on display in Vancouver Airport Haida art is also frequently seen on large monumental sized cedar totem poles and dugout canoes hand crafted gold and silver jewellery and even as cartoons in the form of Haida manga Repatriation of cultural property edit The Buxton Museum and Art Gallery in England repatriated items in its collection to the Haida people The Museum returned the items as part of its initiative to return Native American and First Nation artefacts 63 Haida language edit Main article Haida language The Haida language was proposed for classification as part of the Na Dene family of languages on the basis of a few similarities with Athabaskan Eyak Tlingit Many linguists however consider the evidence insufficient and continue to regard Haida as a language isolate All 50 remaining speakers of Haida are over 70 years old citation needed needs update Telus and Gwaii Trust recently completed a project to bring broadband internet to the island via a 150 km 93 mi microwave relay This enables interactive research to be carried out on the more than 80 CDs of language story and spoken history of the people In popular culture edit This article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources August 2017 Haida Gwaii has been featured in The Nature of Things documentaries since the 1970s due to its unique forest and ecosystem Many wildlife and adventure tourism TV series in the US and Canada have also featured the islands since the 1990s reflecting the islands as a globe trekking location Haida Gwaii and its people are the subject of the documentary Haida Gwaii On the Edge of the World The Queen Charlotte Islands are a significant location in Richard Dreyfuss steampunk alternate history novel The Two Georges The book came out in 1995 15 years before the official renaming They are a location in the 2009 novel Generation A by Douglas Coupland Haida Gwaii generally and Ninstints particularly are key locations in Louise Penny s novel The Brutal Telling Poet Robert Bringhurst published a series of translations of stories as told by the mythtellers Ghandl and Skaay Portions of the book The Silver Totem of Shame by Canadian author R J Harlick are set in Haida Gwaii 64 Sailing in Haida Gwaii is featured in Robin Esrock s bestselling book The Great Canadian Bucket List 65 Mount Eerie s 2017 album A Crow Looked at Me references singer Phil Elverum s trip to Haida Gwaii on the song Ravens Masters of the Northwest a two hour documentary mainly featuring Haida Gwaii was broadcast by the Ontario educational TV network in September 2017 66 Haida Gwaii is the setting for John Vaillant s The Golden Spruce The book deals with the felling of the Golden Spruce or Kiidk yaas on Haida Gwaii by Grant Hadwin 67 Edge of the Knife SG aawaay Ḵ uuna directed by Gwaai Edenshaw and Helen Haig Brown as the first feature film ever made in the Haida language was shot on Haida Gwaii in 2017 68 Rainbow Six Siege references Frost a selectable operative who was raised in Vancouver having spent time hunting as an adolescent on Haida Gwaii This is likely a nod to her unique piece of equipment a trap in the style of those used for bears repurposed for use in combat against humans See also editCouncil of the Haida Nation Dene Yeniseian languages Guujaaw Haida Gwaii On the Edge of the World Haida language Hlk yah G awG a Windy Bay Indigenous peoples of Siberia Lohafex Moresby Camp Na Dene languages List of islands of British ColumbiaReferences edit BC Population Estimates amp Projections Retrieved 6 December 2022 a b c d e Haida Gwaii BC Geographical Names a b Ship X aayda Kil Glossary PDF sd50 bc ca Skidegate Haida Immersion Program March 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 10 June 2012 Retrieved 19 February 2018 a b c d e Welcome to Haida Gwaii Haida Gwaii is not only where we are this is who we are Haida Gwaii Observer 2018 p 3 Archived from the original on 2019 06 04 Retrieved 2019 06 04 a b c Queen Charlotte Islands BC Geographical Names Haida Nation Her Majesty the Queen in Her Right of the Province of British Columbia Autumn 2015 Amending Agreement of the Kunst aa guu Kunst aayah Reconciliation Protocol PDF Archived PDF from the original on 21 February 2018 Retrieved 19 February 2018 Legislative Assembly of British Columbia Bill 18 2010 Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act Queen s Printer Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 Retrieved 17 March 2011 HAIDA GWAII RECONCILIATION ACT Archived from the original on 2017 07 31 Retrieved 2017 07 02 History Where we ve come from our history Masset BC Village of Masset Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 Retrieved 19 February 2018 Haida Gwaii has been home to the Haida since time immemorial and evidence of their habitation of the islands dates back 13 000 years History of the Haida Nation Archived 2016 05 14 at the Wayback Machine Council of the Haida Nation retrieved 2014 08 16 Today Haida people make up half of the 5000 people living on the islands Mandate Council of the Haida Nation Council of the Haida Nation Council of the Haida Nation 2019 Archived from the original on 3 May 2019 Retrieved 18 May 2019 The CHN shall strive for full independence sovereignty and self sufficiency of the Haida Nation Erwin Ryan 30 June 2015 Heiltsuk and Haida nations finalize peace treaty Global News Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 Retrieved 19 February 2018 Gwaii Haanas Haida Gwaii Haida Gwaii Observer 2018 p 22 a b Arriving in Haida Gwaii Haida Gwaii Haida Gwaii Observer 2018 p 7 Getting Around Haida Gwaii Haida Gwaii Observer 2018 p 8 Chief Matthews School webpage Haida Gwaii Higher Education Society webpage Archived 2022 01 20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2014 02 02 Trigger et al 1996 p 124 Kennedy Bouchard amp Gessler 2010 File not found Fichier non trouve Archived from the original on 2012 10 23 Centre UNESCO World Heritage SGang Gwaay PDF whc unesco org Archived PDF from the original on 2016 08 09 Retrieved 2019 12 26 a b Hume Mark Sep 24 2014 Underwater discovery near Haida Gwaii could rewrite human history The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on April 19 2017 Retrieved August 27 2017 Byun S A Koop B F Reimchen T E 1997 North American black bear mtDNA phylogeography implications for morphology and the Haida Gwaii glacial refugium controversy Evolution 51 5 1647 1653 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 1997 tb01487 x PMID 28568643 S2CID 10399291 Moss M L 2008 Islands coming out of concealment traveling to Haida Gwaii on the northwest coast of North America The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 3 1 35 53 doi 10 1080 15564890801906587 S2CID 129744735 Keller James 6 June 2014 Archeologists to launch historic fishing expedition off B C s Haida Gwaii Huffington Post Archived from the original on December 13 2019 Retrieved 7 October 2019 Shurr T G Sherry S T 17 June 2004 Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome diversity and the peopling of the Americas Evolutionary and demographic evidence Am J Hum Biol 16 4 420 439 doi 10 1002 ajhb 20041 PMID 15214060 S2CID 25577766 Fedje D W Christensen T 1999 Modeling Paleoshorelines and Locating Early Holocene Coastal Sites in Haida Gwaii American Antiquity 64 4 635 652 doi 10 2307 2694209 JSTOR 2694209 S2CID 163478479 Wallace Douglas C Torroni Antonio 2009 American Indian prehistory as written in the mitochondrial DNA a review Human Biology 81 5 509 521 doi 10 3378 027 081 0602 PMID 20504178 S2CID 38737742 Malyarchuk Boris 2011 Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a Journal of Human Genetics 56 8 583 588 doi 10 1038 jhg 2011 64 PMID 21677663 Jones M L Swartz S L Leatherwood S 1984 The gray whale Eschrichtius robustus Academic Press Charri Anne Victoire 1984 The Discovery of the Koryaks and Their Perception of the World Arctic 37 4 441 445 doi 10 14430 arctic2226 JSTOR 40510306 a b Krupnik Igor Koryak Arctic Studies Center Archived from the original on 21 December 2015 Retrieved 25 May 2015 Sloan N A 2003 Evidence of California area abalone shell in Haida trade and culture Journal Canadien d Archeologie 27 2 273 286 JSTOR 41103451 Civilization ca Haida the people and the land Social organization Archived from the original on 2020 11 27 Retrieved 2020 04 14 Trigger Bruce Graham Washburn Wilcomb E 1996 The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas North America Volume I Cambridge University Press p 124 ISBN 978 0 521 57393 1 Archived from the original on 16 November 2019 Retrieved 5 May 2013 Searching For Shipwrecks In The Waters Of Haida Gwaii B C CBC ca Stroumboulopolous Tonight Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 Retrieved 10 June 2014 Canadian Press 30 June 2014 Underwater researchers explore Haida Gwaii Metro News Victoria Archived from the original on 8 August 2015 Retrieved 30 June 2014 Lillard Charles 1995 Just east of sundown the Queen Charlotte Islands TouchWood Editions p 81 ISBN 978 0 920663 34 9 Archived from the original on 15 December 2019 Retrieved 5 May 2013 Glover William 1 April 2004 Charting Northern Waters Essays for the Centenary of the Canadian Hydrographic Service McGill Queen s Press MQUP p 54 ISBN 978 0 7735 2710 2 Archived from the original on 13 December 2019 Retrieved 5 May 2013 Alcedo Antonio de Arrowsmith Aaron 18 September 2017 The Geographical and Historical Dictionary of America and the West Indies Containing an Entire Translation of the Spanish Work of Colonel Don Antonio de Alcedo with Large Additions and Compilations from Modern Voyages and Travels and from Original and Authentic Information James Carpenter Longman Hurst Rees Orme and Brown White Cochrane and Company and Murray London Parker Oxford and Deighton Cambridge Archived from the original on 28 March 2022 Retrieved 17 October 2020 via Google Books www adiyukon com ADI Interactive Historical Map Society of British Columbia hmsbc library ubc ca Archived from the original on 2014 01 02 Retrieved 2013 05 05 Toporama Atlas of Canada Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 Retrieved 17 March 2011 Haida Gwaii at GEOnet Names Server a b c d The Atlas of Global Conservation maps tnc org Archived from the original on 2012 03 05 Retrieved 2020 11 13 Queen Charlotte Islands Ecoregions WWF World Wildlife Fund Archived from the original on 2020 11 13 Retrieved 2020 11 13 a b Shore Randy Oct 6 2015 Mammoths may have roamed Haida Gwaii 57 000 years ago Vancouver Sun Archived from the original on September 12 2017 Daryl W Fedje Rolf Mathewes eds 2011 11 01 Haida Gwaii human history and environment from the time of loon to the time of the iron people UBC Press p 5 ISBN 978 0 7748 0921 4 Archived from the original on 2021 11 07 Retrieved 2021 11 07 Calder James A Roy L Taylor and Gerald A Mulligan 1968 Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands Ottawa Research Branch Canada Department of Agriculture a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Banner A W H MacKenzie J Pojar A MacKinnon S C Saunders and H Klassen 2014 A field guide to ecosystem classification and identification for Haida Gwaii Prov B C Victoria B C Land Manag Handb 68 http www for gov bc ca hfd pubs Docs Lmh Lmh68 htm Archived 2014 09 13 at the Wayback Machine Kranabetter J Marty Williams Harry Morin Jacques 2009 Ecological descriptions of Pacific golden chanterelle Cantharellus formosus habitat and estimates of its extent in Haida Gwaii BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management 10 1 59 67 Archived from the original on 2015 10 18 Retrieved 2015 09 06 Port Clements Historical Society White Raven display case information Harlow latitude and longitude Archived from the original on 2015 11 17 Retrieved 2015 11 13 a b Canadian Climate Normals 1981 2010 Station Data Environment Canada 2016 06 22 Archived from the original on 2017 02 13 Retrieved 2016 08 18 a b Lucas Martin October 15 2012 World s biggest geoengineering experiment violates UN rules The Guardian Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 Retrieved 17 October 2012 a b Fountain Henry October 18 2012 A Rogue Climate Experiment Outrages Scientists The New York Times Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 Retrieved 18 October 2012 Environment Canada launches probe into massive iron sulfate dump off Haida Gwaii coast APTN National News October 16 2012 Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 Retrieved 17 October 2012 Haida announce termination of Russ George Canada Newswire 2013 05 23 Archived from the original on 2014 10 07 Retrieved 2013 07 02 Zubrin Robert 2014 04 22 The Pacific s Salmon Are Back Thank Human Ingenuity Nationalreview com Archived from the original on 2014 04 23 Retrieved 2014 04 23 Tollefson Jeff 2017 Iron dumping ocean experiment sparks controversy Nature 545 7655 393 394 Bibcode 2017Natur 545 393T doi 10 1038 545393a PMID 28541342 Barrie J V Conway K Harris P T 2013 The Queen Charlotte Fault British Columbia seafloor anatomy of a transform fault and its influence on sediment processes Geo Marine Letters 33 4 311 318 Bibcode 2013GML 33 311B doi 10 1007 s00367 013 0333 3 S2CID 128409033 On This Day August 22 1949 National Post pp B14 August 22 2008 Banknotes Archived from the original on 21 October 2005 Retrieved 28 October 2010 Addley Esther 2023 02 13 How one Derbyshire museum took initiative in returning Indigenous artefacts The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2023 02 14 R J Harlick The Books rjharlick ca Archived from the original on 2014 12 13 Retrieved 2014 12 13 http www canadianbucketlist com ca haida dead link Masters of the Pacific Coast Tribes of the Northwest Archived from the original on 2017 09 14 Retrieved 2017 09 13 The Golden Spruce by John Vaillant Archived from the original on 2018 10 28 Retrieved 2018 10 28 Marsha Lederman Making history on Haida Gwaii Archived 2017 07 16 at the Wayback Machine The Globe and Mail June 22 2017 Bibliography editTrigger Bruce G Washburn Wilcomb E Adams Richard E W MacLeod Murdo J Salomon Frank Schwartz Stuart B 1996 The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas North America Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521573931 Total pages 500 Kennedy Dorothy Bouchard Randy Gessler Trisha 2010 Haida The Canadian Encyclopedia Retrieved May 17 2020 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haida Gwaii Village of Queen Charlotte Sandspit Community Website Moresby Island Management Committee Village of Masset Council of the Haida Nation Haida Heritage Centre at Kaay Llnagaay The Haida Gwaii Observer Local Newspaper Pelmorex Inc 2013 05 31 Statistics The Weather Network Retrieved 2014 04 23 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haida Gwaii amp oldid 1205511761, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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