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Nikah mut'ah

October 21, 2023

"Mut'ah" redirects here. Not to be confused with Mu'tah, a town in Jordan.

Nikah mut'ah[1][2] Arabic: نكاح المتعة, romanized: nikāḥ al-mutʿah, literally "pleasure marriage"; temporary marriage[3]: 1045  or Sigheh[4] (Persian: صیغه ، ازدواج موقت) is a private and verbal temporary marriage contract that is practiced in Twelver Shia Islam[5] in which the duration of the marriage and the mahr must be specified and agreed upon in advance.[1][6][7]: 242 [8]: 47–53  It is a private contract made in a verbal or written format. A declaration of the intent to marry and an acceptance of the terms are required as in other forms of marriage in Islam.[9]

According to Shia Muslims, Muhammad sanctioned nikah mut'ah (fixed-term marriage, called muta'a in Iraq and sigheh in Iran), which has instead been used as a legitimizing cover for sex workers in a culture where prostitution is otherwise forbidden. Some Western writers have argued that mut'ah approximates prostitution.[10]

Some sources say the Nikah mut'ah has no prescribed minimum or maximum duration,[11] but others, such as The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, indicate the minimum duration of the marriage is debatable and durations of at least three days, three months or one year have been suggested.[1]

Some Muslims and Western scholars have stated that both Nikah mut'ah[12] and Nikah misyar[13] are Islamically void attempts to religiously sanction prostitution which is otherwise forbidden.[14] The Zaidi Shia reject Mutah marriage.[citation needed]

Background

Historically there were many types of marriages, used for various purposes, as opposed to a full marriage; in mut'ah some of the rights of the husband and wife are non-existent. This was primarily used by those who could not stay at home with their wife and traveled a lot. For example, a traveling merchant might arrive at a town and stay for a few months, in that period he may marry a divorced widow, and they would take care of each other. When he has to leave to the next down, the marriage is over, and he might sign a mut'ah contract at his next place. Although in modern times such a thing is considered obsolete, due to the availability of fast travel, and primarily exists in Iran and Shia regions for sexual pleasure reasons as a means of Halal dating.[15]

Mut'ah, literally meaning joy, is a condition where rules of Islam are relaxed. It can apply to marriage (the nikah mut'ah) or to the Hajj (the obligatory pilgrimage) (the Mut'ah of Hajj). The permissibility of Mut'ah is disputed by majority of the Sunni scholars, who argue that the practice was banished by the Prophet. Twelver Shia scholars, on the other hand, assert that Mut'ah was sanctioned by the Prophet, but was banished by the Second Caliph 'Umar. Omar's abolition was not accepted in many scholarly circles and was met with staunch opposition from major companions like 'Imràn b. Husayn, Ibn 'Abbas, as well as Omar's son 'Abd Allàh b. 'Umar.[6] Both Shias and Sunnis agree that, initially, or near the beginning of Islam, Nikah mut'ah was a legal contract.[8]

The prominent companion and Caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr was born of nikah mut'ah between Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Asma bint Abi Bakr.[16][17][18] According to al-Raghib al-Isphahani,[17] Abu Dawood al-Tayalisi, and Qadhi Sanaullah Panipati, were major scholarly personalities born of Mut'ah.

Religious views

Twelver Shia

According to Twelver Shia jurisprudence, preconditions for mut'ah are: The bride must not be married, she must attain the permission of her wali if she has never been married before, she must be Muslim or belong to Ahl al-Kitab (People of the Book), she should be chaste, must not be a known adulterer, and she can only independently do this if she is Islamically a non-virgin or she has no wali (Islamic legal guardian).[citation needed] At the end of the contract, the marriage ends and the wife must undergo iddah, a period of abstinence from marriage (and thus, sexual intercourse). The iddah is intended to give paternal certainty to any children should the wife become pregnant during the temporary marriage contract.[7][1] The Twelver Shias give arguments based on the Quran, hadith (religious narration), history, and moral grounds to support their position on mut'ah.[19] They argue that the word of the Qur'an takes precedence over that of any other scripture, including Quran 4:24, known as the verse of Mut'ah.[citation needed]

Julie Parshall writes that mut'ah is legalised prostitution which has been sanctioned by the Twelver Shia authorities. She quotes the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World to differentiate between marriage (nikah) and Mut'ah, and states that while nikah is for procreation, mut'ah is just for sexual gratification.[20] According to Zeyno Baran, this kind of temporary marriage provides Shi'ite men with a religiously sanctioned equivalent to prostitution.[21] According to Elena Andreeva's observation published in 2007, Russian travelers to Iran consider mut'ah to be "legalized profligacy", which is indistinguishable from prostitution.[a] These views are contested by others, who hold that mut'ah is a temporary wedlock option in Islam for avoiding illegal sex relations among those Muslims whose marriage is legitimate but, for certain constraints, they are unable to avail it. From this point of view, mut'ah is neither concubinage nor prostitution. Religious supporters of mut'ah argue that temporary marriage is different from prostitution for a couple of reasons, including the necessity of iddah in case the couple have sexual intercourse. According to this interpretation of the rules of iddah, if a woman marries a man in this way and has sex, she has to wait a number of months before marrying again and therefore, a woman cannot marry more than three or four times in a year.[23][24][25][26]

Sunni

During the sixteenth century, during the reign of Akbar, the third emperor of the Mughal Empire, who was believed to be a Hanafi Sunni, debates on religious matters were held weekly on Thursdays. When discussing nikah mut'ah, Shi'ite theologians argued that the historic Sunni scholar Malik ibn Anas supported the practice.[7][27] However, the evidence from Malik's Muwatta (manual of religious jurisprudence) was not forthcoming. The Shi'ite theologians persisted and nikah mut'ah was legalized for the Twelver Shia during Akbar's reign.[7][27] According to Sunni Arab jurisdiction of Jordan; if the nikah mut'ah meets all other requirements, it is treated as if it were a permanent marriage.[8]

The thirteenth century scholar, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi said,

Amongst the Ummah there are many great scholars who deem Mut'ah to have been abrogated, whilst others say that Mut'ah still remains.[28]

The Gharab al Quran, the dictionary of Qur'anic terms states,

The people of Faith are in agreement that Mut'ah is halal, then a great man said Mut'ah was abrogated, other than them remaining scholars, including the Shi'a believe Mut'ah remain halaal in the same way it was in the past. Ibn Abbas held this viewpoint and Imran bin Husain.[29]

De facto temporary marriages were conducted by Sunnis by not specifying how long the marriage would last in the written documents themselves while orally agreeing to set a fixed period.[30][31]

Even though nikah mut'ah is prohibited by the four Sunni madh'habs (legal schools of law), several types of innovative marriage exist, including misyar (ambulant) and ʿurfi (customary) marriage; however these are distinct from the Twelver Shia understanding.[32] Some regard misyar as being comparable to nikah mut'ah: for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner".[33] In Ba'athist Iraq, Uday Hussein's daily newspaper Babil, which at one point referred to the Shi'ites as "rafidah", a sectarian epithet for Shia,[34] condemned Wahhabi clerics as hypocrites for endorsing Misyar while denouncing Mut'ah.[35]

According to classical Sunni scholars such as Ibn Hazm (384 - 456 A.H / 994 - 1064 C.E), Ibn Hajar al-Athqallani (773 - 852 A.H / 1372 - 1449 C.E), etc.; numerous prominent companions continued to believe in the permissibility of practising Mut'ah after the death of the Prophet. Early Sunni hadith scholars such as `Ata' ibn Abi Rabah, Ibn Jurayj, Ahmad ibn Hanbal etc. deemed Mut'ah marriages valid and permissible. Yemeni scholar Al-Shawkani (1759 CE /1173 AH - 1839 CE /1255 AH); reported in Nayl al-Awtar that the influential Sunni Mufassir Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (839–923 CE / 224–310 AH) held the same view. Some Sunnite scholars narrated that Malik ibn Anas and Al-Shafi'i sanctioned temporary marriages.[36]

According to prominent Indian Salafi scholar Waheed ud-Deen Zaman:[37]

"On the topic of Mut'ah, differences have arisen amongst the Sahaba, and the Ahl al-Hadith, and they deemed Mut'ah to be permissible, since Mut'ah under the Shari'ah was practiced and this is proven, and as evidence of permissibility they cite verse 24 of Surah Nisa as proof. The practice of Mut'ah is definite and there is ijma (consensus) on this and you can not refute definite proof by using logic."[38]

Western views

Some Western writers have argued that mut'ah approximates prostitution,[12][39] and asserted that it has been used to cover for child prostitution.[40][41] Julie Parshall writes that mut'ah is legalised prostitution which has been sanctioned by the Twelver Shia authorities. She quotes the Oxford encyclopedia of modern Islamic world to differentiate between marriage (nikah) and Mut'ah, and states that while nikah is for procreation, mut'ah is just for sexual gratification.[20]

In popular culture

The Girl Sitting Here is a (2021) short film directed by Azadeh Nikzadeh about a temporary marriage contract. Bahar (Bahar Beihaghi) a young woman, in exchange for funds to cover the costs of a surgery negotiates a temporary marriage deal with Mr. Payam (Neimah Djourabchi).[42]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Most of the travelers describe the Shi'i institution of temporary marriage (sigheh) as 'legalized profligacy' and hardly distinguish between temporary marriage and prostitution."[22]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Esposito J. "The Oxford Dictionary of Islam." 25 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Oxford University Press 2003 p221 Accessed 15 March 2014.
  2. ^ "Temporary 'Enjoyment Marriages' in Vogue Again with Some Iraqis". The Washington Post. from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  3. ^ Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: a compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition 19 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine Ed. JM Cowan. New York: Spoken Language Services, Inc., 1994. Print.
  4. ^ Sciolino, Elaine (4 October 2000). "Love Finds a Way in Iran: 'Temporary Marriage'". The New York Times. from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  5. ^ Mahmood, Shabnam; Nye, Catrin (13 May 2013). "I do, for now anyway". BBC News.
  6. ^ a b Berg H. "Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins". Brill 2003 ISBN 9004126023. Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014. pp. 167-171,176
  7. ^ a b c d Hughes T. A Dictionary of Islam. Asian Educational Services 1 December 1995. Accessed 15 April 2014.
  8. ^ a b c Pohl F. "Muslim world: modern muslim societies." Marshall Cavendish, 2010. ISBN 0761479279, 1780761479277 Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014.
  9. ^ "I do... for now. UK Muslims revive temporary marriages". BBC News. 13 May 2013. from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  10. ^ İlkkaracan 2008, p. 36.
  11. ^ Labi, Nadya. "Married for a Minute". Mother Jones. from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  12. ^ a b Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (1 January 2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415966924.
  13. ^ Pohl, Florian (1 September 2010). Muslim World: Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780761479277. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  14. ^ Turner, Bryan S. (1 January 2003). Islam: Islam, gender and family. Taylor & Francis US. p. 157. ISBN 9780415123501.
  15. ^ Tait, Robert (4 June 2007). "Iranian minister backs temporary marriage to relieve lust of youth". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  16. ^ Sharh Ibn Abi al-Hadid. Vol. 4. pp. 489–490.
  17. ^ a b Al-Raghib al-Isfahani. al-Muhadhiraat. Vol. 2. p. 96.
  18. ^ al-Ghiṭā, Muḥammad al-Ḥusayn Āl Kāshif (1982). The Shia Origin and Faith. Islamic Seminary. pp. 210–211.
  19. ^ Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 226
  20. ^ a b Parshall, Philip L.; Parshall, Julie (1 April 2003). Lifting the Veil: The World of Muslim Women. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830856961. from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  21. ^ Baran, Zeyno (2011). Citizen Islam: The Future of Muslim Integration in the West. A&C Black. ISBN 9781441112484.
  22. ^ Andreeva 2007.
  23. ^ Temporary Marriage in Islam Part 6: Similarities and Differences of Mut'a and Regular Marriage | A Shi'ite Encyclopedia | Books on Islam and Muslims | Al-Islam.org.
  24. ^ "Marriage » Mut'ah (temporary marriage) – Islamic Laws – The Official Website of the Office of His Eminence Al-Sayyid Ali Al-Husseini Al-Sistani". www.sistani.org. from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  25. ^ "The Rules in Matrimony and Marriage". Al-Islam.org. 3 October 2012. from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  26. ^ "Marriage". english.bayynat.org.lb. from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  27. ^ a b Müller F. "Introduction to the science of religion." 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Kessinger Publishing 1882 p? reprint 1 December 2004. ISBN 141797401X, 9781417974016
  28. ^ Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi), volume 3 p95, Sura Nisa verse 24
  29. ^ Tafseer Gharab al Quran part 5 p. 4, Sura al Nisa
  30. ^ C. Snouck Hurgronje (29 November 2006). Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century: Daily Life, Customs and Learning. The Moslims of the East-Indian Archipelago. BRILL. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-90-474-1128-4. from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  31. ^ electricpulp.com. "MOTʿA – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  32. ^ Ruffle K. Mut'a "Mut'a." 11 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Oxford Bibliographies website document.
  33. ^ Lod M. "Islam and the West: the clash between Islamism and Secularism." 29 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Strategic Book Publishing, 2011 p58-59. ISBN 1612046231, 9781612046235.
  34. ^ Khalil F. Osman (2015). Sectarianism in Iraq: The Making of State and Nation Since 1920. Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Democratization and Government. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-77946-4.
  35. ^ Achim Rohde (2014). State-Society Relations in Ba'thist Iraq: Facing Dictatorship. SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1138780132.
  36. ^ Ibn Baz, 'Abd al-Azeez. "Views of those who deem Mut'ah marriage permissible". Kingdom of Saudi Arabia- The General Presidency of Islamic Research and Exile. from the original on 17 October 2021.
  37. ^ "Allama Waheed Uz Zaman books". Dar ul-Andalus.
  38. ^ Upadhyay, R.D (2018). CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION(CIVIL) NO 235 OF 2018. SUPREME COURT OF INDIA. p. 20.
  39. ^ In Iraq, religious ‘pleasure marriages’ are a front for child prostitution The Guardian, 2019
  40. ^ "BBC - Undercover With The Clerics - Iraq's Secret Sex Trade - Media Centre". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  41. ^ Al-Maghafi, Nawal (6 October 2019). "In Iraq, religious 'pleasure marriages' are a front for child prostitution". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  42. ^ Paine, Herbert. "BWW Review: THE GIRL SITTING HERE". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

Further reading

October 21, 2023
nikah, redirects, here, confused, with, town, jordan, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, lead, section, this, article, need, rewritten, lead, layout, guide. Mut ah redirects here Not to be confused with Mu tah a town in Jordan This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia s norms and is inclusive of all essential details October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Nikah mut ah news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Nikah mut ah 1 2 Arabic نكاح المتعة romanized nikaḥ al mutʿah literally pleasure marriage temporary marriage 3 1045 or Sigheh 4 Persian صیغه ازدواج موقت is a private and verbal temporary marriage contract that is practiced in Twelver Shia Islam 5 in which the duration of the marriage and the mahr must be specified and agreed upon in advance 1 6 7 242 8 47 53 It is a private contract made in a verbal or written format A declaration of the intent to marry and an acceptance of the terms are required as in other forms of marriage in Islam 9 According to Shia Muslims Muhammad sanctioned nikah mut ah fixed term marriage called muta a in Iraq and sigheh in Iran which has instead been used as a legitimizing cover for sex workers in a culture where prostitution is otherwise forbidden Some Western writers have argued that mut ah approximates prostitution 10 Some sources say the Nikah mut ah has no prescribed minimum or maximum duration 11 but others such as The Oxford Dictionary of Islam indicate the minimum duration of the marriage is debatable and durations of at least three days three months or one year have been suggested 1 Some Muslims and Western scholars have stated that both Nikah mut ah 12 and Nikah misyar 13 are Islamically void attempts to religiously sanction prostitution which is otherwise forbidden 14 The Zaidi Shia reject Mutah marriage citation needed Contents 1 Background 2 Religious views 2 1 Twelver Shia 2 2 Sunni 3 Western views 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 7 Further readingBackgroundHistorically there were many types of marriages used for various purposes as opposed to a full marriage in mut ah some of the rights of the husband and wife are non existent This was primarily used by those who could not stay at home with their wife and traveled a lot For example a traveling merchant might arrive at a town and stay for a few months in that period he may marry a divorced widow and they would take care of each other When he has to leave to the next down the marriage is over and he might sign a mut ah contract at his next place Although in modern times such a thing is considered obsolete due to the availability of fast travel and primarily exists in Iran and Shia regions for sexual pleasure reasons as a means of Halal dating 15 Mut ah literally meaning joy is a condition where rules of Islam are relaxed It can apply to marriage the nikah mut ah or to the Hajj the obligatory pilgrimage the Mut ah of Hajj The permissibility of Mut ah is disputed by majority of the Sunni scholars who argue that the practice was banished by the Prophet Twelver Shia scholars on the other hand assert that Mut ah was sanctioned by the Prophet but was banished by the Second Caliph Umar Omar s abolition was not accepted in many scholarly circles and was met with staunch opposition from major companions like Imran b Husayn Ibn Abbas as well as Omar s son Abd Allah b Umar 6 Both Shias and Sunnis agree that initially or near the beginning of Islam Nikah mut ah was a legal contract 8 The prominent companion and Caliph Abd Allah ibn al Zubayr was born of nikah mut ah between Zubayr ibn al Awwam and Asma bint Abi Bakr 16 17 18 According to al Raghib al Isphahani 17 Abu Dawood al Tayalisi and Qadhi Sanaullah Panipati were major scholarly personalities born of Mut ah Religious viewsTwelver Shia According to Twelver Shia jurisprudence preconditions for mut ah are The bride must not be married she must attain the permission of her wali if she has never been married before she must be Muslim or belong to Ahl al Kitab People of the Book she should be chaste must not be a known adulterer and she can only independently do this if she is Islamically a non virgin or she has no wali Islamic legal guardian citation needed At the end of the contract the marriage ends and the wife must undergo iddah a period of abstinence from marriage and thus sexual intercourse The iddah is intended to give paternal certainty to any children should the wife become pregnant during the temporary marriage contract 7 1 The Twelver Shias give arguments based on the Quran hadith religious narration history and moral grounds to support their position on mut ah 19 They argue that the word of the Qur an takes precedence over that of any other scripture including Quran 4 24 known as the verse of Mut ah citation needed Julie Parshall writes that mut ah is legalised prostitution which has been sanctioned by the Twelver Shia authorities She quotes the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World to differentiate between marriage nikah and Mut ah and states that while nikah is for procreation mut ah is just for sexual gratification 20 According to Zeyno Baran this kind of temporary marriage provides Shi ite men with a religiously sanctioned equivalent to prostitution 21 According to Elena Andreeva s observation published in 2007 Russian travelers to Iran consider mut ah to be legalized profligacy which is indistinguishable from prostitution a These views are contested by others who hold that mut ah is a temporary wedlock option in Islam for avoiding illegal sex relations among those Muslims whose marriage is legitimate but for certain constraints they are unable to avail it From this point of view mut ah is neither concubinage nor prostitution Religious supporters of mut ah argue that temporary marriage is different from prostitution for a couple of reasons including the necessity of iddah in case the couple have sexual intercourse According to this interpretation of the rules of iddah if a woman marries a man in this way and has sex she has to wait a number of months before marrying again and therefore a woman cannot marry more than three or four times in a year 23 24 25 26 Sunni During the sixteenth century during the reign of Akbar the third emperor of the Mughal Empire who was believed to be a Hanafi Sunni debates on religious matters were held weekly on Thursdays When discussing nikah mut ah Shi ite theologians argued that the historic Sunni scholar Malik ibn Anas supported the practice 7 27 However the evidence from Malik s Muwatta manual of religious jurisprudence was not forthcoming The Shi ite theologians persisted and nikah mut ah was legalized for the Twelver Shia during Akbar s reign 7 27 According to Sunni Arab jurisdiction of Jordan if the nikah mut ah meets all other requirements it is treated as if it were a permanent marriage 8 The thirteenth century scholar Fakhr al Din al Razi said Amongst the Ummah there are many great scholars who deem Mut ah to have been abrogated whilst others say that Mut ah still remains 28 The Gharab al Quran the dictionary of Qur anic terms states The people of Faith are in agreement that Mut ah is halal then a great man said Mut ah was abrogated other than them remaining scholars including the Shi a believe Mut ah remain halaal in the same way it was in the past Ibn Abbas held this viewpoint and Imran bin Husain 29 De facto temporary marriages were conducted by Sunnis by not specifying how long the marriage would last in the written documents themselves while orally agreeing to set a fixed period 30 31 Even though nikah mut ah is prohibited by the four Sunni madh habs legal schools of law several types of innovative marriage exist including misyar ambulant and ʿurfi customary marriage however these are distinct from the Twelver Shia understanding 32 Some regard misyar as being comparable to nikah mut ah for the sole purpose of sexual gratification in a licit manner 33 In Ba athist Iraq Uday Hussein s daily newspaper Babil which at one point referred to the Shi ites as rafidah a sectarian epithet for Shia 34 condemned Wahhabi clerics as hypocrites for endorsing Misyar while denouncing Mut ah 35 According to classical Sunni scholars such as Ibn Hazm 384 456 A H 994 1064 C E Ibn Hajar al Athqallani 773 852 A H 1372 1449 C E etc numerous prominent companions continued to believe in the permissibility of practising Mut ah after the death of the Prophet Early Sunni hadith scholars such as Ata ibn Abi Rabah Ibn Jurayj Ahmad ibn Hanbal etc deemed Mut ah marriages valid and permissible Yemeni scholar Al Shawkani 1759 CE 1173 AH 1839 CE 1255 AH reported in Nayl al Awtar that the influential Sunni Mufassir Ibn Jarir al Tabari 839 923 CE 224 310 AH held the same view Some Sunnite scholars narrated that Malik ibn Anas and Al Shafi i sanctioned temporary marriages 36 According to prominent Indian Salafi scholar Waheed ud Deen Zaman 37 On the topic of Mut ah differences have arisen amongst the Sahaba and the Ahl al Hadith and they deemed Mut ah to be permissible since Mut ah under the Shari ah was practiced and this is proven and as evidence of permissibility they cite verse 24 of Surah Nisa as proof The practice of Mut ah is definite and there is ijma consensus on this and you can not refute definite proof by using logic 38 Western viewsSome Western writers have argued that mut ah approximates prostitution 12 39 and asserted that it has been used to cover for child prostitution 40 41 Julie Parshall writes that mut ah is legalised prostitution which has been sanctioned by the Twelver Shia authorities She quotes the Oxford encyclopedia of modern Islamic world to differentiate between marriage nikah and Mut ah and states that while nikah is for procreation mut ah is just for sexual gratification 20 In popular cultureThe Girl Sitting Here is a 2021 short film directed by Azadeh Nikzadeh about a temporary marriage contract Bahar Bahar Beihaghi a young woman in exchange for funds to cover the costs of a surgery negotiates a temporary marriage deal with Mr Payam Neimah Djourabchi 42 See also nbsp Islam portalMisyar marriage Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam Islamic marital jurisprudence Jihad al nikah Marriage of convenience Nikah Halala Nikah Misyar Pilegesh Walking marriageReferencesNotes Most of the travelers describe the Shi i institution of temporary marriage sigheh as legalized profligacy and hardly distinguish between temporary marriage and prostitution 22 Citations a b c d Esposito J The Oxford Dictionary of Islam Archived 25 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Oxford University Press 2003 p221 Accessed 15 March 2014 Temporary Enjoyment Marriages in Vogue Again with Some Iraqis The Washington Post Archived from the original on 3 March 2017 Retrieved 6 September 2017 Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic a compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition Archived 19 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine Ed JM Cowan New York Spoken Language Services Inc 1994 Print Sciolino Elaine 4 October 2000 Love Finds a Way in Iran Temporary Marriage The New York Times Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 Retrieved 6 September 2017 Mahmood Shabnam Nye Catrin 13 May 2013 I do for now anyway BBC News a b Berg H Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins Brill 2003 ISBN 9004126023 Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014 pp 167 171 176 a b c d Hughes T A Dictionary of Islam Asian Educational Services 1 December 1995 Accessed 15 April 2014 a b c Pohl F Muslim world modern muslim societies Marshall Cavendish 2010 ISBN 0761479279 1780761479277 Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014 I do for now UK Muslims revive temporary marriages BBC News 13 May 2013 Archived from the original on 22 July 2018 Retrieved 21 July 2018 Ilkkaracan 2008 p 36 sfn error no target CITEREFIlkkaracan2008 help Labi Nadya Married for a Minute Mother Jones Archived from the original on 14 June 2014 Retrieved 22 June 2014 a b Meri Josef W Bacharach Jere L 1 January 2006 Medieval Islamic Civilization L Z index Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9780415966924 Pohl Florian 1 September 2010 Muslim World Modern Muslim Societies Marshall Cavendish pp 52 53 ISBN 9780761479277 Retrieved 5 April 2013 Turner Bryan S 1 January 2003 Islam Islam gender and family Taylor amp Francis US p 157 ISBN 9780415123501 Tait Robert 4 June 2007 Iranian minister backs temporary marriage to relieve lust of youth The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 16 January 2020 Sharh Ibn Abi al Hadid Vol 4 pp 489 490 a b Al Raghib al Isfahani al Muhadhiraat Vol 2 p 96 al Ghiṭa Muḥammad al Ḥusayn Al Kashif 1982 The Shia Origin and Faith Islamic Seminary pp 210 211 Muhammad Baqir al Majlisi Mir at al Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al Rasul Tehran Dar al Kutub al Islamiyyah annotator Sayyid Muhsin al Husayni al Amini vol 20 p 226 a b Parshall Philip L Parshall Julie 1 April 2003 Lifting the Veil The World of Muslim Women InterVarsity Press ISBN 9780830856961 Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 Retrieved 13 December 2015 Baran Zeyno 2011 Citizen Islam The Future of Muslim Integration in the West A amp C Black ISBN 9781441112484 Andreeva 2007 sfn error no target CITEREFAndreeva2007 help Temporary Marriage in Islam Part 6 Similarities and Differences of Mut a and Regular Marriage A Shi ite Encyclopedia Books on Islam and Muslims Al Islam org Marriage Mut ah temporary marriage Islamic Laws The Official Website of the Office of His Eminence Al Sayyid Ali Al Husseini Al Sistani www sistani org Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 Retrieved 16 February 2018 The Rules in Matrimony and Marriage Al Islam org 3 October 2012 Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 Retrieved 16 February 2018 Marriage english bayynat org lb Archived from the original on 23 February 2018 Retrieved 16 February 2018 a b Muller F Introduction to the science of religion Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Kessinger Publishing 1882 p reprint 1 December 2004 ISBN 141797401X 9781417974016 Tafsir al Kabir al Razi volume 3 p95 Sura Nisa verse 24 Tafseer Gharab al Quran part 5 p 4 Sura al Nisa C Snouck Hurgronje 29 November 2006 Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century Daily Life Customs and Learning The Moslims of the East Indian Archipelago BRILL pp 137 ISBN 978 90 474 1128 4 Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 Retrieved 26 August 2016 electricpulp com MOTʿA Encyclopaedia Iranica www iranicaonline org Archived from the original on 11 August 2017 Retrieved 26 August 2016 Ruffle K Mut a Mut a Archived 11 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Oxford Bibliographies website document Lod M Islam and the West the clash between Islamism and Secularism Archived 29 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Strategic Book Publishing 2011 p58 59 ISBN 1612046231 9781612046235 Khalil F Osman 2015 Sectarianism in Iraq The Making of State and Nation Since 1920 Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Democratization and Government Routledge ISBN 978 1 138 77946 4 Achim Rohde 2014 State Society Relations in Ba thist Iraq Facing Dictatorship SOAS Routledge Studies on the Middle East Routledge p 171 ISBN 978 1138780132 Ibn Baz Abd al Azeez Views of those who deem Mut ah marriage permissible Kingdom of Saudi Arabia The General Presidency of Islamic Research and Exile Archived from the original on 17 October 2021 Allama Waheed Uz Zaman books Dar ul Andalus Upadhyay R D 2018 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION CIVIL NO 235 OF 2018 SUPREME COURT OF INDIA p 20 In Iraq religious pleasure marriages are a front for child prostitution The Guardian 2019 BBC Undercover With The Clerics Iraq s Secret Sex Trade Media Centre www bbc co uk Retrieved 16 January 2020 Al Maghafi Nawal 6 October 2019 In Iraq religious pleasure marriages are a front for child prostitution The Observer ISSN 0029 7712 Retrieved 16 January 2020 Paine Herbert BWW Review THE GIRL SITTING HERE BroadwayWorld com Retrieved 3 January 2022 Further readingAfary Janet 2009 Slave concubinage temporary marriage and harem wives Sexual Politics in Modern Iran Cambridge University Press pp 50 78 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511815249 004 ISBN 9780511815249 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nikah mut 27ah amp oldid 1177336676, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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