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Masjid al-Haram

January 01, 1970

Masjid al-Haram (Arabic: ٱَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلْحَرَام‎, romanized: al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, lit. 'The Sacred Mosque'),[4] also known as the Sacred Mosque or the Great Mosque of Mecca,[5] is considered to be the most significant mosque in Islam.[6][7] It encloses the vicinity of the Kaaba in Mecca, in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia. It is among the pilgrimage sites associated with the Hajj, which every Muslim must perform at least once in their lives if able. It is also the main site for the performance of ʿUmrah, the lesser pilgrimage that can be undertaken any time of the year. The rites of both pilgrimages include circumambulating the Kaaba within the mosque. The Great Mosque includes other important significant sites, such as the Black Stone, the Zamzam Well, Maqam Ibrahim, and the hills of Safa and Marwa.[8]

The Sacred Mosque of Mecca
Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (ٱَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلْحَرَام)
Aerial view
Religion
AffiliationIslam
Branch/traditionMuslims
LeadershipAbd ar-Raḥman as-Sudais (as President of the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques and Chief Imam)
Ali Ahmed Mullah (Chief Mu'athin)
Location
LocationMecca, Hejaz (present-day  Saudi Arabia)[1]
Location in Saudi Arabia
AdministrationGeneral Presidency of Haramain
Geographic coordinates21°25′21″N 39°49′34″E / 21.42250°N 39.82611°E / 21.42250; 39.82611
Architecture
TypeMosque
Specifications
Capacity3.0 million[2]
Minaret(s)9
Minaret height139 m (456 ft)
Site area356,000 square metres (88 acres) [3]

As of 2024, the Great Mosque is both the largest mosque in the world, and the most expensive building in the world. It has undergone major renovations and expansions through the years.[9] It has passed through the control of various caliphs, sultans and kings, and is now under the control of the King of Saudi Arabia who is titled the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.[10]

History edit

Further information: Islamic architecture

The Great Mosque contends with the Masjid As-Sahabah in the Eritrean city of Massawa[11] and Quba Mosque in Medina as the oldest mosque.[12] According to Islamic tradition, Islam as a religion precedes Muhammad,[13][14][15] representing previous prophets such as Abraham.[16] Abraham is credited by Muslims with having built the Kaaba in Mecca, and consequently its sanctuary, which according to the Muslim view is seen as the first mosque[17] that ever existed.[18][19][20] According to other scholars, Islam started during the lifetime of Muhammad in the 7th century CE,[21] and so did architectural components such as the mosque. In that case, either the Mosque of the Companions[22] or Quba Mosque would be the first mosque that was built in the history of Islam.[17]

Era of Abraham and Ismael edit

According to Islamic doctrine in the Quran, Abraham together with his son Ismael raised the foundations of a house,[23] which has been identified by commentators as the Kaaba. God showed Abraham the exact site which was previously built by Adam, very near to what is now the Well of Zamzam, where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the construction of the Kaaba.[citation needed] After Abraham had built the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone, a celestial stone that, according to tradition, had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays.[citation needed] The Black Stone is believed by Islamic scholars to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham.[citation needed]

After placing the Black Stone in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba, Abraham received a revelation, in which God told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage to mankind, so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far away, on camel and on foot.[24]

Era of Muhammad edit

Upon Muhammad's victorious return to Mecca in 630 CE, he broke the idols in and around the Kaaba,[25] similar to what, according to the Quran, Abraham did in his homeland. Thus ended polytheistic use of the Kaaba, and began monotheistic rule over it and its sanctuary.[26][27][28][29]

Umayyad era edit

The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692 on the orders of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.[30] Before this renovation, which included the mosque's outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling, the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center. By the end of the 8th century, the mosque's old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a minaret on the orders of Al-Walid I.[31][32] The spread of Islam in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets.[citation needed]

Ottoman era edit

In 1570, Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque. This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally, and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque. These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building.

During heavy rains and flash floods in 1621 and 1629, the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage.[33] In 1629, during the reign of Sultan Murad IV, the mosque was renovated. In the renovation of the mosque, a new stone arcade was added, three more minarets (bringing the total to seven) were built, and the marble flooring was retiled. This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries.

 
The Great Mosque in an illustration of the Dala'il al-Khayrat of Mustafa Halim, 1750
 
The Great Mosque in an illustration of the Futuh al-Haramayn of Muhi Al-Din Lari, 1582
 
The mosque in 1850, during the Ottoman period
 
Plan of the Masjid al-Haram, 1884
 
The mosque in 1910, during the Ottoman period

The Saudi era edit

 
Huge uncontrolled crowds in Haram have caused stampedes causing suffocation and deaths.

First Saudi expansion edit

The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was done between 1955 and 1973. In this renovation, four more minarets were added, the ceiling was refurnished, and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble. The Mas'a gallery (As-Safa and Al-Marwah) is included in the Mosque, via roofing and enclosures. During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans, particularly the support columns, were demolished.

On 20 November 1979, the Great Mosque was seized by extremist insurgents who called for the overthrow of the Saudi dynasty. They took hostages and in the ensuing siege hundreds were killed. These events came as a shock to the Islamic world, as violence is strictly forbidden within the mosque.

Second Saudi expansion edit

The second Saudi renovations under King Fahd, added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque. The new wing, which is also for prayers, is reached through the King Fahd Gate. This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988.[34]

1987 to 2005 saw the building of more minarets, the erecting of a King's residence overlooking the mosque and more prayer area in and around the mosque itself. These developments took place simultaneously with those in Arafat, Mina and Muzdalifah. This extension also added 18 more gates, three domes corresponding in position to each gate and the installation of nearly 500 marble columns. Other modern developments added heated floors, air conditioning, escalators and a drainage system.[citation needed]

In addition, the King Fahd expansion includes 6 dedicated prayer halls for people with disabilities. These halls have ramps to facilitate entry and exit with wheelchairs, as well as dedicated paths and free electric and manual carts for their use.[35]

Third Saudi expansion edit

In 2008, the Saudi government under King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz announced an expansion[36] of the mosque, involving the expropriation of land to the north and northwest of the mosque covering 300,000 m2 (3,200,000 sq ft). At that time, the mosque covered an area of 356,800 m2 (3,841,000 sq ft) including indoor and outdoor praying spaces. 40 billion riyals (US$10.6 billion) was allocated for the expansion project.[37]

In August 2011, the government under King Abdullah announced further details of the expansion. It would cover an area of 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft) and accommodate 1.2 million worshippers, including a multi-level extension on the north side of the complex, new stairways and tunnels, a gate named after King Abdullah, and two minarets, bringing the total number of minarets to eleven. The circumambulation areas (Mataf) around the Kaaba would be expanded and all closed spaces receive air conditioning. After completion, it would raise the mosque's capacity from 770,000 to over 2.5 million worshippers.[38][39] His successor, King Salman launched five megaprojects as part of the overall King Abdullah Expansion Project in July 2015, covering an area of 456,000 m2 (4,910,000 sq ft). The project was carried out by the Saudi Binladin Group.[40] In 2012, the Abraj Al Bait complex was completed along with the 601 meter tall Makkah Royal Clock Tower.

On 11 September 2015, at least 111 people died and 394 were injured when a crane collapsed onto the mosque.[41][42][43][44][45] Construction work was suspended after the incident, and remained on hold due to financial issues during the 2010s oil glut. Development was eventually restarted two years later in September 2017.[46]

COVID-19 Pandemic edit

On 5 March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the mosque began to be closed at night and the Umrah pilgrimage was suspended to limit attendance.[47] The resumption of Umrah service began on 4 October 2020 with the first phase of a gradual resumption that was limited to Saudi citizens and expatriates from within the Kingdom at a rate of 30 percent.[48] Only 10,000 people were given Hajj visas in 2020 while 60,000 people were given visas in 2021.

List of current and former Imams edit

Current Imams edit

Former Imams edit

Imams:[52]

  • Ahmad Khatib (Arabic: أَحْمَد خَطِيْب‎), Islamic Scholar from Indonesia, appointed as Imam during Ottoman rule.
  • Abdullah Abdul Ghani Khayat (Arabic: عبد الله عبد الغني خياط), appointed Imam and Khateeb from 1953 to 1984.
  • Abdullah Al-Khulaifi (Arabic: عَبْد ٱلله ٱلْخُلَيْفِي), appointed Imam and Khateeb from 1953 until death in 1993.
  • Abdullah Ibn Humaid, served as Imam from 1957 until 1981. He also served as President of Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques and as Chief Justice of Saudi Arabia.
  • Mohammad Al-Subayyil (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱلسُّبَيِّل‎), served as Imam and Khateeb from 1965 to 2008. He was Chief Imam and President of the Agency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques until 2008.
  • Ali bin Abdullah Jaber (Arabic: عَلِى بِن عَبْدُ ٱلله جَابِر‎), Imam from 1981 to 1983, guest Imam for Ramadhan 1986–1989.
  • Ali bin Abdur-Rahman Al-Huthaify (Arabic: عَلِي بِن عَبْدُ ٱلرَّحۡمٰن ٱلْحُذَيْفِي‎), guest Imam for Ramadhan 1981, 1985–1986, 1988–1991, now Chief Imam of The Prophet's Mosque.
  • Umar Al-Subayyil (Arabic: عُمَر ٱلسُّبَيِّل‎), Imam and Khateeb from 1993 until death in 2002.
  • Abdullah Al-Harazi (Arabic: عَبْد ٱلله الْحَرَازِي‎), former Chairman of Saudi Majlis al-Shura.
  • Salah ibn Muhammad Al-Budair (Arabic: صَلَاح ابْن مُحَمَّد ٱلْبُدَيْر‎), led Taraweeh in Ramadan 1426 (2005) and 1427 (2006), now Deputy Chief Imam of The Prophet's Mosque.
  • Adil al-Kalbani[53] (Arabic: عَادِل ٱلْكَلْبَانِي‎), served as Imam for Taraweeh prayers in 2008.
  • Saleh Al-Talib, appointed Imam and Khateeb in 2002 and served until July 2018.
  • Khalid al Ghamdi, retired as Imam and Khateeb of Masjid Al Haram in September 2018, 10 years after appointment.
  • Saud Al-Shuraim, appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1992 and resigned in 2022.

Pilgrimage edit

Main articles: Hajj and Umrah

The Great Mosque is the main setting for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages[54] that occur in the month of Dhu al-Hijja in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year, respectively. The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam, required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford the trip. In recent times, over 5 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year.[55]

Structures edit

  •  
    The Kaaba
  •  
    The Black Stone
  •  
    Maqam Ibrahim's crystal dome
  •  
    Mount Marwah within the mosque
  •  
    Mount Safa
  •  
    The well of Zamzam located beneath the floor (entrance now covered)

Destruction of heritage sites edit

Main article: Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia

There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage. Many ancient buildings, some more than a thousand years old, have been demolished to make room for the expansion. Some examples are:[64][65]

See also edit

Further reading edit

Online
  • Great Mosque of Mecca: mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan

References edit

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External links edit

 
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Wikipedia Translation Masjid al Haram Arabic ٱ ل م س ج د ٱل ح ر ام romanized al Masjid al Ḥaram lit The Sacred Mosque 4 also known as the Sacred Mosque or the Great Mosque of Mecca 5 is considered to be the most significant mosque in Islam 6 7 It encloses the vicinity of the Kaaba in Mecca in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia It is among the pilgrimage sites associated with the Hajj which every Muslim must perform at least once in their lives if able It is also the main site for the performance of ʿUmrah the lesser pilgrimage that can be undertaken any time of the year The rites of both pilgrimages include circumambulating the Kaaba within the mosque The Great Mosque includes other important significant sites such as the Black Stone the Zamzam Well Maqam Ibrahim and the hills of Safa and Marwa 8 The Sacred Mosque of MeccaAl Masjid Al Ḥaram ٱ ل م س ج د ٱل ح ر ام Aerial viewReligionAffiliationIslamBranch traditionMuslimsLeadershipAbd ar Raḥman as Sudais as President of the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques and Chief Imam Ali Ahmed Mullah Chief Mu athin LocationLocationMecca Hejaz present day Saudi Arabia 1 Location in Saudi ArabiaAdministrationGeneral Presidency of HaramainGeographic coordinates21 25 21 N 39 49 34 E 21 42250 N 39 82611 E 21 42250 39 82611ArchitectureTypeMosqueSpecificationsCapacity3 0 million 2 Minaret s 9Minaret height139 m 456 ft Site area356 000 square metres 88 acres 3 As of 2024 update the Great Mosque is both the largest mosque in the world and the most expensive building in the world It has undergone major renovations and expansions through the years 9 It has passed through the control of various caliphs sultans and kings and is now under the control of the King of Saudi Arabia who is titled the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 10 Contents 1 History 1 1 Era of Abraham and Ismael 1 2 Era of Muhammad 1 3 Umayyad era 1 4 Ottoman era 1 5 The Saudi era 1 5 1 First Saudi expansion 1 5 2 Second Saudi expansion 1 5 3 Third Saudi expansion 1 5 4 COVID 19 Pandemic 2 List of current and former Imams 2 1 Current Imams 2 2 Former Imams 3 Pilgrimage 4 Structures 5 Destruction of heritage sites 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External linksHistory editFurther information Islamic architecture The Great Mosque contends with the Masjid As Sahabah in the Eritrean city of Massawa 11 and Quba Mosque in Medina as the oldest mosque 12 According to Islamic tradition Islam as a religion precedes Muhammad 13 14 15 representing previous prophets such as Abraham 16 Abraham is credited by Muslims with having built the Kaaba in Mecca and consequently its sanctuary which according to the Muslim view is seen as the first mosque 17 that ever existed 18 19 20 According to other scholars Islam started during the lifetime of Muhammad in the 7th century CE 21 and so did architectural components such as the mosque In that case either the Mosque of the Companions 22 or Quba Mosque would be the first mosque that was built in the history of Islam 17 Era of Abraham and Ismael edit According to Islamic doctrine in the Quran Abraham together with his son Ismael raised the foundations of a house 23 which has been identified by commentators as the Kaaba God showed Abraham the exact site which was previously built by Adam very near to what is now the Well of Zamzam where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the construction of the Kaaba citation needed After Abraham had built the Kaaba an angel brought to him the Black Stone a celestial stone that according to tradition had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays citation needed The Black Stone is believed by Islamic scholars to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham citation needed After placing the Black Stone in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba Abraham received a revelation in which God told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage to mankind so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far away on camel and on foot 24 Era of Muhammad edit Upon Muhammad s victorious return to Mecca in 630 CE he broke the idols in and around the Kaaba 25 similar to what according to the Quran Abraham did in his homeland Thus ended polytheistic use of the Kaaba and began monotheistic rule over it and its sanctuary 26 27 28 29 Umayyad era edit The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692 on the orders of Abd al Malik ibn Marwan 30 Before this renovation which included the mosque s outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center By the end of the 8th century the mosque s old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a minaret on the orders of Al Walid I 31 32 The spread of Islam in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets citation needed Ottoman era edit In 1570 Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building During heavy rains and flash floods in 1621 and 1629 the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage 33 In 1629 during the reign of Sultan Murad IV the mosque was renovated In the renovation of the mosque a new stone arcade was added three more minarets bringing the total to seven were built and the marble flooring was retiled This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries nbsp The Great Mosque in an illustration of the Dala il al Khayrat of Mustafa Halim 1750 nbsp The Great Mosque in an illustration of the Futuh al Haramayn of Muhi Al Din Lari 1582 nbsp The mosque in 1850 during the Ottoman period nbsp Plan of the Masjid al Haram 1884 nbsp The mosque in 1910 during the Ottoman period The Saudi era edit nbsp Huge uncontrolled crowds in Haram have caused stampedes causing suffocation and deaths First Saudi expansion edit The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was done between 1955 and 1973 In this renovation four more minarets were added the ceiling was refurnished and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble The Mas a gallery As Safa and Al Marwah is included in the Mosque via roofing and enclosures During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans particularly the support columns were demolished On 20 November 1979 the Great Mosque was seized by extremist insurgents who called for the overthrow of the Saudi dynasty They took hostages and in the ensuing siege hundreds were killed These events came as a shock to the Islamic world as violence is strictly forbidden within the mosque Second Saudi expansion edit The second Saudi renovations under King Fahd added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque The new wing which is also for prayers is reached through the King Fahd Gate This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988 34 1987 to 2005 saw the building of more minarets the erecting of a King s residence overlooking the mosque and more prayer area in and around the mosque itself These developments took place simultaneously with those in Arafat Mina and Muzdalifah This extension also added 18 more gates three domes corresponding in position to each gate and the installation of nearly 500 marble columns Other modern developments added heated floors air conditioning escalators and a drainage system citation needed In addition the King Fahd expansion includes 6 dedicated prayer halls for people with disabilities These halls have ramps to facilitate entry and exit with wheelchairs as well as dedicated paths and free electric and manual carts for their use 35 Third Saudi expansion edit In 2008 the Saudi government under King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz announced an expansion 36 of the mosque involving the expropriation of land to the north and northwest of the mosque covering 300 000 m2 3 200 000 sq ft At that time the mosque covered an area of 356 800 m2 3 841 000 sq ft including indoor and outdoor praying spaces 40 billion riyals US 10 6 billion was allocated for the expansion project 37 In August 2011 the government under King Abdullah announced further details of the expansion It would cover an area of 400 000 m2 4 300 000 sq ft and accommodate 1 2 million worshippers including a multi level extension on the north side of the complex new stairways and tunnels a gate named after King Abdullah and two minarets bringing the total number of minarets to eleven The circumambulation areas Mataf around the Kaaba would be expanded and all closed spaces receive air conditioning After completion it would raise the mosque s capacity from 770 000 to over 2 5 million worshippers 38 39 His successor King Salman launched five megaprojects as part of the overall King Abdullah Expansion Project in July 2015 covering an area of 456 000 m2 4 910 000 sq ft The project was carried out by the Saudi Binladin Group 40 In 2012 the Abraj Al Bait complex was completed along with the 601 meter tall Makkah Royal Clock Tower On 11 September 2015 at least 111 people died and 394 were injured when a crane collapsed onto the mosque 41 42 43 44 45 Construction work was suspended after the incident and remained on hold due to financial issues during the 2010s oil glut Development was eventually restarted two years later in September 2017 46 COVID 19 Pandemic edit On 5 March 2020 during the COVID 19 pandemic the mosque began to be closed at night and the Umrah pilgrimage was suspended to limit attendance 47 The resumption of Umrah service began on 4 October 2020 with the first phase of a gradual resumption that was limited to Saudi citizens and expatriates from within the Kingdom at a rate of 30 percent 48 Only 10 000 people were given Hajj visas in 2020 while 60 000 people were given visas in 2021 List of current and former Imams editCurrent Imams edit Abd ar Rahman as Sudais appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1984 49 Chief Imam and President of the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques Salih bin Abdullah al Humaid appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1984 Former Chairman of Majlis Ash Shura Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia Usama Abdul Aziz Al Khayyat appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1998 Mahir Al Muayqali appointed Imam in 2007 and Khateeb in 2016 Abdullah Awad Al Juhany appointed Imam in 2007 and Khateeb in 2019 Faisal Jameel Ghazzawi appointed Imam and Khateeb in 2008 50 Bandar Baleelah appointed Imam in 2013 and Khateeb in 2019 51 Yasser Al Dosari appointed Imam in 2015 and Khateeb in 2022 Former Imams edit Imams 52 Ahmad Khatib Arabic أ ح م د خ ط ي ب Islamic Scholar from Indonesia appointed as Imam during Ottoman rule Abdullah Abdul Ghani Khayat Arabic عبد الله عبد الغني خياط appointed Imam and Khateeb from 1953 to 1984 Abdullah Al Khulaifi Arabic ع ب د ٱلله ٱل خ ل ي ف ي appointed Imam and Khateeb from 1953 until death in 1993 Abdullah Ibn Humaid served as Imam from 1957 until 1981 He also served as President of Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques and as Chief Justice of Saudi Arabia Mohammad Al Subayyil Arabic م ح م د ٱلس ب ي ل served as Imam and Khateeb from 1965 to 2008 He was Chief Imam and President of the Agency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques until 2008 Ali bin Abdullah Jaber Arabic ع ل ى ب ن ع ب د ٱلله ج اب ر Imam from 1981 to 1983 guest Imam for Ramadhan 1986 1989 Ali bin Abdur Rahman Al Huthaify Arabic ع ل ي ب ن ع ب د ٱلر ح م ن ٱل ح ذ ي ف ي guest Imam for Ramadhan 1981 1985 1986 1988 1991 now Chief Imam of The Prophet s Mosque Umar Al Subayyil Arabic ع م ر ٱلس ب ي ل Imam and Khateeb from 1993 until death in 2002 Abdullah Al Harazi Arabic ع ب د ٱلله ال ح ر از ي former Chairman of Saudi Majlis al Shura Salah ibn Muhammad Al Budair Arabic ص ل اح اب ن م ح م د ٱل ب د ي ر led Taraweeh in Ramadan 1426 2005 and 1427 2006 now Deputy Chief Imam of The Prophet s Mosque Adil al Kalbani 53 Arabic ع اد ل ٱل ك ل ب ان ي served as Imam for Taraweeh prayers in 2008 Saleh Al Talib appointed Imam and Khateeb in 2002 and served until July 2018 Khalid al Ghamdi retired as Imam and Khateeb of Masjid Al Haram in September 2018 10 years after appointment Saud Al Shuraim appointed Imam and Khateeb in 1992 and resigned in 2022 Pilgrimage editMain articles Hajj and Umrah The Great Mosque is the main setting for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages 54 that occur in the month of Dhu al Hijja in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year respectively The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam required of all able bodied Muslims who can afford the trip In recent times over 5 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year 55 Structures editThe Ka aba is a cuboid shaped building in the center of the Great Mosque and the most sacred site in Islam 56 It is the focal point for Islamic rituals like prayer and pilgrimage 56 57 58 The Black Stone is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba and plays a role in the pilgrimage 59 60 Maqam Ibrahim is a rock that reportedly has an imprint of Abraham s foot and is kept in a crystal dome next to the Kaaba 61 Safa and Marwa are two hills between which Abraham s wife Haajar ran looking for water for her infant son Ismael an event which is commemorated in the saʿy ritual of the pilgrimage Sa aee citation needed The Zamzam Well is the water source which according to tradition sprang miraculously after Haajar was unable to find water between Safa and Marwah citation needed Nearby is Makkah Al Mukarramah Library 21 25 30 N 39 49 48 E 21 42500 N 39 83000 E 21 42500 39 83000 Bayt al Mawlid Makkah Al Mukarramah Library Since it is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born it is also known as Bayt al Mawlid 62 63 nbsp The Kaaba nbsp The Black Stone nbsp Maqam Ibrahim s crystal dome nbsp Mount Marwah within the mosque nbsp Mount Safa nbsp The well of Zamzam located beneath the floor entrance now covered Destruction of heritage sites editMain article Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage Many ancient buildings some more than a thousand years old have been demolished to make room for the expansion Some examples are 64 65 Dar Al Arqam the Islamic school where Muhammad first taught was flattened to lay marble tiles citation needed The house of Abu Jahal has been demolished and replaced by public washrooms citation needed A dome that served as a canopy over the Well of Zamzam was demolished citation needed Some Ottoman porticos at the Mosque were demolished 66 See also edit nbsp Islam portal nbsp Saudi Arabia portal Al Aqsa Holiest sites in Islam Ḥ R M Haram site List of mosques List of mosques in Saudi Arabia List of the oldest mosques Lists of mosques Masar DestinationFurther reading editOnline Great Mosque of Mecca mosque Mecca Saudi Arabia in Encyclopaedia Britannica Online by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Surabhi Sinha Noah Tesch Amy Tikkanen Grace Young and Adam ZeidanReferences edit Location of Masjid al Haram Google Maps Archived from the original on 25 May 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2013 AL HARAM makkah madinah accor com Daye Ali 21 March 2018 Grand Mosque Expansion Highlights Growth of Saudi Arabian Tourism Industry 6 mins Cornell Real Estate Review Archived from the original on 9 February 2019 Retrieved 9 February 2019 Denny Frederick M 9 August 1990 Kieckhefer Richard Bond George D eds Sainthood Its Manifestations in World Religions University of California Press p 69 ISBN 9780520071896 Archived from the original on 18 September 2021 Retrieved 18 August 2019 Great Mosque of Mecca History Expansion amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on 11 December 2019 Retrieved 8 August 2020 Ravindran K 5 January 2023 Holy Lands of Abrahamic Religions A Brief History and Pilgrimage Notion Press ISBN 979 8 88869 631 6 Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World Cavendish Square Publishing LLC 15 January 2011 ISBN 978 0 7614 9966 4 Quran 3 97 Translated by Yusuf Ali Mecca crane collapse Saudi inquiry into Grand Mosque disaster BBC News 12 September 2015 Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 Retrieved 12 February 2019 Is Saudi Arabia Ready for Moderate Islam Latest Gulf News www fairobserver com 3 November 2017 Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 Retrieved 25 November 2017 Reid Richard J 12 January 2012 The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa A History of Modern Africa 1800 to the Present John Wiley and Sons p 106 ISBN 978 0470658987 Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 Retrieved 15 March 2015 Palmer A L 26 May 2016 Historical Dictionary of Architecture 2 ed Rowman amp Littlefield pp 185 236 ISBN 978 1442263093 Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 Retrieved 22 October 2018 Esposito John 1998 Islam The Straight Path 3rd ed Oxford University Press pp 9 12 ISBN 978 0 19 511234 4 Esposito 2002b pp 4 5 Peters F E 2003 Islam A Guide for Jews and Christians Princeton University Press p 9 ISBN 978 0 691 11553 5 Alli Irfan 26 February 2013 25 Prophets of Islam eBookIt com ISBN 978 1456613075 Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 Retrieved 9 February 2019 a b Palmer A L 26 May 2016 Historical Dictionary of Architecture 2nd ed Rowman amp Littlefield pp 185 236 ISBN 978 1442263093 Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 Retrieved 22 October 2018 Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies 1986 Goss V P Bornstein C V eds The Meeting of Two Worlds Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades Vol 21 Medieval Institute Publications Western Michigan University p 208 ISBN 978 0918720580 Archived from the original on 20 November 2020 Retrieved 9 February 2019 Mustafa Abu Sway The Holy Land Jerusalem and Al Aqsa Mosque in the Qur an Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source PDF Central Conference of American Rabbis Archived from the original PDF on 28 July 2011 Dyrness W A 29 May 2013 Senses of Devotion Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities Vol 7 Wipf and Stock Publishers p 25 ISBN 978 1620321362 Archived from the original on 13 April 2021 Retrieved 9 February 2019 Watt William Montgomery 2003 Islam and the Integration of Society Psychology Press p 5 ISBN 978 0 415 17587 6 Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 9 February 2019 Reid Richard J 12 January 2012 The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa A History of Modern Africa 1800 to the Present John Wiley and Sons p 106 ISBN 978 0470658987 Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 Retrieved 15 March 2015 Quran 2 127 Translated by Yusuf Ali Quran 22 27 Archived from the original on 3 October 2016 Retrieved 1 October 2016 Quran 21 57 58 Mecca From Before Genesis Until Now M Lings pg 39 Archetype Concise Encyclopedia of Islam C Glasse Kaaba Suhail Academy Ibn Ishaq Muhammad 1955 Ibn Ishaq s Sirat Rasul Allah The Life of Muhammad Translated by A Guillaume Oxford Oxford University Press pp 88 9 ISBN 9780196360331 Karen Armstrong 2002 Islam A Short History p 11 ISBN 0 8129 6618 X Guidetti Mattia 2016 In the Shadow of the Church The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria BRILL p 113 ISBN 9789004328839 Archived from the original on 20 November 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2017 Petersen Andrew 2002 Dictionary of Islamic Architecture Routledge ISBN 9781134613656 Archived from the original on 20 November 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2017 Ali Wijdan 1999 The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries American Univ in Cairo Press ISBN 9789774244766 Archived from the original on 20 November 2021 Retrieved 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expansion projects Saudi Gazette 12 July 2015 Archived from the original on 9 February 2019 Retrieved 9 February 2019 Makkah crane crash report submitted Al Arabiya 14 September 2015 Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 15 September 2015 King Salman to make findings of Makkah crane collapse probe public Arabian Business 14 September 2015 Archived from the original on 18 August 2018 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Number of casualties of Turkish Haji candidates at the Kaaba accident reach 8 Presidency of Religious Affairs 13 September 2015 Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Six Nigerians among victims of Saudi crane accident official Yahoo News AFP 16 September 2015 Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Halkon Ruth Webb Sam 13 September 2015 Two Brits dead and three injured in Mecca Grand Mosque crane tragedy that killed 107 people l Mirror Online Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Saudi Arabia to restart work on 26 6 bln Grand Mosque expansion Reuters 17 August 2017 Archived from the original on 15 February 2019 Retrieved 14 February 2019 Saudi Arabia announces extraordinary measures to protect Mecca and Medina from coronavirus Middle East Eye Archived from the original on 8 March 2020 Retrieved 8 March 2020 COVID 19 60 000 worshipers allowed to pray at Grand Mosque Saudi Arabia from Sunday gulfnews com 29 October 2020 Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 List of 10 Imams of Masjid al Haram Who is the Current Imam 28 April 2022 Sheikh Dr Faisal Jameel Ghazzawi Makkah Grand Mosque imam Arab News 17 May 2019 Archived from the original on 28 August 2021 Retrieved 28 August 2021 Who s Who Sheikh Bandar Baleelah imam at the Grand Mosque in Makkah Arab News 19 July 2021 Archived from the original on 20 November 2021 Retrieved 28 August 2021 Names of Former Imams 1345 1435 Ah Archived from the original on 18 May 2018 Retrieved 3 May 2018 WORTH ROBERT F 10 April 2009 A Black Imam Breaks Ground in Mecca The New York Times Riyadh Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 24 February 2017 Mohammed Mamdouh N 1996 Hajj to Umrah From A to Z Mamdouh Mohammed ISBN 0 915957 54 X General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A H until 24 00 hours 28 09 1436 A H Total Number of the Mu tamirs 5 715 051 General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A H The Ministry of Hajj Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Archived from the original on 13 August 2015 a b Wensinck A J Ka ba Encyclopaedia of Islam IV p 317 In pictures Hajj pilgrimage BBC News 7 December 2008 Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 Retrieved 8 December 2008 As Hajj begins more changes and challenges in store altmuslim Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 Shaykh Safi Ar Rahman Al Mubarkpuri 2002 Ar Raheeq Al Makhtum The Sealed Nectar Biography of the Prophet Dar As Salam Publications ISBN 1 59144 071 8 Mohamed Mamdouh N 1996 Hajj to Umrah From A to Z Amana Publications ISBN 0 915957 54 X M J Kister Maḳam Ibrahim p 105 The Encyclopaedia of Islam new ed vol VI Mahk Mid eds Bosworth et al Brill 1991 pp 104 107 Bayt al Mawlid Hajj amp Umrah Planner Makkah 6 April 2017 Retrieved 18 July 2022 Ibrahim Abdul Wahhab Abu Sulaiman 7 April 2012 Establishing The Location of the Bayt al Mawlid Dar al Hadith Retrieved 18 July 2022 Taylor Jerome 24 September 2011 Mecca for the Rich Islam s holiest site turning into Vegas The Independent Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 Retrieved 5 December 2017 Abou Ragheb Laith 12 July 2005 Dr Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah Center for Islamic Pluralism Archived from the original on 22 July 2016 Retrieved 28 November 2010 Ottoman Portico Demonstrates Kursun s Lack of Knowledge of Historical Sources Al Arabiya English 19 July 2020 Archived from the original on 24 April 2021 Retrieved 8 March 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Masjid al Haram Official website Watch Live Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Masjid al Haram amp oldid 1221157927, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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