It is a deciduousshrub or small tree, reaching a height of 8–10 m (26–33 ft), rarely to 13 m.
The leaves are 3–12 cm long and from 2–8 cm wide, broader than most other willows.
The flowers are soft silky, and silvery 3-7-cm-long catkins are produced in early spring before the new leaves appear; the male and female catkins are on different plants (dioecious). The male catkins mature yellow at pollen release, the female catkins mature pale green.
Female catkins
Male catkins
The fruit is a small capsule 5–10 mm long containing numerous minute seeds embedded in fine, cottony hairs. The seeds are very small (about 0.2 mm) with the fine hairs aiding dispersal; they require bare soil to germinate.[2][3]
S. c. var. caprea - lowland regions throughout the range, leaves thinly hairy above, densely hairy below, 5–12 cm long, stipules persistent until autumn
S. c. var. sphacelata (Sm.) Wahlenb. (syn. S. caprea var. coaetanea Hartm.; S. coaetanea (Hartm.) Floderus) - high altitudes in the mountains of central and northern Europe (Alps, Carpathians, Scotland, Scandinavia), leaves densely silky-hairy on both sides, 3–7 cm long, stipules early deciduous. In western Norway there are trees of S. c. var 'Sphacelata' that are 18-20 meters tall and have mostly single trunks.
Name
The Latin specific epithetcaprea means "goat".[4] This, and the common name goat willow, probably derive from the first known illustration of the species in Hieronymus Bock's 1546 Herbal, where the plant is shown being browsed by a goat. The species was historically also widely used as a browse for goats, to which Bock's illustration may refer.[5]
Ecology
S. caprea occurs both in wet/damp environments, such as riverbanks and lake shores, and in drier sites, wherever bare soil becomes available due to ground disturbance.[2]
Unlike almost all other willows, pure specimens do not take root readily from cuttings; if a willow resembling the species does root easily, it is probably a hybrid with another species of willow.[3]
The leaves are used as a food resource by several species of Lepidoptera, and are also commonly eaten by browsing mammals. Willows are very susceptible to gall inducers, and the midge Rhabdophaga rosaria forms the camellia gall on S. caprea.[6]
A small number of cultivars have been selected for garden use. The most common is S. caprea 'Kilmarnock', discovered by James Smith, with stiffly pendulous shoots forming a mop-head; it is a male clone. A similar female clone is S. caprea 'Weeping Sally'. As they do not form a leader, they are grafted on erect stems of other willows; the height of these cultivars is determined by the height at which the graft is made.[3] Plants can also be grown from greenwood cuttings, which make attractive creeping mounds. Hardwood cuttings are often difficult to root.
Both tannin and salicin can be extracted from goat willow bark. The tree is not considered a good source of timber, as its wood is both brittle and known to crackle violently if burned.
As with the closely related Salix discolor (American pussy willow), it is also often grown for cut flowers. See Pussy willow for further cultural information, which applies to both species.
In Scandinavia it has been fairly common to make willow flutes from goat willow cuttings.
salix, caprea, goat, willow, redirects, here, song, hawkwind, hall, mountain, grill, known, goat, willow, pussy, willow, great, sallow, common, species, willow, native, europe, western, central, asia, goat, willow, male, catkinsscientific, classificationkingdo. Goat Willow redirects here For the song by Hawkwind see Hall of the Mountain Grill Salix caprea known as goat willow pussy willow or great sallow is a common species of willow native to Europe and western and central Asia 2 Salix capreaGoat willow male catkinsScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder MalpighialesFamily SalicaceaeGenus SalixSpecies S capreaBinomial nameSalix capreaL Distribution mapSynonyms 1 List Capraea vulgaris Opiz Nectopix caprea L Raf Salix aurigerana Lapeyr Salix bakko Kimura Salix caprea f elongata Nakai Kitag Salix caprea var ishidoyana Nakai M Kim Salix caprea var lanatifolia Bjornstr Salix caprea var pendula T Lang Salix coaetanea Hartm Flod Salix hallaisanensis H Lev Salix hultenii Flod Salix ishidoyana Nakai Salix lanata Vill Salix sphacelata Sm Salix tomentosa var androgyna Ser Salix tomentosa var macrophylla Ser Salix tomentosa var rotundifolia Ser Salix tomentosa var tenuifolia Ser Salix tomentosa var ternata Ser Contents 1 Description 2 Name 3 Ecology 4 Cultivation and uses 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditIt is a deciduous shrub or small tree reaching a height of 8 10 m 26 33 ft rarely to 13 m The leaves are 3 12 cm long and from 2 8 cm wide broader than most other willows The flowers are soft silky and silvery 3 7 cm long catkins are produced in early spring before the new leaves appear the male and female catkins are on different plants dioecious The male catkins mature yellow at pollen release the female catkins mature pale green Female catkins Male catkins The fruit is a small capsule 5 10 mm long containing numerous minute seeds embedded in fine cottony hairs The seeds are very small about 0 2 mm with the fine hairs aiding dispersal they require bare soil to germinate 2 3 The two varieties are 2 S c var caprea lowland regions throughout the range leaves thinly hairy above densely hairy below 5 12 cm long stipules persistent until autumn S c var sphacelata Sm Wahlenb syn S caprea var coaetanea Hartm S coaetanea Hartm Floderus high altitudes in the mountains of central and northern Europe Alps Carpathians Scotland Scandinavia leaves densely silky hairy on both sides 3 7 cm long stipules early deciduous In western Norway there are trees of S c var Sphacelata that are 18 20 meters tall and have mostly single trunks Name EditThe Latin specific epithet caprea means goat 4 This and the common name goat willow probably derive from the first known illustration of the species in Hieronymus Bock s 1546 Herbal where the plant is shown being browsed by a goat The species was historically also widely used as a browse for goats to which Bock s illustration may refer 5 Ecology EditS caprea occurs both in wet damp environments such as riverbanks and lake shores and in drier sites wherever bare soil becomes available due to ground disturbance 2 Hybrids with several other willow species are common notably with Salix cinerea S reichardtii Salix aurita S multinervis Salix viminalis S smithiana and Salix purpurea S sordida Populations of S caprea often show hybrid introgression 2 3 Unlike almost all other willows pure specimens do not take root readily from cuttings if a willow resembling the species does root easily it is probably a hybrid with another species of willow 3 The leaves are used as a food resource by several species of Lepidoptera and are also commonly eaten by browsing mammals Willows are very susceptible to gall inducers and the midge Rhabdophaga rosaria forms the camellia gall on S caprea 6 Cultivation and uses EditSee also Pussy willow A willow flute A small number of cultivars have been selected for garden use The most common is S caprea Kilmarnock discovered by James Smith with stiffly pendulous shoots forming a mop head it is a male clone A similar female clone is S caprea Weeping Sally As they do not form a leader they are grafted on erect stems of other willows the height of these cultivars is determined by the height at which the graft is made 3 Plants can also be grown from greenwood cuttings which make attractive creeping mounds Hardwood cuttings are often difficult to root Both tannin and salicin can be extracted from goat willow bark The tree is not considered a good source of timber as its wood is both brittle and known to crackle violently if burned As with the closely related Salix discolor American pussy willow it is also often grown for cut flowers See Pussy willow for further cultural information which applies to both species In Scandinavia it has been fairly common to make willow flutes from goat willow cuttings In Germany Hungary north of Slovakia Poland and Ukraine the just opened catkins are used like the olive branches on Palm Sunday References Edit Salix caprea L Plants of the World Online Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2017 Retrieved 7 September 2020 a b c d e Meikle R D 1984 Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland BSBI Handbook 4 ISBN 0 901158 07 0 a b c d Rushforth K 1999 Trees of Britain and Europe Collins ISBN 0 00 220013 9 Harrison Lorraine 2012 RHS Latin for Gardeners United Kingdom Mitchell Beazley ISBN 978 1845337315 Bean W J 1980 Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles ISBN 0 7195 2428 8 Gall Inducers Archived June 11 2011 at the Wayback MachineExternal links Edit Wikispecies has information related to Salix caprea Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salix caprea Salix caprea genetic conservation units European Forest Genetic Resources Programme EUFORGEN Salix caprea Plants for a Future Salix bakko Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Salix caprea amp oldid 1139889560, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
