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George Emil Palade

October 15, 2023

George Emil Palade ForMemRS HonFRMS (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdʒe̯ordʒe eˈmil paˈlade] ⓘ; November 19, 1912 – October 7, 2008) was a Romanian-American cell biologist. Described as "the most influential cell biologist ever",[3] in 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology,[3] the most notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum – which he first described in 1955.[4][5][6][7][8]

George Palade
Born
George Emil Palade

(1912-11-19)November 19, 1912
Iași, Romania
DiedOctober 8, 2008(2008-10-08) (aged 95)
Del Mar, California, U.S.
NationalityRomanian, American
Alma materCarol Davila School of Medicine
Known for
Spouses
  • Irina Malaxa
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1941; died 1969)​
  • ​
    (m. 1970)​
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsCell biology
Institutions
Notable studentsGünter Blobel[2]

Palade also received the U.S. National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for "pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells" in 1986, and was previously elected a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1961. In 1968 he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society (HonFRMS)[9] and in 1984 he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).[1]

Education and early life Edit

George Emil Palade was born on November 19, 1912, in Iași, Romania; his father was a professor of philosophy at the University of Iași and his mother was a high school teacher. Palade received his M.D. in 1940 from the Carol Davila School of Medicine in Bucharest.

Career and research Edit

 
Palade on a 2016 Romanian stamp

Palade was a member of the faculty at Carol Davila University until 1946, when he went to the United States[10] to do postdoctoral research. While assisting Robert Chambers in the Biology Laboratory of New York University, he met Professor Albert Claude.[11] He later joined Claude at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.[10]

In 1952, Palade became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He worked at the Rockefeller Institute (1958–1973), and was a professor at Yale University Medical School (1973–1990), and University of California, San Diego (1990–2008). At UCSD, Palade was Professor of Medicine in Residence (Emeritus) in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, as well as a Dean for Scientific Affairs (Emeritus), in the School of Medicine at La Jolla, California.[12]

In 1970, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Renato Dulbecco winner of 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries concerning the functional organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology",[13] related to his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.[14] His Nobel lecture, delivered on December 12, 1974, was entitled: "Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion",[15] published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation,[16][17] He was elected an Honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1975. He received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1975.[18] In 1981, Palade became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.[19] In 1985, he became the founding editor of the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.[20] In 1988 he was also elected an Honorary Member of the American-Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences (ARA).

Palade was the first Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale University. Presently, the Chair of Cell Biology at Yale is named the "George Palade Professorship".

At the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Palade used electron microscopy to study the internal organization of such cell structures as ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, and others. His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a pulse-chase analysis. In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists and that the Rough ER and the Golgi apparatus function together.[4]

He focused on Weibel-Palade bodies (a storage organelle unique to the endothelium, containing von Willebrand factor and various proteins) which he described together with the Swiss anatomist Ewald R. Weibel.[21]

Palade's coworkers and approach in the 1960s Edit

The following is a concise excerpt from Palade's Autobiography appearing in the Nobel Award documents[10]

In the 1960s, I continued the work on the secretory process using in parallel or in succession two different approaches. The first relied exclusively on cell fractionation, and was developed in collaboration with Philip Siekevitz, Lewis Joel Greene, Colvin Redman, David Sabatini and Yutaka Tashiro; it led to the characterization of the zymogen granules and to the discovery of the segregation of secretory products in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum. The second approach relied primarily on radioautography, and involved experiments on intact animals or pancreatic slices which were carried out in collaboration with Lucien Caro and especially James Jamieson. This series of investigations produced a good part of our current ideas on the synthesis and intracellular processing of proteins for export. A critical review of this line of research is presented in the Nobel Lecture.[15]

One notes also that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2009 to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, and Ada E. Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome", discovered by George Emil Palade.[22]

Personal life Edit

Palade's widow Marilyn Farquhar was a cell biologist at the University of California, San Diego.[23]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15.
  2. ^ "The Palade Symposium: Celebrating Cell Biology at Its Best". Molbiolcell.org. Retrieved on 2016-06-10.
  3. ^ a b . The Independent. 22 October 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-09. Archived. (Internet Archive copy)
  4. ^ a b Farquhar, Marilyn G. (10 November 2012). "A Man for All Seasons: Reflections on the Life and Legacy of George Palade". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 28 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155813. ISSN 1081-0706. PMID 22831641. S2CID 23177212. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  5. ^ Grens, Kerry (February 1, 2014). "Palade Particles, 1955". The Scientist.
  6. ^ Pollack, Andrew (October 9, 2008) George Palade, Nobel Winner for Work Inspiring Modern Cell Biology, Dies at 95. New York Times
  7. ^ George E. Palade on Nobelprize.org  , accessed 11 October 2020
  8. ^ Palade, G. E. (2007). "Tribute to Professor George E. Palade". Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 11 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00018.x. ISSN 1582-1838. PMC 4401215. PMID 17367496.
  9. ^ "Honorary Fellows Past and Present". Royal Microscopical Society. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  10. ^ a b c "George E. Palade – Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  11. ^ . 2006-07-16. Archived from the original on 2006-07-16. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
  12. ^ Professor George E. Palade – web page at the University of California at San Diego, School of medicine March 30, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "The 1974 Nobel Prize for Medicine". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  14. ^ . rockefeller.edu
  15. ^ a b "Nobel lecture". Nobelprize.org. 1974-12-12. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  16. ^ The Nobel Prize Lecture of George E. Palade (Pdf 3.78 MB), (1974) The Nobel Foundation, ISBN 981-02-0791-3
  17. ^ Nobel Lectures in Physiology or Medicine July 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  19. ^ "About Us". World Cultural Council. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  20. ^ Spudich, James A. (1994). "Preface". Annual Review of Cell Biology. 10. doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.10.111406.100001.
  21. ^ Weibel, ER; Palade, GE (1964). "New cytoplasmic components in arterial endothelia". The Journal of Cell Biology. 23 (1): 101–112. doi:10.1083/jcb.23.1.101. PMC 2106503. PMID 14228505.
  22. ^ 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Foundation
  23. ^ y James D. Jamieson (November 8, 2008). "Obituary: "A tribute to George E. Palade". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (11): 3517–3518. doi:10.1172/JCI37749. PMC 2575727. PMID 19065752.

Bibliography Edit

  • Singer, Manfred V (2003). "Legacy of a distinguished scientist: George E. Palade". Pancreatology. 3 (6): 518–9. doi:10.1159/000076328. ISSN 1424-3903. PMID 14730177. S2CID 36839347.
  • Haulică, I (2002). "[Professor doctor George Emil Palade at 90 years of age]". Revista medico-chirurgicală a Societăţii de Medici şi Naturalişti din Iaşi. 107 (2): 223–5. ISSN 0300-8738. PMID 12638263.
  • Tartakoff, Alan M (November 2002). "George Emil Palade: charismatic virtuoso of cell biology". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (11): 871–6. doi:10.1038/nrm953. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 12415304. S2CID 2844447.
  • Motta, P M (2001). "George Emil Palade and Don Wayne Fawcett and the development of modern anatomy, histology and contemporary cell biology". Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology. 106 (2 Suppl 1): XXI–XXXVIII. ISSN 1122-6714. PMID 11730003.
  • Farquhar, M G; Wissig S L; Palade G E (December 1999). "Glomerular permeability I. Ferritin transfer across the normal glomerular capillary wall. 1961". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 10 (12): 2645–62. ISSN 1046-6673. PMID 10589706.
  • Raju, T N (October 1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1974: Albert Claude (1899–1983), George Emil Palade (b 1912), and Christian Réne de Duve (b 1917)". The Lancet. 354 (9185): 1219. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75433-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 10513750. S2CID 54323049.
  • Sabatini, D D (October 1999). "George E. Palade: charting the secretory pathway". Trends in Cell Biology. 9 (10): 413–7. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(99)01633-5. ISSN 0962-8924. PMID 10481180.
  • Motta, P M (1998). "George Emil Palade and Don Wayne Fawcett and the development of modern anatomy, histology and contemporary cell biology". Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology. 103 (2): 65–81. ISSN 1122-6714. PMID 9719773.
  • Porter, K R (July 1983). "An informal tribute to George E. Palade". The Journal of Cell Biology. 97 (1): D3–7. ISSN 0021-9525. PMID 6345553.
  • Tashiro, Y (January 1975). "[Accomplishment of Drs. Albert Calude and George E. Palade and the birth of cell biology]". Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 20 (1): 74–6. ISSN 0039-9450. PMID 1094498.
  • Magner, J W; Ritchie E H; Cahill S C (January 1975). "Current medical literature". Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 64 (1): 20–2. ISSN 0019-5847. PMID 1094070.
  • "George E. Palade". Triangle. 9 (6): 229–30. 1970. ISSN 0041-2597. PMID 4927031.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Emil Palade.
  • George E. Palade on Nobelprize.org  

October 15, 2023
george, emil, palade, formemrs, honfrms, romanian, pronunciation, ˈdʒe, ordʒe, eˈmil, paˈlade, november, 1912, october, 2008, romanian, american, cell, biologist, described, most, influential, cell, biologist, ever, 1974, awarded, nobel, prize, physiology, med. George Emil Palade ForMemRS HonFRMS Romanian pronunciation ˈdʒe ordʒe eˈmil paˈlade November 19 1912 October 7 2008 was a Romanian American cell biologist Described as the most influential cell biologist ever 3 in 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology 3 the most notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum which he first described in 1955 4 5 6 7 8 George PaladeBornGeorge Emil Palade 1912 11 19 November 19 1912Iași RomaniaDiedOctober 8 2008 2008 10 08 aged 95 Del Mar California U S NationalityRomanian AmericanAlma materCarol Davila School of MedicineKnown forRibosomes Rough ERSpousesIrina Malaxa m 1941 died 1969 wbr Marilyn Farquhar m 1970 wbr AwardsAlbert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research 1966 Gairdner Foundation International Award 1967 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 E B Wilson Medal 1981 ForMemRS 1984 1 National Medal of Science 1986 Scientific careerFieldsCell biologyInstitutionsNew York University Rockefeller University Yale University University of California San DiegoNotable studentsGunter Blobel 2 Palade also received the U S National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental highly organized structures in living cells in 1986 and was previously elected a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1961 In 1968 he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society HonFRMS 9 and in 1984 he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ForMemRS 1 Contents 1 Education and early life 2 Career and research 2 1 Palade s coworkers and approach in the 1960s 3 Personal life 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksEducation and early life EditGeorge Emil Palade was born on November 19 1912 in Iași Romania his father was a professor of philosophy at the University of Iași and his mother was a high school teacher Palade received his M D in 1940 from the Carol Davila School of Medicine in Bucharest Career and research Edit nbsp Palade on a 2016 Romanian stampPalade was a member of the faculty at Carol Davila University until 1946 when he went to the United States 10 to do postdoctoral research While assisting Robert Chambers in the Biology Laboratory of New York University he met Professor Albert Claude 11 He later joined Claude at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 10 In 1952 Palade became a naturalized citizen of the United States He worked at the Rockefeller Institute 1958 1973 and was a professor at Yale University Medical School 1973 1990 and University of California San Diego 1990 2008 At UCSD Palade was Professor of Medicine in Residence Emeritus in the Department of Cellular amp Molecular Medicine as well as a Dean for Scientific Affairs Emeritus in the School of Medicine at La Jolla California 12 In 1970 he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Renato Dulbecco winner of 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning the functional organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology 13 related to his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 14 His Nobel lecture delivered on December 12 1974 was entitled Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion 15 published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation 16 17 He was elected an Honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1975 He received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1975 18 In 1981 Palade became a founding member of the World Cultural Council 19 In 1985 he became the founding editor of the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20 In 1988 he was also elected an Honorary Member of the American Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences ARA Palade was the first Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale University Presently the Chair of Cell Biology at Yale is named the George Palade Professorship At the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research Palade used electron microscopy to study the internal organization of such cell structures as ribosomes mitochondria chloroplasts the Golgi apparatus and others His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a pulse chase analysis In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists and that the Rough ER and the Golgi apparatus function together 4 He focused on Weibel Palade bodies a storage organelle unique to the endothelium containing von Willebrand factor and various proteins which he described together with the Swiss anatomist Ewald R Weibel 21 Palade s coworkers and approach in the 1960s Edit The following is a concise excerpt from Palade s Autobiography appearing in the Nobel Award documents 10 In the 1960s I continued the work on the secretory process using in parallel or in succession two different approaches The first relied exclusively on cell fractionation and was developed in collaboration with Philip Siekevitz Lewis Joel Greene Colvin Redman David Sabatini and Yutaka Tashiro it led to the characterization of the zymogen granules and to the discovery of the segregation of secretory products in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum The second approach relied primarily on radioautography and involved experiments on intact animals or pancreatic slices which were carried out in collaboration with Lucien Caro and especially James Jamieson This series of investigations produced a good part of our current ideas on the synthesis and intracellular processing of proteins for export A critical review of this line of research is presented in the Nobel Lecture 15 One notes also that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2009 to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Thomas A Steitz and Ada E Yonath for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome discovered by George Emil Palade 22 Personal life EditPalade s widow Marilyn Farquhar was a cell biologist at the University of California San Diego 23 References Edit a b Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660 2015 London Royal Society Archived from the original on 2015 10 15 The Palade Symposium Celebrating Cell Biology at Its Best Molbiolcell org Retrieved on 2016 06 10 a b Prof George Palade Nobel prize winner whose work laid the foundations for modern molecular cell biology The Independent 22 October 2008 Archived from the original on October 19 2010 Retrieved 2011 02 09 Archived Internet Archive copy a b Farquhar Marilyn G 10 November 2012 A Man for All Seasons Reflections on the Life and Legacy of George Palade Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 28 1 1 28 doi 10 1146 annurev cellbio 101011 155813 ISSN 1081 0706 PMID 22831641 S2CID 23177212 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Grens Kerry February 1 2014 Palade Particles 1955 The Scientist Pollack Andrew October 9 2008 George Palade Nobel Winner for Work Inspiring Modern Cell Biology Dies at 95 New York Times George E Palade on Nobelprize org nbsp accessed 11 October 2020 Palade G E 2007 Tribute to Professor George E Palade Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 11 1 2 3 doi 10 1111 j 1582 4934 2007 00018 x ISSN 1582 1838 PMC 4401215 PMID 17367496 Honorary Fellows Past and Present Royal Microscopical Society Retrieved 5 June 2018 a b c George E Palade Autobiography Nobelprize org 2008 10 07 Retrieved 2011 04 03 George E Palade Autobiography 2006 07 16 Archived from the original on 2006 07 16 Retrieved 2019 08 16 Professor George E Palade web page at the University of California at San Diego School of medicine Archived March 30 2004 at the Wayback Machine The 1974 Nobel Prize for Medicine Nobelprize org Retrieved 2011 04 03 Nobel Laureates Affiliated with The Rockefeller University rockefeller edu a b Nobel lecture Nobelprize org 1974 12 12 Retrieved 2011 04 03 The Nobel Prize Lecture of George E Palade Pdf 3 78 MB 1974 The Nobel Foundation ISBN 981 02 0791 3 Nobel Lectures in Physiology or Medicine Archived July 14 2008 at the Wayback Machine Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement www achievement org American Academy of Achievement About Us World Cultural Council Retrieved November 8 2016 Spudich James A 1994 Preface Annual Review of Cell Biology 10 doi 10 1146 annurev cb 10 111406 100001 Weibel ER Palade GE 1964 New cytoplasmic components in arterial endothelia The Journal of Cell Biology 23 1 101 112 doi 10 1083 jcb 23 1 101 PMC 2106503 PMID 14228505 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nobel Foundation y James D Jamieson November 8 2008 Obituary A tribute to George E Palade Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 11 3517 3518 doi 10 1172 JCI37749 PMC 2575727 PMID 19065752 Bibliography EditSinger Manfred V 2003 Legacy of a distinguished scientist George E Palade Pancreatology 3 6 518 9 doi 10 1159 000076328 ISSN 1424 3903 PMID 14730177 S2CID 36839347 Haulică I 2002 Professor doctor George Emil Palade at 90 years of age Revista medico chirurgicală a Societăţii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 107 2 223 5 ISSN 0300 8738 PMID 12638263 Tartakoff Alan M November 2002 George Emil Palade charismatic virtuoso of cell biology Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 3 11 871 6 doi 10 1038 nrm953 ISSN 1471 0072 PMID 12415304 S2CID 2844447 Motta P M 2001 George Emil Palade and Don Wayne Fawcett and the development of modern anatomy histology and contemporary cell biology Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 106 2 Suppl 1 XXI XXXVIII ISSN 1122 6714 PMID 11730003 Farquhar M G Wissig S L Palade G E December 1999 Glomerular permeability I Ferritin transfer across the normal glomerular capillary wall 1961 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10 12 2645 62 ISSN 1046 6673 PMID 10589706 Raju T N October 1999 The Nobel chronicles 1974 Albert Claude 1899 1983 George Emil Palade b 1912 and Christian Rene de Duve b 1917 The Lancet 354 9185 1219 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 05 75433 7 ISSN 0140 6736 PMID 10513750 S2CID 54323049 Sabatini D D October 1999 George E Palade charting the secretory pathway Trends in Cell Biology 9 10 413 7 doi 10 1016 S0962 8924 99 01633 5 ISSN 0962 8924 PMID 10481180 Motta P M 1998 George Emil Palade and Don Wayne Fawcett and the development of modern anatomy histology and contemporary cell biology Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 103 2 65 81 ISSN 1122 6714 PMID 9719773 Porter K R July 1983 An informal tribute to George E Palade The Journal of Cell Biology 97 1 D3 7 ISSN 0021 9525 PMID 6345553 Tashiro Y January 1975 Accomplishment of Drs Albert Calude and George E Palade and the birth of cell biology Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 20 1 74 6 ISSN 0039 9450 PMID 1094498 Magner J W Ritchie E H Cahill S C January 1975 Current medical literature Journal of the Indian Medical Association 64 1 20 2 ISSN 0019 5847 PMID 1094070 George E Palade Triangle 9 6 229 30 1970 ISSN 0041 2597 PMID 4927031 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Emil Palade George E Palade on Nobelprize org nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title George Emil Palade amp oldid 1178760658, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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