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Garcinia gummi-gutta

January 01, 1970

"Gambooge" redirects here. For the dye made from various tree species of the family Clusiaceae, see Gamboge.

Garcinia gummi-gutta is a tropical species of Garcinia native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.[1][2] Common names include Garcinia cambogia (a former scientific name), as well as brindle berry, and Malabar tamarind.[3] The fruit looks like a small pumpkin and is green to pale yellow in color.[4]

Garcinia gummi-gutta
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae
Genus: Garcinia
Species:
G. gummi-gutta
Binomial name
Garcinia gummi-gutta
Synonyms[1]
  • Cambogia binucao Blanco
  • Cambogia gemmi-gutta L.
  • Cambogia solitaria Stokes
  • Garcinia affinis Wight & Arn.
  • Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr.
  • Garcinia sulcata Stokes

Although it has received considerable media attention purporting its effects on weight loss, there are reports of liver toxicity associated with the Hydroxycut commercial preparation containing the fruit extract, with clinical evidence indicating it has no significant effect on weight loss.[3][4][5]

Cultivation

 
In Kerala, India
 
Ripe fruit

Garcinia gummi-gutta is grown for its fruit in Southeast Asia and South Asia. Garcinia gummi-gutta is one of several closely related Garcinia species from the plant family Clusiaceae.[1][2] With thin skin and deep vertical lobes, the fruit of G. gummi-gutta and related species range from about the size of an orange to that of a grapefruit; G. gummi-gutta looks more like a small yellowish, greenish, or sometimes reddish pumpkin.[6] The color can vary considerably. When the rinds are dried and cured in preparation for storage and extraction, they are dark brown or black in color.[citation needed]

Phytochemicals

Although few high-quality studies have been done to define the composition of the fruit, its phytochemical content includes hydroxycitric acid which is extractable and developed as a dietary supplement.[4][5][7] Other compounds identified in the fruit include the polyphenols, luteolin, and kaempferol.[8]

Common names

In the Malabar Coast, it is known as kudam puli and in Tamil speaking areas of Sri Lanka and India, it is called goraka.[9][10]

Weight loss claims

In late 2012, a United States celebrity doctor, Dr. Oz, promoted Garcinia cambogia extract as "an exciting breakthrough in natural weight loss".[11][12] Dr. Oz's endorsements of dietary supplements having no or little scientific evidence of efficacy have often led to a substantial increase in consumer purchases of the promoted products.[12]

While it has received considerable media attention purporting impact on weight loss, the evidence for Garcinia cambogia supports no clear effect,[3][4][13][14] while gastrointestinal adverse events were two-fold more common over the placebo in a 2011 meta-analysis, indicating the extract may be unsafe for human consumption.[4][5] Adverse events associated with use of such supplements ("side effects") — especially, liver toxicity, as well as gastrointestinal issues — led to one preparation being withdrawn from the market.[15]

Adverse effects

In addition to possible liver damage, hydroxycitric acid can cause dry mouth, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, and headaches.[4][16]

At least one other published medical study seem to contradict the above assertion:

The structure, mechanism of action, long history of the use of Garcinia/HCA and comprehensive scientific evidence had shown “no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)” at levels up to 2800 mg/day, suggesting its safety for use.[17]

Drug interactions

There is potential for Garcinia cambogia to interfere with prescription medications, including those used to treat people with diabetes, asthma, and clotting disorders.[4]

Culinary

 
When the fruit is sun dried for several days, it becomes black with a shrivelled body

Garcinia gummi-gutta is used in cooking, including in the preparation of curries to add a sour flavor.[4] The fruit rind and extracts of Garcinia species are used in many traditional recipes used in food preparation in Southeast Asian countries.[3][18] In the Indian Ayurvedic medicine, "sour" flavors are said to activate digestion. The extract and rind of G. gummi-gutta is a curry condiment in India.[18][19][20] It is an essential souring ingredient in the southern Thai variant of kaeng som, a sour curry.[21][22]

Gallery

  •  
    Bark
  •  
    Cross section
  •  
    Drying in smoke

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N.Robson". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 June 2013 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ a b "Garcinia gummi-gutta". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d "Garcinia cambogia". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 December 202. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Garcinia cambogia". Drugs.com. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Onakpoya, Igho; Hung, Shao Kang; Perry, Rachel; Wider, Barbara; Ernst, Edzard (2011). "The Use of Garcinia Extract (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a Weight loss Supplement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials". Journal of Obesity. 2011 (December 14): 509038. doi:10.1155/2011/509038. PMC 3010674. PMID 21197150.
  6. ^ "Fruit yellowish or reddish, size of an orange having six or eight deep longitudinal grooves in its fleshy pericarp. Pulp acid of a pleasant flavor. It is dried among the Singalese who use it in curries." Uphof, J.C. Th. (1968).
  7. ^ Yamada T, Hida H, Yamada Y (2007). "Chemistry, physiological properties, and microbial production of hydroxycitric acid". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 75 (5): 977–82. doi:10.1007/s00253-007-0962-4. PMID 17476502. S2CID 25194835.
  8. ^ Sulaiman, C. T; Balachandran, I (2017). "LC/MS characterization of phenolic antioxidants of Brindle berry (Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson)". Natural Product Research. 31 (10): 1191–1194. doi:10.1080/14786419.2016.1224871. PMID 27583573. S2CID 29342259.
  9. ^ Sarip, Nur Aqilah; Aminudin, Nurul Iman; Danial, Wan Hazman (12 September 2021). "Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using Garcinia extracts: a review". Environmental Chemistry Letters. 20: 1. doi:10.1007/s10311-021-01319-3. S2CID 237487258.
  10. ^ Pramanik, Malay; Diwakar, Atul Kumar; Dash, Poli; Szabo, Sylvia; Pal, Indrajit (1 April 2021). "Conservation planning of cash crops species (Garcinia gummi-gutta) under current and future climate in the Western Ghats, India". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 23 (4): 1. doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00819-6. S2CID 220051712.
  11. ^ The Dr. Oz Show (November 5, 2012). Garcinia Cambogia: The Newest, Fastest Fat-Buster 2014-04-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ a b Christensen, Jen; Wilson Jacque (19 June 2014). "Congressional hearing investigates Dr. Oz 'miracle' weight loss claims". CNN Health. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  13. ^ Heymsfield, S. B.; Allison, D. B.; Vasselli, J. R.; Pietrobelli, A.; Greenfield, D.; Nunez, C. (1998). "Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a Potential Antiobesity Agent: A Randomized Controlled Trial". J. Am. Med. Assoc. 280 (18): 1596–1600. doi:10.1001/jama.280.18.1596. PMID 9820262.
  14. ^ Crescioli, Giada; Lombardi, Niccolò; Bettiol, Alessandra; Marconi, Ettore; Risaliti, Filippo; Bertoni, Michele; Menniti Ippolito, Francesca; Maggini, Valentina; Gallo, Eugenia; Firenzuoli, Fabio; Vannacci, Alfredo (2018-05-25). "Acute liver injury following Garcinia cambogia weight-loss supplementation: case series and literature review". Internal and Emergency Medicine. 13 (6): 857–872. doi:10.1007/s11739-018-1880-4. hdl:2158/1244214. ISSN 1828-0447. PMID 29802521. S2CID 44094323.
  15. ^ Lobb, A. (2009). "Hepatoxicity associated with weight-loss supplements: A case for better post-marketing surveillance". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 15 (14): 1786–1787. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.1786. PMC 2668789. PMID 19360927.
  16. ^ Soni, MG (2004). "Safety assessment of (-)-hydroxycitric acid and Super CitriMax, a novel calcium/potassium salt". Food Chem Toxicol. 42 (9): 1513–29. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.04.014. PMID 15234082.
  17. ^ Chuah, Li Oon; Yeap, Swee Keong; Ho, Wan Yong; Beh, Boon Kee; Alitheen, Noorjahan Banu (2012). "In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity of Garcinia or Hydroxycitric Acid: A Review". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012: 197920. doi:10.1155/2012/197920. ISSN 1741-427X. PMC 3424601. PMID 22924054.
  18. ^ a b "The acid rinds of the ripe fruit are eaten,." Drury, Heber (1873). "Garcinia gambogia (Desrous) N. 0. Clusiaceae". The Useful Plants of India, second edition. London: William H. Allen & Co. p. 220.
  19. ^ . US Premium Garcinia Cambogia. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  20. ^ "Kudampuli meencurry (fish curry with Malabar tamarind)". Secret Indian Recipe. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  21. ^ "Kaeng Som Kung (Sour Curry with Shrimp)". Saveur. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  22. ^ "Gaeng Som Recipe, Thai Sour Curry Recipe of Shrimp, Okra and Roselle Leaves". Thai Food Master. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garcinia gummi-gutta.

January 01, 1970
garcinia, gummi, gutta, gambooge, redirects, here, made, from, various, tree, species, family, clusiaceae, gamboge, tropical, species, garcinia, native, south, asia, southeast, asia, common, names, include, garcinia, cambogia, former, scientific, name, well, b. Gambooge redirects here For the dye made from various tree species of the family Clusiaceae see Gamboge Garcinia gummi gutta is a tropical species of Garcinia native to South Asia and Southeast Asia 1 2 Common names include Garcinia cambogia a former scientific name as well as brindle berry and Malabar tamarind 3 The fruit looks like a small pumpkin and is green to pale yellow in color 4 Garcinia gummi gutta Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malpighiales Family Clusiaceae Genus Garcinia Species G gummi gutta Binomial name Garcinia gummi gutta L N Robson Synonyms 1 Cambogia binucao Blanco Cambogia gemmi gutta L Cambogia solitaria Stokes Garcinia affinis Wight amp Arn Garcinia cambogia Gaertn Desr Garcinia sulcata Stokes Although it has received considerable media attention purporting its effects on weight loss there are reports of liver toxicity associated with the Hydroxycut commercial preparation containing the fruit extract with clinical evidence indicating it has no significant effect on weight loss 3 4 5 Contents 1 Cultivation 2 Phytochemicals 3 Common names 4 Weight loss claims 4 1 Adverse effects 4 2 Drug interactions 5 Culinary 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 ReferencesCultivation nbsp In Kerala India nbsp Ripe fruit Garcinia gummi gutta is grown for its fruit in Southeast Asia and South Asia Garcinia gummi gutta is one of several closely related Garcinia species from the plant family Clusiaceae 1 2 With thin skin and deep vertical lobes the fruit of G gummi gutta and related species range from about the size of an orange to that of a grapefruit G gummi gutta looks more like a small yellowish greenish or sometimes reddish pumpkin 6 The color can vary considerably When the rinds are dried and cured in preparation for storage and extraction they are dark brown or black in color citation needed PhytochemicalsAlthough few high quality studies have been done to define the composition of the fruit its phytochemical content includes hydroxycitric acid which is extractable and developed as a dietary supplement 4 5 7 Other compounds identified in the fruit include the polyphenols luteolin and kaempferol 8 Common namesIn the Malabar Coast it is known as kudam puli and in Tamil speaking areas of Sri Lanka and India it is called goraka 9 10 Weight loss claimsIn late 2012 a United States celebrity doctor Dr Oz promoted Garcinia cambogia extract as an exciting breakthrough in natural weight loss 11 12 Dr Oz s endorsements of dietary supplements having no or little scientific evidence of efficacy have often led to a substantial increase in consumer purchases of the promoted products 12 While it has received considerable media attention purporting impact on weight loss the evidence for Garcinia cambogia supports no clear effect 3 4 13 14 while gastrointestinal adverse events were two fold more common over the placebo in a 2011 meta analysis indicating the extract may be unsafe for human consumption 4 5 Adverse events associated with use of such supplements side effects especially liver toxicity as well as gastrointestinal issues led to one preparation being withdrawn from the market 15 Adverse effects In addition to possible liver damage hydroxycitric acid can cause dry mouth nausea gastrointestinal discomfort and headaches 4 16 At least one other published medical study seem to contradict the above assertion The structure mechanism of action long history of the use of Garcinia HCA and comprehensive scientific evidence had shown no observed adverse effect level NOAEL at levels up to 2800 mg day suggesting its safety for use 17 Drug interactions There is potential for Garcinia cambogia to interfere with prescription medications including those used to treat people with diabetes asthma and clotting disorders 4 Culinary nbsp When the fruit is sun dried for several days it becomes black with a shrivelled body Garcinia gummi gutta is used in cooking including in the preparation of curries to add a sour flavor 4 The fruit rind and extracts of Garcinia species are used in many traditional recipes used in food preparation in Southeast Asian countries 3 18 In the Indian Ayurvedic medicine sour flavors are said to activate digestion The extract and rind of G gummi gutta is a curry condiment in India 18 19 20 It is an essential souring ingredient in the southern Thai variant of kaeng som a sour curry 21 22 Gallery nbsp Bark nbsp Cross section nbsp Drying in smokeSee alsoGarcinia binucao Garcinia dulcis Garcinia morellaReferences a b c Garcinia gummi gutta L N Robson World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 June 2013 via The Plant List Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online a b Garcinia gummi gutta Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 11 December 2017 a b c d Garcinia cambogia National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health US National Institutes of Health 1 December 202 Retrieved 25 September 2021 a b c d e f g h Garcinia cambogia Drugs com 28 May 2020 Retrieved 25 September 2021 a b c Onakpoya Igho Hung Shao Kang Perry Rachel Wider Barbara Ernst Edzard 2011 The Use of Garcinia Extract Hydroxycitric Acid as a Weight loss Supplement A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials Journal of Obesity 2011 December 14 509038 doi 10 1155 2011 509038 PMC 3010674 PMID 21197150 Fruit yellowish or reddish size of an orange having six or eight deep longitudinal grooves in its fleshy pericarp Pulp acid of a pleasant flavor It is dried among the Singalese who use it in curries Uphof J C Th 1968 Yamada T Hida H Yamada Y 2007 Chemistry physiological properties and microbial production of hydroxycitric acid Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 75 5 977 82 doi 10 1007 s00253 007 0962 4 PMID 17476502 S2CID 25194835 Sulaiman C T Balachandran I 2017 LC MS characterization of phenolic antioxidants of Brindle berry Garcinia gummi gutta L Robson Natural Product Research 31 10 1191 1194 doi 10 1080 14786419 2016 1224871 PMID 27583573 S2CID 29342259 Sarip Nur Aqilah Aminudin Nurul Iman Danial Wan Hazman 12 September 2021 Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using Garcinia extracts a review Environmental Chemistry Letters 20 1 doi 10 1007 s10311 021 01319 3 S2CID 237487258 Pramanik Malay Diwakar Atul Kumar Dash Poli Szabo Sylvia Pal Indrajit 1 April 2021 Conservation planning of cash crops species Garcinia gummi gutta under current and future climate in the Western Ghats India Environment Development and Sustainability 23 4 1 doi 10 1007 s10668 020 00819 6 S2CID 220051712 The Dr Oz Show November 5 2012 Garcinia Cambogia The Newest Fastest Fat Buster Archived 2014 04 21 at the Wayback Machine a b Christensen Jen Wilson Jacque 19 June 2014 Congressional hearing investigates Dr Oz miracle weight loss claims CNN Health Retrieved 18 September 2016 Heymsfield S B Allison D B Vasselli J R Pietrobelli A Greenfield D Nunez C 1998 Garcinia cambogia Hydroxycitric Acid as a Potential Antiobesity Agent A Randomized Controlled Trial J Am Med Assoc 280 18 1596 1600 doi 10 1001 jama 280 18 1596 PMID 9820262 Crescioli Giada Lombardi Niccolo Bettiol Alessandra Marconi Ettore Risaliti Filippo Bertoni Michele Menniti Ippolito Francesca Maggini Valentina Gallo Eugenia Firenzuoli Fabio Vannacci Alfredo 2018 05 25 Acute liver injury following Garcinia cambogia weight loss supplementation case series and literature review Internal and Emergency Medicine 13 6 857 872 doi 10 1007 s11739 018 1880 4 hdl 2158 1244214 ISSN 1828 0447 PMID 29802521 S2CID 44094323 Lobb A 2009 Hepatoxicity associated with weight loss supplements A case for better post marketing surveillance World Journal of Gastroenterology 15 14 1786 1787 doi 10 3748 wjg 15 1786 PMC 2668789 PMID 19360927 Soni MG 2004 Safety assessment of hydroxycitric acid and Super CitriMax a novel calcium potassium salt Food Chem Toxicol 42 9 1513 29 doi 10 1016 j fct 2004 04 014 PMID 15234082 Chuah Li Oon Yeap Swee Keong Ho Wan Yong Beh Boon Kee Alitheen Noorjahan Banu 2012 In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity of Garcinia or Hydroxycitric Acid A Review Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 197920 doi 10 1155 2012 197920 ISSN 1741 427X PMC 3424601 PMID 22924054 a b The acid rinds of the ripe fruit are eaten Drury Heber 1873 Garcinia gambogia Desrous N 0 Clusiaceae The Useful Plants of India second edition London William H Allen amp Co p 220 G Gummi Gutta Garcinia Cambogia An Ancient Indian Curry Condiment US Premium Garcinia Cambogia Archived from the original on 31 January 2019 Retrieved 5 May 2015 Kudampuli meencurry fish curry with Malabar tamarind Secret Indian Recipe Retrieved 5 May 2015 Kaeng Som Kung Sour Curry with Shrimp Saveur 26 February 2015 Retrieved 5 May 2015 Gaeng Som Recipe Thai Sour Curry Recipe of Shrimp Okra and Roselle Leaves Thai Food Master 30 March 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2015 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garcinia gummi gutta Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Garcinia gummi gutta amp oldid 1174105251, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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