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Gadabuursi

February 04, 2024

Main article: Somali clan

The Gadabuursi (Somali: Gadabuursi, Arabic: جادابورسي), also known as Samaroon (Arabic: قبيلة سَمَرُون), is a northern Somali clan, a sub-division of the Dir clan family.[1][2][3]

Gadabuursi
جادابورسي سمرون
The Tomb of Sheikh Samaroon
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali
Religion
Islam (Sunni, Sufism)
Related ethnic groups
Issa, Gurgura, Akisho, Surre, Biimaal, Bursuuk and other Dir clans.

The Gadabuursi are geographically spread out across three countries: Ethiopia, Somaliland and Djibouti. Among all of the Gadabuursi inhabited regions of the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia is the country where the majority of the clan reside. In Ethiopia, the Gadabuursi are mainly found in the Somali Region, but they also inhabit the Harar, Dire Dawa and Oromia regions.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

In Somaliland, the Gadabuursi are the predominant clan of the Awdal Region.[13][14] They are mainly found in cities and towns such as Borama, Baki, Lughaya, Zeila, Dilla, Jarahorato, Amud, Abasa, Fiqi Aadan, Quljeed, Boon and Harirad.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] In Ethiopia, the Gadabuursi are the predominant clan of the Awbare district in the Fafan Zone, the Dembel district in the Sitti Zone and the Harrawa Valley.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] They are mainly found in cities and towns such as Awbare, Awbube, Sheder, Lefe Isa, Derwernache, Gogti, Jaare, Heregel, Arabi and Dembel.[24][32][26][33][34][35]

The etymology of the name Gadabuursi, as described by writer Ferrand in Ethnographic Survey of Africa refers to Gada meaning people and Bur meaning mountain, hence the etymology of the name Gadabuursi means people of the mountains.[36][37]

Overview

As a Dir sub-clan, the Gadabuursi have immediate lineal ties with the Issa, the Surre (Abdalle and Qubeys), the Biimaal (who the Gaadsen also belong to), the Bajimal, the Bursuk, the Madigan Dir, the Gurgura, the Garre (the Quranyow sub-clan to be precise as they claim descent from Dir), Gurre, Gariire, other Dir sub-clans and they have lineal ties with the Hawiye (Irir), Hawadle, Ajuran, Degoodi, Gaalje'el clan groups, who share the same ancestor Samaale.[38][39][40][2][41][42][43]

I. M. Lewis gives an invaluable reference to an Arabic manuscript on the history of the Gadabuursi Somali. 'This Chronicle opens', Lewis tells us, 'with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392) from whom the Gadabuursi today trace their descent, and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the western flank in the armies of Se'ad ad-Din, ruler of Zeila:[44]

I. M. Lewis (1959) states:

"Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan. This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa'd ad-Din (d. 1415), ruler of Zeila."[45]

The Gadabuursi are divided into two main divisions, the Habar Makadur and Habar 'Affan.[46][47] Most Gadabuursi members are descendants of Sheikh Samaroon. However, Samaroon does not necessarily mean Gadabuursi, but rather represents only a sub-clan of the Gadabuursi clan family.

The Gadabuursi in particular, is one of the clans with a longstanding institution of Sultan. The Gadabuursi use the title Ughaz or Ugaas which means sultan and/or king.[48][49]

Based on research done by the Eritrean author 'Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad' in his book 'The Saho of Eritrea, the Saho people (Gadafur) is said to have Somali origins from the Gadabuursi.[50]

Distribution

 
Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Gadabuursi clan in the western Somaliland

The Gadabuursi are mainly found in northwestern Somaliland and are the predominant clan of the Awdal Region.[13][51][52]

Federico Battera (2005) states about the Awdal Region:

"Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans."[53]

A UN Report published by Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1999), states concerning Awdal:

"The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs."[54]

Roland Marchal (1997) states that numerically, the Gadabuursi are the predominant inhabitants of the Awdal Region:

"The Gadabuursi's numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region."[55]

Marleen Renders and Ulf Terlinden (2010) both state that the Gadabuursi almost exclusively inhabit the Awdal Region:

"Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security."[56]

The Gadabuursi also partially inhabit the neighboring region of Maroodi Jeex, and reside in many cities within that province.[57][58] The Gadabuursi are the second largest clan by population in Somaliland after the Isaaq.[59][60][61] Within Somalia, they are known to be the 5th largest clan.[62]

The Gadabuursi are also found in Djibouti, where they are the second largest Somali clan.[63] Within Djibouti they have historically lived in 2 of the 7 major neighborhoods in Djibouti (Quarter 4 and 5).[64]

However the majority of the Gadabuursi inhabit Ethiopia.[65][66][67]

Federico Battera (2005) states:

"But most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia (the so-called region five) where their paramount chief (the Ugaas) resides...[68] In present day Awdal, most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region, Booroma. However, the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi local community, the Ugaas, has his main venue in Ethiopia."[69]

In Ethiopia, the Gadabuursi exclusively inhabit both the Awbare district in the Fafan Zone and the Dembel district in the Sitti Zone.[34][70] The Gadabuursi also exclusively inhabit the Harrawa Valley which is considered to be traditional Gadabuursi territory.[28][29][30][24][71][72]

The Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Addis Ababa University, Vol. 1 (1994), describes the Awbare district as being predominantly Gadabuursi. The journal states:

"Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare."[25]

Filipo Ambrosio (1994) describes the Awbare district as being predominantly Gadabuursi whilst highlighting the neutral role that they played in mediating peace between the Geri and Jarso:

"The Gadabursi, who dominate the adjacent Awbare district north of Jijiga and bordering with the Awdal Region of Somaliland, have opened the already existing camps of Derwanache and Teferi Ber to these two communities."[26]

Filipo Ambrosio (1994) highlights how the Geri and Jarso both sought refuge on adjacent Gadabuursi clan territory after a series of conflicts broke out between the two communities in the early 1990s:

"Jarso and Geri then sought refuge on 'neutral' adjacent Gadabursi territory in Heregel, Jarre and Lefeisa."[33]

The Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (2010) states that the Dembel district is predominantly Gadabuursi:

"Mainly Somali Gurgura, Gadabursi and Hawiye groups, who inhabit Erer, Dambal and Meiso districts respectively."[27]

Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country, as within sight of Harar:

"In front, backed by the dark hills of Harar, lay the Harawwah valley."[73]

Captain H.G.C Swayne R.E. (1895) describes the Harrawa Valley as traditional Gadabuursi territory:

"On 5th September we descended into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country, and back on to the high ban again at Sarír, four days later. We then marched along the base of the Harar Highlands, reaching Sala Asseleh on 13th September. We had experienced heavy thunder-storms with deluges of rain daily, and had found the whole country deserted."[29]

Captain H.G.C Swayne R.E. (1895) describes the Harrawa Valley as occupying an important strategic position in the Gadabuursi country:

"The position of the Samawé ruins would favour a supposition that some power holding Harar, and having its northern boundary along the hills which wall in the southern side of the Harrawa valley, had built the fort to command the Gáwa Pass, which is one of the great routes from the Gadabursi country up on to the Marar Prairie."[30]

Richard Francis Burton describes the Gadabuursi and Geri Somali clans as extending to within sight of Harar:

"Though almost in sight of Harar, our advance was impeded by the African traveller's bane. The Gudabursi tribe was at enmity with the Girhi, and, in such cases, the custom is for your friends to detain you and for their enemies to bar your progress. Shermarkay had given me a letter to the Gerad Adan, chief of the Girhi; a family feud between him and his brother-in-law, our Gudabursi protector, rendered the latter chary of commiting himself."[74]

The Gadabuursi, along with the Geri, Issa and Karanle Hawiye represent the most native and indigenous Somali tribes in Harar.[4][75][76][77]

The Gadabuursi inhabit the Gursum woreda where they are the majority and the Jijiga woreda where they make up a large part of the Fafan Zone. They partially inhabit Ayesha, Shinile, Erer and Afdem woreda's.[78][79][80]

The Gadabuursi also reside along the northeastern fringe of the chartered city-state of Dire Dawa, which borders the Dembel district, but also in the city itself.[70][9] The Gadabuursi are the second largest sub-clan within the borders of the Somali Region of Ethiopia based on the Ethiopian population census.[81] The 2014 Summary and Statistical report of the Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia has shown that Awbare is the most populated district in the Somali Region of Ethiopia.[81]

The Gadabuursi of Ethiopia have also expressed a desire to combine the clan's traditional territories to form a new region-state called Harawo Zone.[82]

Saho people

The Saho are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa.[83] They are principally concentrated in Eritrea, with some also living in adjacent parts of Ethiopia. They speak Saho, a Cushitic language which is related to Somali.[84]

Among the Saho there is a sub-clan called the Gadafur. The Gadafur are an independent sub-clan affiliated with the Minifere tribes and are believed to be originally from the tribe of Gadabuursi.[50]

History

 
An old map of Zeila featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan.
 
An old map of Harar featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan.
 
An old map of Harar featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan.
 
An old map featuring the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country, north of Harar.
 
An old map featuring the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country, north of Harar.
 
An old map featuring the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country, north of Harar.
 
An 1867 Map of Abyssinia from Bombay featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan.

Medieval Age

I. M. Lewis gives an invaluable reference to an Arabic manuscript on the history of the Gadabuursi Somali. 'This Chronicle opens', Lewis tells us, 'with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392) from whom the Gadabuursi today trace their descent, and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the western flank in the armies of Se'ad ad-Din, ruler of Zeila.[44]

I. M. Lewis (1959) states:

"Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan. This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa'd ad-Din (d. 1415), ruler of Zeila."[45]

I. M. Lewis (1959) also highlights that the Gadabuursi were in conflict with the Galla, during and after the campaigns against the Christian Abyssinians:

"These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians, but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla. A later leader of the clan, Ugas 'Ali Makahil, who was born in 1575 at Dobo, north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate, is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid, a village in the Protectorate."[85]

Sa'ad ad-Din II was the joint founder of the Kingdom of Adal along with his brother Haqq ad-Din II.[44] Not only did the Gadabuursi clan contribute to the Adal Wars and the Conquest of Abyssinia, but their predecessors were also fighting wars well before the establishment of the Adal Sultanate.[86] His descendants praise and sing his hymns and make their pilgrimages to his local shrine at Tukali to commemorate their ancestor. The largest portion of the Gadabuursi reside in Ethiopia.[87] According to traditional Gadabuursi history, a great battle took place between the Gadabuursi and the Galla in the 14th century at Waraf, a location near Hardo Galle in Ethiopia.[88]

Shihab al-Din Ahmad mentions the Habr Maqdi (Habr Makadur) by name in his famous book Futuh al Habasha. He states:

"Among the Somali tribes there was another called Habr Maqdi, from which the imam had demanded the alms tax. They refused to pay it, resorting to banditry on the roads, and acting evilly towards the country."[89]

Richard Pankhurst (2003) states that the Habr Maqdi are the Habr Makadur of the Gadabuursi.[90]

19th Century

 
An old map showing the trade routes from Zeila to Harar featuring the Gadabuursi clan

All the trade routes linking Harar to the Somali coast passed through the Somali and Oromo territories where the Gadabuursi held a significant monopoly on the trade routes to the coast.

Wehib M. Ahmed (2015) mentions that the Gadabuursi dominated sections of the trade routes connecting Harar to Zeila in the History of Harar and the Hararis:

"In the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Amirs was limited to Harar and its close environs, while the whole trade routes to the coast passed through Oromo and the Somali territories. There were only two practicable routes: one was the Jaldeissa, through Somali Issa and Nole Oromo territories, the other of Darmy through the Gadaboursi. The Somali, who held a monopoly as transporters, took full advantage of the prevailing conditions and the merchants were the victim of all forms of abuse and extortion... Under the supervision of these agents the caravan would be entrusted to abbans (caravan protector), who usually belonged to the Issa or Gadaboursi when destined to the coast and to Jarso when destined for the interior."[91]

Elisée Reclus (1886) describes one of the ancient routes from Harar to Zeila ascending the Darmi Pass which crosses the heartland of the Gadabuursi country:

"Two routes, often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes, lead from Harrar to Zeila. One crosses a ridge to the north of the town, thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley, and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory, which is crossed by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards. The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north-eastwards towards the Darmi Pass, crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis. The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on the point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe. It has two ports, one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships, whilst the other, not far south of the town, although very narrow, is from 26 to 33 feet deep, and affords safe shelter to large craft."[20]

Philipp Paulitschke (1888) describes the perilous nature of the roads surrounding Zeila, frequently under pressure from Gadabuursi and Danakil raiders:

"The road via Tokosha, Hambôs and Abusuên was completely waterless at this time and therefore unusable. There was a general fear, rightly so, of the Danâkil, so much that the escort of a caravan couldn't have been persuaded to take this path. Danger also existed for the route we chose via Wárabot and Henssa, made unsafe by the Gadaburssi raiders, but is the one relatively more frequently committed."[92]

Philipp Paulitschke (1888) describes how the Wadi Aschat, a valley on the outskirts of Zeila, served as the headquarters of the Gadabuursi raiders:

"Starting immediately on the right bank of Wâdi Ashât, accompanying the narrow path through the Salsola bush 20-30 metre high hills at a distance of 5-6 km. The country shaft offers the appearance of a wavy, artificially created terrain covered with tall grass. Individuals come against the caravan path; others are lined up in groups and close due to the location. Here and there small cauldrons form which will soon come against the caravan route, heading west or east. They have been lurking in this area since ancient times, the Somâl terrain so suitable for raids, armed with lances, shield and knife, mostly on horseback, rarely on foot, and weaker caravans have to fight their way through force by force. The plunderers who have their headquarters here belong to the Gadaburssi tribe. There are also robbers from all the neighbouring areas. The attacks on the caravans are carried out on horseback, and the natives, on their nimble steeds, take such an excellent cover that they bring honour to every European rider."[93]

He also described the Wadi Aschat as having a legendary and nefarious reputation:

"We crossed, in the slowly rising terrain, the Wâdi Aschât, approximately 20m wide, a fairly deep cut trickle, which approached us in terrible sunshine from a southwesterly direction through the Salsola bushes adorned with a small hilly landscape. We already in Zeila were warned about this infamous site, from legend it is said, is soaked with the blood of the caravans."[94]

Eliakim Littel (1894) describes the remains of an Egyptian fortress built near Harar to protect the trade routes linking Harar to Zeila from the Gadabuursi:

On the east bank of the Dega-hardani are the remains of a fortress built by the Egyptians during their occupation of this country, of which I shall have more to say. The object of this wayside fort was to protect their trade from the plundering Gadabursi tribe, whose country at this place approaches the road.[95]

According to Max Planck, one branch of the Reer Ughaz family (Reer Ugaas) in Ethiopia rose to the rank of Dejazmach (Amharic: ደጃዝማች) or Commander of the Gate.[96] This was a military title meaning commander of the central body of a traditional Ethiopian armed force composed of a vanguard, main body, left and right wings and a rear body.[4]

French Somaliland (Côte Française des Somalis)

Main article: French Somaliland

The Gadabuursi were the pioneers of the name Côte Française des Somalis or the French Coast of the Somalis. Haji Dideh, the Sultan of Zeila, and prosperous merchant coined the name to the French. He also built the first mosque in Djibouti.[97][98][99] Before the French aligned with the Issa, the Gadabuursi held the position of the first Senator of the country and the first Somali head of state to lead French Somaliland, the territory compromising Djibouti today. Djama Ali Moussa, a former sailor, pursued his political aspirations and managed to become the first Somali democratically elected head of state in French Somaliland.[100][101] Prior to 1963, which coincided with the death of Djama Ali Moussa, political life in Djibouti was dominated by the Gadabuursi and Arab communities who were political allies and made up the majority of the inhabitants of the city of Djibouti.[102] After his death, the Afar and Issa rose to power.[102][103]

The Ambassadorial Brothers

The Ambassadorial Brothers were three brothers from a prominent family in the Horn of Africa.[104][105][106]

They were:

  1. Ismail Sheikh Hassan, served as the Ethiopia's Ambassador to Libya.
  2. Aden Sheikh Hassan, served as Djibouti's Ambassador to Oman and Saudi Arabia.
  3. Mohamed Sheikh Hassan, served as Somalia's Ambassador to the United Arab Republic, Canada and Nigeria.

They were all sons of Sheikh Hassan Nuriye and from the Reer Ughaz (Reer Ugaas) subclan of the Makayl-Dheere section of the Gadabuursi.

Sheikh Hassan Nuriye in turn was a descendant of Ughaz Roble I. He was a famous sheikh and merchant in Somaliland, Ethiopia and Djibouti. He was based mainly in Ethiopia around Harar and Dire Dawa.

Eventually Sheikh Hassan Nuriye returned to his hometown of Teferi Ber (Awbare) and died there. He is buried in the town of Awbare next to Sheikh Awbare. His sons came to be known as The Ambassadorial Brothers. They were the first prominent family to have three individuals who are directly related to each other as brothers serving as ambassadors for three different neighboring countries.[104][105][106]

Sheikh Hassan Nuriye
Mohamed  Ismail  Aden  


Three Somali brothers were citizens of three different countries, working in sensitive posts for three different governments.

Mohamed Osman Omar (1992), The Road to Zero Somalia's Self-destruction.

Early Folk Music

The famous Austrian explorer and geographer, P. V. Paulitschke, mentioned that in 1886, the British General and Assistant Political Resident at Zeila, J. S. King, recorded a famous Somali folk song native to Zeila and titled: "To my Beloved", which was written by a Gadabuursi man to a girl of the same tribe. The song became hugely popular throughout Zeila despite it being incomprehensible to the other Somalis.

Philipp Paulitschke (1893) mentions about the song:

"To my Beloved: Ancient song of the Zeilans (Ahl Zeila), a mixture of Arabs, Somâli, Abyssinians and Negroes, which Major J. S. King dictated to a hundred-year-old man in 1886. The song was incomprehensible to the Somâl. It is undoubtedly written by a Gadaburssi and addressed to a girl of the same tribe."[107]

Lyrics of the song in Somali translated to English:

Balwo and Heello: Modern Somali Music

Modern Somali music began with the balwo style, pioneered by Abdi Sinimo, who rose to fame in the early 1940s.[109][110][111] Abdi's innovation and passion for music revolutionized Somali music forever.[112] Its lyrical contents often deal with love, affection and passion. The Balwo genre was a forerunner to the Heello genre. Abdi Sinimo hailed from the North Western Regions of Somaliland and Djibouti, more precisely the Reer Nuur section of the Gadabuursi.[113][114][115] Modern sung Somali Poetry was introduced in the Heello genre which is a form of Somali sung poetry. The Balwo name changed to Heello because of religious reasons. The earliest composers began their songs with Balwooy, Balwooy hoy Balwooy... however because of the negative connotation connected to the Balwo and the word meaning calamity in Arabic, the Balwo was changed to Heello and thus the first bars of songs began with Heelloy, heellelloy.[116]

See also:

Roble Afdeb (Rooble Afdeeb)

Roble Afdeb was a famous Somali warrior and poet from the North Western part of Somaliland and Djibouti. Known to have pillaged and raided many Issa settlements. The poet and warrior is a legend in Somali history and was highly renowned for his bravery and gained fame not only through anti-colonialism and Islamic devotion but also clan rivalries.

For more about Roble Afdeb visit the following:

Main article: Roble Afdeb

Ali Bu'ul (Cali Bucul)

Ali Bu'ul was a famous Somali military leader and poet from the Western Somali regions, today within the borders of the Somali region of Ethiopia, known for his short lined poems (geeraar), compared to the long lines of gabay. Geeraar is traditionally recited on horseback during times of battle and war. Many of his most well known poems are still known today. He is also known to have battled the Somali religious leader named Mahamed Abdullah Hassan in poetry and coined the word Guulwade. Some of his famous works are Gammaan waa magac guud (Horse is a general term), Guulside (Victory-Bearer) and Amaan Faras (In Praise of My Horse). His poems were also written in the Gadabuursi Script. An extract of a geeraar, Amaan Faras, featured in the image below illustrates the work written in the script.[117][118][119][120]

For more about Ali Bu'ul visit the following:

Main article: Ali Bu'ul
 
A poem composed by Ali Bu'ul in the Gadabuursi script.


The image above translates as:[121]

"From the seaside of Bulahar, to the corner of the Almis mountain, and Harawe of the pools, Hargeisa of the Gob trees, My horse reaches all that in one afternoon, Is it not like a scuddling cloud? From its pen, a huge roar is heard, Is it not like a lion leading a pride? In the open plains It makes the camels kneel down, Is it not like an expert camel-rustler? Its mane and tail has white tufts on the top, Is it not as beautiful as a galool tree abloom?"

— Ali Bu'ul (Cali Bucul), In Praise of My Horse

Geography

Alfred Pease (1897), who in the late 19th century visited the Gadabuursi country, describes it as the most beautiful tract of country he had visited in Somaliland:

"And we continued our journey northwards along the northern edge of the Bur'Maado and Simodi ranges to Aliman. We found all this country thickly inhabited by the Gadabursi, and here alone, in Northern Somaliland, we had the companionship for days together of a running stream. No part of Somaliland that I have visited is more beautiful than this tract of country, watered by an almost perennial stream, now lined with great trees festooned with the armo creeper, now with the high green elephant grass or luxuriant jungles, and guarded by woody and rocky mountains on the left hand and on the right. Between the Tug or Wady and these hills the, country had a park-like appearance, with its open glades and grassy plains. But the new and varied vegetation of Africa was not the only object delightful to the eye: countless varieties of birds, hawks, buzzards, Batteleur and larger eagles, vultures, dobie birds, golden orioles, parrots, paroquets, the exquisite Somali starlings, doves of all sorts and sizes, small and great honey-birds, hoopoes, jays, green pigeons, great flocks of Guinea fowl, partridges, sand grouse, were ever to be seen on every hand, and, while the bush teemed with Waller's gazelle and dik-diks, the plains with Scemmerring's antelope, with a sprinkling of oryx, our road up the Tug was constantly crossed by the tracks of lions, elephants, leopards, the ubiquitous hyaena, and other wild beasts."[122]

Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes the flora and fauna of the Harrawa Valley in his book First Footsteps in East Africa:

"For six hours we rode the breadth of the Harawwah Valley: it was covered with wild vegetation, and surface-drains, that carry off the surplus of the hills enclosing it. In some places the torrent beds had cut twenty feet into the soil. The banks were fringed with milk-bush and Asclepias, the Armo-creeper, a variety of thorns, and especially the yellow-berried Jujube: here numberless birds followed bright-winged butterflies, and the "Shaykhs of the Blind," as the people call the black fly, settled in swarms upon our hands and faces as we rode by. The higher ground was overgrown with a kind of cactus, which here becomes a tree, forming shady avenues. Its quadrangular fleshy branches of emerald green, sometimes forty feet high, support upon their summits large round bunches of a bright crimson berry: when the plantation is close, domes of extreme beauty appear scattered over the surface of the country... At Zayla I had been informed that elephants are "thick as sand" in Harawwah: even the Gudabirsi, when at a distance, declared that they fed there like sheep, and, after our failure, swore that they killed thirty but last year."[123]

Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes what he feels is the end of his journey when he witnesses the blue hills of Harar, which is the iconic backdrop of the Harrawa Valley in his book First Footsteps in East Africa:

"Beyond it stretched the Wady Harawwah, a long gloomy hollow in the general level. The background was a bold sweep of blue hill, the second gradient of the Harar line, and on its summit closing the western horizon lay a golden streak—the Marar Prairie. Already I felt at the end of my journey."[124]

Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes the Abasa Valley in the Gadabuursi country as amongst the most beautiful spots he has seen:

"At half past three reloading we followed the course of the Abbaso Valley, the most beautiful spot we had yet seen. The presence of mankind, however, was denoted by the cut branches of thorn encumbering the bed: we remarked too, the tracks of lions pursued by hunters, and the frequent streaks of serpents, sometimes five inches in diameter."[125]

In 1885, Frank Linsly James describes Captain Stewart King's visit to the famous Eilo Mountain in the Gadabuursi country in the Lughaya District where the Gadabuursi natives informed him of the remains of ancient cities:

"The natives had told him that in the hill called Ailo about three days' march south-east from Zeila, there were remains of ancient cities, and substantially built houses... He hoped to be able to visit them. The whole country south-east of Zeila, inhabited by the Gadabursi tribe, had never yet been explored by a European. There was also in the hill Ailo a celebrated cave, which had been described to him as having a small entrance about three feet from the ground in the face of the limestone cliff. He had spoken to two or three men who had been inside it. They stated that they climbed up and entered with difficulty through the small opening; they then went down some steps and found themselves in an immense cave with a stream of water running through it, but pitch dark. A story was told of a Somali who once went into the cave and lost his way. In order to guide him out the people lighted fires outside, and he came out and told most extraordinary tales, stating that he found a race of men there who never left the cave, but had flocks and herds."[126]

In 1886 the British General and Assistant Political Resident at Zeila, J. S. King, travelling by the coastal strip near Khor Kulangarit, near Laan Cawaale in the Lughaya District, passed by the famous tomb of 'Sharmarke of the White Shield', a famous Gadabuursi leader, poet, elder and grandfather of the current Sultan of the Bahabar Musa, Abshir Du'ale who was inaugurated in 2011 in the town of Lughaya:

"Shortly after passing the bed of the large river, called Barregid we halted for half an hour at a place where there were several large hollows like dried-up lakes, but I was informed that the rain-water does not remain in them any time. Close by, on a piece of rising ground, was a small cemetery enclosed by a circular fence of cut bushes. Most conspicuous among the graves was that of Sharmãrké, Gãshân 'Ada (Sharmãrké of the White Shield), a celebrated elder of the Bah Habr Músa section of the Gadabúrsi, who died about 20 years ago. The grave was surrounded by slabs of beautiful lithographic limestone brought from Eilo, and covered with sea shells brought from the coast, distant at least 10 miles."[127]

In 1887, French poet and traveller, Arthur Rimbaud, visited the coastal plains of British Somaliland where he described the region between Zeila and Bulhar as part of the Gadabuursi country, with the clan centred around Sabawanaag in present day Lughaya District:

“Zeila, Berbera, and Bulhar remain in English hands, as well as the Bay of Samawanak, along the Gadiboursi coast, between Zeila and Bulhar, the place where the last French consular agent in Zeila, M. Henry, had planted the tricolor, the Gadiboursi tribe themselves having requested our protection, which is always enjoyed. All these stories of annexation or protection have been stirring up the minds along this coast these last two years.”[128]

Gadabuursi Ughazate (Ugaasyada ama Boqortooyada Gadabuursi)

Main article: Gadabuursi Ughazate
 
The Adal Sultanate which was largely on part of the Gadabuursi territory and the conquest of Abyssinia which they contributed to.

The royal family of the Gadabuursi, the Ughazate, evolved from and is a successor kingdom to the Adal Sultanate and Sultanate of Harar.[129] The first Ughaz (Ugaas) of this successor kingdom, Ali Makail Dera (Cali Makayl-Dheere) was the son of Makail Dera, the progenitor of the Makayl-Dheere.[130] During the late 19th century, as the region became subject to colonial rule, the Ughaz assumed a more traditional and ceremonial leadership of the clan.[130]

The Gadabuursi give their King the title of Ughaz.[131] It's an authentic Somali term for King or Sultan. The Gadabuursi in particular are one of the clans with a long tradition of the institution of Sultan.[48]

History

The first Ughaz of the Gadabuursi was Ughaz Ali Makail Dera (Cali Makayl-Dheere), who is the progenitor of the Reer Ughaz (Reer Ugaas) subclan to which the royal lineage belongs.

Ughaz Ali Makail Dera (Cali Makayl-Dheere) who was born in 1575 in Dobo, an area north of the present town of Borama in north-western Somaliland, is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid.[85]

I. M. Lewis (1959) highlights that the Gadabuursi were in conflict with the Galla during the reign of Ughaz Ali Makail Dera, during and after the campaigns against the Christian Abyssinians:

"These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians, but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla. A later leader of the clan, Ugas 'Ali Makahil, who was born in 1575 at Dobo, north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate, is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid, a village in the Protectorate."[85]

Ughaz Nur I, who was crowned in 1698, married Faaya Aale Boore who was the daughter of a famous Oromo King and Chief, Aale Boore.[130] Ughaz Nur I and Faaya Aale Boore gave birth to Ughaz Hiraab and Ughaz Shirdoon, who later became the 6th and 7th Ughaz respectively.[130] Aale Boore was a famous Oromo King, the victory of the former over the latter marked a historical turning point in concluding the Oromo predominance in the Eastern Hararghe region.[130]

The Gadabuursi managed to defeat and kill the next Oromo King after Aale Boore during the reign of Ughaz Roble I who was crowned in 1817. It is said that during his reign the Gadabuursi tribe reached great influence and tremendous height in the region, having managed to defeat the reigning Galla/Oromo King at that time whose name was Nuuno which struck a blow to the Galla's morale, due to their much loved King being killed. He was defeated by Geedi Bahdoon, also known as Geedi Malable. He struck a spear right through the King while he was in front of a tree, the spear pierced inside the tree making it not able for the King to escape or remove the spear. After he died he was buried in an area that's now called Qabri Nuuno near Sheedheer. In the picture already shared titled 'An old map featuring the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country, north of Harar' one can read Gabri Nono, which is the anglicized version of the Somali Qabri Nuuno.[130][1]

Ughaz Roble I died in 1848 and was buried in an area called Dhehror (Dhexroor), near Awbare. It has become the custom for Somalis after Ughaz Roble I that whenever an Ughaz gets inaugurated and it rains, he should be named Ughaz Roble, which translates to 'the one with rain' or 'rainmaker'.

Ughaz Nur II was born in Zeila in the year 1835 and crowned in Bagi in 1848. In his youth, he loved riding, hunting and the traditional arts and memorized a great number of proverbs, stories and poems.[132]

Eventually, Ughaz Nur II created his own store of sayings, poems and stories that are quoted to this day. He knew by heart the Gadabuursi heer (customary law) and amended or added new heer during his reign. He was known for fair dealing to friend and stranger alike. It is said that he was the first Gadabuursi Ughaz to introduce guards and askaris armed with arrows and bows.[133]

During the rule of Ughaz Nur II both Egypt and Ethiopia were contending for power and supremacy in the Horn of Africa. The European colonial powers were also competing for strategic territories and ports in the Horn of Africa.[133]

In the year 1876, Egypt using Islam as a bargaining chip signed a treaty with Ughaz Nur II and came to occupy the Northern Somali coast which included Zeila.[133] But the Egyptians also occupied the town of Harar and the Harar-Zeila-Berbera caravan route.

 
Protectorate Treaty between France and the Gadabuursi, signed at Zeila, 25 March 1885.[134]

On 25 March 1885, the French government claimed that they signed a treaty with Ughaz Nur II of the Gadabuursi placing much of the coast and interior of the Gadabuursi country under the protectorate of France. The treaty titled in French, Traitè de Protectorat sur les Territoires du pays des Gada-Boursis, was signed by both J. Henry, the Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harar-Zeila, and Nur Robleh, Ughaz of the Gadabuursi, at Zeila on 9 Djemmad 1302 (March 25, 1885). The treaty states as follows (translated from French):

"Between the undersigned J. Henry, Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harrar-Zeilah, and Nour Roblé, Ougasse of the Gada-boursis, independent sovereign of the whole country of the Gada-boursis, and to safeguard the interests of the latter who is asking for the protectorate of France,

It was agreed as follows:

Art. 1st – The territories belonging to Ougasse Nour-Roblé of the Gada-boursis from "Arawa" to "Hélo" from "Hélô" to Lebah-lé", from "Lebah-lé" to "Coulongarèta" extreme limit by Zeilah, are placed directly under the protection of France.

Art. 2 – The French government will have the option of opening one or more commercial ports on the coast belonging to the territory of the Gada-boursis.

Art. 3 The French government will have the option of establishing customs in the posts open to trade, and on the points of the borders of the territory of the Gada-boursis where it deems it necessary. Customs tariffs will be set by the French government, and the revenues will be applied to public services.

Art. 4 – Regulations for the administration of the country will be elaborated later by the French government. In agreement with the Ougasse of the Gada-boursis they will always be revisable at the will of the French government, a French resident may be established on the territory of the Gada-boursis to sanction by his presence the protectorate of France.

Art. 5 – The troops and the police of the country will be raised among the natives, and will be placed under the superior command of an officer designated by the French government. Arms and ammunition for the native troops may be provided by the French government and their balance taken from the public revenues, but, in case of insufficiency, the French government may provide for them.

Art. 6 – The Ougasse of the Gada-boursis, to recognize the good practices of France towards it, undertakes to protect the caravan routes and mainly to protect French trade, throughout the extent of its territory.

Art. 7 – The Ougasse of the Gada-boursis undertakes not to make any treaty with any other power, without the assistance and consent of the French government.

Art. 8 – A monthly allowance will be paid to the Ougasse of the Gada-boursis by the French government, this allowance will be fixed later, by a special convention, after the ratification of this treaty by the French government.

Art. 9 – This treaty was made voluntarily and signed by the Ougasse of the Gada-boursis, which undertakes to execute it faithfully and to adopt the French flag as its flag.

In witness whereof the undersigned have affixed their stamps and signatures.

J.Henry

Signature of Ougasse

Done at Zeilah on 9 Djemmad 1302 (March 25, 1885)."

— Traité de protectorat de la France sur les territoires du pays des Gada-boursis, 9 Djemmad 1302 (March 25, 1885), Zeilah.[134]

The French claimed that the treaty with the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi gave them jurisdiction over the entirety of the Zeila coast and the Gadabuursi country.[135]

However, the British attempted to deny this agreement between the French and the Gadabuursi citing that that Ughaz had a representative at Zeila when the Gadabuursi signed their treaty with the British in December 1884. The British suspected that this treaty was designed by the Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harrar-Zeila to circumvent British jurisdiction over the Gadabuursi country and allow France to lay claim to sections of the Somali coast. There was also suspicion that Ughaz Nur II had attempted to cause a diplomatic row between the British and French governments in order to consolidate his own power in the region.[135]

According to I. M. Lewis, this treaty clearly influenced the demarcation of the boundaries between the two protectorates, establishing the coastal town of Djibouti as the future official capital of the French colony:

"By the end of 1885 Britain was preparing to resist an expected French landing at Zeila. Instead, however, of a decision by force, both sides now agreed to negotiate. The result was an Anglo-French agreement of 1888 which defined the boundaries of the two protectorates as between Zeila and Jibuti: four years later the latter port became the official capital of the French colony."[136]

Fall of Harar in 1887

Ughaz Nur II went to Egypt and met Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt, who honored him with medals and expensive gifts. The Ughaz there signed a treaty accepting Egyptian protection of Muslims in Somaliland and Ethiopia.[137] According to I. M. Lewis, he was also gifted with firearms amongst other weapons.[138] In 1884, two years after Britain took over Egypt, Britain also occupied Egyptian territories, especially the northern Somali coast. However Ughaz Nur II had little to do with the British, as long as they did not interfere with his rule, the customs of his people, and their trade routes.[137] Ughaz Nur II had established strong relations with the Emir of Harar, Abdallah II ibn Ali. In 1887, when Harar was occupied by Menelik II of Ethiopia, Ughaz Nur II sent Gadabuursi askaris to support Abdallah II ibn Ali[133] and in another historical account, he himself participated in the battle.[132] Harar officially fell to Menelik in 1887.[139]

Ughaz Nur II recited lines of poetry lamenting the fall of Harar to Menelik in 1887:

Ughaz Nur II was at first in a distinct and advantageous position, for not only did the caravan route to Harar run through Gadabuursi clan territory, but the Gadabuursi at the time were partly cultivating and so easier to control and tax. Yet for this very reason, after the 1897 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, Ughaz Nur II, a far-sighted man, did everything in his power to prevent his people cultivating, for he realised that it would bring them under the control of the Amharic authority established at Harar.[140] Colonel Stace (1893) mentioned that the Abyssinians were encroaching further into the Gadabuursi homeland near Harar:

"The Abyssinians from Harar are encroaching more and more upon the Gadabursi country, as I anticipated would be the result of their unopposed occupation of Biyo Kaboba. I fear that they will make a permanent settlement in the Harrawa Valley from whence the encroachments and exactions will extend further into the Protectorate."[141]

Ras Makonnen sent a letter to Colonel E. V. Stace complaining that the Gadabuursi have begun attacking all caravans coming into Harar and denied any plans to militarily attack the Gadabuursi:

"From - RAS MAKUNAN, Amir of Harrar and its Dependencies,

To COLONEL E. V. STACE, Political Agent and Consul, Somali Coast...

As for the Gadabursi, they are always molesting and looting the travellers who come to Harrar. This we do not hide from you. The doings of this tribe are much injurious and troublesome to all the people as they loot the travellers without cause. As regards what you wrote appertaining to an intended attack by some of our soldiers against them (Gadabursi), we are not aware of it because we were absent. Before taking such steps, we would consult you."[142]

Ras Makonnen, the newly appointed Ethiopian governor of Harar, offered the Gadabuursi protection in exchange for collaboration. Ughaz Nur II refused and fought Ethiopian expansion until he died in 1898. Ughaz Nur II is buried in Dirri.[133]

His work was and is still taught in Somali Poetry classes (Suugaan: Fasalka Koobaad) among other Somali poets. His poems were also written in the Gadabuursi Script.[143][132]

For more about Ughaz Nur II, visit the following:

Main article: Ughaz Nur II
 
A poem by Ugaas Nuur in the Gadabuursi Script


The image above translates as:[144]

"Oh God! How often have I made a man hostile to me sleep in the front part of the house. How often have I allowed a man against whom my flesh turned to continue speaking. I am not hasty in dispute, how often have I shown forbearance. How often have I given a second helping of honey to the man who only waited to hurt me. When I turn the sewing machine and scatter the seeds of treachery (or trickery). The trap which I have prepared for him (my enemy) when he sets his chest on top of it. How often have I caught him unawares."

— Ughaz Nur II (Ugaas Nuur), Dissimulation


Translation of another variation of the poem by B. W. Andrzejewski (1993):[145]

"If any man intended aught of villainy against me, by God, how snug I made my forecourt for his bed-mat, none the less! And if, with aggression in his thoughts, He pastured his horses to get them battle-fit, How in spite of this I made him griddle-cakes of maize to eat! Amiably I conversed with him for whom my body felt revulsion. I did not hurry, I was patient in dealing with his tricks. I showed a relaxed and easy mien, My looks gave no grounds for suspicion in his mind. Lips open, words betraying nothing of deceit, smiles, Laughter on the surface, not rising from the gullet's depth. In our game of shax I would make this move and that, And say, "This seems to be the one that's more to my advantage." I offered banter and engaged in well-turned talk, All the while setting a trap for him, Ready for the day when he would show his real intentions. I would flood him with deceit, while I arranged my plan of action. Then, when he was all unknowing and unwarned, O how I struck him down!"

— Ughaz Nur II (Ugaas Nuur), Dissimulation

Philipp Paulitschke (1893) mentioned a poem which became extremely popular in the Gadabuursi country called Imminent loss of the Prince. This poem became very popular when the Gadabuursi heard that the British intended to supplant the traditional line of Ughaz Nur II towards the end of his life and appoint a more favourable Ughaz, 'Elmi Warfa:

Philipp Paulitschke (1893) comments on the above poem:

"This poem is an example of the improvisational art of the Somâl, Somâl girls were singing in the interior of the Gadaburssi country when it became known that Ugâs Nûr Roble, the old prince of the land, was imprisoned in Zeila and a great statesman of the tribe, Elmi Worfa appointed Ugâs of the Gadaburssi-Somâl by the British government."[147]

Major R. G. Edwards Leckie writes about his meeting with Ughaz Nur II in his A Visit to the Gadabuursi:

"We were warned that he did not love the Feringi (white man), and therefore thought it better to send a messenger ahead to His Majesty and return with a confidential report on the situation."[148]

Major R. G. Edwards Leckie also writes about his appearance:

"This old man was Ugaz Nur, King or Sultan of the Gadabursi. He had several other names which I do not remember now... Ugaz Nur was about seventy five years old. Although stiffened by age, he was tall, straight and well built. Even the weight of his many years could not alter the chief's graceful figure... His dress was simple and lacked the usual Oriental splendour. Many of his subjects were attired much more gaily, but none looked more distinguished. He wore a crinkly white tobe, with the end of which he covered his head, forming a hood. Over this he wore a cloak of black cloth lined with crimson silk, probably a present from the Emperor of Abyssinia. In his hand he carried a simple staff instead of the regulation shield and spear. His fighting days were over, and he now relied upon his stalwart sons to protect him on his journeys. As he shook hands with us he smiled pleasantly. His manner was composed and dignified, evidently inherited from his ancestors, who were rulers in the country for many generations."[149]

Ughaz Roble II was the 12th in line of the Gadabuursi Ughazate. Based mainly in Harar, he was crowned the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi after his father's (Ughaz Nur II) death.[132] His position as Ughaz proved to be quite controversial amongst the Gadabuursi due to his close relationship with the Ethiopian ruling dynasty.[150] He would go on to receive payments, gifts and weapons from the British, the French and the Abyssinians who were all vying for the region.[132] He eventually fell out of favor with the British and became close allies with Menelik II who officially recognized him as the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi.[133]

When Lij Iyasu came to power in Abyssinia he cemented a close relationship with Ughaz Roble II and gave him a close female relative from the Ethiopian royal household in marriage.[151][152][132]

The Arab Bureau, which was a collection of British intelligence officers headquartered in Cairo and charged with the task of coordinating imperial intelligence activities, recorded this event in the Arab Bureau Summaries Volumes 1–114 (1986), where it also mentioned that the British deposed Ughaz Roble II from power due to his alliance with the Ethiopian establishment:

"Lij Yasu has, however, given a female relative of his in marriage to the late Agaz of the Gadabursi, who was recently deposed by us for his intrigues and misgovernment."[151]

Andrew Caplan (1971) records Lij Iyasu wanting to enter into an alliance with the Gadabuursi, in his book British policy towards Ethiopia 1909–1919:

"The Prince (Lij Iyasu) was also negotiating for an alliance with the Gadabursi Somali... He had given one of his relatives to its Ex-Ughaz Robleh Nur."[152]

After the deposition of his ally Lij Iyasu by Empress Zewditu, Ughaz Roble II witnessed the October 1916 massacre of the inhabitants of Harar by Abyssinian soldiers and was given immunity along with some of the other prominent leaders in the region. This event marked a turning point in the relations between the Somalis and the ruling Abyssinians in the region. Ughaz Roble II was given special immunity because of his high profile and personal relations with those in the Ethiopian royal family to whom he was also related by virtue of marriage.[150][132] Ughaz Roble II was considered a very controversial figure and was the first Gadabuursi Ughaz to have been deposed by his own people.[132][133] The deposition from position of Ughaz caused a huge stir amongst the Gadabuursi.[133] Ughaz Roble II was known to love hunting, archery, horse riding and he inherited a rifle that was given as a gift to his father Ughaz Nur II by the Khedive of Egypt, Isma'il Pasha.[132] He died in 1938 and was buried in Awbare, which became the seat of the Ughazate of the Gadabuursi in the early 20th century.[132]

Ughaz 'Elmi Warfa was the 13th in line of the Gadabuursi Ughazate. His other names were 'Ilmi-Dheere ('Elmi the Tall) and Kun 'Iil (A Thousand Sorrows).[133]

In the late 1890s, the British appointed 'Elmi Warfa Ughaz of all the Gadabuursi in the British Protectorate. Ughaz 'Elmi thus supplanted the traditional line of Ughaz Nur II and his successor, Ughaz Roble II, who had fallen out of favor with the British.[133] Ughaz 'Elmi's authority was recognized in an installation ceremony in 1917 in Zeila. However the traditional successor of Ughaz Nur II, Ughaz Robleh II, remained the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi in Ethiopia.[133] Ughaz 'Elmi was a member of the delegation that had accompanied Ughaz Nur II to Egypt in the late 1870s and also was one of the Gadabuursi elders who signed the treaty with the British at Zeila in 1884.[133]

Ughaz 'Elmi's usurpation of the traditional Gadabuursi line of succession provoked other sub-clans and caused a lot of controversy. Many sub-clans, especially the rer Yunus or the Yunus branch felt it was their turn to vie for the Ughaz-ship. This sparked a conflict which was also conducted in poetic duels. These poems were rich imagery and symbolism. Two of the best are "Dhega Taag" (A Battle-Cry) by 'Elmi the Tall or 'Elmi Dheire' and the other called "Aabudle" (A Declaration of Faith) by Farid Dabi-Hay,[133] who was one of Ughaz 'Elmi's rivals.

For more about Ughaz 'Elmi Warfaa, visit the following:

Main article: Ughaz 'Elmi Warfa

Ughaz Dodi (Daudi) Ughaz Roble II, was crowned Ughaz of the Gadabuursi in Ethiopia in the late 1940s. Before he became Ughaz, he was appointed Dejazmach (Commander of the Gate) by the Ethiopian authorities.[96] He was a source of constant problems for the British Protectorate and was accused of conspiring with Italian forces during World War II.[132] After the war, British soldiers were sent to arrest him and he was eventually taken into custody whilst in Jijiga by the British and forcibly exiled to the Karaman Island in Yemen where he was imprisoned for 7 years.[153][132] He was accompanied by his family in his forced exile. Ultimately he was released and when he returned to the British Protectorate he was immediately detained again on Saad-ud-Din Island, within the British governor's jurisdiction.[153] The Gadabuursi recognized him as their Ughaz in a grand meeting of Gadabuursi notables in Ethiopia. After his return from forced exile, the Ethiopian government sent him a delegation informing him that Haile Selassie recognizes him as the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi in Ethiopia.[132] Despite this, during the end of his life Ughaz Dodi refused to recognize Ethiopian rule and returned the Ethiopian delegation that was sent to him. In 1948, Ughaz Dodi along with Sultan Hassan of the Jidwaq, signed a document called 'Petition for Amalgamation from the Jigjiga area, with the other Somali territories.' This document was primarily signed in order to petition the Four Power Commission of Investigation for the Former Italian Colonies (1948) to end Ethiopian occupation of Somali territories, return all Somali territories held by the Ethiopians and unify the territories under a United Somaliland.[154] It was soon after this that he died in 1949.[132]

 
Petition for Amalgamation from the Jigjiga area, with the other Somali territories signed by Ughaz Dodi.
 
Ughaz Nur at an old age of around 75 years. Major Leckie states: Somewhat stiffened by age, He was tall, straight, and well built. Even the weight of his many years could not alter the King's graceful figure
 
Gadabuursi horsemen giving an exhibition.
 
Sheikh Ali Ayanle Samatar. Somali: Sheekh Cali Ayaanle Samatar. Arabic: شيخ علي أيانلي سمتر A widely known Gadabuursi Sheikh among Somalis from Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland.

Administration

The Gadabuursi Kingdom was established more than 600 years ago and consisted of a King (Ugaas) and many elders.

Hundreds of elders used to work in four sections consisting of 25 elders each:

  • Social committee
  • Defense – policing authorities consisting of horsemen (referred to as fardoolay), foot soldiers and spear-men, but also askaris or soldiers equipped with poison arrows.[155]
  • Economy and collection of taxes
  • Justice committee

The chairmen of the four sections were called Afarta Dhadhaar, and were selected according to talent and personal abilities.

A constitution, Xeer Gadabuursi, had been developed, which divided every case as to whether it was new or had precedents (ugub or curad).

The Gadabuursi King and the elders opposed the arrival of the British at the turn of the 20th century, but they ended up signing an agreement with them. Later, as disagreements between the two parties arose and intensified, the British installed a friendly Ugaas against the recognized traditional Ugaas in hopes of overthrowing him. This would eventually bring about the collapse of the kingdom.[133]

Customary Law (Xeer)

The Law of the King and the 100 Men (Xeerka Boqorka iyo Boqolka Nin)

When a new Ughaz (Ugaas) was appointed amongst the Gadabuursi, a hundred elders, representatives of all the lineages of the clan, assembled to form a parliament to promulgate new Xeer agreements, and to decide which legislation they wished to retain from the reign of the previous Ugaas. The compensation rates for delicts committed within the clan were revised if necessary, and a corpus of Gadabuursi law, as it were, was placed on the statutes for the duration of the new Ugaas's rule.

This was called 'The Law of the King and the 100 men' (Xeerka Boqorka iyo Boqolka Nin).[156]

Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes the Gadabuursi Ugaas as hosting equestrian games for 100 men in the Harrawa Valley, also known as the Harar Valley or Wady Harawwah, a long running valley situated in the Gadabuursi country, north of Harar, Ethiopia. He states:

"Here, probably to commemorate the westward progress of the tribe, the Gudabirsi Ugaz or chief has the white canvass turban bound about his brows, and hence rides forth to witness the equestrian games in the Harawwah Valley."[157]

Traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony
 
Ogas Dodi of the Gadabuursi (Samaron) tribe.

Here is a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony mentioned by I. M. Lewis (1999) in A Pastoral Democracy:

"The pastoral Somali have few large ceremonies and little ritual. For its interest, therefore I reproduce here a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony given me by Sheikh 'Abdarahmaan Sheikh Nuur, the present Government Kadi of Borama. Clansmen gather for the ceremony in a well-wooded and watered place. There is singing and dancing, then stock are slaughtered for feasting and sacrifice. The stars are carefully watched to determine a propitious time, and then future Ugaas is chosen by divination. Candidates must be sons or brothers of the former Ugaas and the issue of a woman who has been only married once. She should not be a woman who has been divorced or a widow. Early on a Monday morning a man of the Reer Nuur (the laandeer of the Gadabuursi) plucks a flower or leaf and throws it upon the Ugaas. Everyone else then follows his example. The man who starts the `aleemasaar acclamation must be a man rich in livestock, with four wives, and many sons. Men of the Mahad Muuse lineage then brings four vessels of milk. One contains camels' milk, one cows' milk, one sheeps' milk, and the last goats' milk. These are offered to the Ugaas who selects one and drinks a little from it. If he drinks the camels' milk, camels will be blessed and prosper, if he drinks, the goats' milk, goats will prosper, and so on. After this, a large four-year-old ram is slaughtered in front of him. His hair is cut by a man of the Gadabuursi and he casts off his old clothes and dons new clothes as Ugaas. A man of Reer Yuunis puts a white turban round his head, and his old clothes are carried off by men of the Jibra'iin... The Ugaas then mounts his best horse and rides to a well called Bugay, near Geris, towards the coast. The well contains deliciously fresh water. Above the well are white pebbles and on these he sits. He is washed by a brother or other close kinsman as he sits on top of the stones. Then he returns to the assembled people and is again acclaimed and crowned with leaves. Dancing and feasting recommence. The Ugaas makes a speech in which he blesses his people and asks God to grant peace, abundant milk, and rain—all symbols of peace and prosperity (nabad iyo 'aano). If rain falls after this, people will know that his reign will be prosperous. That the ceremony is customarily performed during the karan rainy season makes this all the more likely. The Ugaas is given a new house with entirely new effects and furnishings and a bride is sought for him. She must be of good family, and the child of a woman who has had only one husband. Her bride-wealth is paid by all the Gadabuursi collectively, as they thus ensure for themselves successors to the title. Rifles or other fire-arms are not included in the bride-wealth. Everything connected with the accession must be peaceful and propitious."[158]

Leaders

Name Reign

From

Reign

Till

Born
1 Ughaz Ali Makail Dera 1607 1639 1575[159]
2 Ughaz Abdi I Ughaz Ali Makail Dera 1639 1664
3 Ughaz Husein Ughaz Abdi Ughaz Ali 1664 1665
4 Ughaz Abdillah Ughaz Abdi I Ughaz Ali 1665 1698
5 Ughaz Nur I Ughaz Abdi I Ughaz Ali 1698 1733
6 Ughaz Hirab Ughaz Nur I Ughaz Abdi I 1733 1750
7 Ughaz Shirdon Ughaz Nur I Ughaz Abdi I 1750 1772
8 Ughaz Samatar Ughaz Shirdon Ughaz Nur I 1772 1812
9 Ughaz Guleid Ughaz Samatar Ughaz Shirdon 1812 1817
10 Ughaz Roble I Ughaz Samatar Ughaz Shirdon 1817 1848
11 Ughaz Nur II Ughaz Roble I Ughaz Samatar 1848 1898 1835
12 Ughaz Roble II Ughaz Nur II Ughaz Roble I 1898 1938
13 Ughaz Elmi Warfa Ughaz Roble I 1917 1935 1835[160] or 1853[132]
14 Ughaz Abdi II Ughaz Roble Ughaz Nur II 1938 1941
15 Ughaz Dodi Ughaz Roble Ughaz Nur 1948 1949
16 Ughaz Roble III Ughaz Dodi Ughaz Roble 1952 1977
17 Ughaz Jama Muhumed Ughaz'Elmi-Warfa 1960 1985
18 Ughaz Abdirashid Ughaz Roble III Ughaz Dodi 1985 -[161]

Currently Abdirashid Ughaz Roble III Ughaz Dodi is the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi.[132]

Y-DNA

DNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti found that all of the individuals belonged to the Y-DNA Haplogroup T-M184.[162] The Gadabuursi belong to the T-M184 paternal haplogroup and the TMRCA is estimated to be 2100–2200 years or 150 BCE.[163][164][165] A notable member of the T-M184 is the third US president, Thomas Jefferson.[166]

Clan tree

The Gadabuursi are divided into two main divisions, the Habar Makadur and Habar 'Affan.[46][47]

The Habar Makadur and Habar 'Affan, both historically united under a common Sultan or Ughaz.[38][167][168]

  • Gadabuursi
    • Habar Makadur (Makadoor)
      • Makahil
        • 'Eli
        • 'Iye
        • 'Abdalle (Bahabar 'Abdalle)
        • Hassan (Bahabar Hassan)
        • Muse
          • Makail Dera (Makayl-Dheere)
          • Afgudud (Gibril Muse)
          • Habr Sanayo
          • Younis (Reer Yoonis)
            • 'Ali Younis
            • Jibril Younis (Jibriil Yoonis)
            • Adan Younis (Aadan Yoonis)
            • Nur Younis (Reer Nuur)
      • Mahad 'Ase
        • Bahabar Abokor
        • Bahabar Muse
        • Habr Musa
        • Bahabar Aden
        • Bababar 'Eli
        • Reer Mohamed
        • Abrahim (Abrayn)
    • Habar 'Affan
      • Jibrain
      • Ali Ganun
      • Gobe
      • Habar Yusif
      • Reer Issa
      • Hebjire
      • Reer Zuber
      • Dhega Wayne
      • Makayl
        • Musa
          • Musafin
          • Hassan Sá'ad
          • Farole
          • Reer Hamud

The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[169][170]

  • Dir
    • Gadabuursi (Gadabursi)
    • Issa
    • Biimaal "Bimal"
    • Surre
    • Quranyow of the Garre "Gorajno"
    • Gurgura "Gurgure"
    • Garrire "Gerire"
    • Gurre "Goora"
    • Bajimal "Bajumal"
    • Barsuug "Bursuk"

Notable figures

References

  1. ^ a b I. M. Lewis (1959) "The Galla in Northern Somaliland" (PDF).
  2. ^ a b Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (17 August 2005). Voice and Power. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 9781135751753.
  3. ^ Verdier, Isabelle (31 May 1997). Ethiopia: the top 100 people. Indigo Publications. p. 13. ISBN 9782905760128.
  4. ^ a b Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. and thence strikes south-westwards among the Gudabirsi and Girhi Somal, who extend within sight of Harar.
  5. ^ Lewis, I. M. (2000). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society (PDF). The Red Sea Press. p. 11. ISBN 9781569021033. Including the land round Harar and Dire Dawa inhabited by the Somalis of the 'Iise and Gadabuursi clans.
  6. ^ Negatu, Workneh; Research, Addis Ababa University Institute of Development; Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison Land Tenure; Foundation, Ford (1 January 2004). Proceedings of the Workshop on Some Aspects of Rural Land Tenure in Ethiopia: Access, Use, and Transfer. IDR/AAU. p. 43. Page:43 : Somali Settlers, Gadabursi, Issa
  7. ^ Gebre, Ayalew (2004). "When Pastoral Commons are privatised: Resource Deprivation and Changes in Land Tenure Systems among the Karrayu in the Upper Awash Valley Region of Ethiopia" (PDF).
  8. ^ Morin, Didier (1995). Des paroles douces comme la soie: introduction aux contes dans l'aire couchitique (Bedja, Afar, Saho, Somali) (in French). Peeters Publishers. p. 140. ISBN 9789068316780. The Gadabursi reside in Funyan Bira with the Oromo.
  9. ^ a b Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 100. ISBN 9781569021033.
  10. ^ Dostal, Walter; Kraus, Wolfgang (22 April 2005). Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. I.B.Tauris. p. 296. ISBN 9780857716774.
  11. ^ . Somalia Watch. 7 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  12. ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.). London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  13. ^ a b Samatar, Abdi I. (2001) "Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University," Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies: Vol. 1, Article 9, p. 132.
  14. ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.). London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 18 March 2010. Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans. The Gadaabursi are concentrated in Awdal.
  15. ^ Ciabarri, Luca. Dopo lo Stato. Storia e antropologia della ricomposizione sociale nella Somalia settentrionale: Storia e antropologia della ricomposizione sociale nella Somalia settentrionale (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. p. 258. Baki region, the traditional region of the Gadabursi
  16. ^ Ambroso, Guido (August 2002). Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia. UNHCR Brussels. Chart showing the Gadabursi exclusively inhabiting the Baki district
  17. ^ "An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia (Somaliland)" (PDF). 2000. p. 11. In the centre of the study area are the Gadabursi, who extend from the coastal plains around Lughaye, through the Baki and Borama districts into the Ethiopian highlands west of Jijiga.
  18. ^ "RUIN AND RENEWAL: THE STORY OF SOMALILAND". 2004. So too is the boundary of Lughaya district whose predominant (if not exclusive) inhabitants are today Gadabursi.
  19. ^ Glawion, Tim (30 January 2020). The Security Arena in Africa: Local Order-Making in the Central African Republic, Somaliland, and South Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-65983-3. Three distinct circles can be distinguished based on the way the security arena is composed in and around Zeila: first, Zeila town, the administrative centre, which is home to many government institutions and where the mostly ethnic Gadabuursi/Samaron inhabitants engage in trading or government service activities; second, Tokhoshi, an artisanal salt mining area eight kilometres west of Zeila, where a mixture of clan and state institutions provide security and two large ethnic groups (Ciise and Gadabuursi/Samaron) live alongside one another; third the southern rural areas, which are almost universally inhabited by the Ciise clan, with its long, rigid culture of self-rule.
  20. ^ a b Reclus, Elisée (1886). The Earth and its Inhabitants The Universal Geography Vol. X. North-east Africa (PDF). J.S. Virtue & Co, Limited, 294 City Road. Two routes, often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes, lead from Harrar to Zeila. One crosses a ridge to the north of the town, thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley, and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory, which is crossed by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards. The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north-eastwards towards the Darmi Pass, crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis. The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on a point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe. It has two ports, one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships, whilst the other, not far south of the town, although very narrow, is from 26 to 33 feet deep, and affords safe shelter to large craft.
  21. ^ Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (17 August 2005). Voice and Power. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 9781135751753. The major town of the Rer Mohamoud Nur, Dila.
  22. ^ Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (17 August 2005). Voice and Power. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 9781135751753. The Gadabuursi Reer Mahammad Nuur, for example, are said to have begun cultivating in 1911 at Jara Horoto to the east of the present town of Borama.
  23. ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
  24. ^ a b c Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (17 August 2005). Voice and Power. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 9781135751753.
  25. ^ a b "Sociology Ethnology Bulletin of Addis Ababa University". 1994. Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare.
  26. ^ a b c "Theoretical and Practical Conflict Rehabilitation in the Somali Region of Ethiopia" (PDF). 2018–2019. p. 8. The Gadabursi, who dominate the adjacent Awbare district north of Jijiga and bordering with the Awdal Region of Somaliland, have opened the already existing camps of Derwanache and Teferi Ber to these two communities.
  27. ^ a b "Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region: Water and livelihoods in a highland to lowland transect in eastern Ethiopia" (PDF). 2010. p. 9. mainly Somali Gurgura, Gadabursi and Hawiye groups, who inhabit Erer, Dambal and Meiso districts respectively.
  28. ^ a b Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. In front, backed by the dark hills of Harar, lay the Harawwah valley. The breadth is about fifteen miles: it runs from south-west to north-east, between the Highlands of the Girhi and the rolling ground of the Gudabirsi Somal, as far, it is said, as the Dankali country. Of old this luxuriant waste belonged to the former tribe; about twelve years ago it was taken from them by the Gudabirsi, who carried off at the same time thirty cows, forty camels, and between three and four hundred sheep and goats.
  29. ^ a b c Swayne (1895). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland. On 5th September we descended into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country, and back on to the high ban again at Sarír, four days later. We then marched along the base of the Harar Highlands, reaching Sala Asseleh on 13th September. We had experienced heavy thunder-storms with deluges of rain daily, and had found the whole country deserted.
  30. ^ a b c Swayne (1895). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland. The position of the Samawé ruins would favour a supposition that some power holding Harar, and having its northern boundary along the hills which wall in the southern side of the Harrawa valley, had built the fort to command the Gáwa Pass, which is one of the great routes from the Gadabursi country up on to the Marar Prairie.
  31. ^ Swayne (1895). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland. The extreme north-western angle of the Marar Prairie is marked by a hill called Sarir Gerad, and from its base the ground falls abruptly to the north into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country, and to the west into deep gorges which lead towards Gildessa.
  32. ^ "Information on the situation of Gadabursi clan members in Gebileh in, north west of Somaliland". 1994. the Rer Ugas, mostly in Ethiopia around Aw Bare (also called Teferi and West).
  33. ^ a b "Theoretical and Practical Conflict Rehabilitation in the Somali Region of Ethiopia" (PDF). 2018–2019. p. 8. Jarso and Geri then sought refuge on 'neutral' adjacent Gadabursi territory in Heregel, Jarre and Lefeisa.
  34. ^ a b . Harawo.org (in Somali). Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  35. ^ Ali, Zeynab (2016). Cataclysm: Secrets of the Horn of Africa. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781524564087.
  36. ^ Ethnographic Survey of Africa. International African Institute. 1 January 1969. p. 26.
  37. ^ "Toward a New Country in East Africa". freenation.org. Retrieved 18 August 2016. Its nickname is Gadabursi, i.e. mountain people.
  38. ^ a b Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 25. ISBN 9781569021057.
  39. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021057. At the end of the book "Tribal Distribution of Somali Afar and Saho"
  40. ^ Verdier, Isabelle (31 May 1997). Ethiopia: the top 100 people. Indigo Publications. p. 13. ISBN 9782905760128.
  41. ^ The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal. UNDP Paper in Kenya http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Adam, Hussein Mohamed; Ford, Richard (1 January 1997). Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century. Red Sea Press. p. 127. ISBN 9781569020739.
  43. ^ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1 January 1995). The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780932415998.
  44. ^ a b c Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1 January 1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780521209816.
  45. ^ a b I. M. Lewis (1959) "The Galla in Northern Somaliland" (PDF). Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan. This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa'd ad-Din (d. 1415), ruler of Zeila.
  46. ^ a b c ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. The Habar Makadur, underneath the page as a note [I. M. Lewis] by Richard Pankhurst. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 27. ISBN 9780972317269.
  47. ^ a b c Lewis, I. M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1569021040. There are two main fractions, the Habr Afan and Habr Makadur, formerly united under a common hereditary chief (ogaz).
  48. ^ a b Westermann, Diedrich; Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll (1 January 2007). Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 230.
  49. ^ "Kinship and Contract in Somali Politics". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 77 (2): 226–249. 25 April 2007. doi:10.1353/afr.2007.0032. ISSN 1750-0184.
  50. ^ a b Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (1 January 2013). The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643903327.
  51. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. James Currey Publishers. p. 110. ISBN 9780852552803.
  52. ^ Dostal, Walter (2005). Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. p. 296. ISBN 9781850436348.
  53. ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.). London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 18 March 2010. Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans.
  54. ^ UN (1999) Somaliland: Update to SML26165.E of 14 February 1997 on the situation in Zeila, including who is controlling it, whether there is fighting in the area, and whether refugees are returning. "The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs." p. 5.
  55. ^ Marchal, Roland (1997). "United Nations Development Office for Somalia: Studies on Governance: Awdal Region". The Gadabuursi's numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region.
  56. ^ Renders, Marleen; Terlinden, Ulf. "Chapter 9: Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order: The Case of Somaliland". In Tobias Hagmann; Didier Péclard (eds.). Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa (PDF). p. 191. Retrieved 21 January 2012. Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security.
  57. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. James Currey Publishers. pp. 109. Gadabuursi in the region of Gebile/Gabilay (Woqooyi Galbeed). ISBN 9780852552803.
  58. ^ Dostal, Walter; Kraus, Wolfgang (22 April 2005). Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. I.B.Tauris. p. 296. ISBN 9780857716774.
  59. ^ Vries, F. W. T. Penning de (1 January 2005). Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture. IWMI. p. 67. ISBN 9789290906186. Gadabursi, the second largest clan in Somaliland, was peacefully elected as president.
  60. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Somaliland: Information on the current situation of the Isaaq clan and on the areas in which they live". Refworld. Retrieved 10 March 2022. the Isaaq are the largest clan family in Somaliland
  61. ^ Vries, F. W. T. Penning de (1 January 2005). Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture. IWMI. p. 67. ISBN 9789290906186. Gadabursi, the second largest clan in Somalia, was peacefully elected as president.
  62. ^ Younkins, Edward W. (15 April 2016). Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged: A Philosophical and Literary Companion. Routledge. ISBN 9781317176565.
  63. ^ a b Rayne, Henry a (8 August 2015). Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somalia. BiblioLife. ISBN 9781297569760.
  64. ^ Imbert-Vier, Simon (2011). Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782811105068.
  65. ^ Dostal, Walter; Kraus, Wolfgang (22 April 2005). Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. I.B.Tauris. p. 296. ISBN 9780857716774.
  66. ^ . Somalia Watch. 7 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  67. ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.). London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  68. ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". In Walter Dostal; Wolfgang Kraus (eds.). Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 18 March 2010. But most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia (the so-called region five) where their paramount chief (the Ugaas) resides.
  69. ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". In Walter Dostal; Wolfgang Kraus (eds.). Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 18 March 2010. In present day Awdal, most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region, Booroma. However, the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi local community, the Ugaas, has his main venue in Ethiopia.
  70. ^ a b (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  71. ^ http://www.fsnau.org/ipc/population-table Population census by UNFP based on Somalia.
  72. ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
  73. ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. In front, backed by the dark hills of Harar, lay the Harawwah valley.
  74. ^ Burton, R (1855) (2 December 2023). Narrative of a Trip to Harar: The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society: JRGS. p. 142. Though almost in sight of Harar, our advance was impeded by the African traveller's bane. The Gudabursi tribe was at enmity with the Girhi, and, in such cases, the custom is for your friends to detain you and for their enemies to bar your progress. Shermarkay had given me a letter to the Gerad Adan, chief of the Girhi; a family feud between him and his brother-in-law, our Gudabursi protector, rendered the latter chary of commiting himself.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ Lewis, I. M. (17 March 2003). A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821445730.
  76. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 100. ISBN 9781569021033.
  77. ^ The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants (PDF).
  78. ^ Slikkerveer (28 October 2013). Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 9781136143304.
  79. ^ A report for the BRIDGES Project The Role of Education in Livelihoods in the Somali Region of Ethiopia Elanor Jackson. June 2011 http://fic.tufts.edu/assets/Education-Somali-Ethiopia.pdf "In the Afdem in 1989–91 there was also a clan clash between the Issa and Gedabiersay(Gadabursi)" p. 92
  80. ^ An HEA Baseline Study By SC‐UK, DPPB and Partners February 2002 Sponsored by USAID/OFDA and ECHO, with additional financial support from SC‐Canada and WFP "Shinile Pastoral Livelihood Zone (Shoats, Cattle, Camel) The inhabitants of Shinile Zone are Somali peoples, most of who are from the Issa clan. Other Somali groups, Gurgura, and Gadabursi also occupy the Zone." p. 9
  81. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
  82. ^ H arawo State Petition, March 2011 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  83. ^ "FindArticles.com – CBSi". Retrieved 18 January 2017 – via Find Articles.
  84. ^ Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (1 January 2013). The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 162. ISBN 9783643903327.
  85. ^ a b c I. M. Lewis (1959) "The Galla in Northern Somaliland" (PDF). These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians, but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla. A later leader of the clan, Ugas 'Ali Makahil, who was born in 1575 at Dobo, north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate, is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid, a village in the Protectorate.
  86. ^ Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1 January 1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780521209816.
  87. ^ "Gadabuursi Somali subgroup, largely resident in Ethiopia (Samarron) p. 5" http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/EAE/vol2.pdf
  88. ^ LEWIS, I. M. (1 January 1961). "Notes on the Social Organisation of the ʿĪse Somali". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 17: 80. JSTOR 41299496.
  89. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (1 January 2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9780972317269. Among the Somali tribes there was another called Habr Maqdi, from which the imam had demanded the alms tax. They refused to pay it, resorting to banditry on the roads, and acting evilly towards the country.
  90. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (1 January 2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9780972317269.
  91. ^ Ahmed, Wehib M. (2015). History of Harar and the Hararis (PDF). Harari People Regional State Culture, Heritage and Tourism Bureau. In the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Amirs was limited to Harar and its close environs, while the whole trade routes to the coast passed through Oromo and the Somali territories. There were only two practicable routes: one was the Jaldeissa, through Somali Issa and Nole Oromo territories, the other of Darmy through the Gadaboursi. The Somali, who held a monopoly as transporters, took full advantage of the prevailing conditions and the merchants were the victim of all forms of abuse and extortion... Under the supervision of these agents the caravan would be entrusted to abbans (caravan protector), who usually belonged to the Issa or Gadaboursi when destined to the coast and to Jarso when destined for the interior.
  92. ^ Paulitschke, P. (1888). Harar, Forschungsreise nach den Somâl und Galla Ländern Ost-Afrikas, nebst Beiträgen. p. 81. The road via Tokosha, Hambôs and Abusuên was completely waterless at this time and therefore unusable. There was a general fear, rightly so, of the Danâkil, so much that the escort of a caravan couldn't have been persuaded to take this path. Danger also existed for the route we chose via Wárabot and Henssa, made unsafe by the Gadaburssi raiders, but is the one relatively more frequently committed.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  93. ^ Paulitschke, P. (1888). Harar, Forschungsreise nach den Somâl und Galla Ländern Ost-Afrikas, nebst Beiträgen. p. 93. Starting immediately on the right bank of Wâdi Ashât, accompanying the narrow path through the Salsola bush 20-30 metre high hills at a distance of 5-6 km. The country shaft offers the appearance of a wavy, artificially created terrain covered with tall grass. Individuals come against the caravan path; others are lined up in groups and close due to the location. Here and there small cauldrons form which will soon come against the caravan route, heading west or east. They have been lurking in this area since ancient times, the Somâl terrain so suitable for raids, armed with lances, shield and knife, mostly on horseback, rarely on foot, and weaker caravans have to fight their way through force by force. The plunderers who have their headquarters here belong to the Gadaburssi tribe. There are also robbers from all the neighbouring areas. The attacks on the caravans are carried out on horseback, and the natives, on their nimble steeds, take such an excellent cover that they bring honour to every European rider.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  94. ^ Paulitschke, P. (1888). Harar, Forschungsreise nach den Somâl und Galla Ländern Ost-Afrikas, nebst Beiträgen. p. 93. We crossed, in the slowly rising terrain, the Wâdi Aschât, approximately 20m wide, a fairly deep cut trickle, which approached us in terrible sunshine from a southwesterly direction through the Salsola bushes adorned with a small hilly landscape. We already in Zeila were warned about this infamous site, from legend it is said, is soaked with the blood of the caravans.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  95. ^ Littel, E, et al (1894) (2 February 1894). Littell's Living Age. p. 219. On the east bank of the Dega-hardani are the remains of a fortress built by the Egyptians during their occupation of this country, of which I shall have more to say. The object of this wayside fort was to protect their trade from the plundering Gadabursi tribe, whose country at this place approaches the road.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  96. ^ a b Feyissa, Dereje; Hoehne, Markus V. (2007). "Resourcing State Borders and Borderlands in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology.
  97. ^ Rayne, Henry a (8 August 2015). Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland. BiblioLife. ISBN 9781297569760.
  98. ^ Farah, Rachad (1 September 2013). Un embajador en el centro de los acontecimientos (in Spanish). Editions L'Harmattan. p. 17. ISBN 9782336321356.
  99. ^ Yasin, Yasin Mohammed (2010). Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). University of Hamburg. p. 92, who cites Morin, Didier (2005). "Gadabuursi". In Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.). Encyclopedia Aethiopica. Vol. II. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 639–641 [p. 640].
  100. ^ Oberlé (Philippe), Hugot (Pierre) [1985], chapitre 4.
  101. ^ Subjects of Empires, Citizens of States: Yemenis in Djibouti and Ethiopia
  102. ^ a b Alwan, Daoud A (2000). Historical Dictionary of Djibouti. The Scarecrow Press. p. 38. ISBN 9782336321356.
  103. ^ Eyoh, Dickson; Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (2005). Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134565849.
  104. ^ a b Africa Analysis: The Fortnightly Bulletin on Financial and Political Trends. Africa Analysis Limited. 1987.
  105. ^ a b Legum, Colin (2001). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents. Africana Publishing Company. ISBN 9780841912212.
  106. ^ a b Country Report: Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti. The Unit. 1988.
  107. ^ Die geistige cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl, nebst nachträgen zur materiellen cultur dieser völker. Johnson Reprint. 2 February 1896. p. 171. To my Beloved: "Ancient song of the Zeilans (Ahl Zeila), a mixture of Arabs, Somâli, Abyssinians and Negroes, which Major J. S. King dictated to a hundred-year-old man in 1886. The song was incomprehensible to the Somâl. It is undoubtedly written by a Gadaburssi and addressed to a girl of the same tribe.
  108. ^ Die geistige cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl, nebst nachträgen zur materiellen cultur dieser völker. Johnson Reprint. 2 February 1896. pp. 171–172.
  109. ^ African Language Review, Volume 6. The University of Michigan: F. Cass. 1967. p. 5.
  110. ^ Andrzejewski, B. W.; Pilaszewicz, S.; Tyloch, W. (21 November 1985). Literatures in African Languages: Theoretical Issues and Sample Surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521256469. Cabdi Deeqsi, who created a genre of love poetry called Balwo
  111. ^ Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). Culture and Customs of Somalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31333-2.
  112. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780810866041.
  113. ^ Johnson, John William (1996). Heelloy: Modern Poetry and Songs of the Somali. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-1874209812.
  114. ^ Mukhtar, Muhammad Haji (25 February 2003). Historical dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780810866041.
  115. ^ Mukhtar, Muhammad Haji (2000). Historical dictionary of Djibouti. Scarecrow Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780810838734.
  116. ^ Johnson, John William (1996). Heelloy: Modern Poetry and Songs of the Somali. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-1-874209-81-2.
  117. ^ Saeed, John (15 November 1999). Somali. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-8307-8.
  118. ^ Suugaan: Fasalka labaad (in Somali). Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Barbaarinta. 1977. Cali Bucul: Amaan Faras
  119. ^ Suugaan: Fasalka labaad (in Somali). Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Barbaarinta. 1977.
  120. ^ Aspetti dell'espressione artistica in Somalia: scrittura e letteratura, strumenti musicali, ornamenti della persona, intaglio del legno (in Italian). Università di Roma La Sapienza. 1987.
  121. ^ Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). Culture and Customs of Somalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31333-2.
  122. ^ Pease, Alfred (1897). "Some Account of Somaliland, with Notes on Journeys through Gadabursi and Western Ogaden Countries, 1896–1897". Scottish Geographical Magazine. 14 (2): 57–73. doi:10.1080/00369229808732974. And we continued our journey northwards along the northern edge of the Bur'Maado and Simodi ranges to Aliman. We found all this country thickly inhabited by the Gadabursi, and here alone, in Northern Somaliland, we had the companionship for days together of a running stream. No part of Somaliland that I have visited is more beautiful than this tract of country, watered by an almost perennial stream, now lined with great trees festooned with the armo creeper, now with the high green elephant grass or luxuriant jungles, and guarded by woody and rocky mountains on the left hand and on the right. Between the Tug or Wady and these hills the, country had a park-like appearance, with its open glades and grassy plains. But the new and varied vegetation of Africa was not the only object delightful to the eye: countless varieties of birds, hawks, buzzards, Batteleur and larger eagles, vultures, dobie birds, golden orioles, parrots, paroquets, the exquisite Somali starlings, doves of all sorts and sizes, small and great honey-birds, hoopoes, jays, green pigeons, great flocks of Guinea fowl, partridges, sand grouse, were ever to be seen on every hand, and, while the bush teemed with Waller's gazelle and dik-diks, the plains with Scemmerring's antelope, with a sprinkling of oryx, our road up the Tug was constantly crossed by the tracks of lions, elephants, leopards, the ubiquitous hyaena, and other wild beasts.
  123. ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. For six hours we rode the breadth of the Harawwah Valley: it was covered with wild vegetation, and surface-drains, that carry off the surplus of the hills enclosing it. In some places the torrent beds had cut twenty feet into the soil. The banks were fringed with milk-bush and Asclepias, the Armo-creeper, a variety of thorns, and especially the yellow-berried Jujube: here numberless birds followed bright-winged butterflies, and the "Shaykhs of the Blind," as the people call the black fly, settled in swarms upon our hands and faces as we rode by. The higher ground was overgrown with a kind of cactus, which here becomes a tree, forming shady avenues. Its quadrangular fleshy branches of emerald green, sometimes forty feet high, support upon their summits large round bunches of a bright crimson berry: when the plantation is close, domes of extreme beauty appear scattered over the surface of the country... At Zayla I had been informed that elephants are "thick as sand" in Harawwah: even the Gudabirsi, when at a distance, declared that they fed there like sheep, and, after our failure, swore that they killed thirty but last year.
  124. ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. Beyond it stretched the Wady Harawwah, a long gloomy hollow in the general level. The background was a bold sweep of blue hill, the second gradient of the Harar line, and on its summit closing the western horizon lay a golden streak--the Marar Prairie. Already I felt at the end of my journey.
  125. ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. At half past three reloading we followed the course of the Abbaso Valley, the most beautiful spot we had yet seen. The presence of mankind, however, was denoted by the cut branches of thorn encumbering the bed: we remarked too, the tracks of lions pursued by hunters, and the frequent streaks of serpents, sometimes five inches in diameter.
  126. ^ A Journey Through the Somali Country to the Webbe Shebeyli (1885). Church Missionary Society. 2 February 1885. p. 645. The natives had told him that in the hill called Ailo about three days' march south-east from Zeila, there were remains of ancient cities, and substantially built houses... He hoped to be able to visit them. The whole country south-east of Zeila, inhabited by the Gadabursi tribe, had never yet been explored by a European. There was also in the hill Ailo a celebrated cave, which had been described to him as having a small entrance about three feet from the ground in the face of the limestone cliff. He had spoken to two or three men who had been inside it. They stated that they climbed up and entered with difficulty through the small opening; they then went down some steps and found themselves in an immense cave with a stream of water running through it, but pitch dark. A story was told of a Somali who once went into the cave and lost his way. In order to guide him out the people lighted fires outside, and he came out and told most extraordinary tales, stating that he found a race of men there who never left the cave, but had flocks and herds.
  127. ^ "Account of a Trip to Mount Eilo: on the Northern Frontier of the Gadabursi Country - with a sketch map showing the routes". p. 8. Shortly after passing the bed of the large river, called Barregid we halted for half an hour at a place where there were several large hollows like dried-up lakes, but I was informed that the rain-water does not remain in them any time. Close by, on a piece of rising ground, was a small cemetery enclosed by a circular fence of cut bushes. Most conspicuous among the graves was that of Sharmãrké, Gãshân 'Ada (Sharmãrké of the White Shield), a celebrated elder of the Bah Habr Músa section of the Gadabúrsi, who died about 20 years ago. The grave was surrounded by slabs of beautiful lithographic limestone brought from Eilo, and covered with sea shells brought from the coast, distant at least 10 miles.
  128. ^ From Absinthe to Abyssinia selected miscellaneous, obscure and previously untranslated works of Jean-Nicolas-Arthur Rimbaud (2002). Creative Arts Book Company. 2 February 2024. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-88739-293-1. Zeila, Berbera, and Bulhar remain in English hands, as well as the Bay of Samawanak, along the Gadiboursi coast, between Zeila and Bulhar, the place where the last French consular agent in Zeila, M. Henry, had planted the tricolor, the Gadiboursi tribe themselves having requested our protection, which is always enjoyed. All these stories of annexation or protection have been stirring up the minds along this coast these last two years.
  129. ^ "Abtirsi.com: Ugasate of Gadabursi". abtirsi.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  130. ^ a b c d e f Nur, Sheikh Abdurahman 1993 "Ilbaxnimadii Adal Iyo Sooyaalkii Soomaaliyeed: The Renaissance of Adal Somali history". 1993.
  131. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1961). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 204. ISBN 9783825830847.
  132. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nur, Sheikh Abdurahman 1993 "Ilbaxnimadii Adal Iyo Sooyaalkii Soomaaliyeed: The Renaissance of Adal Somali history". 1993.
  133. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia (PDF). Scarecrow Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780810866041.
  134. ^ a b Henry, J. (1885). Traité de protectorat de la France sur les territoires du pays des Gada-boursis. Ministère des Colonies-Traités (1687–1911).
  135. ^ a b Hess, Robert L. (1979). Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA. Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.
  136. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1988). A Modern History of Somalia (PDF). Westview Press. By the end of 1885 Britain was preparing to resist an expected French landing at Zeila. Instead, however, of a decision by force, both sides now agreed to negotiate. The result was an Anglo-French agreement of 1888 which defined the boundaries of the two protectorates as between Zeila and Jibuti: four years later the latter port became the official capital of the French colony.
  137. ^ a b Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 248. ISBN 9780810866041.
  138. ^ Lewis, I. M. (2013). A Modern History of the Somali Nation. Ohio University Press. p. 368. ISBN 9780821445730.
  139. ^ R. A., Caulk (1971). "The Occupation of Harar: January 1887". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. Institute of Ethiopian Studies. 9 (2): 1–20. JSTOR 41967469.
  140. ^ Wright, A.C.A (1943). The Inter-action of various systems of Law and Custom in British Somaliland and their relation with social life. African Geographical Review. p. 77.
  141. ^ "Why the Haud was ceded" (PDF). The Abyssinians from Harar are encroaching more and more upon the Gadabursi country, as I anticipated would be the result of their unopposed occupation of Biyo Kaboba. I fear that they will make a permanent settlement in the Harrawa Valley from whence the encroachments and exactions will extend further into the Protectorate.
  142. ^ "Arms Traffic: - Red Sea, Africa & Aden". From - RAS MAKUNAN, Amir of Harrar and its Dependencies, To COLONEL E. V. STACE, Political Agent and Consul, Somali Coast... As for the Gadabursi, they are always molesting and looting the travellers who come to Harrar. This we do not hide from you. The doings of this tribe are much injurious and troublesome to all the people as they loot the travellers without cause. As regards what you wrote appertaining to an intended attack by some of our soldiers against them (Gadabursi), we are not aware of it because we were absent. Before taking such steps, we would consult you.
  143. ^ Suugaan: Fasalka koowaad (in Somali). Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Barbaarinta. 1976.
  144. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1958). The Gadabursi Somali Script. Cambridge University Press.
  145. ^ Andrzejewski, B. W. (1958). An Anthology of Somali Poetry. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253304636.
  146. ^ Die geistige cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl, nebst nachträgen zur materiellen cultur dieser völker. Johnson Reprint. 2 February 1896. p. 177.
  147. ^ Die geistige cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl, nebst nachträgen zur materiellen cultur dieser völker. Johnson Reprint. 2 February 1896. p. 171. This poem is an example of the improvisational art of the Somâl, Somâl girls were singing in the interior of the Gadaburssi country when it became known that Ugâs Nûr Roble, the old prince of the land, imprisoned in Zeila and a great statesman of the tribe Elmi Worfa appointed Ugâs of the Gadaburssi-Somâl by the British government.
  148. ^ The Wide World Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly of True Narrative, Adventure, Travel, Customs, and Sport. G. Newness. 1905. We were warned that he did not love the Feringi (white man), and therefore thought it better to send a messenger ahead to His Majesty and return with a confidential report on the situation.
  149. ^ The Wide World Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly of True Narrative, Adventure, Travel, Customs, and Sport. G. Newness. 1905. This old man was Ugaz Nur, King or Sultan of the Gadabursi. He had several other names which I do not remember now... Ugaz Nur was about seventy five years old. Although stiffened by age, he was tall, straight and well built. Even the weight of his many years could not alter the chief's graceful figure... His dress was simple and lacked the usual Oriental splendour. Many of his subjects were attired much more gaily, but none looked more distinguished. He wore a crinkly white tobe, with the end of which he covered his head, forming a hood. Over this he wore a cloak of black cloth lined with crimson silk, probably a present from the Emperor of Abyssinia. In his hand he carried a simple staff instead of the regulation shield and spear. His fighting days were over, and he now relied upon his stalwart sons to protect him on his journeys. As he shook hands with us he smiled pleasantly. His manner was composed and dignified, evidently inherited from his ancestors, who were rulers in the country for many generations.
  150. ^ a b Caplan, Andrew (1971). British policy towards Ethiopia 1909–1919. Royal Holloway University of London.
  151. ^ a b Arab Bureau (1986). Arab Bureau Summaries, Volumes 1–114. University of Virginia. ISBN 9781852070250. Lij Yasu has, however, given a female relative of his in marriage to the late Agaz of the Gadabursi, who was recently deposed by us for his intrigues and misgovernment.
  152. ^ a b Caplan, Andrew (1971). British policy towards Ethiopia 1909–1919. Royal Holloway University of London. The Prince (Lij Iyasu) was also negotiating for an alliance with the Gadabursi Somali... He had given one of his relatives to its Ex-Ughaz Robleh Nur.
  153. ^ a b Millman, Brock (2013). British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920–1960. Routledge. ISBN 9781317975441.
  154. ^ "The portion of Somali territory under Ethiopian colonization" (PDF). Government Publications. 1974.
  155. ^ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1 January 1891). Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. Edward Stanford.
  156. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1961). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 207. ISBN 9783825830847.
  157. ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. Here, probably to commemorate the westward progress of the tribe, the Gudabirsi Ugaz or chief has the white canvass turban bound about his brows, and hence rides forth to witness the equestrian games in the Harawwah Valley.
  158. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1 January 1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. James Currey Publishers. pp. 211, 212. ISBN 9780852552803. The pastoral Somali have few large ceremonies and little ritual. For its interest, therefore I reproduce here a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony given me by Sheikh 'Abdarahmaan Sheikh Nuur, the present Government Kadi of Borama. Clansmen gather for the ceremony in a well-wooded and watered place. There is singing and dancing, then stock are slaughtered for feasting and sacrifice. The stars are carefully watched to determine a propitious time, and then future Ugaas is chosen by divination. Candidates must be sons or brothers of the former Ugaas and the issue of a woman who has been only married once. She should not be a woman who has been divorced or a widow. Early on a Monday morning a man of the Reer Nuur (the laandeer of the Gadabuursi) plucks a flower or leaf and throws it upon the Ugaas. Everyone else then follows his example. The man who starts the `aleemasaar acclamation must be a man rich in livestock, with four wives, and many sons. Men of the Mahad Muuse lineage then brings four vessels of milk. One contains camels' milk, one cows' milk, one sheeps' milk, and the last goats' milk. These are offered to the Ugaas who selects one and drinks a little from it. If he drinks the camels' milk, camels will be blessed and prosper, if he drinks, the goats' milk, goats will prosper, and so on. After this, a large four-year-old ram is slaughtered in front of him. His hair is cut by a man of the Gadabuursi and he casts off his old clothes and dons new clothes as Ugaas. A man of Reer Yuunis puts a white turban round his head, and his old clothes are carried off by men of the Jibra'iin... The Ugaas then mounts his best horse and rides to a well called Bugay, near Geris, towards the coast. The well contains deliciously fresh water. Above the well are white pebbles and on these he sits. He is washed by a brother or other close kinsman as he sits on top of the stones. Then he returns to the assembled people and is again acclaimed and crowned with leaves. Dancing and feasting recommence. The Ugaas makes a speech in which he blesses his people and asks God to grant peace, abundant milk, and rain—all symbols of peace and prosperity (nabad iyo 'aano). If rain falls after this, people will know that his reign will be prosperous. That the ceremony is customarily performed during the karan rainy season makes this all the more likely. The Ugaas is given a new house with entirely new effects and furnishings and a bride is sought for him. She must be of good family, and the child of a woman who has had only one husband. Her bride-wealth is paid by all the Gadabuursi collectively, as they thus ensure for themselves successors to the title. Rifles or other fire-arms are not included in the bride-wealth. Everything connected with the accession must be peaceful and propitious.
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  • Country Information and Policy Unit, , Home Office, Great Britain

February 04, 2024
gadabuursi, main, article, somali, clan, somali, arabic, جادابورسي, also, known, samaroon, arabic, قبيلة, ون, northern, somali, clan, division, clan, family, جادابورسي, سمرونthe, tomb, sheikh, samaroonregions, with, significant, populationslanguagessomalirelig. Main article Somali clan The Gadabuursi Somali Gadabuursi Arabic جادابورسي also known as Samaroon Arabic قبيلة س م ر ون is a northern Somali clan a sub division of the Dir clan family 1 2 3 Gadabuursiجادابورسي سمرونThe Tomb of Sheikh SamaroonRegions with significant populationsLanguagesSomaliReligionIslam Sunni Sufism Related ethnic groupsIssa Gurgura Akisho Surre Biimaal Bursuuk and other Dir clans The Gadabuursi are geographically spread out across three countries Ethiopia Somaliland and Djibouti Among all of the Gadabuursi inhabited regions of the Horn of Africa Ethiopia is the country where the majority of the clan reside In Ethiopia the Gadabuursi are mainly found in the Somali Region but they also inhabit the Harar Dire Dawa and Oromia regions 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 In Somaliland the Gadabuursi are the predominant clan of the Awdal Region 13 14 They are mainly found in cities and towns such as Borama Baki Lughaya Zeila Dilla Jarahorato Amud Abasa Fiqi Aadan Quljeed Boon and Harirad 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 In Ethiopia the Gadabuursi are the predominant clan of the Awbare district in the Fafan Zone the Dembel district in the Sitti Zone and the Harrawa Valley 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 They are mainly found in cities and towns such as Awbare Awbube Sheder Lefe Isa Derwernache Gogti Jaare Heregel Arabi and Dembel 24 32 26 33 34 35 The etymology of the name Gadabuursi as described by writer Ferrand in Ethnographic Survey of Africa refers to Gada meaning people and Bur meaning mountain hence the etymology of the name Gadabuursi means people of the mountains 36 37 Contents 1 Overview 2 Distribution 2 1 Saho people 3 History 3 1 Medieval Age 3 2 19th Century 3 3 French Somaliland Cote Francaise des Somalis 3 4 The Ambassadorial Brothers 3 5 Early Folk Music 3 6 Balwo and Heello Modern Somali Music 3 7 Roble Afdeb Rooble Afdeeb 3 8 Ali Bu ul Cali Bucul 3 9 Geography 4 Gadabuursi Ughazate Ugaasyada ama Boqortooyada Gadabuursi 4 1 History 4 2 Fall of Harar in 1887 4 3 Administration 4 3 1 Customary Law Xeer 4 3 1 1 The Law of the King and the 100 Men Xeerka Boqorka iyo Boqolka Nin 4 3 1 2 Traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony 4 4 Leaders 5 Y DNA 6 Clan tree 7 Notable figures 8 ReferencesOverviewAs a Dir sub clan the Gadabuursi have immediate lineal ties with the Issa the Surre Abdalle and Qubeys the Biimaal who the Gaadsen also belong to the Bajimal the Bursuk the Madigan Dir the Gurgura the Garre the Quranyow sub clan to be precise as they claim descent from Dir Gurre Gariire other Dir sub clans and they have lineal ties with the Hawiye Irir Hawadle Ajuran Degoodi Gaalje el clan groups who share the same ancestor Samaale 38 39 40 2 41 42 43 I M Lewis gives an invaluable reference to an Arabic manuscript on the history of the Gadabuursi Somali This Chronicle opens Lewis tells us with an account of the wars of Imam Ali Si id d 1392 from whom the Gadabuursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the western flank in the armies of Se ad ad Din ruler of Zeila 44 I M Lewis 1959 states Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam Ali Si id d 1392 from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa d ad Din d 1415 ruler of Zeila 45 The Gadabuursi are divided into two main divisions the Habar Makadur and Habar Affan 46 47 Most Gadabuursi members are descendants of Sheikh Samaroon However Samaroon does not necessarily mean Gadabuursi but rather represents only a sub clan of the Gadabuursi clan family The Gadabuursi in particular is one of the clans with a longstanding institution of Sultan The Gadabuursi use the title Ughaz or Ugaas which means sultan and or king 48 49 Based on research done by the Eritrean author Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad in his book The Saho of Eritrea the Saho people Gadafur is said to have Somali origins from the Gadabuursi 50 Distribution nbsp Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Gadabuursi clan in the western SomalilandThe Gadabuursi are mainly found in northwestern Somaliland and are the predominant clan of the Awdal Region 13 51 52 Federico Battera 2005 states about the Awdal Region Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans 53 A UN Report published by Canada Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 1999 states concerning Awdal The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region As a result regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs 54 Roland Marchal 1997 states that numerically the Gadabuursi are the predominant inhabitants of the Awdal Region The Gadabuursi s numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region 55 Marleen Renders and Ulf Terlinden 2010 both state that the Gadabuursi almost exclusively inhabit the Awdal Region Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti Ethiopia and the Issaq populated mainland of Somaliland It is primarily inhabited by the three sub clans of the Gadabursi clan whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period Somali statehood and the war in good shape remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security 56 The Gadabuursi also partially inhabit the neighboring region of Maroodi Jeex and reside in many cities within that province 57 58 The Gadabuursi are the second largest clan by population in Somaliland after the Isaaq 59 60 61 Within Somalia they are known to be the 5th largest clan 62 The Gadabuursi are also found in Djibouti where they are the second largest Somali clan 63 Within Djibouti they have historically lived in 2 of the 7 major neighborhoods in Djibouti Quarter 4 and 5 64 However the majority of the Gadabuursi inhabit Ethiopia 65 66 67 Federico Battera 2005 states But most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia the so called region five where their paramount chief the Ugaas resides 68 In present day Awdal most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region Booroma However the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi local community the Ugaas has his main venue in Ethiopia 69 In Ethiopia the Gadabuursi exclusively inhabit both the Awbare district in the Fafan Zone and the Dembel district in the Sitti Zone 34 70 The Gadabuursi also exclusively inhabit the Harrawa Valley which is considered to be traditional Gadabuursi territory 28 29 30 24 71 72 The Department of Sociology and Social Administration Addis Ababa University Vol 1 1994 describes the Awbare district as being predominantly Gadabuursi The journal states Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare 25 Filipo Ambrosio 1994 describes the Awbare district as being predominantly Gadabuursi whilst highlighting the neutral role that they played in mediating peace between the Geri and Jarso The Gadabursi who dominate the adjacent Awbare district north of Jijiga and bordering with the Awdal Region of Somaliland have opened the already existing camps of Derwanache and Teferi Ber to these two communities 26 Filipo Ambrosio 1994 highlights how the Geri and Jarso both sought refuge on adjacent Gadabuursi clan territory after a series of conflicts broke out between the two communities in the early 1990s Jarso and Geri then sought refuge on neutral adjacent Gadabursi territory in Heregel Jarre and Lefeisa 33 The Research inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region 2010 states that the Dembel district is predominantly Gadabuursi Mainly Somali Gurgura Gadabursi and Hawiye groups who inhabit Erer Dambal and Meiso districts respectively 27 Richard Francis Burton 1856 describes the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country as within sight of Harar In front backed by the dark hills of Harar lay the Harawwah valley 73 Captain H G C Swayne R E 1895 describes the Harrawa Valley as traditional Gadabuursi territory On 5th September we descended into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country and back on to the high ban again at Sarir four days later We then marched along the base of the Harar Highlands reaching Sala Asseleh on 13th September We had experienced heavy thunder storms with deluges of rain daily and had found the whole country deserted 29 Captain H G C Swayne R E 1895 describes the Harrawa Valley as occupying an important strategic position in the Gadabuursi country The position of the Samawe ruins would favour a supposition that some power holding Harar and having its northern boundary along the hills which wall in the southern side of the Harrawa valley had built the fort to command the Gawa Pass which is one of the great routes from the Gadabursi country up on to the Marar Prairie 30 Richard Francis Burton describes the Gadabuursi and Geri Somali clans as extending to within sight of Harar Though almost in sight of Harar our advance was impeded by the African traveller s bane The Gudabursi tribe was at enmity with the Girhi and in such cases the custom is for your friends to detain you and for their enemies to bar your progress Shermarkay had given me a letter to the Gerad Adan chief of the Girhi a family feud between him and his brother in law our Gudabursi protector rendered the latter chary of commiting himself 74 The Gadabuursi along with the Geri Issa and Karanle Hawiye represent the most native and indigenous Somali tribes in Harar 4 75 76 77 The Gadabuursi inhabit the Gursum woreda where they are the majority and the Jijiga woreda where they make up a large part of the Fafan Zone They partially inhabit Ayesha Shinile Erer and Afdem woreda s 78 79 80 The Gadabuursi also reside along the northeastern fringe of the chartered city state of Dire Dawa which borders the Dembel district but also in the city itself 70 9 The Gadabuursi are the second largest sub clan within the borders of the Somali Region of Ethiopia based on the Ethiopian population census 81 The 2014 Summary and Statistical report of the Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia has shown that Awbare is the most populated district in the Somali Region of Ethiopia 81 The Gadabuursi of Ethiopia have also expressed a desire to combine the clan s traditional territories to form a new region state called Harawo Zone 82 Saho people The Saho are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa 83 They are principally concentrated in Eritrea with some also living in adjacent parts of Ethiopia They speak Saho a Cushitic language which is related to Somali 84 Among the Saho there is a sub clan called the Gadafur The Gadafur are an independent sub clan affiliated with the Minifere tribes and are believed to be originally from the tribe of Gadabuursi 50 History nbsp An old map of Zeila featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan nbsp An old map of Harar featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan nbsp An old map of Harar featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan nbsp An old map featuring the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country north of Harar nbsp An old map featuring the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country north of Harar nbsp An old map featuring the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country north of Harar nbsp An 1867 Map of Abyssinia from Bombay featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan Medieval Age I M Lewis gives an invaluable reference to an Arabic manuscript on the history of the Gadabuursi Somali This Chronicle opens Lewis tells us with an account of the wars of Imam Ali Si id d 1392 from whom the Gadabuursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the western flank in the armies of Se ad ad Din ruler of Zeila 44 I M Lewis 1959 states Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam Ali Si id d 1392 from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa d ad Din d 1415 ruler of Zeila 45 I M Lewis 1959 also highlights that the Gadabuursi were in conflict with the Galla during and after the campaigns against the Christian Abyssinians These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla A later leader of the clan Ugas Ali Makahil who was born in 1575 at Dobo north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid a village in the Protectorate 85 Sa ad ad Din II was the joint founder of the Kingdom of Adal along with his brother Haqq ad Din II 44 Not only did the Gadabuursi clan contribute to the Adal Wars and the Conquest of Abyssinia but their predecessors were also fighting wars well before the establishment of the Adal Sultanate 86 His descendants praise and sing his hymns and make their pilgrimages to his local shrine at Tukali to commemorate their ancestor The largest portion of the Gadabuursi reside in Ethiopia 87 According to traditional Gadabuursi history a great battle took place between the Gadabuursi and the Galla in the 14th century at Waraf a location near Hardo Galle in Ethiopia 88 Shihab al Din Ahmad mentions the Habr Maqdi Habr Makadur by name in his famous book Futuh al Habasha He states Among the Somali tribes there was another called Habr Maqdi from which the imam had demanded the alms tax They refused to pay it resorting to banditry on the roads and acting evilly towards the country 89 Richard Pankhurst 2003 states that the Habr Maqdi are the Habr Makadur of the Gadabuursi 90 19th Century nbsp An old map showing the trade routes from Zeila to Harar featuring the Gadabuursi clanAll the trade routes linking Harar to the Somali coast passed through the Somali and Oromo territories where the Gadabuursi held a significant monopoly on the trade routes to the coast Wehib M Ahmed 2015 mentions that the Gadabuursi dominated sections of the trade routes connecting Harar to Zeila in the History of Harar and the Hararis In the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Amirs was limited to Harar and its close environs while the whole trade routes to the coast passed through Oromo and the Somali territories There were only two practicable routes one was the Jaldeissa through Somali Issa and Nole Oromo territories the other of Darmy through the Gadaboursi The Somali who held a monopoly as transporters took full advantage of the prevailing conditions and the merchants were the victim of all forms of abuse and extortion Under the supervision of these agents the caravan would be entrusted to abbans caravan protector who usually belonged to the Issa or Gadaboursi when destined to the coast and to Jarso when destined for the interior 91 Elisee Reclus 1886 describes one of the ancient routes from Harar to Zeila ascending the Darmi Pass which crosses the heartland of the Gadabuursi country Two routes often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes lead from Harrar to Zeila One crosses a ridge to the north of the town thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory which is crossed by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north eastwards towards the Darmi Pass crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on the point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe It has two ports one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships whilst the other not far south of the town although very narrow is from 26 to 33 feet deep and affords safe shelter to large craft 20 Philipp Paulitschke 1888 describes the perilous nature of the roads surrounding Zeila frequently under pressure from Gadabuursi and Danakil raiders The road via Tokosha Hambos and Abusuen was completely waterless at this time and therefore unusable There was a general fear rightly so of the Danakil so much that the escort of a caravan couldn t have been persuaded to take this path Danger also existed for the route we chose via Warabot and Henssa made unsafe by the Gadaburssi raiders but is the one relatively more frequently committed 92 Philipp Paulitschke 1888 describes how the Wadi Aschat a valley on the outskirts of Zeila served as the headquarters of the Gadabuursi raiders Starting immediately on the right bank of Wadi Ashat accompanying the narrow path through the Salsola bush 20 30 metre high hills at a distance of 5 6 km The country shaft offers the appearance of a wavy artificially created terrain covered with tall grass Individuals come against the caravan path others are lined up in groups and close due to the location Here and there small cauldrons form which will soon come against the caravan route heading west or east They have been lurking in this area since ancient times the Somal terrain so suitable for raids armed with lances shield and knife mostly on horseback rarely on foot and weaker caravans have to fight their way through force by force The plunderers who have their headquarters here belong to the Gadaburssi tribe There are also robbers from all the neighbouring areas The attacks on the caravans are carried out on horseback and the natives on their nimble steeds take such an excellent cover that they bring honour to every European rider 93 He also described the Wadi Aschat as having a legendary and nefarious reputation We crossed in the slowly rising terrain the Wadi Aschat approximately 20m wide a fairly deep cut trickle which approached us in terrible sunshine from a southwesterly direction through the Salsola bushes adorned with a small hilly landscape We already in Zeila were warned about this infamous site from legend it is said is soaked with the blood of the caravans 94 Eliakim Littel 1894 describes the remains of an Egyptian fortress built near Harar to protect the trade routes linking Harar to Zeila from the Gadabuursi On the east bank of the Dega hardani are the remains of a fortress built by the Egyptians during their occupation of this country of which I shall have more to say The object of this wayside fort was to protect their trade from the plundering Gadabursi tribe whose country at this place approaches the road 95 According to Max Planck one branch of the Reer Ughaz family Reer Ugaas in Ethiopia rose to the rank of Dejazmach Amharic ደጃዝማች or Commander of the Gate 96 This was a military title meaning commander of the central body of a traditional Ethiopian armed force composed of a vanguard main body left and right wings and a rear body 4 French Somaliland Cote Francaise des Somalis Main article French Somaliland The Gadabuursi were the pioneers of the name Cote Francaise des Somalis or the French Coast of the Somalis Haji Dideh the Sultan of Zeila and prosperous merchant coined the name to the French He also built the first mosque in Djibouti 97 98 99 Before the French aligned with the Issa the Gadabuursi held the position of the first Senator of the country and the first Somali head of state to lead French Somaliland the territory compromising Djibouti today Djama Ali Moussa a former sailor pursued his political aspirations and managed to become the first Somali democratically elected head of state in French Somaliland 100 101 Prior to 1963 which coincided with the death of Djama Ali Moussa political life in Djibouti was dominated by the Gadabuursi and Arab communities who were political allies and made up the majority of the inhabitants of the city of Djibouti 102 After his death the Afar and Issa rose to power 102 103 The Ambassadorial Brothers The Ambassadorial Brothers were three brothers from a prominent family in the Horn of Africa 104 105 106 They were Ismail Sheikh Hassan served as the Ethiopia s Ambassador to Libya Aden Sheikh Hassan served as Djibouti s Ambassador to Oman and Saudi Arabia Mohamed Sheikh Hassan served as Somalia s Ambassador to the United Arab Republic Canada and Nigeria They were all sons of Sheikh Hassan Nuriye and from the Reer Ughaz Reer Ugaas subclan of the Makayl Dheere section of the Gadabuursi Sheikh Hassan Nuriye in turn was a descendant of Ughaz Roble I He was a famous sheikh and merchant in Somaliland Ethiopia and Djibouti He was based mainly in Ethiopia around Harar and Dire Dawa Eventually Sheikh Hassan Nuriye returned to his hometown of Teferi Ber Awbare and died there He is buried in the town of Awbare next to Sheikh Awbare His sons came to be known as The Ambassadorial Brothers They were the first prominent family to have three individuals who are directly related to each other as brothers serving as ambassadors for three different neighboring countries 104 105 106 Sheikh Hassan NuriyeMohamed nbsp Ismail nbsp Aden nbsp Three Somali brothers were citizens of three different countries working in sensitive posts for three different governments Mohamed Osman Omar 1992 The Road to Zero Somalia s Self destruction Early Folk Music The famous Austrian explorer and geographer P V Paulitschke mentioned that in 1886 the British General and Assistant Political Resident at Zeila J S King recorded a famous Somali folk song native to Zeila and titled To my Beloved which was written by a Gadabuursi man to a girl of the same tribe The song became hugely popular throughout Zeila despite it being incomprehensible to the other Somalis Philipp Paulitschke 1893 mentions about the song To my Beloved Ancient song of the Zeilans Ahl Zeila a mixture of Arabs Somali Abyssinians and Negroes which Major J S King dictated to a hundred year old man in 1886 The song was incomprehensible to the Somal It is undoubtedly written by a Gadaburssi and addressed to a girl of the same tribe 107 Lyrics of the song in Somali translated to English Inad dor santahaj wahan kagaran difta ku gutalah Jidkagi dalajsna sidi dagal madobaja Bukur dora duk lama hadto e darafmadan ghaili Dukad jo tawaschi ad g amaha dibugu la fijutu Darhaga harabka o dakhal sides mughda Darafjid harako adigo dalaka lainaja Dugagadaha wahan kagadigi dubi l ageda Dunjada turkugu nuduguja dar taijadda buhada Jilal dirbigga Sahil badubi sarenkija Dara dină wahio kugudi doha Hirwwa Duhban kagalen nimika daga daba nugalida Meschad kadaiji kama aid in dugsin l abaja Jntan maraddu d a is kagadiman dubō guguschada Noticing your offbeat rhythm likely from your heavy steps Your once radiant cheek now dark as coal A fancy veil is there but it can t replace your worn one Can you spot a sleek black horse fragrances and attendants around When you reach out your hand it s like you re proudly balancing to step out Your posture and height remind me of a Bustard and you swagger with pride I ll share some silver from the wealth the Turk left us and our full house During winter in Ber bera you can use the wheat to bake a cake Summer will bring rain in the Hirwwa Harrawa valley just for you You won t be bothered by the oily dirt from people beyond the desert If it rains it s not the kind you d want to drink Keep your clothes neat by setting up your camp right To My Beloved 108 Balwo and Heello Modern Somali Music Modern Somali music began with the balwo style pioneered by Abdi Sinimo who rose to fame in the early 1940s 109 110 111 Abdi s innovation and passion for music revolutionized Somali music forever 112 Its lyrical contents often deal with love affection and passion The Balwo genre was a forerunner to the Heello genre Abdi Sinimo hailed from the North Western Regions of Somaliland and Djibouti more precisely the Reer Nuur section of the Gadabuursi 113 114 115 Modern sung Somali Poetry was introduced in the Heello genre which is a form of Somali sung poetry The Balwo name changed to Heello because of religious reasons The earliest composers began their songs with Balwooy Balwooy hoy Balwooy however because of the negative connotation connected to the Balwo and the word meaning calamity in Arabic the Balwo was changed to Heello and thus the first bars of songs began with Heelloy heellelloy 116 See also Balwo Abdi SinimoRoble Afdeb Rooble Afdeeb Roble Afdeb was a famous Somali warrior and poet from the North Western part of Somaliland and Djibouti Known to have pillaged and raided many Issa settlements The poet and warrior is a legend in Somali history and was highly renowned for his bravery and gained fame not only through anti colonialism and Islamic devotion but also clan rivalries For more about Roble Afdeb visit the following Main article Roble Afdeb Ali Bu ul Cali Bucul Ali Bu ul was a famous Somali military leader and poet from the Western Somali regions today within the borders of the Somali region of Ethiopia known for his short lined poems geeraar compared to the long lines of gabay Geeraar is traditionally recited on horseback during times of battle and war Many of his most well known poems are still known today He is also known to have battled the Somali religious leader named Mahamed Abdullah Hassan in poetry and coined the word Guulwade Some of his famous works are Gammaan waa magac guud Horse is a general term Guulside Victory Bearer and Amaan Faras In Praise of My Horse His poems were also written in the Gadabuursi Script An extract of a geeraar Amaan Faras featured in the image below illustrates the work written in the script 117 118 119 120 For more about Ali Bu ul visit the following Main article Ali Bu ul nbsp A poem composed by Ali Bu ul in the Gadabuursi script The image above translates as 121 From the seaside of Bulahar to the corner of the Almis mountain and Harawe of the pools Hargeisa of the Gob trees My horse reaches all that in one afternoon Is it not like a scuddling cloud From its pen a huge roar is heard Is it not like a lion leading a pride In the open plains It makes the camels kneel down Is it not like an expert camel rustler Its mane and tail has white tufts on the top Is it not as beautiful as a galool tree abloom Ali Bu ul Cali Bucul In Praise of My Horse Geography Alfred Pease 1897 who in the late 19th century visited the Gadabuursi country describes it as the most beautiful tract of country he had visited in Somaliland And we continued our journey northwards along the northern edge of the Bur Maado and Simodi ranges to Aliman We found all this country thickly inhabited by the Gadabursi and here alone in Northern Somaliland we had the companionship for days together of a running stream No part of Somaliland that I have visited is more beautiful than this tract of country watered by an almost perennial stream now lined with great trees festooned with the armo creeper now with the high green elephant grass or luxuriant jungles and guarded by woody and rocky mountains on the left hand and on the right Between the Tug or Wady and these hills the country had a park like appearance with its open glades and grassy plains But the new and varied vegetation of Africa was not the only object delightful to the eye countless varieties of birds hawks buzzards Batteleur and larger eagles vultures dobie birds golden orioles parrots paroquets the exquisite Somali starlings doves of all sorts and sizes small and great honey birds hoopoes jays green pigeons great flocks of Guinea fowl partridges sand grouse were ever to be seen on every hand and while the bush teemed with Waller s gazelle and dik diks the plains with Scemmerring s antelope with a sprinkling of oryx our road up the Tug was constantly crossed by the tracks of lions elephants leopards the ubiquitous hyaena and other wild beasts 122 Richard Francis Burton 1856 describes the flora and fauna of the Harrawa Valley in his book First Footsteps in East Africa For six hours we rode the breadth of the Harawwah Valley it was covered with wild vegetation and surface drains that carry off the surplus of the hills enclosing it In some places the torrent beds had cut twenty feet into the soil The banks were fringed with milk bush and Asclepias the Armo creeper a variety of thorns and especially the yellow berried Jujube here numberless birds followed bright winged butterflies and the Shaykhs of the Blind as the people call the black fly settled in swarms upon our hands and faces as we rode by The higher ground was overgrown with a kind of cactus which here becomes a tree forming shady avenues Its quadrangular fleshy branches of emerald green sometimes forty feet high support upon their summits large round bunches of a bright crimson berry when the plantation is close domes of extreme beauty appear scattered over the surface of the country At Zayla I had been informed that elephants are thick as sand in Harawwah even the Gudabirsi when at a distance declared that they fed there like sheep and after our failure swore that they killed thirty but last year 123 Richard Francis Burton 1856 describes what he feels is the end of his journey when he witnesses the blue hills of Harar which is the iconic backdrop of the Harrawa Valley in his book First Footsteps in East Africa Beyond it stretched the Wady Harawwah a long gloomy hollow in the general level The background was a bold sweep of blue hill the second gradient of the Harar line and on its summit closing the western horizon lay a golden streak the Marar Prairie Already I felt at the end of my journey 124 Richard Francis Burton 1856 describes the Abasa Valley in the Gadabuursi country as amongst the most beautiful spots he has seen At half past three reloading we followed the course of the Abbaso Valley the most beautiful spot we had yet seen The presence of mankind however was denoted by the cut branches of thorn encumbering the bed we remarked too the tracks of lions pursued by hunters and the frequent streaks of serpents sometimes five inches in diameter 125 In 1885 Frank Linsly James describes Captain Stewart King s visit to the famous Eilo Mountain in the Gadabuursi country in the Lughaya District where the Gadabuursi natives informed him of the remains of ancient cities The natives had told him that in the hill called Ailo about three days march south east from Zeila there were remains of ancient cities and substantially built houses He hoped to be able to visit them The whole country south east of Zeila inhabited by the Gadabursi tribe had never yet been explored by a European There was also in the hill Ailo a celebrated cave which had been described to him as having a small entrance about three feet from the ground in the face of the limestone cliff He had spoken to two or three men who had been inside it They stated that they climbed up and entered with difficulty through the small opening they then went down some steps and found themselves in an immense cave with a stream of water running through it but pitch dark A story was told of a Somali who once went into the cave and lost his way In order to guide him out the people lighted fires outside and he came out and told most extraordinary tales stating that he found a race of men there who never left the cave but had flocks and herds 126 In 1886 the British General and Assistant Political Resident at Zeila J S King travelling by the coastal strip near Khor Kulangarit near Laan Cawaale in the Lughaya District passed by the famous tomb of Sharmarke of the White Shield a famous Gadabuursi leader poet elder and grandfather of the current Sultan of the Bahabar Musa Abshir Du ale who was inaugurated in 2011 in the town of Lughaya Shortly after passing the bed of the large river called Barregid we halted for half an hour at a place where there were several large hollows like dried up lakes but I was informed that the rain water does not remain in them any time Close by on a piece of rising ground was a small cemetery enclosed by a circular fence of cut bushes Most conspicuous among the graves was that of Sharmarke Gashan Ada Sharmarke of the White Shield a celebrated elder of the Bah Habr Musa section of the Gadabursi who died about 20 years ago The grave was surrounded by slabs of beautiful lithographic limestone brought from Eilo and covered with sea shells brought from the coast distant at least 10 miles 127 In 1887 French poet and traveller Arthur Rimbaud visited the coastal plains of British Somaliland where he described the region between Zeila and Bulhar as part of the Gadabuursi country with the clan centred around Sabawanaag in present day Lughaya District Zeila Berbera and Bulhar remain in English hands as well as the Bay of Samawanak along the Gadiboursi coast between Zeila and Bulhar the place where the last French consular agent in Zeila M Henry had planted the tricolor the Gadiboursi tribe themselves having requested our protection which is always enjoyed All these stories of annexation or protection have been stirring up the minds along this coast these last two years 128 Gadabuursi Ughazate Ugaasyada ama Boqortooyada Gadabuursi Main article Gadabuursi Ughazate nbsp The Adal Sultanate which was largely on part of the Gadabuursi territory and the conquest of Abyssinia which they contributed to The royal family of the Gadabuursi the Ughazate evolved from and is a successor kingdom to the Adal Sultanate and Sultanate of Harar 129 The first Ughaz Ugaas of this successor kingdom Ali Makail Dera Cali Makayl Dheere was the son of Makail Dera the progenitor of the Makayl Dheere 130 During the late 19th century as the region became subject to colonial rule the Ughaz assumed a more traditional and ceremonial leadership of the clan 130 The Gadabuursi give their King the title of Ughaz 131 It s an authentic Somali term for King or Sultan The Gadabuursi in particular are one of the clans with a long tradition of the institution of Sultan 48 History The first Ughaz of the Gadabuursi was Ughaz Ali Makail Dera Cali Makayl Dheere who is the progenitor of the Reer Ughaz Reer Ugaas subclan to which the royal lineage belongs Ughaz Ali Makail Dera Cali Makayl Dheere who was born in 1575 in Dobo an area north of the present town of Borama in north western Somaliland is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid 85 I M Lewis 1959 highlights that the Gadabuursi were in conflict with the Galla during the reign of Ughaz Ali Makail Dera during and after the campaigns against the Christian Abyssinians These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla A later leader of the clan Ugas Ali Makahil who was born in 1575 at Dobo north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid a village in the Protectorate 85 Ughaz Nur I who was crowned in 1698 married Faaya Aale Boore who was the daughter of a famous Oromo King and Chief Aale Boore 130 Ughaz Nur I and Faaya Aale Boore gave birth to Ughaz Hiraab and Ughaz Shirdoon who later became the 6th and 7th Ughaz respectively 130 Aale Boore was a famous Oromo King the victory of the former over the latter marked a historical turning point in concluding the Oromo predominance in the Eastern Hararghe region 130 The Gadabuursi managed to defeat and kill the next Oromo King after Aale Boore during the reign of Ughaz Roble I who was crowned in 1817 It is said that during his reign the Gadabuursi tribe reached great influence and tremendous height in the region having managed to defeat the reigning Galla Oromo King at that time whose name was Nuuno which struck a blow to the Galla s morale due to their much loved King being killed He was defeated by Geedi Bahdoon also known as Geedi Malable He struck a spear right through the King while he was in front of a tree the spear pierced inside the tree making it not able for the King to escape or remove the spear After he died he was buried in an area that s now called Qabri Nuuno near Sheedheer In the picture already shared titled An old map featuring the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country north of Harar one can read Gabri Nono which is the anglicized version of the Somali Qabri Nuuno 130 1 Ughaz Roble I died in 1848 and was buried in an area called Dhehror Dhexroor near Awbare It has become the custom for Somalis after Ughaz Roble I that whenever an Ughaz gets inaugurated and it rains he should be named Ughaz Roble which translates to the one with rain or rainmaker Ughaz Nur II was born in Zeila in the year 1835 and crowned in Bagi in 1848 In his youth he loved riding hunting and the traditional arts and memorized a great number of proverbs stories and poems 132 Eventually Ughaz Nur II created his own store of sayings poems and stories that are quoted to this day He knew by heart the Gadabuursi heer customary law and amended or added new heer during his reign He was known for fair dealing to friend and stranger alike It is said that he was the first Gadabuursi Ughaz to introduce guards and askaris armed with arrows and bows 133 During the rule of Ughaz Nur II both Egypt and Ethiopia were contending for power and supremacy in the Horn of Africa The European colonial powers were also competing for strategic territories and ports in the Horn of Africa 133 In the year 1876 Egypt using Islam as a bargaining chip signed a treaty with Ughaz Nur II and came to occupy the Northern Somali coast which included Zeila 133 But the Egyptians also occupied the town of Harar and the Harar Zeila Berbera caravan route nbsp Protectorate Treaty between France and the Gadabuursi signed at Zeila 25 March 1885 134 On 25 March 1885 the French government claimed that they signed a treaty with Ughaz Nur II of the Gadabuursi placing much of the coast and interior of the Gadabuursi country under the protectorate of France The treaty titled in French Traite de Protectorat sur les Territoires du pays des Gada Boursis was signed by both J Henry the Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harar Zeila and Nur Robleh Ughaz of the Gadabuursi at Zeila on 9 Djemmad 1302 March 25 1885 The treaty states as follows translated from French Between the undersigned J Henry Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harrar Zeilah and Nour Roble Ougasse of the Gada boursis independent sovereign of the whole country of the Gada boursis and to safeguard the interests of the latter who is asking for the protectorate of France It was agreed as follows Art 1st The territories belonging to Ougasse Nour Roble of the Gada boursis from Arawa to Helo from Helo to Lebah le from Lebah le to Coulongareta extreme limit by Zeilah are placed directly under the protection of France Art 2 The French government will have the option of opening one or more commercial ports on the coast belonging to the territory of the Gada boursis Art 3 The French government will have the option of establishing customs in the posts open to trade and on the points of the borders of the territory of the Gada boursis where it deems it necessary Customs tariffs will be set by the French government and the revenues will be applied to public services Art 4 Regulations for the administration of the country will be elaborated later by the French government In agreement with the Ougasse of the Gada boursis they will always be revisable at the will of the French government a French resident may be established on the territory of the Gada boursis to sanction by his presence the protectorate of France Art 5 The troops and the police of the country will be raised among the natives and will be placed under the superior command of an officer designated by the French government Arms and ammunition for the native troops may be provided by the French government and their balance taken from the public revenues but in case of insufficiency the French government may provide for them Art 6 The Ougasse of the Gada boursis to recognize the good practices of France towards it undertakes to protect the caravan routes and mainly to protect French trade throughout the extent of its territory Art 7 The Ougasse of the Gada boursis undertakes not to make any treaty with any other power without the assistance and consent of the French government Art 8 A monthly allowance will be paid to the Ougasse of the Gada boursis by the French government this allowance will be fixed later by a special convention after the ratification of this treaty by the French government Art 9 This treaty was made voluntarily and signed by the Ougasse of the Gada boursis which undertakes to execute it faithfully and to adopt the French flag as its flag In witness whereof the undersigned have affixed their stamps and signatures J HenrySignature of OugasseDone at Zeilah on 9 Djemmad 1302 March 25 1885 Traite de protectorat de la France sur les territoires du pays des Gada boursis 9 Djemmad 1302 March 25 1885 Zeilah 134 The French claimed that the treaty with the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi gave them jurisdiction over the entirety of the Zeila coast and the Gadabuursi country 135 However the British attempted to deny this agreement between the French and the Gadabuursi citing that that Ughaz had a representative at Zeila when the Gadabuursi signed their treaty with the British in December 1884 The British suspected that this treaty was designed by the Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harrar Zeila to circumvent British jurisdiction over the Gadabuursi country and allow France to lay claim to sections of the Somali coast There was also suspicion that Ughaz Nur II had attempted to cause a diplomatic row between the British and French governments in order to consolidate his own power in the region 135 According to I M Lewis this treaty clearly influenced the demarcation of the boundaries between the two protectorates establishing the coastal town of Djibouti as the future official capital of the French colony By the end of 1885 Britain was preparing to resist an expected French landing at Zeila Instead however of a decision by force both sides now agreed to negotiate The result was an Anglo French agreement of 1888 which defined the boundaries of the two protectorates as between Zeila and Jibuti four years later the latter port became the official capital of the French colony 136 Fall of Harar in 1887 Ughaz Nur II went to Egypt and met Isma il Pasha the Khedive of Egypt who honored him with medals and expensive gifts The Ughaz there signed a treaty accepting Egyptian protection of Muslims in Somaliland and Ethiopia 137 According to I M Lewis he was also gifted with firearms amongst other weapons 138 In 1884 two years after Britain took over Egypt Britain also occupied Egyptian territories especially the northern Somali coast However Ughaz Nur II had little to do with the British as long as they did not interfere with his rule the customs of his people and their trade routes 137 Ughaz Nur II had established strong relations with the Emir of Harar Abdallah II ibn Ali In 1887 when Harar was occupied by Menelik II of Ethiopia Ughaz Nur II sent Gadabuursi askaris to support Abdallah II ibn Ali 133 and in another historical account he himself participated in the battle 132 Harar officially fell to Menelik in 1887 139 Ughaz Nur II recited lines of poetry lamenting the fall of Harar to Menelik in 1887 Tolkayow xalay taah ma ladin toosna maan qabine Nimankaas Taagani waxay igu talaaleene Togii Herer Axmaaraa dul tagay oo dilay dadkeeniye Islaamkiina wuu wada tirtiray baa inoo timid eh Taawooday oo xalay hurdadii tow ka soo idhiye My people last night my moans did not leave me yet no ailment plagued me What those people have informed me regarding The Valley of Harar captured by the Abyssinians who killed our people Those who wiped out Islam have come to us Last night sleep deprived swiftly woken Ughaz Nur II Ugaas Nuur Tolkayow 132 Ughaz Nur II was at first in a distinct and advantageous position for not only did the caravan route to Harar run through Gadabuursi clan territory but the Gadabuursi at the time were partly cultivating and so easier to control and tax Yet for this very reason after the 1897 Anglo Egyptian Treaty Ughaz Nur II a far sighted man did everything in his power to prevent his people cultivating for he realised that it would bring them under the control of the Amharic authority established at Harar 140 Colonel Stace 1893 mentioned that the Abyssinians were encroaching further into the Gadabuursi homeland near Harar The Abyssinians from Harar are encroaching more and more upon the Gadabursi country as I anticipated would be the result of their unopposed occupation of Biyo Kaboba I fear that they will make a permanent settlement in the Harrawa Valley from whence the encroachments and exactions will extend further into the Protectorate 141 Ras Makonnen sent a letter to Colonel E V Stace complaining that the Gadabuursi have begun attacking all caravans coming into Harar and denied any plans to militarily attack the Gadabuursi From RAS MAKUNAN Amir of Harrar and its Dependencies To COLONEL E V STACE Political Agent and Consul Somali Coast As for the Gadabursi they are always molesting and looting the travellers who come to Harrar This we do not hide from you The doings of this tribe are much injurious and troublesome to all the people as they loot the travellers without cause As regards what you wrote appertaining to an intended attack by some of our soldiers against them Gadabursi we are not aware of it because we were absent Before taking such steps we would consult you 142 Ras Makonnen the newly appointed Ethiopian governor of Harar offered the Gadabuursi protection in exchange for collaboration Ughaz Nur II refused and fought Ethiopian expansion until he died in 1898 Ughaz Nur II is buried in Dirri 133 His work was and is still taught in Somali Poetry classes Suugaan Fasalka Koobaad among other Somali poets His poems were also written in the Gadabuursi Script 143 132 For more about Ughaz Nur II visit the following Main article Ughaz Nur II nbsp A poem by Ugaas Nuur in the Gadabuursi ScriptThe image above translates as 144 Oh God How often have I made a man hostile to me sleep in the front part of the house How often have I allowed a man against whom my flesh turned to continue speaking I am not hasty in dispute how often have I shown forbearance How often have I given a second helping of honey to the man who only waited to hurt me When I turn the sewing machine and scatter the seeds of treachery or trickery The trap which I have prepared for him my enemy when he sets his chest on top of it How often have I caught him unawares Ughaz Nur II Ugaas Nuur Dissimulation Translation of another variation of the poem by B W Andrzejewski 1993 145 If any man intended aught of villainy against me by God how snug I made my forecourt for his bed mat none the less And if with aggression in his thoughts He pastured his horses to get them battle fit How in spite of this I made him griddle cakes of maize to eat Amiably I conversed with him for whom my body felt revulsion I did not hurry I was patient in dealing with his tricks I showed a relaxed and easy mien My looks gave no grounds for suspicion in his mind Lips open words betraying nothing of deceit smiles Laughter on the surface not rising from the gullet s depth In our game of shax I would make this move and that And say This seems to be the one that s more to my advantage I offered banter and engaged in well turned talk All the while setting a trap for him Ready for the day when he would show his real intentions I would flood him with deceit while I arranged my plan of action Then when he was all unknowing and unwarned O how I struck him down Ughaz Nur II Ugaas Nuur Dissimulation Philipp Paulitschke 1893 mentioned a poem which became extremely popular in the Gadabuursi country called Imminent loss of the Prince This poem became very popular when the Gadabuursi heard that the British intended to supplant the traditional line of Ughaz Nur II towards the end of his life and appoint a more favourable Ughaz Elmi Warfa Ninki doni rarestaj Jjo damero karestaj Baldejaj labada So ninki beju duraja Durdurka angurainin Samaronka gudbanu Baldaijaj labadaso In kaijama d adu Ugas Nur kurbaha Au kofil nau bukhrada Kadiro hanojelin bukhrki Wa Ugas Nur uinki didi jaraha Amma duga kakeho Rabbijo damkassi A man in charge of ships Another with just a lone donkey available for hire Examine them both Moreover one who fetches water from a small puddle And another drawing from ever flowing robust streams O Samaron are they all the same Just assess them both Today marks the end Ugas Nur shall pass away If someone merely a Foot binder desires to dominate us O Creator of the world don t let him become our master Those who oppose Ugas Nur and speak ill of him O God wipe them out completely Imminent loss of the Prince 146 Philipp Paulitschke 1893 comments on the above poem This poem is an example of the improvisational art of the Somal Somal girls were singing in the interior of the Gadaburssi country when it became known that Ugas Nur Roble the old prince of the land was imprisoned in Zeila and a great statesman of the tribe Elmi Worfa appointed Ugas of the Gadaburssi Somal by the British government 147 Major R G Edwards Leckie writes about his meeting with Ughaz Nur II in his A Visit to the Gadabuursi We were warned that he did not love the Feringi white man and therefore thought it better to send a messenger ahead to His Majesty and return with a confidential report on the situation 148 Major R G Edwards Leckie also writes about his appearance This old man was Ugaz Nur King or Sultan of the Gadabursi He had several other names which I do not remember now Ugaz Nur was about seventy five years old Although stiffened by age he was tall straight and well built Even the weight of his many years could not alter the chief s graceful figure His dress was simple and lacked the usual Oriental splendour Many of his subjects were attired much more gaily but none looked more distinguished He wore a crinkly white tobe with the end of which he covered his head forming a hood Over this he wore a cloak of black cloth lined with crimson silk probably a present from the Emperor of Abyssinia In his hand he carried a simple staff instead of the regulation shield and spear His fighting days were over and he now relied upon his stalwart sons to protect him on his journeys As he shook hands with us he smiled pleasantly His manner was composed and dignified evidently inherited from his ancestors who were rulers in the country for many generations 149 Ughaz Roble II was the 12th in line of the Gadabuursi Ughazate Based mainly in Harar he was crowned the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi after his father s Ughaz Nur II death 132 His position as Ughaz proved to be quite controversial amongst the Gadabuursi due to his close relationship with the Ethiopian ruling dynasty 150 He would go on to receive payments gifts and weapons from the British the French and the Abyssinians who were all vying for the region 132 He eventually fell out of favor with the British and became close allies with Menelik II who officially recognized him as the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi 133 When Lij Iyasu came to power in Abyssinia he cemented a close relationship with Ughaz Roble II and gave him a close female relative from the Ethiopian royal household in marriage 151 152 132 The Arab Bureau which was a collection of British intelligence officers headquartered in Cairo and charged with the task of coordinating imperial intelligence activities recorded this event in the Arab Bureau Summaries Volumes 1 114 1986 where it also mentioned that the British deposed Ughaz Roble II from power due to his alliance with the Ethiopian establishment Lij Yasu has however given a female relative of his in marriage to the late Agaz of the Gadabursi who was recently deposed by us for his intrigues and misgovernment 151 Andrew Caplan 1971 records Lij Iyasu wanting to enter into an alliance with the Gadabuursi in his book British policy towards Ethiopia 1909 1919 The Prince Lij Iyasu was also negotiating for an alliance with the Gadabursi Somali He had given one of his relatives to its Ex Ughaz Robleh Nur 152 After the deposition of his ally Lij Iyasu by Empress Zewditu Ughaz Roble II witnessed the October 1916 massacre of the inhabitants of Harar by Abyssinian soldiers and was given immunity along with some of the other prominent leaders in the region This event marked a turning point in the relations between the Somalis and the ruling Abyssinians in the region Ughaz Roble II was given special immunity because of his high profile and personal relations with those in the Ethiopian royal family to whom he was also related by virtue of marriage 150 132 Ughaz Roble II was considered a very controversial figure and was the first Gadabuursi Ughaz to have been deposed by his own people 132 133 The deposition from position of Ughaz caused a huge stir amongst the Gadabuursi 133 Ughaz Roble II was known to love hunting archery horse riding and he inherited a rifle that was given as a gift to his father Ughaz Nur II by the Khedive of Egypt Isma il Pasha 132 He died in 1938 and was buried in Awbare which became the seat of the Ughazate of the Gadabuursi in the early 20th century 132 Ughaz Elmi Warfa was the 13th in line of the Gadabuursi Ughazate His other names were Ilmi Dheere Elmi the Tall and Kun Iil A Thousand Sorrows 133 In the late 1890s the British appointed Elmi Warfa Ughaz of all the Gadabuursi in the British Protectorate Ughaz Elmi thus supplanted the traditional line of Ughaz Nur II and his successor Ughaz Roble II who had fallen out of favor with the British 133 Ughaz Elmi s authority was recognized in an installation ceremony in 1917 in Zeila However the traditional successor of Ughaz Nur II Ughaz Robleh II remained the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi in Ethiopia 133 Ughaz Elmi was a member of the delegation that had accompanied Ughaz Nur II to Egypt in the late 1870s and also was one of the Gadabuursi elders who signed the treaty with the British at Zeila in 1884 133 Ughaz Elmi s usurpation of the traditional Gadabuursi line of succession provoked other sub clans and caused a lot of controversy Many sub clans especially the rer Yunus or the Yunus branch felt it was their turn to vie for the Ughaz ship This sparked a conflict which was also conducted in poetic duels These poems were rich imagery and symbolism Two of the best are Dhega Taag A Battle Cry by Elmi the Tall or Elmi Dheire and the other called Aabudle A Declaration of Faith by Farid Dabi Hay 133 who was one of Ughaz Elmi s rivals For more about Ughaz Elmi Warfaa visit the following Main article Ughaz Elmi Warfa Ughaz Dodi Daudi Ughaz Roble II was crowned Ughaz of the Gadabuursi in Ethiopia in the late 1940s Before he became Ughaz he was appointed Dejazmach Commander of the Gate by the Ethiopian authorities 96 He was a source of constant problems for the British Protectorate and was accused of conspiring with Italian forces during World War II 132 After the war British soldiers were sent to arrest him and he was eventually taken into custody whilst in Jijiga by the British and forcibly exiled to the Karaman Island in Yemen where he was imprisoned for 7 years 153 132 He was accompanied by his family in his forced exile Ultimately he was released and when he returned to the British Protectorate he was immediately detained again on Saad ud Din Island within the British governor s jurisdiction 153 The Gadabuursi recognized him as their Ughaz in a grand meeting of Gadabuursi notables in Ethiopia After his return from forced exile the Ethiopian government sent him a delegation informing him that Haile Selassie recognizes him as the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi in Ethiopia 132 Despite this during the end of his life Ughaz Dodi refused to recognize Ethiopian rule and returned the Ethiopian delegation that was sent to him In 1948 Ughaz Dodi along with Sultan Hassan of the Jidwaq signed a document called Petition for Amalgamation from the Jigjiga area with the other Somali territories This document was primarily signed in order to petition the Four Power Commission of Investigation for the Former Italian Colonies 1948 to end Ethiopian occupation of Somali territories return all Somali territories held by the Ethiopians and unify the territories under a United Somaliland 154 It was soon after this that he died in 1949 132 nbsp Petition for Amalgamation from the Jigjiga area with the other Somali territories signed by Ughaz Dodi nbsp Ughaz Nur at an old age of around 75 years Major Leckie states Somewhat stiffened by age He was tall straight and well built Even the weight of his many years could not alter the King s graceful figure nbsp Gadabuursi horsemen giving an exhibition nbsp Sheikh Ali Ayanle Samatar Somali Sheekh Cali Ayaanle Samatar Arabic شيخ علي أيانلي سمتر A widely known Gadabuursi Sheikh among Somalis from Ethiopia Djibouti and Somaliland Administration The Gadabuursi Kingdom was established more than 600 years ago and consisted of a King Ugaas and many elders Hundreds of elders used to work in four sections consisting of 25 elders each Social committee Defense policing authorities consisting of horsemen referred to as fardoolay foot soldiers and spear men but also askaris or soldiers equipped with poison arrows 155 Economy and collection of taxes Justice committeeThe chairmen of the four sections were called Afarta Dhadhaar and were selected according to talent and personal abilities A constitution Xeer Gadabuursi had been developed which divided every case as to whether it was new or had precedents ugub or curad The Gadabuursi King and the elders opposed the arrival of the British at the turn of the 20th century but they ended up signing an agreement with them Later as disagreements between the two parties arose and intensified the British installed a friendly Ugaas against the recognized traditional Ugaas in hopes of overthrowing him This would eventually bring about the collapse of the kingdom 133 Customary Law Xeer The Law of the King and the 100 Men Xeerka Boqorka iyo Boqolka Nin When a new Ughaz Ugaas was appointed amongst the Gadabuursi a hundred elders representatives of all the lineages of the clan assembled to form a parliament to promulgate new Xeer agreements and to decide which legislation they wished to retain from the reign of the previous Ugaas The compensation rates for delicts committed within the clan were revised if necessary and a corpus of Gadabuursi law as it were was placed on the statutes for the duration of the new Ugaas s rule This was called The Law of the King and the 100 men Xeerka Boqorka iyo Boqolka Nin 156 Richard Francis Burton 1856 describes the Gadabuursi Ugaas as hosting equestrian games for 100 men in the Harrawa Valley also known as the Harar Valley or Wady Harawwah a long running valley situated in the Gadabuursi country north of Harar Ethiopia He states Here probably to commemorate the westward progress of the tribe the Gudabirsi Ugaz or chief has the white canvass turban bound about his brows and hence rides forth to witness the equestrian games in the Harawwah Valley 157 Traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony nbsp Ogas Dodi of the Gadabuursi Samaron tribe Here is a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony mentioned by I M Lewis 1999 in A Pastoral Democracy The pastoral Somali have few large ceremonies and little ritual For its interest therefore I reproduce here a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony given me by Sheikh Abdarahmaan Sheikh Nuur the present Government Kadi of Borama Clansmen gather for the ceremony in a well wooded and watered place There is singing and dancing then stock are slaughtered for feasting and sacrifice The stars are carefully watched to determine a propitious time and then future Ugaas is chosen by divination Candidates must be sons or brothers of the former Ugaas and the issue of a woman who has been only married once She should not be a woman who has been divorced or a widow Early on a Monday morning a man of the Reer Nuur the laandeer of the Gadabuursi plucks a flower or leaf and throws it upon the Ugaas Everyone else then follows his example The man who starts the aleemasaar acclamation must be a man rich in livestock with four wives and many sons Men of the Mahad Muuse lineage then brings four vessels of milk One contains camels milk one cows milk one sheeps milk and the last goats milk These are offered to the Ugaas who selects one and drinks a little from it If he drinks the camels milk camels will be blessed and prosper if he drinks the goats milk goats will prosper and so on After this a large four year old ram is slaughtered in front of him His hair is cut by a man of the Gadabuursi and he casts off his old clothes and dons new clothes as Ugaas A man of Reer Yuunis puts a white turban round his head and his old clothes are carried off by men of the Jibra iin The Ugaas then mounts his best horse and rides to a well called Bugay near Geris towards the coast The well contains deliciously fresh water Above the well are white pebbles and on these he sits He is washed by a brother or other close kinsman as he sits on top of the stones Then he returns to the assembled people and is again acclaimed and crowned with leaves Dancing and feasting recommence The Ugaas makes a speech in which he blesses his people and asks God to grant peace abundant milk and rain all symbols of peace and prosperity nabad iyo aano If rain falls after this people will know that his reign will be prosperous That the ceremony is customarily performed during the karan rainy season makes this all the more likely The Ugaas is given a new house with entirely new effects and furnishings and a bride is sought for him She must be of good family and the child of a woman who has had only one husband Her bride wealth is paid by all the Gadabuursi collectively as they thus ensure for themselves successors to the title Rifles or other fire arms are not included in the bride wealth Everything connected with the accession must be peaceful and propitious 158 Leaders Name Reign From Reign Till Born1 Ughaz Ali Makail Dera 1607 1639 1575 159 2 Ughaz Abdi I Ughaz Ali Makail Dera 1639 16643 Ughaz Husein Ughaz Abdi Ughaz Ali 1664 16654 Ughaz Abdillah Ughaz Abdi I Ughaz Ali 1665 16985 Ughaz Nur I Ughaz Abdi I Ughaz Ali 1698 17336 Ughaz Hirab Ughaz Nur I Ughaz Abdi I 1733 17507 Ughaz Shirdon Ughaz Nur I Ughaz Abdi I 1750 17728 Ughaz Samatar Ughaz Shirdon Ughaz Nur I 1772 18129 Ughaz Guleid Ughaz Samatar Ughaz Shirdon 1812 181710 Ughaz Roble I Ughaz Samatar Ughaz Shirdon 1817 184811 Ughaz Nur II Ughaz Roble I Ughaz Samatar 1848 1898 183512 Ughaz Roble II Ughaz Nur II Ughaz Roble I 1898 193813 Ughaz Elmi Warfa Ughaz Roble I 1917 1935 1835 160 or 1853 132 14 Ughaz Abdi II Ughaz Roble Ughaz Nur II 1938 194115 Ughaz Dodi Ughaz Roble Ughaz Nur 1948 194916 Ughaz Roble III Ughaz Dodi Ughaz Roble 1952 197717 Ughaz Jama Muhumed Ughaz Elmi Warfa 1960 198518 Ughaz Abdirashid Ughaz Roble III Ughaz Dodi 1985 161 Currently Abdirashid Ughaz Roble III Ughaz Dodi is the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi 132 Y DNADNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti found that all of the individuals belonged to the Y DNA Haplogroup T M184 162 The Gadabuursi belong to the T M184 paternal haplogroup and the TMRCA is estimated to be 2100 2200 years or 150 BCE 163 164 165 A notable member of the T M184 is the third US president Thomas Jefferson 166 Clan treeThe Gadabuursi are divided into two main divisions the Habar Makadur and Habar Affan 46 47 The Habar Makadur and Habar Affan both historically united under a common Sultan or Ughaz 38 167 168 Gadabuursi Habar Makadur Makadoor Makahil Eli Iye Abdalle Bahabar Abdalle Hassan Bahabar Hassan Muse Makail Dera Makayl Dheere Afgudud Gibril Muse Habr Sanayo Younis Reer Yoonis Ali Younis Jibril Younis Jibriil Yoonis Adan Younis Aadan Yoonis Nur Younis Reer Nuur Mahad Ase Bahabar Abokor Bahabar Muse Habr Musa Bahabar Aden Bababar Eli Reer Mohamed Abrahim Abrayn Habar Affan Jibrain Ali Ganun Gobe Habar Yusif Reer Issa Hebjire Reer Zuber Dhega Wayne Makayl Musa Musafin Hassan Sa ad Farole Reer HamudThe following listing is taken from the World Bank s Conflict in Somalia Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom s Home Office publication Somalia Assessment 2001 169 170 Dir Gadabuursi Gadabursi Issa Biimaal Bimal Surre Quranyow of the Garre Gorajno Gurgura Gurgure Garrire Gerire Gurre Goora Bajimal Bajumal Barsuug Bursuk Notable figuresAden Sh Hassan prominent Somali diplomat and ambassador of Djibouti part of the 3 ambassadorial brothers of the Horn of Africa Mohamed Sh Hassan prominent Somali diplomat and ambassador of Somalia part of the 3 ambassadorial brothers of the Horn of Africa Ismail Sh Hassan prominent Somali diplomat and ambassador of Ethiopia part of the 3 ambassadorial brothers of the Horn of Africa Ali Bu ul famous Somali poet from the 19th century known for his geeraar s short styled Somali poems recited during battles and wars Roble Afdeb famous legendary Somali warrior and poet remembered for his bravery and clan rivalry Mohamed Farah Abdullahi Hansharo leader of Somali Democratic Alliance f 1989 Aden Isaq Ahmed Minister and Politician of the Somali Republic Col Muse Rabile Ghod a Somali military leader and statesman of the Somali Democratic Republic Yuusuf Talan General of the Somali National Army Abdi Buuni Minister under the British Somaliland Protectorate and First Deputy Prime Minister of the Somali Republic Djama Ali Moussa First Senator of Djibouti or French Somaliland Hon Ato Hussein Ismail Ethiopian long serving Statesman and first Somali to become a member of the Ethiopian Parliament Hon Ato Kemal Hashi Mohamoud Ethiopian politician serving as Member of the House of Peoples Representatives of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and Member of the House s Advisory Committee 171 Saharla Abdulahi Bahdon Ethiopian politician serving as Member of the House of People s Representatives of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and first Somali to ever represent Addis Ababa as a Member of the House of People s Representatives 172 Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah first Somaliland Vice President 1993 1997 173 Mawlid Hayir former vice president and minister of education and former governor of the Fafan Zone in the Somali region of Ethiopia 174 175 Haji Ibrahim Nur minister merchant and politician of former British Somaliland Protectorate Hibo Nuura Somali singer Abdi Hassan Buni politician minister of British Somaliland and first deputy prime minister of the Somali Republic Abdi Ismail Samatar Somali scholar writer and professor Ahmed Ismail Samatar Somali writer professor and former dean of the Institute for Global Citizenship at Macalester College Editor of Bildhaan An International Journal of Somali Studies Abdirahman Beyle former Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia an economist 176 Abdisalam Omer Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia and former Governor of the Central Bank of Somalia 177 Sheikh Abdurahman Sh Nur religious leader qadi and the inventor of the Borama script 178 Dahir Rayale Kahin third President of Somaliland Ahmed Gerri of the Habar Maqdi Makadi Makadur of the Conquest of Abyssinia 46 47 Sultan Dideh sultan of Zeila prosperous merchant and built first mosque in Djibouti He also proposed the name Cote francaise des Somalis to the French 63 179 Yussur Abrar former governor of the Central Bank of Somalia 180 Ughaz Nur II 11th Malak King of the Gadabuursi 181 Ughaz Elmi Warfa 13th Malak King of the Gadabuursi Hon Ato Shemsedin Ahmed Somali Ethiopian Politician previous Ethiopian ambassador to Djibouti Kenya Deputy Minister of Mining and Energy and first Vice Chairman and one of the founders of ESDL 182 183 Ayanle Souleiman Djiboutian athlete Hassan Mead American distance runner and 2016 Olympic Men s 5000m finalist Abdirahman Sayli i current vice president of Somaliland 184 Ahmed Mumin Seed Somaliland politician Abdi Sinimo a Somali singer and songwriter noted for having established the balwo genre of Somali music Hassan Sheikh Mumin author of Shabeel Naagood or Leopard among the Women and composed the song Samo ku waar which became the national anthem of the Republic of Somaliland 185 Khadija Qalanjo a popular Somali singer Suleiman Ahmed Guleid President of Amoud University Omar Osman Rabe Somali scholar writer professor politician and pan Somalist Barkhad Awale Adan Somali journalist and director of Radio Hurma References a b I M Lewis 1959 The Galla in Northern Somaliland PDF a b Hayward R J Lewis I M 17 August 2005 Voice and Power Routledge p 242 ISBN 9781135751753 Verdier Isabelle 31 May 1997 Ethiopia the top 100 people Indigo Publications p 13 ISBN 9782905760128 a b Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans and thence strikes south westwards among the Gudabirsi and Girhi Somal who extend within sight of Harar Lewis I M 2000 Saints and Somalis Popular Islam in a Clan based Society PDF The Red Sea Press p 11 ISBN 9781569021033 Including the land round Harar and Dire Dawa inhabited by the Somalis of the Iise and Gadabuursi clans Negatu Workneh Research Addis Ababa University Institute of Development Center University of Wisconsin Madison Land Tenure Foundation Ford 1 January 2004 Proceedings of the Workshop on Some Aspects of Rural Land Tenure in Ethiopia Access Use and Transfer IDR AAU p 43 Page 43 Somali Settlers Gadabursi Issa Gebre Ayalew 2004 When Pastoral Commons are privatised Resource Deprivation and Changes in Land Tenure Systems among the Karrayu in the Upper Awash Valley Region of Ethiopia PDF Morin Didier 1995 Des paroles douces comme la soie introduction aux contes dans l aire couchitique Bedja Afar Saho Somali in French Peeters Publishers p 140 ISBN 9789068316780 The Gadabursi reside in Funyan Bira with the Oromo a b Lewis I M 1 January 1998 Saints and Somalis Popular Islam in a Clan based Society The Red Sea Press p 100 ISBN 9781569021033 Dostal Walter Kraus Wolfgang 22 April 2005 Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean I B Tauris p 296 ISBN 9780857716774 Somalia The Myth of Clan Based Statehood Somalia Watch 7 December 2002 Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 Retrieved 29 January 2007 Battera Federico 2005 Chapter 9 The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean Walter Dostal Wolfgang Kraus ed London I B Taurus p 296 ISBN 1 85043 634 7 Retrieved 18 March 2010 a b Samatar Abdi I 2001 Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative Amoud University Bildhaan An International Journal of Somali Studies Vol 1 Article 9 p 132 Battera Federico 2005 Chapter 9 The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean Walter Dostal Wolfgang Kraus ed London I B Taurus p 296 ISBN 1 85043 634 7 Retrieved 18 March 2010 Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans The Gadaabursi are concentrated in Awdal Ciabarri Luca Dopo lo Stato Storia e antropologia della ricomposizione sociale nella Somalia settentrionale Storia e antropologia della ricomposizione sociale nella Somalia settentrionale in Italian FrancoAngeli p 258 Baki region the traditional region of the Gadabursi Ambroso Guido August 2002 Pastoral society and transnational refugees population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia UNHCR Brussels Chart showing the Gadabursi exclusively inhabiting the Baki district An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia Somaliland PDF 2000 p 11 In the centre of the study area are the Gadabursi who extend from the coastal plains around Lughaye through the Baki and Borama districts into the Ethiopian highlands west of Jijiga RUIN AND RENEWAL THE STORY OF SOMALILAND 2004 So too is the boundary of Lughaya district whose predominant if not exclusive inhabitants are today Gadabursi Glawion Tim 30 January 2020 The Security Arena in Africa Local Order Making in the Central African Republic Somaliland and South Sudan Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 65983 3 Three distinct circles can be distinguished based on the way the security arena is composed in and around Zeila first Zeila town the administrative centre which is home to many government institutions and where the mostly ethnic Gadabuursi Samaron inhabitants engage in trading or government service activities second Tokhoshi an artisanal salt mining area eight kilometres west of Zeila where a mixture of clan and state institutions provide security and two large ethnic groups Ciise and Gadabuursi Samaron live alongside one another third the southern rural areas which are almost universally inhabited by the Ciise clan with its long rigid culture of self rule a b Reclus Elisee 1886 The Earth and its Inhabitants The Universal Geography Vol X North east Africa PDF J S Virtue amp Co Limited 294 City Road Two routes often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes lead from Harrar to Zeila One crosses a ridge to the north of the town thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory which is crossed by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north eastwards towards the Darmi Pass crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on a point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe It has two ports one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships whilst the other not far south of the town although very narrow is from 26 to 33 feet deep and affords safe shelter to large craft Hayward R J Lewis I M 17 August 2005 Voice and Power Routledge p 136 ISBN 9781135751753 The major town of the Rer Mohamoud Nur Dila Hayward R J Lewis I M 17 August 2005 Voice and Power Routledge p 136 ISBN 9781135751753 The Gadabuursi Reer Mahammad Nuur for example are said to have begun cultivating in 1911 at Jara Horoto to the east of the present town of Borama Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans a b c Hayward R J Lewis I M 17 August 2005 Voice and Power Routledge p 136 ISBN 9781135751753 a b Sociology Ethnology Bulletin of Addis Ababa University 1994 Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare a b c Theoretical and Practical Conflict Rehabilitation in the Somali Region of Ethiopia PDF 2018 2019 p 8 The Gadabursi who dominate the adjacent Awbare district north of Jijiga and bordering with the Awdal Region of Somaliland have opened the already existing camps of Derwanache and Teferi Ber to these two communities a b Research inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region Water and livelihoods in a highland to lowland transect in eastern Ethiopia PDF 2010 p 9 mainly Somali Gurgura Gadabursi and Hawiye groups who inhabit Erer Dambal and Meiso districts respectively a b Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans In front backed by the dark hills of Harar lay the Harawwah valley The breadth is about fifteen miles it runs from south west to north east between the Highlands of the Girhi and the rolling ground of the Gudabirsi Somal as far it is said as the Dankali country Of old this luxuriant waste belonged to the former tribe about twelve years ago it was taken from them by the Gudabirsi who carried off at the same time thirty cows forty camels and between three and four hundred sheep and goats a b c Swayne 1895 Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland On 5th September we descended into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country and back on to the high ban again at Sarir four days later We then marched along the base of the Harar Highlands reaching Sala Asseleh on 13th September We had experienced heavy thunder storms with deluges of rain daily and had found the whole country deserted a b c Swayne 1895 Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland The position of the Samawe ruins would favour a supposition that some power holding Harar and having its northern boundary along the hills which wall in the southern side of the Harrawa valley had built the fort to command the Gawa Pass which is one of the great routes from the Gadabursi country up on to the Marar Prairie Swayne 1895 Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland The extreme north western angle of the Marar Prairie is marked by a hill called Sarir Gerad and from its base the ground falls abruptly to the north into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country and to the west into deep gorges which lead towards Gildessa Information on the situation of Gadabursi clan members in Gebileh in north west of Somaliland 1994 the Rer Ugas mostly in Ethiopia around Aw Bare also called Teferi and West a b Theoretical and Practical Conflict Rehabilitation in the Somali Region of Ethiopia PDF 2018 2019 p 8 Jarso and Geri then sought refuge on neutral adjacent Gadabursi territory in Heregel Jarre and Lefeisa a b IL DUUFKA WEYN EE LALA BEEGSADAY DAD WEYNAHA GOBOLKA HARAWO Harawo org in Somali Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 Retrieved 8 February 2012 Ali Zeynab 2016 Cataclysm Secrets of the Horn of Africa Xlibris Corporation ISBN 9781524564087 Ethnographic Survey of Africa International African Institute 1 January 1969 p 26 Toward a New Country in East Africa freenation org Retrieved 18 August 2016 Its nickname is Gadabursi i e mountain people a b Lewis I M 1 January 1998 Peoples of the Horn of Africa Somali Afar and Saho Red Sea Press p 25 ISBN 9781569021057 Lewis I M 1 January 1998 Peoples of the Horn of Africa Somali Afar and Saho Red Sea Press ISBN 9781569021057 At the end of the book Tribal Distribution of Somali Afar and Saho Verdier Isabelle 31 May 1997 Ethiopia the top 100 people Indigo Publications p 13 ISBN 9782905760128 The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr who are born of the Irrir Samal UNDP Paper in Kenya http www undp org content dam kenya docs Amani 20Papers AP Volume1 n2 May2010 pdf Archived 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Adam Hussein Mohamed Ford Richard 1 January 1997 Mending rips in the sky options for Somali communities in the 21st century Red Sea Press p 127 ISBN 9781569020739 Ahmed Ali Jimale 1 January 1995 The Invention of Somalia The Red Sea Press p 121 ISBN 9780932415998 a b c Fage J D Oliver Roland 1 January 1975 The Cambridge History of Africa Cambridge University Press p 153 ISBN 9780521209816 a b I M Lewis 1959 The Galla in Northern Somaliland PDF Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam Ali Si id d 1392 from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa d ad Din d 1415 ruler of Zeila a b c ʻArabfaqih Shihab al Din Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al Qadir 2003 The conquest of Abyssinia 16th century The Habar Makadur underneath the page as a note I M Lewis by Richard Pankhurst Tsehai Publishers amp Distributors p 27 ISBN 9780972317269 a b c Lewis I M 1998 Peoples of the Horn of Africa Somali Afar and Saho Red Sea Press p 25 ISBN 978 1569021040 There are two main fractions the Habr Afan and Habr Makadur formerly united under a common hereditary chief ogaz a b Westermann Diedrich Smith Edwin William Forde Cyril Daryll 1 January 2007 Africa Oxford University Press p 230 Kinship and Contract in Somali Politics Africa Journal of the International African Institute 77 2 226 249 25 April 2007 doi 10 1353 afr 2007 0032 ISSN 1750 0184 a b Mohammad Abdulkader Saleh 1 January 2013 The Saho of Eritrea Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness LIT Verlag Munster ISBN 9783643903327 Lewis I M 1 January 1999 A Pastoral Democracy A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa James Currey Publishers p 110 ISBN 9780852552803 Dostal Walter 2005 Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean p 296 ISBN 9781850436348 Battera Federico 2005 Chapter 9 The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean Walter Dostal Wolfgang Kraus ed London I B Taurus p 296 ISBN 1 85043 634 7 Retrieved 18 March 2010 Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans UN 1999 Somaliland Update to SML26165 E of 14 February 1997 on the situation in Zeila including who is controlling it whether there is fighting in the area and whether refugees are returning The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region As a result regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs p 5 Marchal Roland 1997 United Nations Development Office for Somalia Studies on Governance Awdal Region The Gadabuursi s numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region Renders Marleen Terlinden Ulf Chapter 9 Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order The Case of Somaliland In Tobias Hagmann Didier Peclard eds Negotiating Statehood Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa PDF p 191 Retrieved 21 January 2012 Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti Ethiopia and the Issaq populated mainland of Somaliland It is primarily inhabited by the three sub clans of the Gadabursi clan whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period Somali statehood and the war in good shape remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security Lewis I M 1 January 1999 A Pastoral Democracy A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa James Currey Publishers pp 109 Gadabuursi in the region of Gebile Gabilay Woqooyi Galbeed ISBN 9780852552803 Dostal Walter Kraus Wolfgang 22 April 2005 Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean I B Tauris p 296 ISBN 9780857716774 Vries F W T Penning de 1 January 2005 Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture IWMI p 67 ISBN 9789290906186 Gadabursi the second largest clan in Somaliland was peacefully elected as president Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refworld Somaliland Information on the current situation of the Isaaq clan and on the areas in which they live Refworld Retrieved 10 March 2022 the Isaaq are the largest clan family in Somaliland Vries F W T Penning de 1 January 2005 Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture IWMI p 67 ISBN 9789290906186 Gadabursi the second largest clan in Somalia was peacefully elected as president Younkins Edward W 15 April 2016 Ayn Rand s Atlas Shrugged A Philosophical and Literary Companion Routledge ISBN 9781317176565 a b Rayne Henry a 8 August 2015 Sun Sand and Somals Leaves from the Note Book of a District Commissioner in British Somalia BiblioLife ISBN 9781297569760 Imbert Vier Simon 2011 Tracer des frontieres a Djibouti des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siecles in French KARTHALA Editions ISBN 9782811105068 Dostal Walter Kraus Wolfgang 22 April 2005 Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean I B Tauris p 296 ISBN 9780857716774 Somalia The Myth of Clan Based Statehood Somalia Watch 7 December 2002 Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 Retrieved 29 January 2007 Battera Federico 2005 Chapter 9 The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean Walter Dostal Wolfgang Kraus ed London I B Taurus p 296 ISBN 1 85043 634 7 Retrieved 18 March 2010 Battera Federico 2005 Chapter 9 The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia In Walter Dostal Wolfgang Kraus eds Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean London I B Taurus p 296 ISBN 1 85043 634 7 Retrieved 18 March 2010 But most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia the so called region five where their paramount chief the Ugaas resides Battera Federico 2005 Chapter 9 The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia In Walter Dostal Wolfgang Kraus eds Shattering Tradition Custom Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean London I B Taurus p 296 ISBN 1 85043 634 7 Retrieved 18 March 2010 In present day Awdal most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region Booroma However the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi local community the Ugaas has his main venue in Ethiopia a b United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia Field Trip to Jijiga 22 29 April 1994 PDF p 2 Archived from the original PDF on 18 December 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2011 http www fsnau org ipc population table Population census by UNFP based on Somalia Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans In front backed by the dark hills of Harar lay the Harawwah valley Burton R 1855 2 December 2023 Narrative of a Trip to Harar The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society JRGS p 142 Though almost in sight of Harar our advance was impeded by the African traveller s bane The Gudabursi tribe was at enmity with the Girhi and in such cases the custom is for your friends to detain you and for their enemies to bar your progress Shermarkay had given me a letter to the Gerad Adan chief of the Girhi a family feud between him and his brother in law our Gudabursi protector rendered the latter chary of commiting himself a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Lewis I M 17 March 2003 A Modern History of the Somali Nation and State in the Horn of Africa Ohio University Press ISBN 9780821445730 Lewis I M 1998 Saints and Somalis Popular Islam in a Clan based Society The Red Sea Press p 100 ISBN 9781569021033 The universal geography earth and its inhabitants PDF Slikkerveer 28 October 2013 Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates Routledge p 140 ISBN 9781136143304 A report for the BRIDGES Project The Role of Education in Livelihoods in the Somali Region of Ethiopia Elanor Jackson June 2011 http fic tufts edu assets Education Somali Ethiopia pdf In the Afdem in 1989 91 there was also a clan clash between the Issa and Gedabiersay Gadabursi p 92 An HEA Baseline Study By SC UK DPPB and Partners February 2002 Sponsored by USAID OFDA and ECHO with additional financial support from SC Canada and WFP 1 Shinile Pastoral Livelihood Zone Shoats Cattle Camel The inhabitants of Shinile Zone are Somali peoples most of who are from the Issa clan Other Somali groups Gurgura and Gadabursi also occupy the Zone p 9 a b Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency Population of Ethiopia for All Regions At Wereda Level from 2014 p 21 Somali region Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 H arawo State Petition March 2011 Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine FindArticles com CBSi Retrieved 18 January 2017 via Find Articles Mohammad Abdulkader Saleh 1 January 2013 The Saho of Eritrea Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness LIT Verlag Munster p 162 ISBN 9783643903327 a b c I M Lewis 1959 The Galla in Northern Somaliland PDF These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla A later leader of the clan Ugas Ali Makahil who was born in 1575 at Dobo north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid a village in the Protectorate Fage J D Oliver Roland 1 January 1975 The Cambridge History of Africa Cambridge University Press p 153 ISBN 9780521209816 Gadabuursi Somali subgroup largely resident in Ethiopia Samarron p 5 http www1 uni hamburg de EAE vol2 pdf LEWIS I M 1 January 1961 Notes on the Social Organisation of the ʿise Somali Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 17 80 JSTOR 41299496 ʻArabfaqih Shihab al Din Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al Qadir 1 January 2003 The conquest of Abyssinia 16th century Tsehai Publishers amp Distributors ISBN 9780972317269 Among the Somali tribes there was another called Habr Maqdi from which the imam had demanded the alms tax They refused to pay it resorting to banditry on the roads and acting evilly towards the country ʻArabfaqih Shihab al Din Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al Qadir 1 January 2003 The conquest of Abyssinia 16th century Tsehai Publishers amp Distributors ISBN 9780972317269 Ahmed Wehib M 2015 History of Harar and the Hararis PDF Harari People Regional State Culture Heritage and Tourism Bureau In the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Amirs was limited to Harar and its close environs while the whole trade routes to the coast passed through Oromo and the Somali territories There were only two practicable routes one was the Jaldeissa through Somali Issa and Nole Oromo territories the other of Darmy through the Gadaboursi The Somali who held a monopoly as transporters took full advantage of the prevailing conditions and the merchants were the victim of all forms of abuse and extortion Under the supervision of these agents the caravan would be entrusted to abbans caravan protector who usually belonged to the Issa or Gadaboursi when destined to the coast and to Jarso when destined for the interior Paulitschke P 1888 Harar Forschungsreise nach den Somal und Galla Landern Ost Afrikas nebst Beitragen p 81 The road via Tokosha Hambos and Abusuen was completely waterless at this time and therefore unusable There was a general fear rightly so of the Danakil so much that the escort of a caravan couldn t have been persuaded to take this path Danger also existed for the route we chose via Warabot and Henssa made unsafe by the Gadaburssi raiders but is the one relatively more frequently committed a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Paulitschke P 1888 Harar Forschungsreise nach den Somal und Galla Landern Ost Afrikas nebst Beitragen p 93 Starting immediately on the right bank of Wadi Ashat accompanying the narrow path through the Salsola bush 20 30 metre high hills at a distance of 5 6 km The country shaft offers the appearance of a wavy artificially created terrain covered with tall grass Individuals come against the caravan path others are lined up in groups and close due to the location Here and there small cauldrons form which will soon come against the caravan route heading west or east They have been lurking in this area since ancient times the Somal terrain so suitable for raids armed with lances shield and knife mostly on horseback rarely on foot and weaker caravans have to fight their way through force by force The plunderers who have their headquarters here belong to the Gadaburssi tribe There are also robbers from all the neighbouring areas The attacks on the caravans are carried out on horseback and the natives on their nimble steeds take such an excellent cover that they bring honour to every European rider a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Paulitschke P 1888 Harar Forschungsreise nach den Somal und Galla Landern Ost Afrikas nebst Beitragen p 93 We crossed in the slowly rising terrain the Wadi Aschat approximately 20m wide a fairly deep cut trickle which approached us in terrible sunshine from a southwesterly direction through the Salsola bushes adorned with a small hilly landscape We already in Zeila were warned about this infamous site from legend it is said is soaked with the blood of the caravans a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Littel E et al 1894 2 February 1894 Littell s Living Age p 219 On the east bank of the Dega hardani are the remains of a fortress built by the Egyptians during their occupation of this country of which I shall have more to say The object of this wayside fort was to protect their trade from the plundering Gadabursi tribe whose country at this place approaches the road a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b Feyissa Dereje Hoehne Markus V 2007 Resourcing State Borders and Borderlands in the Horn of Africa PDF Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Rayne Henry a 8 August 2015 Sun Sand and Somals Leaves from the Note Book of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland BiblioLife ISBN 9781297569760 Farah Rachad 1 September 2013 Un embajador en el centro de los acontecimientos in Spanish Editions L Harmattan p 17 ISBN 9782336321356 Yasin Yasin Mohammed 2010 Regional Dynamics of Inter ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa An Analysis of the Afar Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti PDF Doctoral thesis University of Hamburg p 92 who cites Morin Didier 2005 Gadabuursi In Uhlig Siegbert ed Encyclopedia Aethiopica Vol II Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag pp 639 641 p 640 Oberle Philippe Hugot Pierre 1985 chapitre 4 Subjects of Empires Citizens of States Yemenis in Djibouti and Ethiopia a b Alwan Daoud A 2000 Historical Dictionary of Djibouti The Scarecrow Press p 38 ISBN 9782336321356 Eyoh Dickson Zeleza Paul Tiyambe 2005 Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century African History Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781134565849 a b Africa Analysis The Fortnightly Bulletin on Financial and Political Trends Africa Analysis Limited 1987 a b Legum Colin 2001 Africa Contemporary Record Annual Survey and Documents Africana Publishing Company ISBN 9780841912212 a b Country Report Uganda Ethiopia Somalia Djibouti The Unit 1988 Die geistige cultur der Danakil Galla und Somal nebst nachtragen zur materiellen cultur dieser volker Johnson Reprint 2 February 1896 p 171 To my Beloved Ancient song of the Zeilans Ahl Zeila a mixture of Arabs Somali Abyssinians and Negroes which Major J S King dictated to a hundred year old man in 1886 The song was incomprehensible to the Somal It is undoubtedly written by a Gadaburssi and addressed to a girl of the same tribe Die geistige cultur der Danakil Galla und Somal nebst nachtragen zur materiellen cultur dieser volker Johnson Reprint 2 February 1896 pp 171 172 African Language Review Volume 6 The University of Michigan F Cass 1967 p 5 Andrzejewski B W Pilaszewicz S Tyloch W 21 November 1985 Literatures in African Languages Theoretical Issues and Sample Surveys Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521256469 Cabdi Deeqsi who created a genre of love poetry called Balwo Abdullahi Mohamed Diriye 2001 Culture and Customs of Somalia Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 31333 2 Mukhtar Mohamed Haji 25 February 2003 Historical Dictionary of Somalia Scarecrow Press p 12 ISBN 9780810866041 Johnson John William 1996 Heelloy Modern Poetry and Songs of the Somali Indiana University Press ISBN 978 1874209812 Mukhtar Muhammad Haji 25 February 2003 Historical dictionary of Somalia Scarecrow Press p 12 ISBN 9780810866041 Mukhtar Muhammad Haji 2000 Historical dictionary of Djibouti Scarecrow Press p 2 ISBN 9780810838734 Johnson John William 1996 Heelloy Modern Poetry and Songs of the Somali Indiana University Press ISBN 978 1 874209 81 2 Saeed John 15 November 1999 Somali John Benjamins Publishing ISBN 978 90 272 8307 8 Suugaan Fasalka labaad in Somali Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Barbaarinta 1977 Cali Bucul Amaan Faras Suugaan Fasalka labaad in Somali Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Barbaarinta 1977 Aspetti dell espressione artistica in Somalia scrittura e letteratura strumenti musicali ornamenti della persona intaglio del legno in Italian Universita di Roma La Sapienza 1987 Abdullahi Mohamed Diriye 2001 Culture and Customs of Somalia Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 31333 2 Pease Alfred 1897 Some Account of Somaliland with Notes on Journeys through Gadabursi and Western Ogaden Countries 1896 1897 Scottish Geographical Magazine 14 2 57 73 doi 10 1080 00369229808732974 And we continued our journey northwards along the northern edge of the Bur Maado and Simodi ranges to Aliman We found all this country thickly inhabited by the Gadabursi and here alone in Northern Somaliland we had the companionship for days together of a running stream No part of Somaliland that I have visited is more beautiful than this tract of country watered by an almost perennial stream now lined with great trees festooned with the armo creeper now with the high green elephant grass or luxuriant jungles and guarded by woody and rocky mountains on the left hand and on the right Between the Tug or Wady and these hills the country had a park like appearance with its open glades and grassy plains But the new and varied vegetation of Africa was not the only object delightful to the eye countless varieties of birds hawks buzzards Batteleur and larger eagles vultures dobie birds golden orioles parrots paroquets the exquisite Somali starlings doves of all sorts and sizes small and great honey birds hoopoes jays green pigeons great flocks of Guinea fowl partridges sand grouse were ever to be seen on every hand and while the bush teemed with Waller s gazelle and dik diks the plains with Scemmerring s antelope with a sprinkling of oryx our road up the Tug was constantly crossed by the tracks of lions elephants leopards the ubiquitous hyaena and other wild beasts Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans For six hours we rode the breadth of the Harawwah Valley it was covered with wild vegetation and surface drains that carry off the surplus of the hills enclosing it In some places the torrent beds had cut twenty feet into the soil The banks were fringed with milk bush and Asclepias the Armo creeper a variety of thorns and especially the yellow berried Jujube here numberless birds followed bright winged butterflies and the Shaykhs of the Blind as the people call the black fly settled in swarms upon our hands and faces as we rode by The higher ground was overgrown with a kind of cactus which here becomes a tree forming shady avenues Its quadrangular fleshy branches of emerald green sometimes forty feet high support upon their summits large round bunches of a bright crimson berry when the plantation is close domes of extreme beauty appear scattered over the surface of the country At Zayla I had been informed that elephants are thick as sand in Harawwah even the Gudabirsi when at a distance declared that they fed there like sheep and after our failure swore that they killed thirty but last year Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans Beyond it stretched the Wady Harawwah a long gloomy hollow in the general level The background was a bold sweep of blue hill the second gradient of the Harar line and on its summit closing the western horizon lay a golden streak the Marar Prairie Already I felt at the end of my journey Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans At half past three reloading we followed the course of the Abbaso Valley the most beautiful spot we had yet seen The presence of mankind however was denoted by the cut branches of thorn encumbering the bed we remarked too the tracks of lions pursued by hunters and the frequent streaks of serpents sometimes five inches in diameter A Journey Through the Somali Country to the Webbe Shebeyli 1885 Church Missionary Society 2 February 1885 p 645 The natives had told him that in the hill called Ailo about three days march south east from Zeila there were remains of ancient cities and substantially built houses He hoped to be able to visit them The whole country south east of Zeila inhabited by the Gadabursi tribe had never yet been explored by a European There was also in the hill Ailo a celebrated cave which had been described to him as having a small entrance about three feet from the ground in the face of the limestone cliff He had spoken to two or three men who had been inside it They stated that they climbed up and entered with difficulty through the small opening they then went down some steps and found themselves in an immense cave with a stream of water running through it but pitch dark A story was told of a Somali who once went into the cave and lost his way In order to guide him out the people lighted fires outside and he came out and told most extraordinary tales stating that he found a race of men there who never left the cave but had flocks and herds Account of a Trip to Mount Eilo on the Northern Frontier of the Gadabursi Country with a sketch map showing the routes p 8 Shortly after passing the bed of the large river called Barregid we halted for half an hour at a place where there were several large hollows like dried up lakes but I was informed that the rain water does not remain in them any time Close by on a piece of rising ground was a small cemetery enclosed by a circular fence of cut bushes Most conspicuous among the graves was that of Sharmarke Gashan Ada Sharmarke of the White Shield a celebrated elder of the Bah Habr Musa section of the Gadabursi who died about 20 years ago The grave was surrounded by slabs of beautiful lithographic limestone brought from Eilo and covered with sea shells brought from the coast distant at least 10 miles From Absinthe to Abyssinia selected miscellaneous obscure and previously untranslated works of Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud 2002 Creative Arts Book Company 2 February 2024 p 98 ISBN 978 0 88739 293 1 Zeila Berbera and Bulhar remain in English hands as well as the Bay of Samawanak along the Gadiboursi coast between Zeila and Bulhar the place where the last French consular agent in Zeila M Henry had planted the tricolor the Gadiboursi tribe themselves having requested our protection which is always enjoyed All these stories of annexation or protection have been stirring up the minds along this coast these last two years Abtirsi com Ugasate of Gadabursi abtirsi com Retrieved 30 March 2018 a b c d e f Nur Sheikh Abdurahman 1993 Ilbaxnimadii Adal Iyo Sooyaalkii Soomaaliyeed The Renaissance of Adal Somali history 1993 Lewis I M 1 January 1961 A Pastoral Democracy A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa LIT Verlag Munster p 204 ISBN 9783825830847 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nur Sheikh Abdurahman 1993 Ilbaxnimadii Adal Iyo Sooyaalkii Soomaaliyeed The Renaissance of Adal Somali history 1993 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mukhtar Mohamed Haji 25 February 2003 Historical Dictionary of Somalia PDF Scarecrow Press p 247 ISBN 9780810866041 a b Henry J 1885 Traite de protectorat de la France sur les territoires du pays des Gada boursis Ministere des Colonies Traites 1687 1911 a b Hess Robert L 1979 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies Session B April 13 16 1978 Chicago USA Office of Publications Services University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Lewis I M 1988 A Modern History of Somalia PDF Westview Press By the end of 1885 Britain was preparing to resist an expected French landing at Zeila Instead however of a decision by force both sides now agreed to negotiate The result was an Anglo French agreement of 1888 which defined the boundaries of the two protectorates as between Zeila and Jibuti four years later the latter port became the official capital of the French colony a b Mukhtar Mohamed Haji 25 February 2003 Historical Dictionary of Somalia Scarecrow Press p 248 ISBN 9780810866041 Lewis I M 2013 A Modern History of the Somali Nation Ohio University Press p 368 ISBN 9780821445730 R A Caulk 1971 The Occupation of Harar January 1887 Journal of Ethiopian Studies Institute of Ethiopian Studies 9 2 1 20 JSTOR 41967469 Wright A C A 1943 The Inter action of various systems of Law and Custom in British Somaliland and their relation with social life African Geographical Review p 77 Why the Haud was ceded PDF The Abyssinians from Harar are encroaching more and more upon the Gadabursi country as I anticipated would be the result of their unopposed occupation of Biyo Kaboba I fear that they will make a permanent settlement in the Harrawa Valley from whence the encroachments and exactions will extend further into the Protectorate Arms Traffic Red Sea Africa amp Aden From RAS MAKUNAN Amir of Harrar and its Dependencies To COLONEL E V STACE Political Agent and Consul Somali Coast As for the Gadabursi they are always molesting and looting the travellers who come to Harrar This we do not hide from you The doings of this tribe are much injurious and troublesome to all the people as they loot the travellers without cause As regards what you wrote appertaining to an intended attack by some of our soldiers against them Gadabursi we are not aware of it because we were absent Before taking such steps we would consult you Suugaan Fasalka koowaad in Somali Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Barbaarinta 1976 Lewis I M 1958 The Gadabursi Somali Script Cambridge University Press Andrzejewski B W 1958 An Anthology of Somali Poetry Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253304636 Die geistige cultur der Danakil Galla und Somal nebst nachtragen zur materiellen cultur dieser volker Johnson Reprint 2 February 1896 p 177 Die geistige cultur der Danakil Galla und Somal nebst nachtragen zur materiellen cultur dieser volker Johnson Reprint 2 February 1896 p 171 This poem is an example of the improvisational art of the Somal Somal girls were singing in the interior of the Gadaburssi country when it became known that Ugas Nur Roble the old prince of the land imprisoned in Zeila and a great statesman of the tribe Elmi Worfa appointed Ugas of the Gadaburssi Somal by the British government The Wide World Magazine An Illustrated Monthly of True Narrative Adventure Travel Customs and Sport G Newness 1905 We were warned that he did not love the Feringi white man and therefore thought it better to send a messenger ahead to His Majesty and return with a confidential report on the situation The Wide World Magazine An Illustrated Monthly of True Narrative Adventure Travel Customs and Sport G Newness 1905 This old man was Ugaz Nur King or Sultan of the Gadabursi He had several other names which I do not remember now Ugaz Nur was about seventy five years old Although stiffened by age he was tall straight and well built Even the weight of his many years could not alter the chief s graceful figure His dress was simple and lacked the usual Oriental splendour Many of his subjects were attired much more gaily but none looked more distinguished He wore a crinkly white tobe with the end of which he covered his head forming a hood Over this he wore a cloak of black cloth lined with crimson silk probably a present from the Emperor of Abyssinia In his hand he carried a simple staff instead of the regulation shield and spear His fighting days were over and he now relied upon his stalwart sons to protect him on his journeys As he shook hands with us he smiled pleasantly His manner was composed and dignified evidently inherited from his ancestors who were rulers in the country for many generations a b Caplan Andrew 1971 British policy towards Ethiopia 1909 1919 Royal Holloway University of London a b Arab Bureau 1986 Arab Bureau Summaries Volumes 1 114 University of Virginia ISBN 9781852070250 Lij Yasu has however given a female relative of his in marriage to the late Agaz of the Gadabursi who was recently deposed by us for his intrigues and misgovernment a b Caplan Andrew 1971 British policy towards Ethiopia 1909 1919 Royal Holloway University of London The Prince Lij Iyasu was also negotiating for an alliance with the Gadabursi Somali He had given one of his relatives to its Ex Ughaz Robleh Nur a b Millman Brock 2013 British Somaliland An Administrative History 1920 1960 Routledge ISBN 9781317975441 The portion of Somali territory under Ethiopian colonization PDF Government Publications 1974 Royal Geographical Society Great Britain 1 January 1891 Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography Edward Stanford Lewis I M 1 January 1961 A Pastoral Democracy A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa LIT Verlag Munster p 207 ISBN 9783825830847 Burton Richard 1856 First Footsteps in East Africa 1st ed Longman Brown Green and Longmans Here probably to commemorate the westward progress of the tribe the Gudabirsi Ugaz or chief has the white canvass turban bound about his brows and hence rides forth to witness the equestrian games in the Harawwah Valley Lewis I M 1 January 1999 A Pastoral Democracy A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa James Currey Publishers pp 211 212 ISBN 9780852552803 The pastoral Somali have few large ceremonies and little ritual For its interest therefore I reproduce here a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony given me by Sheikh Abdarahmaan Sheikh Nuur the present Government Kadi of Borama Clansmen gather for the ceremony in a well wooded and watered place There is singing and dancing then stock are slaughtered for feasting and sacrifice The stars are carefully watched to determine a propitious time and then future Ugaas is chosen by divination Candidates must be sons or brothers of the former Ugaas and the issue of a woman who has been only married once She should not be a woman who has been divorced or a widow Early on a Monday morning a man of the Reer Nuur the laandeer of the Gadabuursi plucks a flower or leaf and throws it upon the Ugaas Everyone else then follows his example The man who starts the aleemasaar acclamation must be a man rich in livestock with four wives and many sons Men of the Mahad Muuse lineage then brings four vessels of milk One contains camels milk one cows milk one sheeps milk and the last goats milk These are offered to the Ugaas who selects one and drinks a little from it If he drinks the camels milk camels will be blessed and prosper if he drinks the goats milk goats will prosper and so on After this a large four year old ram is slaughtered in front of him His hair is cut by a man of the Gadabuursi and he casts off his old clothes and dons new clothes as Ugaas A man of Reer Yuunis puts a white turban round his head and his old clothes are carried off by men of the Jibra iin The Ugaas then mounts his best horse and rides to a well called Bugay near Geris towards the coast The well contains deliciously fresh water Above the well are white pebbles and on these he sits He is washed by a brother or other close kinsman as he sits on top of the stones Then he returns to the assembled people and is again acclaimed and crowned with leaves Dancing and feasting recommence The Ugaas makes a speech in which he blesses his people and asks God to grant peace abundant milk and rain all symbols of peace and prosperity nabad iyo aano If rain falls after this people will know that his reign will be prosperous That the ceremony is customarily performed during the karan rainy season makes this all the more likely The Ugaas is given a new house with entirely new effects and furnishings and a bride is sought for him She must be of good family and the child of a woman who has had only one husband Her bride wealth is paid by all the Gadabuursi collectively as they thus ensure for themselves successors to the title Rifles or other fire arms are not included in the bride wealth Everything connected with the accession must be peaceful and propitious LEWIS I M 1 January 1959 The Galla in Northern Somaliland Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 15 31 JSTOR 41299539 Mukhtar Mohamed Haji 25 February 2003 Historical Dictionary of Somalia Scarecrow Press ISBN 9780810866041 Abtirsi com Ugasate of Gadabursi abtirsi com Iacovacci Giuseppe et al 2017 Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries Forensic Science International Genetics 27 123 131 doi 10 1016 j fsigen 2016 12 015 PMID 28068531 Retrieved 19 January 2018 Underhill JR Rowold DJ Regueiro M Caeiro B Cinnioglu C Roseman C Underhill PA Cavalli Sforza LL Herrera RJ 2004 The Levant versus the Horn of Africa Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations American Journal of Human Genetics 74 3 532 544 doi 10 1086 382286 PMC 1182266 PMID 14973781 Sanchez Juan J Hallenberg Charlotte Borsting Claus Hernandez Alexis Morling Niels July 2005 High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1 DYS19 11 DYS392 12 in Somali males European Journal of Human Genetics 13 7 856 866 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201390 ISSN 1018 4813 PMID 15756297 Cabrera Vicente M Abu Amero Khaled K Larruga Jose M Gonzalez Ana M 2010 The Arabian peninsula Gate for Human Migrations Out of Africa or Cul de Sac A Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeographic Perspective The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Springer Dordrecht pp 79 87 doi 10 1007 978 90 481 2719 1 6 ISBN 978 90 481 2718 4 Could Thomas Jefferson s DNA Trail Reveal Middle Eastern Origins ScienceDaily Protonotari Francesco 1 January 1890 Nuova antologia in Italian Direzione della Nuova Antologia p 343 CLANSHIP CONFLICT AND REFUGEES AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso Worldbank Conflict in Somalia Drivers and Dynamics January 2005 Appendix 2 Lineage Charts p 55 Figure A 1 Country Information and Policy Unit Home Office Great Britain Somalia Assessment 2001 Annex B Somali Clan Structure Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine p 43 House of People s Representatives of the FDRE First Somali woman becomes MP in Addis Ababa 12 July 2021 Abdirahman Aw Ali Gadabursi selected to serve as Vice President January May 1993 p 9 DEVELOPMENTAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAM Policy and Practice for Developmental Leaders Elites and Coalitions Political Settlements and State Formation The Case of Somaliland Sarah Phillips University of Sydney December 2013 http publications dlprog org Political 20Settlements 20and 20State 20Formation 20 20the 20Case 20of 20Somaliland pdf Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Report of Ethiopia s high level delegation visit on nutrition and food security to Brazil and WFP Center of Excellence to fight Hunger PDF Brasilia Brazil p 27 20 28 July 2015 Rise of SPDP in Addis gives green light for internal purge Africa Intelligence 11 November 2016 Retrieved 3 April 2018 PM Desalegn picks his candidate to head IGAD Africa Intelligence 29 July 2016 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Nominated Ministers and Their Clans Goobjoog 28 January 2015 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Lewis I M 1 January 1958 The Gadabuursi Somali Script Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 21 1 3 134 156 doi 10 1017 s0041977x00063278 JSTOR 610496 S2CID 161856327 Farah Rachad 1 September 2013 Un embajadoren el centro de los acontecimientos in Spanish Editions L Harmattan p 17 ISBN 9782336321356 Yussur Abrar Dir Gadabursi who hails from Borama in Somaliland Africa Intelligence 8 November 2013 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Mukhtar Mohamed Haji 25 February 2003 Historical Dictionary of Somalia Scarecrow Press p 247 ISBN 9780810866041 p 210 geeskadmin 10 December 2014 Kenya Ethiopia Replaced Ambassador Shemsedin Ahmed for security reasons Geeska Afrika Online Retrieved 3 April 2018 Somaliland s Guurti Sparks a Crisis Crisis Group blog crisisgroup org Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 5 August 2018 Samo ku waar by socsa via YouTube Country Information and Policy Unit Somalia Assessment 2001 Home Office Great Britain Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gadabuursi amp oldid 1203194437, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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