Fiat JTD engine
Multijet is Fiat Chrysler Automobiles' term for its current common rail direct injection turbodiesel engine range. Most of the Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Lancia range as well as certain Chrysler, RAM Trucks, Jeep and Maserati vehicles are equipped with Multijet engines. Ownership of some Fiat Multijet designs is shared with General Motors as part of a settlement of the failed merger between the two auto conglomerates. GM Powertrain Torino group in Turin, Italy manages their interest in these engines. Some PSA Peugeot Citroën diesel engines are also rebadged JTD units, and vice versa.[citation needed] Fiat's common rail diesel engine is also known as JTD, an initialism of Jet Turbo Diesel.[1]
| JTD/MultiJet engine | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer |
|
| Also called | Family B engine: 4-cylinder Family C engine: 5-cylinder |
| Production | 1997–present |
| Layout | |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminium alloy |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel type | Diesel |
| Oil system | Wet sump |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
Characteristics Edit
The property that distinguishes the Multijet from previous generations of common rail diesel engines from FCA is the combustion of the fuel, which is split into multiple injections, thus allowing for a more complete, quieter combustion in the cylinder. Compared to the first-generation JTD engines (Unijet system) which only featured a smaller pilot and a larger main injection, Multijet is capable of up to five injections per combustion cycle which enables better, more efficient cold running, better performance especially in the lower rev-range, quieter operation as well as even lower consumptions and emissions. The time between injections has been reduced to 150 microseconds while the minimal injection quantity has been reduced from two to less than one microlitre.
This enables even mid-sized sedans like the Alfa Romeo 156 and Lancia Lybra equipped with the 1.9 JTD to achieve fuel economy upwards of 45 mpgUS (55 mpgimp or 5L/100 km) on country roads and highways while offering an equal amount of torque as the 3.0L 24V V6 engine.
A sophisticated electronic control unit controls the injection and changes the injection logic and number of injections based on a multitude of parameters, most importantly revolutions per minute of the engine, engine torque requested by the driver and the temperature of the coolant.
The injection pressure of the diesel fuel on the second-generation Multijet is limited to between 1,400 bar (20,000 psi) on the 1.3 Multijet and 1,600 bar (23,000 psi) on the 2.4 Multijet 20V.
Multijet II Edit
In 2009 Fiat Powertrain introduced the third generation of this technology, called Multijet II. With its new and innovative injectors with hydraulically balanced solenoid valve and even higher injection pressure of 2,000 bar (29,000 psi) it is capable of even more precise controlling of the injected diesel fuel, injecting it in a quicker and more flexible manner. It enables up to eight consecutive injections per combustion cycle and implemented Injection Rate Shaping technology, which provides two very close pilot injections making the fuel delivery more continuous and modulated.[2] This results in an engine that is quiet and has a smoother operation, lower emissions, better fuel mileage and higher performance compared to the previous generation.
Automotive engines Edit
1.0 Edit
| 1.0 L | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | General Motors |
| Also called |
|
| Production | 2011–2017 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-3 |
| Displacement | 936 cc (57.1 cu in) |
| Cylinder bore | 69.615 mm (2.74 in) |
| Piston stroke | 82.0 mm (3.23 in) |
| Valvetrain | DOHC with roller finger followers |
| Compression ratio | 16.8:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Common rail |
| Output | |
| Power output | 57 bhp (43 kW; 58 PS) |
| Torque output | 150 N⋅m (111 lb⋅ft) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 553.3 mm (21.78 in) |
| Width | 547.3 mm (21.55 in) |
| Height | 700.5 mm (27.58 in) |
| Dry weight | 130 kg (287 lb) |
A 0.9 L (936 cc) 3-cylinder variant, (called XSDE, Xtra Smart Diesel Engine) or Smartech Diesel, was introduced in 2011. Co-developed by GM Powertrain Torino and the GM Technical Center India for the Indian market the engine is rated at 57 bhp (43 kW; 57 hp) of power and 150 N⋅m (111 lb⋅ft) of torque.[3]
Applications:
- 2011–2017 Chevrolet Beat (India)
1.3 Multijet Edit
| 1.3 L | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Fiat Auto (2003-2005) Fiat Powertrain Technologies (2005-2011) Fiat Group Automobiles (2011-2014) FCA Italy (2014-present) General Motors Maruti Suzuki Tata Motors |
| Also called | |
| Production | 2003–present |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 1,248 cc (76.2 cu in) |
| Cylinder bore | 69.6 mm (2.74 in) |
| Piston stroke | 82.0 mm (3.23 in) |
| Valvetrain | DOHC |
| Compression ratio | 17.6:1 |
| Dimensions | |
| Dry weight | 140 kg (310 lb) |
A small 1.3 L (1,248 cc (76.2 cu in)) version (called the SDE, Small Diesel Engine) introduced in February 2003[4] is produced in Bielsko-Biała, Poland,[5] in Ranjangaon, Pune, India, by Fiat India Automobiles and Tata Motors joint venture plant since 2008,[6] and by Maruti Suzuki in Gurgaon, Haryana, India since 2012.[7][8] The Multijet 75 PS version was chosen in 2005 as the International Engine of the Year in the 1-litre to 1.4-litre category.
There are five versions of this engine: a 70 PS (51 kW; 69 hp), a 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp) (used in the Fiat Punto, Panda, Palio, Albea, Idea, 500; Opel Corsa, Combo, Meriva; Suzuki Ritz, Swift; and Tata Indica Vista), a variable inlet geometry 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) (used in the Fiat Grande Punto,[9] Linea; Opel Corsa, Astra; Suzuki Ertiga, SX4; Tata Indigo Manza and Alfa Romeo MiTo), a 95 PS (70 kW; 94 hp) from the Multijet II generation,[10] and a 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) available on the Lancia Ypsilon. At the time of the launch this was the smallest four-cylinder diesel engine available and had a fuel consumption of 3.3 L/100 km (86 mpg‑imp; 71 mpg‑US) in some applications. The engine is able to meet Euro IV pollution standards without the use of a diesel particulate filter.[10]
In January 2008, Tata Motors introduced the new Indica Vista model, which features new Quadrajet branded version of this engine.[11] The second generation Ford Ka uses 1.3 Multijet named as Duratorq TDCi. In GM nomenclature, it is called Small Diesel Engine (SDE).
During 2009, Fiat launched a new generation badged Multijet II, with a new injection management system (up to 8 injections per cycle, instead of 5) and able to meet Euro V pollution standards.[12] It is available with several power outputs, from 75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp), with fixed geometry turbocharger, to 95 PS (70 kW; 94 hp), with variable geometry turbocharger.[13]
As of 2013, more than 5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines were produced.[14] In January 2020, the production of the 1.3 Multijet ended in India in both Maruti Suzuki plant and Fiat-Tata JV as the BS6 emission regulations come into effect in the country from 1 April 2020.[15] Fiat-Tata built a total of 800,048 engines over 12 years.[16]
Applications:
FCA Edit
- Alfa Romeo MiTo
- Fiat 500
- Fiat 500L
- Fiat Albea
- Fiat Doblò
- Fiat Fiorino
- Fiat Grande Punto
- Fiat Idea
- Fiat Linea
- Fiat Palio
- Fiat Panda
- Fiat Punto
- Fiat Qubo
- Fiat Strada
- Fiat Tipo (2015)
- Lancia Musa
- Lancia Ypsilon
General Motors Edit
- Chevrolet Aveo (2012)
- Chevrolet Sail (India)
- Chevrolet Spin (Indonesia)
- Opel Agila
- Opel Astra
- Opel Combo
- Opel Corsa
- Opel Meriva
- Opel Tigra TwinTop
PSA Edit
Suzuki Edit
- Suzuki Baleno
- Suzuki Ciaz
- Suzuki Dzire
- Suzuki Ertiga
- Suzuki Ignis
- Suzuki Splash
- Suzuki Swift
- Suzuki SX4 Sedan
- Suzuki SX4 S-Cross
- Suzuki Vitara Brezza
Tata Motors Edit
Others Edit
- DFSK Super Cab (Indonesia)
- Ford Ka (2008)
- Premier Rio
1.5 Multijet
1.6 Multijet Edit
| 1.6 L | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Also called | Multijet (Fiat) D16A DDiS (Suzuki) |
| Production | 2006–present |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 1,598 cc (97.5 cu in) |
| Cylinder bore | 79.5 mm (3.13 in) |
| Piston stroke | 80.5 mm (3.17 in) |
In 2006, Fiat Powertrain announced a downsized version of the 1.9 16V Multijet, a new 1.6L 16V Multijet (1,598 cc) with two power levels of 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) and 120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp) to replace the still-used 1.9L 8-valve engine. The new 1.6 Multijet diesel with 105 PS was released in December 2007, the 120 PS version arrived later in 2008.[17]
Applications:
FCA Edit
- Alfa Romeo Mito
- Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010)
- Fiat 500L
- Fiat Bravo (2007)
- Fiat Doblò
- Fiat Grande Punto
- Fiat Idea
- Fiat Linea
- Fiat Tipo (2015)
- Jeep Renegade
- Jeep Compass
- Lancia Delta (2008)
- Lancia Musa
General Motors Edit
Suzuki Edit
- Suzuki Vitara (2015)
- Suzuki SX4 S-Cross (from 2013[18])
1.9 Edit
| 1.9 L | |
|---|---|
| JTDm engine cover of Alfa Romeo 159 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Fiat/GM |
| Also called |
|
| Production | 1997–present |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 1,910 cc (117 cu in) |
| Cylinder bore | 82 mm (3.2 in) |
| Piston stroke | 90.4 mm (3.56 in) |
| Compression ratio | 18.5 |
| Combustion | |
| Turbocharger | Some versions |
| Dimensions | |
| Dry weight | 125 kg (276 lb) (Single turbo) |
The most common JTD engine is the 1.9 L straight-4 found on various brands and models. The first car that used this engine was Alfa Romeo 156 in 1997 (105 PS, 77 kW, 104 hp), making it the world's first common-rail diesel passenger car. In 1999, it was introduced on the Fiat Punto JTD with a smaller, fixed-geometry turbocharger and 80 PS (59 kW; 79 hp), as well as in the Fiat Brava, Bravo and Marea range. There were also 85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp), 101 PS (74 kW; 100 hp), 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp), 110 PS (81 kW; 110 hp), and 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) versions available. The engine block weighs approximately 125 kg (276 lb), the cylinder head features an overhead camshaft with directly actuated valves.
The Multijet second generation features an advanced common-rail system and is available with seven different power outputs. The 8-valve version has 101 PS (74 kW; 100 hp), 120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp), or 130 PS (96 kW; 130 hp) and the 16-valve version has 134 PS (99 kW; 132 hp), 138 PS (101 kW; 136 hp), 150 PS (110 kW; 150 hp), or 170 PS (130 kW; 170 hp). Except for the 101 PS Multijet, all engines feature a variable-geometry turbocharger.
Opel also uses a version of this engine. Their CDTI engine, manufactured in Pratola Serra, Italy and Kaiserslautern, Germany, is the product of the half-decade joint venture between GM and Fiat. It is used in the Vectra, Signum, Astra, Zafira, Cadillac BLS and Suzuki SX4 as well as some Saabs marked as TiD and TTiD (twinturbo version).
Applications Edit
FCA Edit
- Alfa Romeo 145
- Alfa Romeo 146
- Alfa Romeo 147
- Alfa Romeo 156
- Alfa Romeo 159
- Alfa Romeo GT
- DR5
- Fiat Bravo
- Fiat Brava
- Fiat Croma II
- Fiat Doblò
- Fiat Grande Punto
- Fiat Marea
- Fiat Multipla
- Fiat Punto
- Fiat Idea
- Fiat Sedici
- Fiat Stilo
- Fiat Strada
- Lancia Delta
- Lancia Lybra
- Lancia Musa
General Motors Edit
Suzuki Edit
Others Edit
SAIC Motor Edit
Gallery Edit
-
Right side view, from Saab 9-5
-
Left side view, from Saab 9-5
-
Dual overhead camshaft housing
-
Turbo charger with attachments from 9-5
Twin Turbo Edit
Fiat Powertrain Technologies released information about new two stage turbo (twin turbo) version of this engine in summer 2007, engine is available with two power levels, first one is producing 180 PS (130 kW; 180 hp) and second one 190 PS (140 kW; 190 hp), both have a maximum torque output of 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) at 2000 rpm. 180 PS version production started summer 2007. The engine weighs approximately 185 kg (408 lb). This engine will be sold both to Fiat Group Automobiles and other brands, but the 190 PS (140 kW; 190 hp) version is reserved only to Fiat Group Automobiles.[19]
Applications:
2.0 Multijet II Edit
| 2.0 L | |
|---|---|
| JTDm 2 engine cover of Alfa Romeo Giulietta | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | |
| Also called | |
| Production | 2008–present |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 1,956 cc (119.4 cu in) |
| Cylinder bore | 83 mm (3.3 in) |
| Piston stroke | 90.4 mm (3.56 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | Dual overhead camshafts |
| Compression ratio | 16.5 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Direct injection |
| Fuel type | |
| Oil system | Wet sump |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 110–192 hp (82–143 kW) |
| Torque output | 192–280 lb⋅ft (260–380 N⋅m) |
| Dimensions | |
| Dry weight | 174–182 kg (384–401 lb) |
A new 2 litre (1,956 cc, 83 mm bore, 90.4 mm stroke) Multijet diesel was introduced in third generation Lancia Delta in summer 2008. At its first version this engine produces 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp). For 2009 the engine was fitted to Alfa Romeo 159 as 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) variant. Fiat Sedici, Suzuki SX4 and the new Fiat Doblò generation use a 135 PS (99 kW; 133 hp) variant of this engine.
GM Powertrain separately developed their diesel engines based on 1.9 JTD, after end of the GM and Fiat partnership,[20] and first was the 160 PS (120 kW; 160 hp) version for Astra and Insignia, which was later upgraded to 165 PS for Astra (163 PS in restyled version of Insignia), and less powerful version for Insignia with 110 PS and 130 PS. In 2011 GM Powertrain Europe developed a new derivative - the twin-turbocharger BiTurbo version, with 195 PS (143 kW; 192 hp), which is used in the Insignia and starting with 2013 in the Astra J. Internally the new engine is referred to as GM Ecotec Family B engine. The same engine was also available in the 2011 Saab 9–5 with 160 PS and 190 PS twin-turbo. In 2013 Opel introduced cleaner and more fuel efficient versions of the 2.0 CDTI engine and the ecoFLEX version, with 99 g/km of CO2 and 120 PS (140 PS for Insignia).[21]
Applications:
FCA Edit
- Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010)
- Alfa Romeo 159
- Fiat Bravo (2007)
- Fiat Doblò II
- Fiat Ducato III
- Fiat Freemont
- Fiat Sedici
- Fiat Croma II
- Fiat Toro
- Jeep Compass
- Jeep Cherokee (KL)
- Jeep Meridian
- Jeep Commander
- Jeep Renegade
- Lancia Delta III
General Motors Edit
- 2014–2015 Chevrolet Cruze (NA)
- 2016-2017 Chevrolet Captiva (KOR)
- 2013-2015 Chevrolet Malibu
- Opel/Vauxhall Astra J (single and twin turbo)
- Opel/Vauxhall Cascada (single and twin turbo)
- Opel/Vauxhall Insignia (single and twin turbo)
- Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer (single and twin turbo)
- Saab 9-5 (single and twin turbo)
- 2020 Cadillac XT4 (EU market)
SAIC Motor Edit
Suzuki Edit
Tata Motors Edit
2.2 Multijet II Edit
| 2.2 L | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Fiat (Pratola Serra plant) |
| Also called |
|
| Production | 2015-current |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 2,184 cc (133.3 cu in) |
| Cylinder bore | 83.8 mm (3.30 in) |
| Piston stroke | 99 mm (3.9 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron (die-cast Aluminium for Alfa Romeo) |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | Dual overhead camshafts |
| Compression ratio | 15.5:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Turbocharger | Variable-geometry integrated in the exhaust manifold |
| Fuel system | Common Rail |
| Management | Multijet II (Magneti Marelli) |
| Output | |
| Power output | 185–210 PS (136–154 kW; 182–207 hp) |
| Torque output | 440–470 N⋅m (320–350 lb⋅ft) |
The 2.2 Multijet II (2,184 cc) was introduced by Fiat Chrysler in mid-2015.[22] These engines produce 185 PS (136 kW; 182 hp) and 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) with 440 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft) of torque at 2500 RPM in the Jeep Cherokee. It was developed to offer more torque in the low-rev range compared to the 2.0L Multijet.[23] This engine further improves the existing 2.0 Multijet in various areas, such as a higher injection pressure (2,000 Bar instead of 1,600 Bar) with Injector Rate Shaping, an oil pump with variable displacement and counterbalance-shafts to reduce noises and vibrations.[24] This engine meets Euro 6 emission norms without the use of diesel exhaust fluid injection.
A 2.2 Multijet III (2,184 cc) was introduced by Stellantis on the Fiat Ducato in 2021 with 4 power outputs: 120, 140, 160, & 180 hp. It meets Euro 6d emissions standards.
A further development of this engine with a 2,143 cc displacement, and a die-cast Aluminium block, is used in the Alfa Romeo Giulia (952),[25] Alfa Romeo Stelvio, and Jeep Wrangler (JL).
Applications:
- Fiat Ducato 2,184 cc
- Jeep Cherokee (KL) 2,184 cc
- Jeep Wrangler (JL) 2,143 cc
- Alfa Romeo Giulia (952) 2,143 cc
- Alfa Romeo Stelvio (949) 2,143 cc
2.4 Edit
| 2.4 L | |
|---|---|
| Engine cover of an Alfa Romeo 166 2.4 JTD | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Fiat |
| Also called |
|
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-5 |
| Displacement | 2,387 cc (145.7 cu in) |
| Cylinder bore | 82 mm (3.2 in) |
| Piston stroke | 90.4 mm (3.56 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Valvetrain | OHC/DOHC |
| Compression ratio | 18,5 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Direct injection |
| Management | Bosch EDC15 Diesel Injection |
The 2.4 L (2,387 cc) straight-5 version is based on the 2.4 124 PS (91 kW; 122 hp) 5 cylinder TD engine as used in the Mk1 Fiat Marea and the Mk1 Lancia Kappa. The JTD version benefits from the solid build of the TD block, and an improved head/injection system. There are 2 versions of the 2.4 JTD, the 10-valve as used in the Fiat Marea 130 JTD and the earlier Alfa Romeo 156/Alfa Romeo 166/Lancia Lybra diesels where it was available as 136 PS (100 kW; 134 hp), 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp), 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) and later a Multijet 20-valve version 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp) as used in the later (2003>) Alfa Romeo 156 as well as some Lancia vehicles.
It was designed for transverse front-wheel drive use and was deemed too long and tall for widespread use in other GM Ecotec or Fiat products. A newer Multijet variant of this engine, capable for 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp), is used in the Alfa Romeo 159, Alfa Romeo Brera and Fiat Croma. The latest version of this engine produces 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp) and 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) at 1500 rpm, and is used in Alfa Romeo vehicles.[26]
Applications:
- Alfa Romeo 156
- Alfa Romeo Spider
- Alfa Romeo Brera
- Alfa Romeo 159
- Alfa Romeo 166
- Fiat Croma II
- Fiat Marea
- Lancia Kappa
- Lancia Lybra
- Lancia Thesis
3.0 V6 Multijet II Edit
See VM Motori A 630.
Heavy-duty engines Edit
2.3 Edit
| 2.3 L | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Also called |
|
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 2,287 cc (139.6 cu in) |
The 2.3 Multijet (2,287 cc) was developed by Iveco for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 120 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481D), 130 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481N or F1AE6481D) and 150 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE3481E), these engines produce 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp), 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) and 148 PS (109 kW; 146 hp) respectively.
Applications:
2.8 Edit
| 2.8 L | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Iveco |
| Also called |
|
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 2,800 cc (170 cu in) |
The 2.8 JTD (2,800 cc) made by Iveco (SOFIM) was used in second generation Fiat Ducato, it produces 127 PS (93 kW; 125 hp) or 146 PS (107 kW; 144 hp).
Applications:
3.0 Edit
| 3.0 L | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Iveco |
| Also called |
|
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 2,998 cc (182.9 cu in) |
The 160 MultiJet Power, introduced in 2007, saw displacement increased to 3.0 L (2,998 cc). This engine produces 157 PS (115 kW; 155 hp) or 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) in Fiat-badged models. In Iveco Massif this engine is also available as 176 PS (129 kW; 174 hp) version.
Applications:
- Citroën Jumper
- Fiat Ducato
- Iveco Daily
- Iveco Massif/Campagnola
- Mitsubishi Canter
- Multicar Fumo
- Peugeot Boxer
- RAM ProMaster
- Temsa Prestij
- Karsan Jestronic
See also Edit
Notes Edit
- ^ autobild.de: JTD - Lexikon - autobild.de, accessdate: 19. June 2019
- ^ "Diesel Injection Rate Shaping" (PDF).
- ^ Raja, Shrawan (Jul 23, 2011). "Chevrolet Beat XSDE SMARTECH engine". Indian Autos Blog. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
- ^ "Third generation FIRE engine: the 1.3 Multijet 16v". Italiaspeed.com. 7 February 2003. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Archived copy". from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ . Autocar India. 2012-01-19. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
- ^ Raj, Shally Seth Mohile,Amrit (2014-07-17). "Maruti Suzuki extends deal with Fiat for sourcing diesel engines". Livemint. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Khan, Faisal (2012-01-25). "Maruti Suzuki To Setup Diesel Engine Plant In Gurgaon". MotorBeam. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
- ^ "Fiat Grande Punto: A very comprehensive array of sophisticated engines and gearboxes". Italiaspeed.com. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ a b "Fiat Punto Evo: Technological innovation". Fiat Group Automobiles Press. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ (Press release). Tata Motors. January 9, 2008. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ^ "The new 1.3 Multijet II 95 HP (Euro5) engine is making its first appearance on the Fiat 500 and 500C". Fiat Group Automobiles Press. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Four millionth 1.3 MultiJet 16V diesel engine is built at Fiat powertrain's Poland factory". Italiaspeed.com. 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ "5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines produced". Fiatpress.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Fiat 1.3L Multijet 'National Engine' production ends in India". www.autodevot.com. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ "End of an era: 1.3L MultiJet diesel engine production stopped at FCA-Tata Motors plant". indianautosblog.com. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
- ^ "The new Fiat Bravo has already hit its full year sales targets". italiaspeed.com. 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
- ^ Kim, Chang-Ran (June 27, 2011). "Suzuki to use Fiat engines for new car from 2013". reuters.com. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
- ^ (PDF). fptpowertrain.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ^ . General Motors Company. 2011. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ "The New Opel Insignia – The Engine and Infotainment Revolution". Retrieved 2013-06-12.
- ^ YouTube: (1) NEW JEEP CHEROKEE 2.2 MULTIJET 2015 - PREMIÈRE AND FIRST TEST DRIVE - YouTube, accessdate: 19. June 2019
- ^ ABMnews (16 June 2015). "Paolo Pallotti Engine Engineering Technical Director at Fiat Powertrain Technologies". Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 16 November 2018 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Jeep Cherokee, debutta il nuovo diesel FCA 2.2 da 185 e 200 CV - Il Fatto Quotidiano". 22 June 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
- ^ . www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo at the 77th Geneva International Motor Show 2007". alfaromeopress.com. 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
References Edit
- "GM, Fiat Reach Settlement Agreement" (Press release). GM. February 13, 2005.[dead link]
- Cifferi, Luca (June 10, 2005). "GM to create new diesel unit as it untangles its Fiat joint powertrain operations". AutoWeek. Retrieved June 13, 2005.
- Homola, Peter (May 18, 2005). "Opel Launches 1.9L Diesel at Kaiserslautern Plant". Ward's Auto World. Retrieved June 13, 2005.(subscription required)
- Robinson, Peter (November 16, 2004). "GM, Affiliates Working OT for Euro Diesels". Ward's Auto World. Retrieved June 13, 2005.(subscription required)