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Transverse engine

January 13, 2023

A transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft axis is perpendicular to the direction of travel. Many modern front-wheel drive vehicles use this engine mounting configuration. Most rear-wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine configuration, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel with the direction of travel, except for some rear-mid engine vehicles, which use a transverse engine and transaxle mounted in the rear instead of the front. Despite typically being used in light vehicles, it is not restricted to such designs and has also been used on armoured fighting vehicles to save interior space.

Transversely mounted engine in Toyota Corolla E80

History

 
Transversely mounted engine in Mini Cooper

The Critchley light car, made by the Daimler Motor Company in 1899, had a transverse engine with belt drive to the rear axle.[1][2] The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder DKW F1 series of cars, which first appeared in 1931.

During WWII, transverse engines were developed for armored vehicles, with the Soviet T-44 and T-54/T-55 tanks being equipped with transverse engines to save space within the hull. The T-54/55 eventually became the most produced tank in history.

Postwar use

After the Second World War, Saab used the configuration in their first model, the Saab 92, in 1947.[3] The arrangement was also used for Borgward's Goliath and Hansa brand cars. The East German-built Trabant, which appeared in 1957, also had a transverse mounted two stroke engine, and this design was kept until the end of production, in 1991. However, it was with Alec Issigonis's Mini, introduced by the British Motor Corporation in 1959, that the design gained acclaim. Issigonis incorporated the car's transmission into the engine's sump, producing a drivetrain unit narrow enough to install transversely in a car only 4 feet (1.2 m) wide. While previous DKW and Saab cars used small, unrefined air-cooled two-stroke engines with poor performance, the gearbox-in-sump arrangement meant that an 848 cc four-cylinder water-cooled engine could be fitted to the Mini, providing strong performance for a car of its size. Coupled to the much greater amount of interior space afforded by the layout (the entire drivetrain only took up 20% of the car's length), this made the Mini a genuine alternative to the conventional small family car.

This design reached its peak starting with Dante Giacosa's elaboration of it for Fiat. He connected the engine to its gearbox by a shaft and set the differential off-center so that it could be connected to the gearbox more easily. The half shafts from the differential to the wheels therefore differed in length, which would have made the car's steering asymmetrical were it not for their torsional stiffness being made the same. Giacosa's layout was first used in the Autobianchi Primula in 1964 and later in the popular Fiat 128. With the gearbox mounted separately to the engine, these cars were by necessity larger than the Mini, but this proved to be no disadvantage. This layout, still in use today, also provided superior refinement, easier repair and was better-suited to adopting five-speed transmissions than the original Issigonis in-sump design.

The Lamborghini Miura used a transverse mid-mounted 4.0-litre V12. This configuration was unheard of in 1965, but became more common in the following decades, with cars such as the Lancia Montecarlo, Noble M12, Toyota MR2, Pontiac Fiero, and first-generation Honda NSX using such a powertrain design.

The Land Rover LR2 Freelander, along with all Volvo models from 1998 on (including V8 models), employ a transversely-mounted engine in order to increase passenger space inside the vehicle. This has also allowed for improved safety in a frontal impact, due to more longitudinal engine compartment space being created. The result is a larger front crumple zone.[4][5]

Transverse engines have also been widely used in buses. In the United States, they were offered in the early 1930s by Twin Coach and used with limited success in Dwight Austin's Pickwick Nite-Coach. Transverse bus engines first appeared widely in the Yellow Coach 719, using Dwight Austin's V-drive; they continued in common use until the 1990s, though shorter V-configuration engines in a longitudinal "T-drive" configuration became common in the 1960s. Transverse engines were also used in the British Leyland Atlantean, in many transit buses, and in nearly all modern double decker buses. They have also been widely used by Scania,[6] MAN, Volvo and Renault's bus divisions.

Position placement of transverse engines

Engines may be placed in two main positions within the motor car:

  • Front-engine transversely-mounted / Front-wheel drive
  • Rear mid-engine transversely-mounted / Rear-wheel drive

Common types of transversely placed engines

Space allowed for engines within the front wheel wells is commonly limited to the following:

 
The engine in this Moto Guzzi motorcycle is described as "transverse" despite the crankshaft being in line with the frame.

Less common types of transversely-placed engines

Alternative convention with twin-cylinder motorcycles

The description of the orientation of V-twin and flat-twin motorcycle engines sometimes differs from the convention as stated above. Motorcycles with a V-twin engine mounted with its crankshaft parallel to the direction of travel, e.g. the AJS S3 V-twin, Indian 841, Victoria Bergmeister, Honda CX series and several Moto Guzzis since the 1960s, are said to have "transverse" engines,[7][8] while motorcycles with a V-twin mounted with its crankshaft perpendicular to the direction of travel, e.g. most Ducatis since the 1970s and most Harley-Davidsons, are said to have "longitudinal" engines.[7][9] This convention uses the longest horizontal dimension (length or width) of the engine as its reference axis instead of the crankshaft.

Notes

  1. ^ Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995, p. 61.
  2. ^ Smith 1972, p. 9.
  3. ^ Robson 2010, p. 17.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
  5. ^ "LR2 Safety Features". Archived from the original on 2007-07-07. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
  7. ^ a b Clarke 2010, p. 44.
  8. ^ Grubb 1975, p. 85.
  9. ^ Grubb 1975, pp. 82, 83.

References

  • Clarke, Massimo (2010). Modern Motorcycle Technology: How Every Part of Your Motorcycle Works. Minneapolis, MN USA: MotorBooks International. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7603-3819-3. Retrieved 2013-05-31. Moto Guzzi's transverse V-twins are unique among motorcycles, while Ducati, in keeping with the classical school, uses a longitudinal V, meaning the axis of rotation of the crankshaft is transverse to the frame.
  • Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Edward John Barrington & Burgess-Wise, David (1995). Daimler Century: The full history of Britain's oldest car maker. Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 1 85260 494 8.
  • Grubb, Jake (March 1975). Linkletter, John A. (ed.). "Easy riders—the grand touring motorcycles for '75". Popular Mechanics. New York, NY USA: Hearst. 143 (3): 82–85, 126–127. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
  • Robson, Graham (2010). Saab 96 & V4. Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce. ISBN 978-1-845842-56-7. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  • Smith, Brian E. (1972). The Daimler Tradition. Isleworth, UK: Transport Bookman. ISBN 085184 014 0.

January 13, 2023
transverse, engine, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, decembe. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Transverse engine news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message A transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine s crankshaft axis is perpendicular to the direction of travel Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use this engine mounting configuration Most rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine configuration where the engine s crankshaft axis is parallel with the direction of travel except for some rear mid engine vehicles which use a transverse engine and transaxle mounted in the rear instead of the front Despite typically being used in light vehicles it is not restricted to such designs and has also been used on armoured fighting vehicles to save interior space Transversely mounted engine in Toyota Corolla E80 Contents 1 History 1 1 Postwar use 2 Position placement of transverse engines 3 Common types of transversely placed engines 4 Less common types of transversely placed engines 5 Alternative convention with twin cylinder motorcycles 6 Notes 7 ReferencesHistory Edit Transversely mounted engine in Mini Cooper The Critchley light car made by the Daimler Motor Company in 1899 had a transverse engine with belt drive to the rear axle 1 2 The first successful transverse engine cars were the two cylinder DKW F1 series of cars which first appeared in 1931 During WWII transverse engines were developed for armored vehicles with the Soviet T 44 and T 54 T 55 tanks being equipped with transverse engines to save space within the hull The T 54 55 eventually became the most produced tank in history Postwar use Edit After the Second World War Saab used the configuration in their first model the Saab 92 in 1947 3 The arrangement was also used for Borgward s Goliath and Hansa brand cars The East German built Trabant which appeared in 1957 also had a transverse mounted two stroke engine and this design was kept until the end of production in 1991 However it was with Alec Issigonis s Mini introduced by the British Motor Corporation in 1959 that the design gained acclaim Issigonis incorporated the car s transmission into the engine s sump producing a drivetrain unit narrow enough to install transversely in a car only 4 feet 1 2 m wide While previous DKW and Saab cars used small unrefined air cooled two stroke engines with poor performance the gearbox in sump arrangement meant that an 848 cc four cylinder water cooled engine could be fitted to the Mini providing strong performance for a car of its size Coupled to the much greater amount of interior space afforded by the layout the entire drivetrain only took up 20 of the car s length this made the Mini a genuine alternative to the conventional small family car This design reached its peak starting with Dante Giacosa s elaboration of it for Fiat He connected the engine to its gearbox by a shaft and set the differential off center so that it could be connected to the gearbox more easily The half shafts from the differential to the wheels therefore differed in length which would have made the car s steering asymmetrical were it not for their torsional stiffness being made the same Giacosa s layout was first used in the Autobianchi Primula in 1964 and later in the popular Fiat 128 With the gearbox mounted separately to the engine these cars were by necessity larger than the Mini but this proved to be no disadvantage This layout still in use today also provided superior refinement easier repair and was better suited to adopting five speed transmissions than the original Issigonis in sump design The Lamborghini Miura used a transverse mid mounted 4 0 litre V12 This configuration was unheard of in 1965 but became more common in the following decades with cars such as the Lancia Montecarlo Noble M12 Toyota MR2 Pontiac Fiero and first generation Honda NSX using such a powertrain design The Land Rover LR2 Freelander along with all Volvo models from 1998 on including V8 models employ a transversely mounted engine in order to increase passenger space inside the vehicle This has also allowed for improved safety in a frontal impact due to more longitudinal engine compartment space being created The result is a larger front crumple zone 4 5 Transverse engines have also been widely used in buses In the United States they were offered in the early 1930s by Twin Coach and used with limited success in Dwight Austin s Pickwick Nite Coach Transverse bus engines first appeared widely in the Yellow Coach 719 using Dwight Austin s V drive they continued in common use until the 1990s though shorter V configuration engines in a longitudinal T drive configuration became common in the 1960s Transverse engines were also used in the British Leyland Atlantean in many transit buses and in nearly all modern double decker buses They have also been widely used by Scania 6 MAN Volvo and Renault s bus divisions Position placement of transverse engines EditEngines may be placed in two main positions within the motor car Front engine transversely mounted Front wheel drive Rear mid engine transversely mounted Rear wheel driveCommon types of transversely placed engines EditSpace allowed for engines within the front wheel wells is commonly limited to the following The engine in this Moto Guzzi motorcycle is described as transverse despite the crankshaft being in line with the frame Single cylinder Inline two Inline three Inline four Inline five Inline six for rear engined buses V4 V6Less common types of transversely placed engines EditInline six Austin Kimberley Tasmin Austin 2200 Morris 2200 Wolseley Six Austin Morris 2200 HL Wolseley Saloon Princess Daewoo Magnus aka Chevrolet Epica Evanda Suzuki Verona Daewoo Tosca aka Chevrolet Holden Tosca Land Rover Freelander 2 aka LR2 Volvo S80 Volvo S60 2nd generation also V60 Volvo V70 3rd generation Volvo XC60 Volvo XC90 V8 Buick LaCrosse Super Cadillac Allante Ford Taurus SHO 3rd generation Hyundai Equus Centennial 1st generation Lancia Thema 8 32 Lincoln Continental 1995 2002 only Mitsubishi Dignity Mitsubishi Proudia Oldsmobile Aurora Volvo S80 Volvo XC90 V12 mid engine only Lamborghini Miura V16 mid engine only Cizeta Moroder V16TAlternative convention with twin cylinder motorcycles EditThe description of the orientation of V twin and flat twin motorcycle engines sometimes differs from the convention as stated above Motorcycles with a V twin engine mounted with its crankshaft parallel to the direction of travel e g the AJS S3 V twin Indian 841 Victoria Bergmeister Honda CX series and several Moto Guzzis since the 1960s are said to have transverse engines 7 8 while motorcycles with a V twin mounted with its crankshaft perpendicular to the direction of travel e g most Ducatis since the 1970s and most Harley Davidsons are said to have longitudinal engines 7 9 This convention uses the longest horizontal dimension length or width of the engine as its reference axis instead of the crankshaft Notes Edit Douglas Scott Montagu amp Burgess Wise 1995 p 61 Smith 1972 p 9 Robson 2010 p 17 Volvo S80 Archived from the original on 2007 10 26 Retrieved 2007 10 11 LR2 Safety Features Archived from the original on 2007 07 07 Retrieved 2007 10 11 Scania at Busworld 2005 New range of Scania buses and coaches Archived from the original on 2008 01 04 Retrieved 2007 10 11 a b Clarke 2010 p 44 Grubb 1975 p 85 Grubb 1975 pp 82 83 References EditClarke Massimo 2010 Modern Motorcycle Technology How Every Part of Your Motorcycle Works Minneapolis MN USA MotorBooks International p 44 ISBN 978 0 7603 3819 3 Retrieved 2013 05 31 Moto Guzzi s transverse V twins are unique among motorcycles while Ducati in keeping with the classical school uses a longitudinal V meaning the axis of rotation of the crankshaft is transverse to the frame Douglas Scott Montagu Edward John Barrington amp Burgess Wise David 1995 Daimler Century The full history of Britain s oldest car maker Sparkford Nr Yeovil Somerset UK Patrick Stephens ISBN 1 85260 494 8 Grubb Jake March 1975 Linkletter John A ed Easy riders the grand touring motorcycles for 75 Popular Mechanics New York NY USA Hearst 143 3 82 85 126 127 ISSN 0032 4558 Retrieved 2013 05 31 Robson Graham 2010 Saab 96 amp V4 Poundbury Dorchester UK Veloce ISBN 978 1 845842 56 7 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Smith Brian E 1972 The Daimler Tradition Isleworth UK Transport Bookman ISBN 085184 014 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Transverse engine amp oldid 1131136077, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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