French-Canadian Americans (also referred to as Franco-Canadian Americans or Canadien Americans) are Americans of French-Canadian descent. About 2.1 million U.S. residents cited this ancestry in the 2010 U.S. Census; the majority of them speak French at home.[2] Americans of French-Canadian descent are most heavily concentrated in New England, New York State, Louisiana and the Midwest. Their ancestors mostly arrived in the United States from Quebec between 1840 and 1930, though some families became established as early as the 17th and 18th centuries.
The term Canadien (French for "Canadian") may be used either in reference to nationality or ethnicity in regard to this population group. French-Canadian Americans, because of their proximity to Canada and Quebec, kept their language, culture, and religion alive much longer than any other ethnic group in the United States apart from Mexican Americans.[3] Many "Little Canada" neighborhoods developed in New England cities, but gradually disappeared as their residents eventually assimilated into the American mainstream. A revival of the Canadian identity has taken place in the Midwestern states, where some families of French descent have lived for many generations. These states had been considered part of Canada until 1783. A return to their roots seems to be taking place, with a greater interest in all things that are Canadian or Québécois.[4]
In the late 19th century, many Francophones arrived in New England from Quebec and New Brunswick to work in textile mill cities in New England. In the same period, Francophones from Quebec soon became a majority of the workers in the saw mill and logging camps in the Adirondack Mountains and their foothills. Others sought opportunities for farming and other trades such as blacksmiths in Upstate New York. By the mid-20th century French-Canadian Americans comprised 30 percent of Maine's population. Some migrants became lumberjacks but most concentrated in industrialized areas and into enclaves known as Little Canadas in cities like Lewiston, Maine, Holyoke, Massachusetts, and Woonsocket, Rhode Island.[5][6]
Driven by depleted farmlands, poverty and a lack of local economic opportunitunities, rural inhabitants of these areas sought work in the expanding mill industries. Newspapers in New England carried advertisements touting the desirability of wage labor work in the textile mills. In addition to industry's organized recruitment campaigns, the close kinship network of French-Canadians facilitated transnational communication and the awareness of economic opportunity for their friends and relatives. Individual French-Canadian families who desired dwellings developed French Canadian neighborhoods, called Petit Canadas, and sought out local financing. Most arrived through railroads such as the Grand Trunk Railroad.[7]
French-Canadian women saw New England as a place of opportunity and possibility where they could create economic alternatives for themselves distinct from the expectations of their farm families in Canada. By the early 20th century some saw temporary migration to the United States to work as a rite of passage and a time of self-discovery and self-reliance. Most moved permanently to the United States, using the inexpensive railroad system to visit Quebec from time to time. When these women did marry, they had fewer children with longer intervals between children than their Canadian counterparts. Some women never married, and oral accounts suggest that self-reliance and economic independence were important reasons for choosing work over marriage and motherhood. These women conformed to traditional gender ideals in order to retain their 'Canadienne' cultural identity, but they also redefined these roles in ways that provided them increased independence in their roles as wives and mothers.[8][9]
The French-Canadians became active in the Catholic Church where they tried with little success to challenge its domination by Irish clerics.[10] They founded such newspapers as 'Le Messager' and 'La Justice.' The first hospital in Lewiston, Maine, became a reality in 1889 when the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, the "Grey Nuns", opened the doors of the Asylum of Our Lady of Lourdes. This hospital was central to the Grey Nuns' mission of providing social services for Lewiston's predominately French-Canadian mill workers. The Grey Nuns struggled to establish their institution despite meager financial resources, language barriers, and opposition from the established medical community.[11] Immigration dwindled with the U.S. immigration restrictions after World War I.
The French-Canadian community in New England tried to preserve some of its cultural norms. This doctrine, like efforts to preserve Francophone culture in Quebec, became known as la Survivance.[12]
^"Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^"Languages Used at home" (PDF). 2010 U.S. Census. U.S. Census Bureau. October 2010.
^l’Actualité économique, Vol. 59, No 3, (september 1983): 423-453 and Yolande LAVOIE, L’Émigration des Québécois aux États-Unis de 1840 à 1930, Québec, Conseil de la langue française, 1979.
^Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups,Stephan Thernstorm, Harvard College, 1980, p 392
^Mark Paul Richard, From 'Canadien' to American: The Acculturation of French-Canadian Descendants in Lewiston, Maine, 1860 to the Present, PhD dissertation, Duke U., 2002; Dissertation Abstracts International, 2002 62(10): 3540-A. DA3031009, 583p.
^"The Little Canadas of New England". November 17, 2015.
^Hudson, Susan (2013), The Quiet Revolutionaries: How the Grey Nuns Changed the Social Welfare, 1870–1930, Routledge
^Waldron, Florencemae (2005), "The Battle Over Female (In)Dependence: Women In New England Québécois Migrant Communities, 1870–1930", Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 26 (2): 158–205, doi:10.1353/fro.2005.0032, S2CID 161455771
^Waldron, Florencemae (2005), "'I've Never Dreamed It Was Necessary To 'Marry!': Women And Work In New England French Canadian Communities, 1870–1930", Journal of American Ethnic History, 24 (2): 34–64, doi:10.2307/27501562, JSTOR 27501562, S2CID 254493034[permanent dead link]
^Richard, Mark Paul (2002). "The Ethnicity of Clerical Leadership: The Dominicans in Francophone Lewiston, Maine, 1881–1986". Quebec Studies. 33: 83–101. doi:10.3828/qs.33.1.83.
^Hudson, Susan (2001–2002), "Les Sœurs Grises of Lewiston, Maine 1878–1908: An Ethnic Religious Feminist Expression", Maine History, 40 (4): 309–332
^Stewart, Alice R. (1987), "The Franco-Americans of Maine: A Historiographical Essay", Maine Historical Society Quarterly, 26 (3): 160–179
^ Ralph D. VICERO, Immigration of French Canadians to New England, 1840–1900, Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1968, p. 275; as given in Yves ROBY, Les Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle Angleterre, 1776–1930, Sillery, Septentrion, 1990, p. 47
^Leon E. Truesdell, The Canadian Born in the United States, New Haven, 1943, p. 77; as given in Yves ROBY, Les Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, Sillery, Septentrion, 1990, p. 282.
Anctil, Pierre. (1979). A Franco-American Bibliography: New England, Bedford, N. H.: National Materials Development Center, 137 p.
Barkan, Elliott Robert. (1980) "French Canadians". in Stephan Thernstrom, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 388-401, comprehensive survey
Brault, Gérard-J. (1986). The French-Canadian Heritage in New England, Hanover: University Press of New England, 1986, 282 p. ISBN0-87451-359-6 (online excerpt)
Brown, Michael. "Franco-American Identity at the University of Maine," Maine History 1997 36(3-4): 106-119
Chartier, Armand, and Claire Quintal (1999). The Franco-Americans of New England. A History, Manchester and Worcester: ACA Assurance and Institut français of Assumption College, 537 p. ISBN1-880261-05-7. 537pp; encyclopedic coverage, 1860 to 1990s.
Doty, C. Stewart. "The Future of the Franco-American Past," American Review of Canadian Studies, Spring 2000, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp 7–17 calls for further research on trade unionism, politics, farming and logging, links with Quebec elites, and literary figures.
Fecteau, Edward (1945). French Contributions to America. Methuen, Mass.: Soucy Press; Franco-American Historical Society (Société Historique Franco-Américaine). OCLC 1312704.
Fedunkiw, Marianne P. "French-Canadian Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 167–183. Online
Fréchette, Louis (1900). The United States for French Canadians, 345 pages online free
and Adrien Gabriel Morice (2000). French-Canadians of the West. A Biographical Dictionary of French-Canadians and French Métis of the Western United States and Canada, , ISBN1-58211-223-1
Geyh, Patricia Keeney, et al. (2002). French Canadian Sources. A Guide for Genealogists, Ancestry Publishing, 320 pages ISBN1-931279-01-2 (online excerpt)
Gosnell, Jonathan. "Le base ball, Assimilation, and Ethnic Identity: The National Pastime in Franco-America." Quebec Studies 66 (2018): 49-75. online
Lacroix, Patrick (2016). "A Church of Two Steeples: Catholicism, Labor, and Ethnicity in Industrial New England, 1869–90". Catholic Historical Review. 102 (4): 746–770. doi:10.1353/cat.2016.0206. S2CID 159662405.
Lacroix, Patrick (2017). "Americanization by Catholic Means: French Canadian Nationalism and Transnationalism, 1889-1901". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 16 (3): 284–301. doi:10.1017/S1537781416000384. S2CID 164667346.
Lacroix, Patrick (2018). "À l'assaut de la corporation sole : autonomie institutionnelle et financière chez les Franco-Américains du Maine, 1900-1917". Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française. 72 (1): 31–51. doi:10.7202/1051145ar.
Lamarre, Jean. (2003). The French Canadians of Michigan, Wayne State University Press, 209 pages ISBN0-8143-3158-0 (online excerpt)
Laflamme, J.L.K., David E. Lavigne and J. Arthur Favreau. (1908) Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "French Catholics in the United States". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Louder, Dean R., and Eric Waddell, eds. (1993). French America. Mobility, Identity, and Minority Experience Across the Continent, Louisiana State University Press, 371 pages ISBN0-8071-1669-6
Lindenfeld, Jacqueline. (2002). The French in the United States. An Ethnographic Study, Greenwood Publishing Group, 184 pages ISBN0-89789-903-2 (online excerpt)
Monnier, Alain. "Franco-Americains et Francophones aux Etats-Unis" ("Franco-Americans and French Speakers in the United States). Population 1987 42(3): 527-542. Census study.
Murphy, Lucy Eldersveld, Great Lakes Creoles: A French-Indian Community on the Northern Borderlands, Prairie du Chien, 1750-1860. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Perreault, Robert B. Franco-American Life and Culture in Manchester, New Hampshire: Vivre La Difference (2010) excerpt and text search
Potvin, Raymond H. "The Franco-American Parishes of New England: Past, Present and Future," American Catholic Studies 2003 114(2): 55-67.
Richard, Mark Paul. (2008) Loyal but French: The Negotiation of Identity by French-Canadian Descendants in the United States, on acculturation in Lewiston, Maine, 1860 to the 2000
Richard, Mark Paul. (2016) "'Sunk into Poverty and Despair': Franco-American Clergy Letters to FDR during the Great Depression." Quebec Studies 61#1: 39-52. online
Richard, Sacha. (2002) "American Perspectives on 'La Fievre aux Etats-Unis,' 1860–1930: A Historiographical Analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco-Americans in New England," Canadian Review of American Studies 32(1): 105-132
Roby, Yves. (2004). The Franco-Americans of New England. Dreams and Realities, Montreal: Les éditions du Septentrion, 543 pages ISBN2-89448-391-0 (online excerpt) translated by Mary Ricard.
Rumily, Robert. (1958) Histoire des Franco Americains. a standard history, in French
Stewart, Alice R. (1987) "The Franco-Americans of Maine: A Historiographical Essay," Maine Historical Society Quarterly 26(3): 160-179
Vermette, David G. (2018) A Distinct Alien Race: The Untold Story of Franco-Americans: Industrialization, Immigration, Religious Strife
Warren, Jean-Philippe. (2017) "The French Canadian Press in the United States." Journal of Modern Periodical Studies 7.1-2: 74-95. online
Primary sourcesedit
Madore, Nelson, and Barry Rodrigue, eds. Voyages: A Maine Franco-American Reader (2009)
Robbins, Rhea Cote, ed. Canuck and Other Stories (2006)
External linksedit
American-French Genealogical Society A genealogical and historical organization for French-Canadian research
December 15, 2023
french, canadian, americans, also, referred, franco, canadian, americans, canadien, americans, americans, french, canadian, descent, about, million, residents, cited, this, ancestry, 2010, census, majority, them, speak, french, home, americans, french, canadia. French Canadian Americans also referred to as Franco Canadian Americans or Canadien Americans are Americans of French Canadian descent About 2 1 million U S residents cited this ancestry in the 2010 U S Census the majority of them speak French at home 2 Americans of French Canadian descent are most heavily concentrated in New England New York State Louisiana and the Midwest Their ancestors mostly arrived in the United States from Quebec between 1840 and 1930 though some families became established as early as the 17th and 18th centuries French Canadian AmericansAmericains canadiensTotal population1 998 012 2020 1 Regions with significant populationsNew England especially Maine New Hampshire and Vermont New York Michigan California and LouisianaLanguagesFrench Canadian and American English FranglaisReligionPredominantly Roman Catholicism minority of ProtestantismRelated ethnic groupsFrench Canadians French Americans Canadian Americans Breton Canadians French people Cajuns Metis AmericansThe term Canadien French for Canadian may be used either in reference to nationality or ethnicity in regard to this population group French Canadian Americans because of their proximity to Canada and Quebec kept their language culture and religion alive much longer than any other ethnic group in the United States apart from Mexican Americans 3 Many Little Canada neighborhoods developed in New England cities but gradually disappeared as their residents eventually assimilated into the American mainstream A revival of the Canadian identity has taken place in the Midwestern states where some families of French descent have lived for many generations These states had been considered part of Canada until 1783 A return to their roots seems to be taking place with a greater interest in all things that are Canadian or Quebecois 4 Contents 1 French Canadian population in New England 2 Cities 3 States 4 French Canadian immigration to New England 5 American cities founded by or named after French Canadians 6 Notable French Canadian Americans 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9 1 Primary sources 10 External linksFrench Canadian population in New England editIn the late 19th century many Francophones arrived in New England from Quebec and New Brunswick to work in textile mill cities in New England In the same period Francophones from Quebec soon became a majority of the workers in the saw mill and logging camps in the Adirondack Mountains and their foothills Others sought opportunities for farming and other trades such as blacksmiths in Upstate New York By the mid 20th century French Canadian Americans comprised 30 percent of Maine s population Some migrants became lumberjacks but most concentrated in industrialized areas and into enclaves known as Little Canadas in cities like Lewiston Maine Holyoke Massachusetts and Woonsocket Rhode Island 5 6 Driven by depleted farmlands poverty and a lack of local economic opportunitunities rural inhabitants of these areas sought work in the expanding mill industries Newspapers in New England carried advertisements touting the desirability of wage labor work in the textile mills In addition to industry s organized recruitment campaigns the close kinship network of French Canadians facilitated transnational communication and the awareness of economic opportunity for their friends and relatives Individual French Canadian families who desired dwellings developed French Canadian neighborhoods called Petit Canadas and sought out local financing Most arrived through railroads such as the Grand Trunk Railroad 7 French Canadian women saw New England as a place of opportunity and possibility where they could create economic alternatives for themselves distinct from the expectations of their farm families in Canada By the early 20th century some saw temporary migration to the United States to work as a rite of passage and a time of self discovery and self reliance Most moved permanently to the United States using the inexpensive railroad system to visit Quebec from time to time When these women did marry they had fewer children with longer intervals between children than their Canadian counterparts Some women never married and oral accounts suggest that self reliance and economic independence were important reasons for choosing work over marriage and motherhood These women conformed to traditional gender ideals in order to retain their Canadienne cultural identity but they also redefined these roles in ways that provided them increased independence in their roles as wives and mothers 8 9 The French Canadians became active in the Catholic Church where they tried with little success to challenge its domination by Irish clerics 10 They founded such newspapers as Le Messager and La Justice The first hospital in Lewiston Maine became a reality in 1889 when the Sisters of Charity of Montreal the Grey Nuns opened the doors of the Asylum of Our Lady of Lourdes This hospital was central to the Grey Nuns mission of providing social services for Lewiston s predominately French Canadian mill workers The Grey Nuns struggled to establish their institution despite meager financial resources language barriers and opposition from the established medical community 11 Immigration dwindled with the U S immigration restrictions after World War I The French Canadian community in New England tried to preserve some of its cultural norms This doctrine like efforts to preserve Francophone culture in Quebec became known as la Survivance 12 Cities editCity Percentage of population 13 full citation needed Madawaska Maine 75 Frenchville Maine 70 Van Buren Maine 65 Fort Kent Maine 63 Berlin New Hampshire 53 4 Lewiston Maine 50 Auburn Maine 46 2 Biddeford Maine 46 Greene Maine 43 1 Hallandale Beach Florida 42 1 States editState clarification needed 13 full citation needed Maine 23 9 New Hampshire 23 2 Vermont 21 1 Rhode Island 17 2 Massachusetts 12 9 Connecticut 9 9 French Canadian immigration to New England editDistribution of French Canadians in New England 1860 1880 14 State Francophones Percentage Francophones PercentageMaine 7 490 20 0 29 000 13 9 New Hampshire 1 780 4 7 26 200 12 6 Vermont 16 580 44 3 33 500 16 1 Massachusetts 7 780 20 8 81 000 38 9 Rhode Island 1 810 5 0 19 800 9 5 Connecticut 1 980 5 3 18 500 8 9 Total 37 420 100 208 100 100 Distribution of French Canadians in New England 1900 1930 15 State Francophones Percentage Francophones PercentageMaine 58 583 11 3 99 765 13 4 New Hampshire 74 598 14 4 101 324 13 6 Vermont 41 286 8 0 46 956 6 4 Massachusetts 250 024 48 1 336 871 45 3 Rhode Island 56 382 10 9 91 173 12 3 Connecticut 37 914 7 3 67 130 9 0 Total 518 887 100 743 219 100 American cities founded by or named after French Canadians editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Distribution of Franco Americans according to the 2000 censusBiloxi founded by Pierre LeMoyne d Iberville Bourbonnais named after Francois Bourbonnais Davenport Iowa founded by Antoine LeClaire Detroit Michigan named by French explorer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac Dubuque named after Julien Dubuque Huron founded by Jean Baptiste Flemmond Juneau named after Joe Juneau La Barge Wyoming named after Joseph Marie La Barge Laramie Wyoming named after Jacques La Remee Milwaukee founded by Solomon Juneau Mobile founded by Pierre LeMoyne d Iberville New Orleans founded by Lemoyne de Bienville Portage Des Sioux founded by Zenon Trudeau and Francois Saucier Provo Utah named for Etienne Provost Saint Joseph founded by Joseph Robidoux Saint Paul first settled by Pierre Parrant Vincennes founded by Francois Marie BissotNotable French Canadian Americans editSee also Category American people of French Canadian descent John C Fremont first Republican nominee for President of the United States former United States senator from California former Military Governor of California former Governor of the Arizona Territory 16 Ross Perot business magnate politician and philanthropist Alex Trebek former host of Jeopardy 17 Annie Proulx prolific writer winner of the PEN Faulkner Award for Fiction for her first novel Postcards Her second novel The Shipping News 1993 won both the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 18 and the U S National Book Award for Fiction Her short story Brokeback Mountain was adapted as an Academy Award BAFTA and Golden Globe Award winning motion picture released in 2005 See also edit nbsp France portal nbsp Canada portal nbsp United States portalHistory of the Franco AmericansReferences edit Table B04006 People Reporting Ancestry 2020 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates United States Census Bureau Retrieved October 12 2022 Languages Used at home PDF 2010 U S Census U S Census Bureau October 2010 l Actualite economique Vol 59 No 3 september 1983 423 453 and Yolande LAVOIE L Emigration des Quebecois aux Etats Unis de 1840 a 1930 Quebec Conseil de la langue francaise 1979 Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups Stephan Thernstorm Harvard College 1980 p 392 Mark Paul Richard From Canadien to American The Acculturation of French Canadian Descendants in Lewiston Maine 1860 to the Present PhD dissertation Duke U 2002 Dissertation Abstracts International 2002 62 10 3540 A DA3031009 583p The Little Canadas of New England November 17 2015 Hudson Susan 2013 The Quiet Revolutionaries How the Grey Nuns Changed the Social Welfare 1870 1930 Routledge Waldron Florencemae 2005 The Battle Over Female In Dependence Women In New England Quebecois Migrant Communities 1870 1930 Frontiers A Journal of Women Studies 26 2 158 205 doi 10 1353 fro 2005 0032 S2CID 161455771 Waldron Florencemae 2005 I ve Never Dreamed It Was Necessary To Marry Women And Work In New England French Canadian Communities 1870 1930 Journal of American Ethnic History 24 2 34 64 doi 10 2307 27501562 JSTOR 27501562 S2CID 254493034 permanent dead link Richard Mark Paul 2002 The Ethnicity of Clerical Leadership The Dominicans in Francophone Lewiston Maine 1881 1986 Quebec Studies 33 83 101 doi 10 3828 qs 33 1 83 Hudson Susan 2001 2002 Les Sœurs Grises of Lewiston Maine 1878 1908 An Ethnic Religious Feminist Expression Maine History 40 4 309 332 Stewart Alice R 1987 The Franco Americans of Maine A Historiographical Essay Maine Historical Society Quarterly 26 3 160 179 a b According to the U S Census Bureau of 2000 Ralph D VICERO Immigration of French Canadians to New England 1840 1900 Ph D thesis University of Wisconsin 1968 p 275 as given in Yves ROBY Les Franco Americains de la Nouvelle Angleterre 1776 1930 Sillery Septentrion 1990 p 47 Leon E Truesdell The Canadian Born in the United States New Haven 1943 p 77 as given in Yves ROBY Les Franco Americains de la Nouvelle Angleterre Sillery Septentrion 1990 p 282 Chaffin pp 21 22 Alex Trebek Who Is America s Favorite Game Show Host Forbes June 12 2019 Retrieved September 1 2021 Fiction Past winners amp finalists by category The Pulitzer Prizes Retrieved 2012 03 28 Further reading editFurther information French Americans Further reading Anctil Pierre 1979 A Franco American Bibliography New England Bedford N H National Materials Development Center 137 p Barkan Elliott Robert 1980 French Canadians in Stephan Thernstrom ed Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 388 401 comprehensive survey Brault Gerard J 1986 The French Canadian Heritage in New England Hanover University Press of New England 1986 282 p ISBN 0 87451 359 6 online excerpt Brown Michael Franco American Identity at the University of Maine Maine History 1997 36 3 4 106 119 Chartier Armand and Claire Quintal 1999 The Franco Americans of New England A History Manchester and Worcester ACA Assurance and Institut francais of Assumption College 537 p ISBN 1 880261 05 7 537pp encyclopedic coverage 1860 to 1990s Doty C Stewart The Future of the Franco American Past American Review of Canadian Studies Spring 2000 Vol 30 Issue 1 pp 7 17 calls for further research on trade unionism politics farming and logging links with Quebec elites and literary figures Fecteau Edward 1945 French Contributions to America Methuen Mass Soucy Press Franco American Historical Society Societe Historique Franco Americaine OCLC 1312704 Fedunkiw Marianne P French Canadian Americans in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America edited by Thomas Riggs 3rd ed vol 2 Gale 2014 pp 167 183 Online Frechette Louis 1900 The United States for French Canadians 345 pages online free Gagne Peter J and Adrien Gabriel Morice 2000 French Canadians of the West A Biographical Dictionary of French Canadians and French Metis of the Western United States and Canada Quintin Publications ISBN 1 58211 223 1 Geyh Patricia Keeney et al 2002 French Canadian Sources A Guide for Genealogists Ancestry Publishing 320 pages ISBN 1 931279 01 2 online excerpt Gosnell Jonathan Le base ball Assimilation and Ethnic Identity The National Pastime in Franco America Quebec Studies 66 2018 49 75 online Lacroix Patrick 2016 A Church of Two Steeples Catholicism Labor and Ethnicity in Industrial New England 1869 90 Catholic Historical Review 102 4 746 770 doi 10 1353 cat 2016 0206 S2CID 159662405 Lacroix Patrick 2017 Americanization by Catholic Means French Canadian Nationalism and Transnationalism 1889 1901 Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 16 3 284 301 doi 10 1017 S1537781416000384 S2CID 164667346 Lacroix Patrick 2018 A l assaut de la corporation sole autonomie institutionnelle et financiere chez les Franco Americains du Maine 1900 1917 Revue d histoire de l Amerique francaise 72 1 31 51 doi 10 7202 1051145ar Lamarre Jean 2003 The French Canadians of Michigan Wayne State University Press 209 pages ISBN 0 8143 3158 0 online excerpt Laflamme J L K David E Lavigne and J Arthur Favreau 1908 nbsp Herbermann Charles ed 1913 French Catholics in the United States Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Louder Dean R and Eric Waddell eds 1993 French America Mobility Identity and Minority Experience Across the Continent Louisiana State University Press 371 pages ISBN 0 8071 1669 6 Lindenfeld Jacqueline 2002 The French in the United States An Ethnographic Study Greenwood Publishing Group 184 pages ISBN 0 89789 903 2 online excerpt Monnier Alain Franco Americains et Francophones aux Etats Unis Franco Americans and French Speakers in the United States Population 1987 42 3 527 542 Census study Murphy Lucy Eldersveld Great Lakes Creoles A French Indian Community on the Northern Borderlands Prairie du Chien 1750 1860 New York Cambridge University Press 2014 Perreault Robert B Franco American Life and Culture in Manchester New Hampshire Vivre La Difference 2010 excerpt and text search Potvin Raymond H The Franco American Parishes of New England Past Present and Future American Catholic Studies 2003 114 2 55 67 Richard Mark Paul 2008 Loyal but French The Negotiation of Identity by French Canadian Descendants in the United States on acculturation in Lewiston Maine 1860 to the 2000 Richard Mark Paul 2016 Sunk into Poverty and Despair Franco American Clergy Letters to FDR during the Great Depression Quebec Studies 61 1 39 52 online Richard Sacha 2002 American Perspectives on La Fievre aux Etats Unis 1860 1930 A Historiographical Analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco Americans in New England Canadian Review of American Studies 32 1 105 132 Roby Yves 2004 The Franco Americans of New England Dreams and Realities Montreal Les editions du Septentrion 543 pages ISBN 2 89448 391 0 online excerpt translated by Mary Ricard Rumily Robert 1958 Histoire des Franco Americains a standard history in French Stewart Alice R 1987 The Franco Americans of Maine A Historiographical Essay Maine Historical Society Quarterly 26 3 160 179 Vermette David G 2018 A Distinct Alien Race The Untold Story of Franco Americans Industrialization Immigration Religious Strife Warren Jean Philippe 2017 The French Canadian Press in the United States Journal of Modern Periodical Studies 7 1 2 74 95 onlinePrimary sources edit Madore Nelson and Barry Rodrigue eds Voyages A Maine Franco American Reader 2009 Robbins Rhea Cote down the Plains 2013 http www rhetapress com Robbins Rhea Cote Wednesday s Child 2008 Robbins Rhea Cote ed Canuck and Other Stories 2006 External links editAmerican French Genealogical Society A genealogical and historical organization for French Canadian research Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title French Canadian Americans amp oldid 1188832736, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
