fbpx
Wikipedia

Free French Naval Forces

The Free French Naval Forces (French: Forces Navales Françaises Libres, or FNFL) were the naval arm of the Free French Forces during the Second World War. They were commanded by Admiral Émile Muselier.

FNFL recruitment poster

History Edit

 
General De Gaulle inspecting sailors on Léopard at Greenock in June 1942

In the wake of the Armistice and the Appeal of 18 June, Charles de Gaulle founded the Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres, or FFL), including a naval arm, the "Free French Naval Forces" (Les Forces Navales Françaises Libres, or FNFL). On 24 June 1940, de Gaulle made a separate call specifically to servicemen overseas to join him, and two days later the submarine Narval entered Malta and pledged its allegiance to the FFL.[1] On 30 June, De Gaulle was joined by Vice-Admiral Émile Muselier, who had come from Gibraltar by flying boat. Muselier was the only flag officer of the French Navy to answer the call of De Gaulle.

The French fleet was widely dispersed. Some vessels were in port in France; others had escaped from France to British controlled ports, mainly in Britain itself or Alexandria in Egypt. At the first stage of Operation Catapult, the ships in the British ports of Plymouth and Portsmouth were simply boarded on the night of 3 July 1940. The then-largest submarine in the world, Surcouf, which had sought refuge in Portsmouth in June 1940 following the German invasion of France, resisted the British operation. In capturing the submarine, two British officers and one French sailor were killed. Other ships were the two obsolete battleships Paris and Courbet, the destroyers Le Triomphant and Léopard, eight torpedo boats, five submarines (Minerve, Junon) and a number of other smaller vessels. 3,600 sailors operating 50 ships around the world joined with the Royal Navy and formed the nucleus of the Free French Naval Forces [2] France's surrender found her only aircraft carrier, Béarn, en route from the United States loaded with a precious cargo of American fighter and bomber aircraft. Unwilling to return to occupied France, but likewise reluctant to join de Gaulle, Béarn instead sought harbour in Martinique, her crew showing little inclination to side with the British in their continued fight against the Nazis. Already obsolete at the start of the war, she would remain in Martinique for the next four years, her aircraft rusting in the tropical climate.[3]

 
Plaque on Stafford Mansions, the headquarters of the Free French Naval Forces between 1940 and 1945 in Westminster, London

As soon as the summer 1940, the submarines Minerve and Junon, as well as four avisos, departed from Plymouth. Towards the end of 1940, the destroyers Le Triomphant and Léopard followed. Le Triomphant sailed for New Caledonia and spent the rest of the war based there and in Australia. The ship saw action in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Civilian vessels and crew also rallied to de Gaulle, starting with four cargo ships in Gibraltar - they would be the beginning of the merchant fleet of the FNFL.[4]

To distinguish the FNFL from the Vichist forces, Vice-Admiral Émile Muselier created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red Cross of Lorraine, and a cocarde also featuring the Cross of Lorraine for aircraft of the Free French Naval Air Service (Aéronavale Française Libre) and the Free French Air Force (Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres).

A number of ships were leased from the British to compensate for the lack of warships in the FNFL, among them, the Hunt-class destroyer La Combattante and the Flower-class corvette Aconit.

The FNFL suffered their first loss when the patrol boat Poulmic hit a mine and sank on 7 November 1940 off Plymouth.[5]

Africa Edit

Soon after the fall of France, Free France was but a government in exile based in England, with no land of its own to speak of and very few land or sea forces. In an attempt to establish his authority on an important French territory, General de Gaulle attempted to rally French West Africa by personally sailing to Dakar with a British fleet which included a few Free French units; at the same time, a cruiser force had been sent by Vichy France to reclaim African territories which had already announced their support to De Gaulle (notably Chad). The resulting Battle of Dakar ended on a Vichyite victory. However, after the occupation of Vichy France by the Germans after the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942, French West Africa also eventually joined the Free French.

When it did, important ships based in Dakar were obtained: the modern battleship Richelieu, the heavy cruiser Suffren, light cruisers Gloire, Montcalm, Georges Leygues, and a few destroyers, including cruiser-sized Le Fantasque-class destroyers.

Role in the French Resistance Edit

Captain d'Estienne d'Orves attempted to unite the French Resistance, became an inspiring symbol when he was arrested, tortured by the Gestapo and executed.

D-Day: Operation Neptune Edit

 
Free French light cruiser Montcalm photographed in 1943

In the summer of 1944, the Invasion of Normandy took place. The FNFL took part in both the naval side of the operations, Operation Neptune, and the landing itself, with the Naval Commandos (Commandos Marine) of Captain Philippe Kieffer, climbing cliffs under fire to destroy German shore batteries.

The ships of the FNFL were deployed off the landing sites :

In addition the obsolete battleship Courbet was scuttled off Arromanches to serve as a breakwater for a Mulberry harbour.

The cruisers Georges Leygues and Montcalm, along with the battleship USS Arkansas provided fire support for the infantry until 10 June.

La Combattante silenced German coastal artillery of Courseulles-sur-Mer. The next day, she started patrolling the English Channel. On 14 July, she ferried General Charles de Gaulle to France.[6]

Pacific War Edit

Triomphant, under the command of Philippe Auboyneau was transferred to the Pacific theatre of the war, where in February 1942 it took part in the evacuation of European and Chinese civilians and military personnel from Nauru and Ocean Island before an anticipated Japanese invasion. Triomphant was later stationed along the east coast of Australia, where in early 1943 it was involved in the rescue of the survivors from SS Iron Knight, which was sunk by a torpedo fired by the Japanese submarine I-21. After the rescue, Triomphant then searched for I-21 for a day, but without success.[citation needed]

Technical innovations Edit

The FNFL also harboured technical innovators, like Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who invented the modern aqua-lung, and Yves Rocard, who helped perfect radar. The aqua-lung became a major improvement for commando operations. However, Jacques Cousteau joined the FNFL only after the liberation of France. He had spent the entirety of the war in France and developed the aqua-lung in Paris during the German occupation.

Losses Edit

The merchant fleet of the FNFL suffered heavy casualties, amounting to one quarter of its men.

A number of warships were lost, notably the submarine Surcouf, possibly sunk in a friendly fire incident. Other losses include the destroyers Léopard and La Combattante; the submarine Narval; the patrol boats Poulmic and Vikings, and the corvettes Mimosa and Alysse.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Playfair. The Mediterranean & Middle East, Volume I: The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941) p. 137
  2. ^ Axelrod & Kingston, p. 362.
  3. ^ Hastings, Max, p. 74
  4. ^ "La marine marchande de la France libre – Fondation de la France Libre".
  5. ^ (in French) Paul Vibert 2014-01-12 at the Wayback Machine on ordredelaliberation.fr
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2007-03-12.

Further reading Edit

  • Paul Auphan and Jacques Mordal, The French Navy in World War II (1976)
  • Cornic, Jacques (1987). "Sous La Croix de Lorraine (Under the Cross of Lorraine): The FNFL (Forces Navales Francaises Libres) 1940–1943 (Free French Naval Forces)". Warship International. XXIV (1): 35–43. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Robinson, Richard (1988). "Re: Sous La Croix de Lorraine". Warship International. XXV (2): 116. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Martin Thomas, "After Mers-el-Kebir: The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940-43," English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp 643–70 in JSTOR
  • Spencer C. Tucker (2011). World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 281–84. ISBN 9781598844580.

External links Edit

  • (in English)
  • (in French) FNFL
  • "HONOR, UNITY, SALVATION" -- FLAGS & ENSIGNS OF FREE FRANCE
  • Free French Naval Forces (1940-1944)
  • (in French)

free, french, naval, forces, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, october, 2012, learn, when, remove, this, templat. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations October 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Free French Naval Forces French Forces Navales Francaises Libres or FNFL were the naval arm of the Free French Forces during the Second World War They were commanded by Admiral Emile Muselier FNFL recruitment posterContents 1 History 1 1 Africa 1 2 Role in the French Resistance 1 3 D Day Operation Neptune 1 4 Pacific War 2 Technical innovations 3 Losses 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory Edit nbsp General De Gaulle inspecting sailors on Leopard at Greenock in June 1942In the wake of the Armistice and the Appeal of 18 June Charles de Gaulle founded the Free French Forces Forces Francaises Libres or FFL including a naval arm the Free French Naval Forces Les Forces Navales Francaises Libres or FNFL On 24 June 1940 de Gaulle made a separate call specifically to servicemen overseas to join him and two days later the submarine Narval entered Malta and pledged its allegiance to the FFL 1 On 30 June De Gaulle was joined by Vice Admiral Emile Muselier who had come from Gibraltar by flying boat Muselier was the only flag officer of the French Navy to answer the call of De Gaulle The French fleet was widely dispersed Some vessels were in port in France others had escaped from France to British controlled ports mainly in Britain itself or Alexandria in Egypt At the first stage of Operation Catapult the ships in the British ports of Plymouth and Portsmouth were simply boarded on the night of 3 July 1940 The then largest submarine in the world Surcouf which had sought refuge in Portsmouth in June 1940 following the German invasion of France resisted the British operation In capturing the submarine two British officers and one French sailor were killed Other ships were the two obsolete battleships Paris and Courbet the destroyers Le Triomphant and Leopard eight torpedo boats five submarines Minerve Junon and a number of other smaller vessels 3 600 sailors operating 50 ships around the world joined with the Royal Navy and formed the nucleus of the Free French Naval Forces 2 France s surrender found her only aircraft carrier Bearn en route from the United States loaded with a precious cargo of American fighter and bomber aircraft Unwilling to return to occupied France but likewise reluctant to join de Gaulle Bearn instead sought harbour in Martinique her crew showing little inclination to side with the British in their continued fight against the Nazis Already obsolete at the start of the war she would remain in Martinique for the next four years her aircraft rusting in the tropical climate 3 nbsp Plaque on Stafford Mansions the headquarters of the Free French Naval Forces between 1940 and 1945 in Westminster LondonAs soon as the summer 1940 the submarines Minerve and Junon as well as four avisos departed from Plymouth Towards the end of 1940 the destroyers Le Triomphant and Leopard followed Le Triomphant sailed for New Caledonia and spent the rest of the war based there and in Australia The ship saw action in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans Civilian vessels and crew also rallied to de Gaulle starting with four cargo ships in Gibraltar they would be the beginning of the merchant fleet of the FNFL 4 To distinguish the FNFL from the Vichist forces Vice Admiral Emile Muselier created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red Cross of Lorraine and a cocarde also featuring the Cross of Lorraine for aircraft of the Free French Naval Air Service Aeronavale Francaise Libre and the Free French Air Force Forces Aeriennes Francaises Libres A number of ships were leased from the British to compensate for the lack of warships in the FNFL among them the Hunt class destroyer La Combattante and the Flower class corvette Aconit The FNFL suffered their first loss when the patrol boat Poulmic hit a mine and sank on 7 November 1940 off Plymouth 5 Africa Edit Soon after the fall of France Free France was but a government in exile based in England with no land of its own to speak of and very few land or sea forces In an attempt to establish his authority on an important French territory General de Gaulle attempted to rally French West Africa by personally sailing to Dakar with a British fleet which included a few Free French units at the same time a cruiser force had been sent by Vichy France to reclaim African territories which had already announced their support to De Gaulle notably Chad The resulting Battle of Dakar ended on a Vichyite victory However after the occupation of Vichy France by the Germans after the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942 French West Africa also eventually joined the Free French When it did important ships based in Dakar were obtained the modern battleship Richelieu the heavy cruiser Suffren light cruisers Gloire Montcalm Georges Leygues and a few destroyers including cruiser sized Le Fantasque class destroyers Role in the French Resistance Edit Captain d Estienne d Orves attempted to unite the French Resistance became an inspiring symbol when he was arrested tortured by the Gestapo and executed D Day Operation Neptune Edit nbsp Free French light cruiser Montcalm photographed in 1943In the summer of 1944 the Invasion of Normandy took place The FNFL took part in both the naval side of the operations Operation Neptune and the landing itself with the Naval Commandos Commandos Marine of Captain Philippe Kieffer climbing cliffs under fire to destroy German shore batteries The ships of the FNFL were deployed off the landing sites Utah Beach corvettes Aconit and Renoncule Omaha Beach cruisers Georges Leygues and Montcalm frigates L Escarmouche and Aventure and corvette Roselys Gold Beach corvette Surprise Juno Beach frigate Decouverte corvette Estienne d Orves and torpedo boat La CombattanteIn addition the obsolete battleship Courbet was scuttled off Arromanches to serve as a breakwater for a Mulberry harbour The cruisers Georges Leygues and Montcalm along with the battleship USS Arkansas provided fire support for the infantry until 10 June La Combattante silenced German coastal artillery of Courseulles sur Mer The next day she started patrolling the English Channel On 14 July she ferried General Charles de Gaulle to France 6 Pacific War Edit Triomphant under the command of Philippe Auboyneau was transferred to the Pacific theatre of the war where in February 1942 it took part in the evacuation of European and Chinese civilians and military personnel from Nauru and Ocean Island before an anticipated Japanese invasion Triomphant was later stationed along the east coast of Australia where in early 1943 it was involved in the rescue of the survivors from SS Iron Knight which was sunk by a torpedo fired by the Japanese submarine I 21 After the rescue Triomphant then searched for I 21 for a day but without success citation needed Technical innovations EditThe FNFL also harboured technical innovators like Captain Jacques Yves Cousteau who invented the modern aqua lung and Yves Rocard who helped perfect radar The aqua lung became a major improvement for commando operations However Jacques Cousteau joined the FNFL only after the liberation of France He had spent the entirety of the war in France and developed the aqua lung in Paris during the German occupation Losses EditThe merchant fleet of the FNFL suffered heavy casualties amounting to one quarter of its men A number of warships were lost notably the submarine Surcouf possibly sunk in a friendly fire incident Other losses include the destroyers Leopard and La Combattante the submarine Narval the patrol boats Poulmic and Vikings and the corvettes Mimosa and Alysse See also EditList of submarines of France List of ships of the Free French Naval Forces List of Escorteurs of the French NavyReferences Edit Playfair The Mediterranean amp Middle East Volume I The Early Successes against Italy to May 1941 p 137 Axelrod amp Kingston p 362 Hastings Max p 74 La marine marchande de la France libre Fondation de la France Libre in French Paul Vibert Archived 2014 01 12 at the Wayback Machine on ordredelaliberation fr LA COMBATTANTE Archived from the original on 2012 02 06 Retrieved 2007 03 12 Further reading EditPaul Auphan and Jacques Mordal The French Navy in World War II 1976 Cornic Jacques 1987 Sous La Croix de Lorraine Under the Cross of Lorraine The FNFL Forces Navales Francaises Libres 1940 1943 Free French Naval Forces Warship International XXIV 1 35 43 ISSN 0043 0374 Robinson Richard 1988 Re Sous La Croix de Lorraine Warship International XXV 2 116 ISSN 0043 0374 Martin Thomas After Mers el Kebir The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy 1940 43 English Historical Review 1997 112 447 pp 643 70 in JSTOR Spencer C Tucker 2011 World War II at Sea An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 281 84 ISBN 9781598844580 External links Edit in English charles de gaulle org in French FNFL HONOR UNITY SALVATION FLAGS amp ENSIGNS OF FREE FRANCE Free French Naval Forces 1940 1944 in French LA MARINE MARCHANDE FNFL Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Free French Naval Forces amp oldid 1130759176, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.