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The Appeal of 18 June (French: L'Appel du 18 juin) was the first speech made by Charles de Gaulle after his arrival in London in 1940 following the Battle of France. Broadcast to France by the radio services of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), it is often considered to have marked the beginning of the French Resistance in World War II. It is regarded as one of the most important speeches in French history. In spite of its significance in French collective memory, historians have shown that the appeal was heard only by a minority of French people. De Gaulle's 22 June 1940 speech was more widely heard.[1] The historic importance of these radio broadcasts and de Gaulle's future status as the emblem of the French resistance gave de Gaulle the nickname L'Homme du 18 juin (The Man of 18 June).[2][3]
Photograph of Charles de Gaulle, pictured making a subsequent radio broadcast in 1941
De Gaulle arrived in London on the afternoon of 17 June and met with Winston Churchill. The British prime minister had a good opinion of de Gaulle from their three previous meetings, and gave permission to make a speech to France. De Gaulle finished his speech on the morning of 18 June, but did not know that the British government almost revoked permission. London hoped to persuade the Pétain government in Bordeaux to send the French Navy away from German use, and individual French politicians to leave France, so worried about a speech criticizing the French government. Having sent three separate simultaneous delegations to Bordeaux, it decided that the speech would not confuse things further.[7]: 125–127
Ignorant of the British debate over his speech, de Gaulle arrived at the BBC at 6 pm BST to record the four-minute speech. After final permission arrived at 8 pm, the speech was broadcast at 10 pm BST (8 pm in Paris)[7]: 127 on BBC Radio from Broadcasting House over France.[8] BBC repeated the broadcast four more times the next day.[7]: 127
De Gaulle's speech stated that superior German arms and tactics had defeated the French military. The defeat was not complete because France still had its colonies, the British Empire as its ally, and help from the United States; this was a world war in which the Battle of France was one part. De Gaulle invited French soldiers and civilians to contact him.[7]: 128
Translation of the speech
Memorial plate with Appeal of 18 June, Vienne, IsèreThe so-called London Poster of 5 August
The leaders who, for many years, were at the head of French armies, have formed a government. This government, alleging our armies to be undone, agreed with the enemy to stop fighting. Of course, we were subdued by the mechanical, ground and air forces of the enemy. Infinitely more than their number, it was the tanks, the airplanes, the tactics of the Germans which made us retreat. It was the tanks, the airplanes, the tactics of the Germans that surprised our leaders to the point to bring them there where they are today.
But has the last word been said? Must hope disappear? Is defeat final? No!
Believe me, I speak to you with full knowledge of the facts and tell you that nothing is lost for France. The same means that overcame us can bring us to a day of victory. For France is not alone! She is not alone! She is not alone! She has a vast Empire behind her. She can align with the British Empire that holds the sea and continues the fight. She can, like England, use without limit the immense industry of United States.
This war is not limited to the unfortunate territory of our country. This war is not finished by the battle of France. This war is a world wide war. All the faults, all the delays, all the suffering, do not prevent there to be, in the world, all the necessary means to one day crush our enemies. Vanquished today by mechanical force, we will be able to overcome in the future by a superior mechanical force.
The destiny of the world is here. I, General de Gaulle, currently in London, invite the officers and the French soldiers who are located in British territory or who would come there, with their weapons or without their weapons, I invite the engineers and the special workers of armament industries who are located in British territory or who would come there, to put themselves in contact with me.
Whatever happens, the flame of the French resistance must not be extinguished and will not be extinguished.
The speech of 18 June occupies a prominent place in the popular history of France, as in this street named after it in the town of Jonquières.
After the war, de Gaulle's 18 June broadcast was often identified as the beginning of the French Resistance, and the beginning of the process of liberating France from the yoke of German occupation.[10] The speech began de Gaulle's entire future career, what he later described as his "legitimacy". He was the first French public figure to oppose an armistice with Germany, and the speech gave reasons why continuing to fight the war was not hopeless.[7]: 128
Although the 18 June speech is among the most famous in French history, few French listeners heard it; most accounts of having heard it are false memories. It was broadcast on the BBC, a British radio station, which did not retain the unimportant recording.[7]: 4–6 [a][12] The broadcast, practically unannounced, was by an obscure brigadier general who had only recently been appointed as a junior minister. Consequently, of the 10,000 French citizens in Britain, only 300 volunteered. Of the more than 100,000 soldiers temporarily on British soil, most of them recently evacuated from Norway or Dunkirk, only 7,000 stayed on to join de Gaulle. The rest returned to France and were quickly made prisoners of war. However, de Gaulle's speech was undeniably influential and provided motivation for the people of France and for the oppressed people of the rest of Europe.[6]: 226
The French and Swiss governments recorded the speech as broadcast in written form.[7]: 127 The Swiss published the text for their own uses on 19 June. The manuscript of the speech, as well as the recording of the 22 June speech, were nominated on 18 June 2005 for inclusion in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register by the BBC, which called it "one of the most remarkable pieces in the history of radio broadcasting".[13]
The themes of the speech would be reused throughout the war to inspire the French people to resist German occupation. Four days later, de Gaulle delivered a speech that largely reiterated the points made in his 18 June speech, and the second speech was heard by a larger audience in France. The content of the 22 June speech is often confused for that of 18 June.[14] In addition, in early August a poster written by de Gaulle would be distributed widely in London and would become known as L'affiche de Londres (The London Poster).[15] Variations of this poster would be produced and displayed in Africa, South America and France itself over the course of the war.[15]
In 2023, Le Monde commissioned a recreation of the speech using artificial intelligence to replicate de Gaulle's voice, using a German-language transcription of the speech in Swiss military archives to find the French record of the speech closest to the original and recording a reading of the speech by François Morel as "base audio" to be modified by vocal synthesis to be closer to de Gaulle's voice.[18][19]
France has lost a battle, but has not lost the war
De Gaulle's famous quote: "La France a perdu une bataille! Mais la France n'a pas perdu la guerre" ("France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war") is often associated with the Appeal of 18 June. While the Appeal's themes are consistent with the quote, it is from a motivational poster featuring de Gaulle, A Tous Les Français, which was distributed all over London on 3 August 1940.[20][21][7]: 4–6
Wallonie libre – Belgian resistance group purportedly formed after the 18 June 1940 broadcast
References
Notes
^De Gaulle's son wrote: "I remember very well his fury when he came home rather late that night [the 19th of June] after the broadcast. He had learned from the BBC that his radio broadcast the day before had not been recorded."[11]
^"L'homme du 18 juin". Fondation de la France Libre (in French). 25 November 2009.
^Duneton, Claude (17 June 2010). "L'homme du 18 juin, c'est De Gaulle ou de Gaulle ?". LEFIGARO (in French).
^Fenby, Jonathan (2010). The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 127. ISBN978-1847373922. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
^"Cabinet Paul Reynaud". Assemblée Nationale Française. 2008.
^ abLacouture, Jean (1991) [1984]. De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (English ed.).
^ abcdefghJackson, Julian (2018). A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle. London: Allen Lane. ISBN9780674987210.
^The Guardian, "Rallying call", 29 April 2007, by Antony Beevor.
^"Gilder Lehrman Collection of Historical Documents". Lehrman Institute Historical Projects.
^Evans, Martin (8 August 2018). "Review: A History of the French Resistance". History Today. Vol. 68, no. 8. London: Andy Patterson. ISSN 0018-2753. However, after the Second World War, de Gaulle's speech of 18 June 1940 became enshrined in French history as the starting point of the French Resistance, which led directly to the Liberation four years later. This founding narrative allowed French people to forget the humiliation of Nazi Occupation and rebuild national self-esteem.
^de Gaulle, Philippe; Tauriac, Michel (2003). De Gaulle, mon père [De Gaulle, My Father]. Vol. 1. Plon. p. 139. ISBN978-2-7028-9385-2. OCLC 1107684996. Je me souviens très bien de sa fureur quand il est rentré assez tardivement ce soir-là [le 19 juin] après l'émission. Il avait appris à la BBC que son appel de la veille n'avait pas été enregistré.
^L'Appel du 22 juin 1940 6 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Charles de Gaulle.org (website of the Fondation Charles de Gaulle)
^(PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
^. charles-de-gaulle.org. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
^ ab. charles-de-gaulle.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
^Corréard, Stéphane (November 2014). "Press Review on Mathieu at the FIAC". Arts Magazine. No. 92. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via Georges Mathieu.
^. European Commission. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
^Samuel, Henry (18 January 2023). "Charles de Gaulle's lost resistance speech found by amateur history buff and recreated with AI". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^Groult, Charles-Henry; Hadj, Karim El; Hopquin, Benoît; Casteele, Adrien Vande (19 January 2023). "Vidéo. How 'Le Monde' recreated De Gaulle's lost 1940 call for France to resist". Le Monde.fr. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^"De Gaulle : « La France a perdu une bataille ! Mais la France n'a pas perdu la guerre ! »". L'Histoire en citations. 29 December 2016.
^"La France a perdu une bataille, mais la France n'a pas perdu la [...] - Charles de Gaulle". Dicocitations.
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French February 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 5 732 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Appel du 18 Juin see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Appel du 18 Juin to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Appeal of 18 June French L Appel du 18 juin was the first speech made by Charles de Gaulle after his arrival in London in 1940 following the Battle of France Broadcast to France by the radio services of the British Broadcasting Corporation BBC it is often considered to have marked the beginning of the French Resistance in World War II It is regarded as one of the most important speeches in French history In spite of its significance in French collective memory historians have shown that the appeal was heard only by a minority of French people De Gaulle s 22 June 1940 speech was more widely heard 1 The historic importance of these radio broadcasts and de Gaulle s future status as the emblem of the French resistance gave de Gaulle the nickname L Homme du 18 juin The Man of 18 June 2 3 Photograph of Charles de Gaulle pictured making a subsequent radio broadcast in 1941 Contents 1 Context 2 Translation of the speech 3 Reception and influence 4 France has lost a battle but has not lost the war 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksContext EditDe Gaulle had recently been promoted to the rank of brigadier general and named as under secretary of state for national defence and war by Prime Minister Paul Reynaud during the German invasion of France 4 5 Reynaud resigned after his proposal for a Franco British Union was rejected by his cabinet and Marshal Philippe Petain a hero of World War I became the new prime minister pledging to sign an armistice with Nazi Germany De Gaulle opposed any such action and facing imminent arrest fled France on 17 June Other leading politicians including Georges Mandel Leon Blum Pierre Mendes France Jean Zay and Edouard Daladier and separately Reynaud were arrested while travelling to continue the war from North Africa 6 211 216 De Gaulle arrived in London on the afternoon of 17 June and met with Winston Churchill The British prime minister had a good opinion of de Gaulle from their three previous meetings and gave permission to make a speech to France De Gaulle finished his speech on the morning of 18 June but did not know that the British government almost revoked permission London hoped to persuade the Petain government in Bordeaux to send the French Navy away from German use and individual French politicians to leave France so worried about a speech criticizing the French government Having sent three separate simultaneous delegations to Bordeaux it decided that the speech would not confuse things further 7 125 127 Ignorant of the British debate over his speech de Gaulle arrived at the BBC at 6 pm BST to record the four minute speech After final permission arrived at 8 pm the speech was broadcast at 10 pm BST 8 pm in Paris 7 127 on BBC Radio from Broadcasting House over France 8 BBC repeated the broadcast four more times the next day 7 127 De Gaulle s speech stated that superior German arms and tactics had defeated the French military The defeat was not complete because France still had its colonies the British Empire as its ally and help from the United States this was a world war in which the Battle of France was one part De Gaulle invited French soldiers and civilians to contact him 7 128 Translation of the speech Edit Memorial plate with Appeal of 18 June Vienne Isere The so called London Poster of 5 AugustThe leaders who for many years were at the head of French armies have formed a government This government alleging our armies to be undone agreed with the enemy to stop fighting Of course we were subdued by the mechanical ground and air forces of the enemy Infinitely more than their number it was the tanks the airplanes the tactics of the Germans which made us retreat It was the tanks the airplanes the tactics of the Germans that surprised our leaders to the point to bring them there where they are today But has the last word been said Must hope disappear Is defeat final No Believe me I speak to you with full knowledge of the facts and tell you that nothing is lost for France The same means that overcame us can bring us to a day of victory For France is not alone She is not alone She is not alone She has a vast Empire behind her She can align with the British Empire that holds the sea and continues the fight She can like England use without limit the immense industry of United States This war is not limited to the unfortunate territory of our country This war is not finished by the battle of France This war is a world wide war All the faults all the delays all the suffering do not prevent there to be in the world all the necessary means to one day crush our enemies Vanquished today by mechanical force we will be able to overcome in the future by a superior mechanical force The destiny of the world is here I General de Gaulle currently in London invite the officers and the French soldiers who are located in British territory or who would come there with their weapons or without their weapons I invite the engineers and the special workers of armament industries who are located in British territory or who would come there to put themselves in contact with me Whatever happens the flame of the French resistance must not be extinguished and will not be extinguished 9 Reception and influence Edit The speech of 18 June occupies a prominent place in the popular history of France as in this street named after it in the town of Jonquieres After the war de Gaulle s 18 June broadcast was often identified as the beginning of the French Resistance and the beginning of the process of liberating France from the yoke of German occupation 10 The speech began de Gaulle s entire future career what he later described as his legitimacy He was the first French public figure to oppose an armistice with Germany and the speech gave reasons why continuing to fight the war was not hopeless 7 128 Although the 18 June speech is among the most famous in French history few French listeners heard it most accounts of having heard it are false memories It was broadcast on the BBC a British radio station which did not retain the unimportant recording 7 4 6 a 12 The broadcast practically unannounced was by an obscure brigadier general who had only recently been appointed as a junior minister Consequently of the 10 000 French citizens in Britain only 300 volunteered Of the more than 100 000 soldiers temporarily on British soil most of them recently evacuated from Norway or Dunkirk only 7 000 stayed on to join de Gaulle The rest returned to France and were quickly made prisoners of war However de Gaulle s speech was undeniably influential and provided motivation for the people of France and for the oppressed people of the rest of Europe 6 226 The French and Swiss governments recorded the speech as broadcast in written form 7 127 The Swiss published the text for their own uses on 19 June The manuscript of the speech as well as the recording of the 22 June speech were nominated on 18 June 2005 for inclusion in UNESCO s Memory of the World Register by the BBC which called it one of the most remarkable pieces in the history of radio broadcasting 13 The themes of the speech would be reused throughout the war to inspire the French people to resist German occupation Four days later de Gaulle delivered a speech that largely reiterated the points made in his 18 June speech and the second speech was heard by a larger audience in France The content of the 22 June speech is often confused for that of 18 June 14 In addition in early August a poster written by de Gaulle would be distributed widely in London and would become known as L affiche de Londres The London Poster 15 Variations of this poster would be produced and displayed in Africa South America and France itself over the course of the war 15 The 70th anniversary of the speech was marked in 2010 by the issuing of a postage stamp designed by Georges Mathieu 16 and a 2 commemorative coin 17 In 2023 Le Monde commissioned a recreation of the speech using artificial intelligence to replicate de Gaulle s voice using a German language transcription of the speech in Swiss military archives to find the French record of the speech closest to the original and recording a reading of the speech by Francois Morel as base audio to be modified by vocal synthesis to be closer to de Gaulle s voice 18 19 France has lost a battle but has not lost the war EditDe Gaulle s famous quote La France a perdu une bataille Mais la France n a pas perdu la guerre France has lost a battle but France has not lost the war is often associated with the Appeal of 18 June While the Appeal s themes are consistent with the quote it is from a motivational poster featuring de Gaulle A Tous Les Francais which was distributed all over London on 3 August 1940 20 21 7 4 6 See also EditLiberation of France Wallonie libre Belgian resistance group purportedly formed after the 18 June 1940 broadcastReferences EditNotes De Gaulle s son wrote I remember very well his fury when he came home rather late that night the 19th of June after the broadcast He had learned from the BBC that his radio broadcast the day before had not been recorded 11 Citations L Appel du 18 juin in French L homme du 18 juin Fondation de la France Libre in French 25 November 2009 Duneton Claude 17 June 2010 L homme du 18 juin c est De Gaulle ou de Gaulle LEFIGARO in French Fenby Jonathan 2010 The General Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved New York Simon amp Schuster p 127 ISBN 978 1847373922 Retrieved 19 November 2017 Cabinet Paul Reynaud Assemblee Nationale Francaise 2008 a b Lacouture Jean 1991 1984 De Gaulle The Rebel 1890 1944 English ed a b c d e f g h Jackson Julian 2018 A Certain Idea of France The Life of Charles de Gaulle London Allen Lane ISBN 9780674987210 The Guardian Rallying call 29 April 2007 by Antony Beevor Gilder Lehrman Collection of Historical Documents Lehrman Institute Historical Projects Evans Martin 8 August 2018 Review A History of the French Resistance History Today Vol 68 no 8 London Andy Patterson ISSN 0018 2753 However after the Second World War de Gaulle s speech of 18 June 1940 became enshrined in French history as the starting point of the French Resistance which led directly to the Liberation four years later This founding narrative allowed French people to forget the humiliation of Nazi Occupation and rebuild national self esteem de Gaulle Philippe Tauriac Michel 2003 De Gaulle mon pere De Gaulle My Father Vol 1 Plon p 139 ISBN 978 2 7028 9385 2 OCLC 1107684996 Je me souviens tres bien de sa fureur quand il est rentre assez tardivement ce soir la le 19 juin apres l emission Il avait appris a la BBC que son appel de la veille n avait pas ete enregistre L Appel du 22 juin 1940 Archived 6 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine Charles de Gaulle org website of the Fondation Charles de Gaulle Memory of the World Register The Appeal of 18 June 1940 PDF UNESCO Archived from the original PDF on 11 July 2019 Retrieved 19 June 2018 L Appel du 22 juin 1940 charles de gaulle org Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 Retrieved 5 May 2017 a b L affiche a tous les Francais ayant suivi l appel du 18 juin charles de gaulle org Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 Retrieved 5 May 2017 Correard Stephane November 2014 Press Review on Mathieu at the FIAC Arts Magazine No 92 pp 16 17 Retrieved 19 June 2018 via Georges Mathieu 70th anniversary of the appeal of 18 June European Commission Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 Retrieved 19 June 2018 Samuel Henry 18 January 2023 Charles de Gaulle s lost resistance speech found by amateur history buff and recreated with AI The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Groult Charles Henry Hadj Karim El Hopquin Benoit Casteele Adrien Vande 19 January 2023 Video How Le Monde recreated De Gaulle s lost 1940 call for France to resist Le Monde fr Retrieved 8 February 2023 De Gaulle La France a perdu une bataille Mais la France n a pas perdu la guerre L Histoire en citations 29 December 2016 La France a perdu une bataille mais la France n a pas perdu la Charles de Gaulle Dicocitations External links EditThe Appeal of 18 June Official French website in English Elisabeth de Miribel Appeal of 18 June in French Bibliography on the Appeal of 18 June 1940 at Bibliotheque nationale de France Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Appeal of 18 June amp oldid 1171535724, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
