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Erysimum cheiranthoides

January 24, 2023

Erysimum cheiranthoides, the treacle-mustard, wormseed wallflower, or wormseed mustard is a species of Erysimum native to most of central and northern Europe and northern and central Asia.[1][2][3][4] Like other Erysimum species, E. cheiranthoides accumulates two major classes of defensive chemicals, glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides.

Erysimum cheiranthoides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Erysimum
Species:
E. cheiranthoides
Binomial name
Erysimum cheiranthoides
Synonyms

Cheirinia cheiranthoides

Description

It is a herbaceous, annual plant similar in appearance to many other mustards, growing an erect stem 15–100 cm (5.9–39.4 in),[5] (rarely 150 cm) tall.[6] The leaves are lanceolate to elliptic, 2–11 cm long and 0.5–1 cm broad, with an entire to coarsely toothed margin. It blooms in summer, between June and August.[5][7] The flowers are bright yellow, 5–12 mm diameter, and produced in an erect inflorescence. Later, it produces a slender cylindrical capsule, 1–3 cm (rarely 5 cm) long, containing several small, pale brown [5] or dark brown seeds.[2][3][8]

Taxonomy

It was formerly described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication 'Species Plantarum' in 1753, on page 661.[9][10]

It is commonly known as treacle-mustard,[5] or wormseed wallflower.[7][6] The treacle mustard name came from the Greek word 'theriaki' meaning antidote to poisonous bites as the plant was thought to have healing properties. The name 'wormseed mustard' arose from the seeds of the plant being made into treacle, to treat intestinal worms in children.[5]

Distribution

 
Erysimum cheiranthoides

Erysimum cheiranthoides is native to temperate areas of Europe and Asia.[4]

Range

It is found in Asia within China (in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Monggol and Xinjiang), Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Siberia. In Eastern Europe, it is found in Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine. In middle Europe, it is found within Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland. In Northern Europe, in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. In Southeastern Europe, within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia.[1][2][3][4]

It is also widely naturalised outside of its native range,[8][11] from New Zealand, other parts of Europe,[4] to North America[12] (including parts of Canada), and Argentina (in Tierra del Fuego).[4]

Habitat

It grows in disturbed areas, fields,[7] and dry stream beds.[6] It is normally found at altitudes of 0–3,000 m (0–9,843 ft) above sea level.[6]

Chemical ecology

Like other members of the genus Erysimum, E. cheiranthoides produces two major classes of chemical defenses against herbivory: glucosinolates, which are characteristic of the plant family Brassicaceae,[13] and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), a class of chemicals produced by at least twelve different plant families.[14][15] Glucosinolates found in E. cheiranthoides include glucoiberin, glucoerucin, glucocheirolin, and glucoiberverin.[16][17] Cardenolides reported in E. cheiranthoides seeds include strophanthidin, digitoxigenin, cannogenol, erychroside, erysimoside, erycordin, cheiranthoside, glucoerysimoside, and glucodigifucoside.[18][19][20][21][22][23] Grafting experiments and genetic crosses indicate that cardenolides are produced in the leaves of E. cheiranthoides and are transported to other parts of the plant.[24]

Some crucifer-specialist insect herbivores do not feed and/or oviposit readily on E. cheiranthoides. Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly), which oviposits on almost all crucifer species, avoids E. cheiranthoides.[25] Similarly, the crucifer-feeding specialist Pieries rapae (white cabbage butterfly) is deterred from feeding and oviposition on E. cheiranthoides.[26][27][28][29][30] However, another pierid species, Pieris napi oleracea (green veined white butterfly), not only is less sensitive to exogenously added cardenolides than P. rapae in oviposition assays, but also oviposits more readily on E. cheiranthoides leaves.[31][32]

In the case of P. rapae, oviposition experiments with extracts of E. cheiranthoides sprayed onto Brassica oleracea (cabbage) identified both attractants and deterrents.[27][28] Whereas 3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate and 3-methylsufonylpropyl glucosinolate stimulated oviposition,[29][32] erysimoside and erychroside in E. cheiranthoides extracts were deterrent.[30][33] In contrast, another cardiac glycoside, erycordin, was inactive in this oviposition assay. Pieris rapae tarsal sensilla respond to both glucosinolates and cardenolides, indicating that these compounds are detected on the leaf surface prior to oviposition.[34] Consistent with the deterrent effects on oviposition, cardenolides from E. cheiranthoides leaf extracts also served as feeding deterrents for P. rapae caterpillars.[30][29]

Predatory paper wasps (Polistes dominulus) required more time to consume Pieris napi (green-veined white) caterpillars that had fed on E. cheiranthoides than those that had fed on Brassica oleracea (cabbage).[35] This was ascribed to the time that it took the wasps to selectively remove the caterpillar guts, which contained plant material.

Use as a model organism

 
Erysimum cheiranthoides variety Elbtalaue in a growth chamber

Because Erysimum is in the family Brassicaceae, it has been proposed that many of the genetic resources that already exist for Arabidopsis thaliana (an extensively studied model organism) can be used with Erysimum to aide in genetic analysis, making this genus particularly attractive for studying the cardenolide biosynthetic pathway.[36][37] E. cheiranthoides itself is diploid and has a relatively small genome (~200 Mbp across 8 chromosomes), can be grown from seed to seed production as fast as 10 weeks, and performs well in a laboratory setting.[37][38] The genome of E. cheiranthoides variety Elbtalaue has been sequenced.[39][40] As E. cheiranthoides has many genetic similarities to A. thaliana, it is likely that techniques for genetically modifying A. thaliana and related research methods will also work for E. cheiranthoides.[37] Mutated isolates of E. cheiranthoides with altered cardiac glycoside content have been identified.[41]

Medicinal uses

Cardiac glycosides, which are abundant in E. cheiranthoides, have been used for treating heart disease and other ailments in traditional and modern medicine.[42][43][44][45][46][47] However, E. cheiranthoides is not a commonly used source of these compounds. Nevertheless, E. cheiranthoides has been used as an herbal remedy in traditional Chinese medicine.[48] European herbalists in the 16th century, used the plant as a remedy for insect and animal bites.[5] The common name wormseed wallflower comes from the use of E. cheiranthoides in treating intestinal worms.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b Flora Europaea: Erysimum cheiranthoides
  2. ^ a b c Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
  3. ^ a b c Flora of China: Erysimum cheiranthoides
  4. ^ a b c d e "Taxon: Erysimum cheiranthoides L." ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 47. ISBN 9780276002175.
  6. ^ a b c d "FNA Vol. 7 Page 535, 539". efloras.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  7. ^ a b c "Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed Wallflower)". minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  8. ^ a b Flora of NW Europe: Erysimum cheiranthoides[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ "Erysimum cheiranthoides L. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  10. ^ "Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides L." ipni.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  11. ^ Med-Checklist: Erysimum cheiranthoides
  12. ^ USDA Plants Profile: Erysimum cheiranthoides
  13. ^ Fahey, Jed W.; Zalcmann, Amy T.; Talalay, Paul (2001). "The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants". Phytochemistry. 56 (1): 5–51. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 11198818.
  14. ^ Agrawal, Anurag A.; Petschenka, Georg; Bingham, Robin A.; Weber, Marjorie G.; Rasmann, Sergio (2012). "Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant-herbivore interactions". New Phytologist. 194 (1): 28–45. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04049.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 22292897.
  15. ^ Melero, Concepción; Medarde, Manuel; San Feliciano, Arturo (2000-01-21). "A Short Review on Cardiotonic Steroids and Their Aminoguanidine Analogues". Molecules. 5 (12): 51–81. doi:10.3390/50100051. ISSN 1420-3049.
  16. ^ Cole, Rosemary A. (1976). "Isothiocyanates, nitriles and thiocyanates as products of autolysis of glucosinolates in Cruciferae". Phytochemistry. 15 (5): 759–762. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94437-6. ISSN 0031-9422.
  17. ^ Hugentobler, U.; Renwick, J. A. A. (1995). "Effects of plant nutrition on the balance of insect relevant cardenolides and glucosinolates in Erysimum cheiranthoides". Oecologia. 102 (1): 95–101. Bibcode:1995Oecol.102...95H. doi:10.1007/bf00333315. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28306812. S2CID 12564977.
  18. ^ Makarevich, I. F.; Kolesnikov, D. G. (1965). "Cardenolides of the seeds ofErysimum cheiranthoides L.". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 1 (5): 286–287. doi:10.1007/BF00563707. ISSN 1573-8388. S2CID 4813099.
  19. ^ Zhen-Huan Lei; Yahara, Shoji; Nohara, Toshihiro; Tai-Bao Shan; Jin-Zhe Xiong (1996). "Cardenolides from Erysimum cheiranthoides". Phytochemistry. 41 (4): 1187–1189. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(95)00764-4. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 8728718.
  20. ^ Lei, Zhen-Huan; Jin, Zhe-Xion; Ma, Ying-Li; Tai, Bao-Shan; Kong, Qi; Yahara, Shoji; Nohara, Toshihiro (1998). "Cardiac glycosides from erysimum cheiranthoides". Phytochemistry. 49 (6): 1801–1803. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00264-7. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 11711105.
  21. ^ Lei, Zhen-Huan; Yahara, Shoji; Nohara, Toshihiro; Tai, Bao-Shan; Xiong, Jin-Zhe; Ma, Ying-Li (2000). "Cardiac Glycosides form Erysimum cheiranthoides". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48 (2): 290–292. doi:10.1248/cpb.48.290. ISSN 0009-2363. PMID 10705523.
  22. ^ Lei, Zhen-Huan; Kuniyasu, Akihiko; Tai, Bao-Shin; Nakayama, Hitoshi; Nohara, Toshihiro (2001). "Na+,K+-ATPase Inhibiting Activity of Cardiac Glycosides from Erysimum cheiranthoides". Planta Medica. 67 (4): 369–370. doi:10.1055/s-2001-14309. ISSN 0032-0943. PMID 11458460.
  23. ^ Lei, Zhen-Huan; Nakayama, Hitoshi; Kuniyasu, Akihiko; Tai, Bao-Shan; Nohara, Toshihiro (2002). "Cardiac Glycosides from Erysimum cheiranthoides". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 50 (6): 861–862. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.861. ISSN 0009-2363. PMID 12045350.
  24. ^ Alani, Martin L.; Younkin, Gordon C.; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; Kumar, Pavan; Jander, Georg (October 2, 2021). "Acropetal and basipetal cardenolide transport in Erysimum cheiranthoides (wormseed wallflower)". Phytochemistry. 192: 112965. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112965. PMC 8655687. PMID 34610557.
  25. ^ Wiklund, Christer; Åhrberg, Carl; Ahrberg, Carl (1978). "Host Plants, Nectar Source Plants, and Habitat Selection of Males and Females of Anthocharis cardamines (Lepidoptera)". Oikos. 31 (2): 169. doi:10.2307/3543560. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3543560.
  26. ^ Feeny, Paul (1977). "Defensive Ecology of the Cruciferae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 64 (2): 221–234. doi:10.2307/2395334. JSTOR 2395334.
  27. ^ a b Renwick, J. A. A.; Radke, Celia D. (1987). "Chemical stimulants and deterrents regulating acceptance or rejection of crucifers by cabbage butterflies". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 13 (7): 1771–1776. doi:10.1007/bf00980217. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24302344. S2CID 24473740.
  28. ^ a b Renwick, J. A. A.; Radke, Celia D. (1985). "Constituents of host- and non-host plants deterring oviposition by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 39 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03538.x. ISSN 0013-8703. S2CID 86713452.
  29. ^ a b c Dimock, M. B.; Renwick, J. A. A.; Radke, C. D.; Sachdev-gupta, K. (1991). "Chemical constituents of an unacceptable crucifer,Erysimum cheiranthoides, deter feeding byPieris rapae". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 17 (3): 525–533. doi:10.1007/bf00982123. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24258803. S2CID 32639023.
  30. ^ a b c Sachdev-Gupta, K.; Radke, Cd.; Renwick, J. A. A.; Dimock, M. B. (1993). "Cardenolides fromErysimum cheiranthoides: Feeding deterrents toPieris rapae larvae". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 19 (7): 1355–1369. doi:10.1007/bf00984881. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24249167. S2CID 258932.
  31. ^ Huang, Xinpei; Renwick, J. A. A.; Sachdev-Gupta, K. (1993). "A chemical basis for differential acceptance ofErysimum cheiranthoides by twoPieris species". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 19 (2): 195–210. doi:10.1007/bf00993689. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24248868. S2CID 29886753.
  32. ^ a b Huang, Xinpei; Renwick, J. A. A. (1993). "Differential selection of host plants by two Pieris species: the role of oviposition stimulants and deterrents". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 68 (1): 59–69. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01689.x. ISSN 0013-8703. S2CID 84979013.
  33. ^ Renwick, J. A. A.; Radke, C. D.; Sachdev-Gupta, K. (1989). "Chemical constituents ofErysimum cheiranthoides deterring oviposition by the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 15 (8): 2161–2169. doi:10.1007/bf01014106. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24272377. S2CID 20866270.
  34. ^ STÄDLER, ERICH; RENWICK, J. A. A.; RADKE, CELIA D.; SACHDEV-GUPTA, KUSUM (1995). "Tarsal contact chemoreceptor response to glucosinolates and cardenolides mediating oviposition in Pieris rape". Physiological Entomology. 20 (2): 175–187. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1995.tb00814.x. ISSN 0307-6962. S2CID 86576260.
  35. ^ Rayor, Linda S.; Mooney, Larissa J.; Renwick, J. Alan (2007). "Predatory Behavior of Polistes dominulus Wasps in Response to Cardenolides and Glucosinolates in Pieris napi Caterpillars". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 33 (6): 1177–1185. doi:10.1007/s10886-007-9283-4. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 17453324. S2CID 25675444.
  36. ^ Munkert, Jennifer; Bauer, Peter; Burda, Edyta; Müller-Uri, Frieder; Kreis, Wolfgang (2011). "Progesterone 5β-reductase of Erysimum crepidifolium: cDNA cloning, expression in Escherichia coli, and reduction of enones with the recombinant protein". Phytochemistry. 72 (14–15): 1710–1717. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.06.007. PMID 21767854.
  37. ^ a b c Züst, Tobias; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; Jander, Georg (2018). "Erysimum cheiranthoides, an ecological research system with potential as a genetic and genomic model for studying cardiac glycoside biosynthesis". Phytochemistry Reviews. 17 (6): 1239. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9562-4. S2CID 53857970.
  38. ^ Bainard, Jillian D.; Bainard, Luke D.; Henry, Thomas A.; Fazekas, Aron J.; Newmaster, Steven G. (2012). "A multivariate analysis of variation in genome size and endoreduplication in angiosperms reveals strong phylogenetic signal and association with phenotypic traits". New Phytologist. 196 (4): 1240–50. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04370.x. PMID 23078229.
  39. ^ "Erysimum Genome Site". www.erysimum.org. September 17, 2019.
  40. ^ Züst, Tobias; Strickler, Susan R; Powell, Adrian F; Mabry, Makenzie E; An, Hong; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; York, Thomas; Holland, Cynthia K; Kumar, Pavan; Erb, Matthias; Petschenka, Georg; Gómez, José-María; Perfectti, Francsco; Müller, Caroline; Pires, J Chris; Mueller, Lukas; Jander, Georg (2020-04-07). "Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)". eLife. 9: e51712. doi:10.7554/eLife.51712. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 7180059. PMID 32252891.
  41. ^ Mirzaei, Mahdieh; Züst, Tobias; Younkin, Gordon C.; Hastings, Amy P.; Alani, Martin L.; Agrawal, Anurag A.; Jander, Georg (2020). "Less Is More: a Mutation in the Chemical Defense Pathway of Erysimum cheiranthoides (Brassicaceae) Reduces Total Cardenolide Abundance but Increases Resistance to Insect Herbivores". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 46 (11–12): 1131–1143. doi:10.1007/s10886-020-01225-y. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 33180277. S2CID 218539206.
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  43. ^ Fürst, Robert; Zündorf, Ilse; Dingermann, Theo (2017). "New Knowledge About Old Drugs: The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cardiac Glycosides". Planta Medica. 83 (12/13): 977–984. doi:10.1055/s-0043-105390. ISSN 0032-0943. PMID 28297727.
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  45. ^ Kreis, Wolfgang (2017). "The Foxgloves (Digitalis) Revisited". Planta Medica. 83 (12/13): 962–976. doi:10.1055/s-0043-111240. ISSN 0032-0943. PMID 28561136.
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  48. ^ Zhu, YC (1989). Plantae medicinales Chinae boreali-orientalis. Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House.

External links

  •   Media related to Erysimum cheiranthoides at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Erysimum cheiranthoides at Wikispecies

January 24, 2023
erysimum, cheiranthoides, treacle, mustard, wormseed, wallflower, wormseed, mustard, species, erysimum, native, most, central, northern, europe, northern, central, asia, like, other, erysimum, species, cheiranthoides, accumulates, major, classes, defensive, ch. Erysimum cheiranthoides the treacle mustard wormseed wallflower or wormseed mustard is a species of Erysimum native to most of central and northern Europe and northern and central Asia 1 2 3 4 Like other Erysimum species E cheiranthoides accumulates two major classes of defensive chemicals glucosinolates and cardiac glycosides Erysimum cheiranthoidesScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder BrassicalesFamily BrassicaceaeGenus ErysimumSpecies E cheiranthoidesBinomial nameErysimum cheiranthoidesL SynonymsCheirinia cheiranthoides Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 3 1 Range 4 Habitat 5 Chemical ecology 6 Use as a model organism 7 Medicinal uses 8 References 9 External linksDescription EditIt is a herbaceous annual plant similar in appearance to many other mustards growing an erect stem 15 100 cm 5 9 39 4 in 5 rarely 150 cm tall 6 The leaves are lanceolate to elliptic 2 11 cm long and 0 5 1 cm broad with an entire to coarsely toothed margin It blooms in summer between June and August 5 7 The flowers are bright yellow 5 12 mm diameter and produced in an erect inflorescence Later it produces a slender cylindrical capsule 1 3 cm rarely 5 cm long containing several small pale brown 5 or dark brown seeds 2 3 8 Taxonomy EditIt was formerly described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication Species Plantarum in 1753 on page 661 9 10 It is commonly known as treacle mustard 5 or wormseed wallflower 7 6 The treacle mustard name came from the Greek word theriaki meaning antidote to poisonous bites as the plant was thought to have healing properties The name wormseed mustard arose from the seeds of the plant being made into treacle to treat intestinal worms in children 5 Distribution Edit Erysimum cheiranthoides Erysimum cheiranthoides is native to temperate areas of Europe and Asia 4 Range Edit It is found in Asia within China in the provinces of Heilongjiang Jilin Nei Monggol and Xinjiang Japan Korea Mongolia and Siberia In Eastern Europe it is found in Belarus Estonia Latvia Lithuania Moldova and Ukraine In middle Europe it is found within Austria Belgium the Czech Republic Germany Hungary the Netherlands Poland Slovakia and Switzerland In Northern Europe in Denmark Finland Norway Sweden and the United Kingdom In Southeastern Europe within Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia France Romania Serbia and Slovenia 1 2 3 4 It is also widely naturalised outside of its native range 8 11 from New Zealand other parts of Europe 4 to North America 12 including parts of Canada and Argentina in Tierra del Fuego 4 Habitat EditIt grows in disturbed areas fields 7 and dry stream beds 6 It is normally found at altitudes of 0 3 000 m 0 9 843 ft above sea level 6 Chemical ecology EditLike other members of the genus Erysimum E cheiranthoides produces two major classes of chemical defenses against herbivory glucosinolates which are characteristic of the plant family Brassicaceae 13 and cardiac glycosides cardenolides a class of chemicals produced by at least twelve different plant families 14 15 Glucosinolates found in E cheiranthoides include glucoiberin glucoerucin glucocheirolin and glucoiberverin 16 17 Cardenolides reported in E cheiranthoides seeds include strophanthidin digitoxigenin cannogenol erychroside erysimoside erycordin cheiranthoside glucoerysimoside and glucodigifucoside 18 19 20 21 22 23 Grafting experiments and genetic crosses indicate that cardenolides are produced in the leaves of E cheiranthoides and are transported to other parts of the plant 24 Some crucifer specialist insect herbivores do not feed and or oviposit readily on E cheiranthoides Anthocharis cardamines orange tip butterfly which oviposits on almost all crucifer species avoids E cheiranthoides 25 Similarly the crucifer feeding specialist Pieries rapae white cabbage butterfly is deterred from feeding and oviposition on E cheiranthoides 26 27 28 29 30 However another pierid species Pieris napi oleracea green veined white butterfly not only is less sensitive to exogenously added cardenolides than P rapae in oviposition assays but also oviposits more readily on E cheiranthoides leaves 31 32 In the case of P rapae oviposition experiments with extracts of E cheiranthoides sprayed onto Brassica oleracea cabbage identified both attractants and deterrents 27 28 Whereas 3 methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate and 3 methylsufonylpropyl glucosinolate stimulated oviposition 29 32 erysimoside and erychroside in E cheiranthoides extracts were deterrent 30 33 In contrast another cardiac glycoside erycordin was inactive in this oviposition assay Pieris rapae tarsal sensilla respond to both glucosinolates and cardenolides indicating that these compounds are detected on the leaf surface prior to oviposition 34 Consistent with the deterrent effects on oviposition cardenolides from E cheiranthoides leaf extracts also served as feeding deterrents for P rapae caterpillars 30 29 Predatory paper wasps Polistes dominulus required more time to consume Pieris napi green veined white caterpillars that had fed on E cheiranthoides than those that had fed on Brassica oleracea cabbage 35 This was ascribed to the time that it took the wasps to selectively remove the caterpillar guts which contained plant material Use as a model organism Edit Erysimum cheiranthoides variety Elbtalaue in a growth chamber Because Erysimum is in the family Brassicaceae it has been proposed that many of the genetic resources that already exist for Arabidopsis thaliana an extensively studied model organism can be used with Erysimum to aide in genetic analysis making this genus particularly attractive for studying the cardenolide biosynthetic pathway 36 37 E cheiranthoides itself is diploid and has a relatively small genome 200 Mbp across 8 chromosomes can be grown from seed to seed production as fast as 10 weeks and performs well in a laboratory setting 37 38 The genome of E cheiranthoides variety Elbtalaue has been sequenced 39 40 As E cheiranthoides has many genetic similarities to A thaliana it is likely that techniques for genetically modifying A thaliana and related research methods will also work for E cheiranthoides 37 Mutated isolates of E cheiranthoides with altered cardiac glycoside content have been identified 41 Medicinal uses EditCardiac glycosides which are abundant in E cheiranthoides have been used for treating heart disease and other ailments in traditional and modern medicine 42 43 44 45 46 47 However E cheiranthoides is not a commonly used source of these compounds Nevertheless E cheiranthoides has been used as an herbal remedy in traditional Chinese medicine 48 European herbalists in the 16th century used the plant as a remedy for insect and animal bites 5 The common name wormseed wallflower comes from the use of E cheiranthoides in treating intestinal worms 5 References Edit a b Flora Europaea Erysimum cheiranthoides a b c Blamey M amp Grey Wilson C 1989 Flora of Britain and Northern Europe ISBN 0 340 40170 2 a b c Flora of China Erysimum cheiranthoides a b c d e Taxon Erysimum cheiranthoides L ars grin gov Retrieved 21 November 2017 a b c d e f g Reader s Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain Reader s Digest 1981 p 47 ISBN 9780276002175 a b c d FNA Vol 7 Page 535 539 efloras org Retrieved 21 November 2017 a b c Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed Wallflower minnesotawildflowers info Retrieved 21 November 2017 a b Flora of NW Europe Erysimum cheiranthoides permanent dead link Erysimum cheiranthoides L is an accepted name theplantlist org Retrieved 21 November 2017 Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides L ipni org Retrieved 21 November 2017 Med Checklist Erysimum cheiranthoides USDA Plants Profile Erysimum cheiranthoides Fahey Jed W Zalcmann Amy T Talalay Paul 2001 The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants Phytochemistry 56 1 5 51 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 00316 2 ISSN 0031 9422 PMID 11198818 Agrawal Anurag A Petschenka Georg Bingham Robin A Weber Marjorie G Rasmann Sergio 2012 Toxic cardenolides chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant herbivore interactions New Phytologist 194 1 28 45 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 2011 04049 x ISSN 0028 646X PMID 22292897 Melero Concepcion Medarde Manuel San Feliciano Arturo 2000 01 21 A Short Review on Cardiotonic Steroids and Their Aminoguanidine Analogues Molecules 5 12 51 81 doi 10 3390 50100051 ISSN 1420 3049 Cole Rosemary A 1976 Isothiocyanates nitriles and thiocyanates as products of autolysis of glucosinolates in Cruciferae Phytochemistry 15 5 759 762 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 94437 6 ISSN 0031 9422 Hugentobler U Renwick J A A 1995 Effects of plant nutrition on the balance of insect relevant cardenolides and glucosinolates in Erysimum cheiranthoides Oecologia 102 1 95 101 Bibcode 1995Oecol 102 95H doi 10 1007 bf00333315 ISSN 0029 8549 PMID 28306812 S2CID 12564977 Makarevich I F Kolesnikov D G 1965 Cardenolides of the seeds ofErysimum cheiranthoides L Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1 5 286 287 doi 10 1007 BF00563707 ISSN 1573 8388 S2CID 4813099 Zhen Huan Lei Yahara Shoji Nohara Toshihiro Tai Bao Shan Jin Zhe Xiong 1996 Cardenolides from Erysimum cheiranthoides Phytochemistry 41 4 1187 1189 doi 10 1016 0031 9422 95 00764 4 ISSN 0031 9422 PMID 8728718 Lei Zhen Huan Jin Zhe Xion Ma Ying Li Tai Bao Shan Kong Qi Yahara Shoji Nohara Toshihiro 1998 Cardiac glycosides from erysimum cheiranthoides Phytochemistry 49 6 1801 1803 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 98 00264 7 ISSN 0031 9422 PMID 11711105 Lei Zhen Huan Yahara Shoji Nohara Toshihiro Tai Bao Shan Xiong Jin Zhe Ma Ying Li 2000 Cardiac Glycosides form Erysimum cheiranthoides Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 48 2 290 292 doi 10 1248 cpb 48 290 ISSN 0009 2363 PMID 10705523 Lei Zhen Huan Kuniyasu Akihiko Tai Bao Shin Nakayama Hitoshi Nohara Toshihiro 2001 Na K ATPase Inhibiting Activity of Cardiac Glycosides from Erysimum cheiranthoides Planta Medica 67 4 369 370 doi 10 1055 s 2001 14309 ISSN 0032 0943 PMID 11458460 Lei Zhen Huan Nakayama Hitoshi Kuniyasu Akihiko Tai Bao Shan Nohara Toshihiro 2002 Cardiac Glycosides from Erysimum cheiranthoides Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 50 6 861 862 doi 10 1248 cpb 50 861 ISSN 0009 2363 PMID 12045350 Alani Martin L Younkin Gordon C Mirzaei Mahdieh Kumar Pavan Jander Georg October 2 2021 Acropetal and basipetal cardenolide transport in Erysimum cheiranthoides wormseed wallflower Phytochemistry 192 112965 doi 10 1016 j phytochem 2021 112965 PMC 8655687 PMID 34610557 Wiklund Christer Ahrberg Carl Ahrberg Carl 1978 Host Plants Nectar Source Plants and Habitat Selection of Males and Females of Anthocharis cardamines Lepidoptera Oikos 31 2 169 doi 10 2307 3543560 ISSN 0030 1299 JSTOR 3543560 Feeny Paul 1977 Defensive Ecology of the Cruciferae Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 64 2 221 234 doi 10 2307 2395334 JSTOR 2395334 a b Renwick J A A Radke Celia D 1987 Chemical stimulants and deterrents regulating acceptance or rejection of crucifers by cabbage butterflies Journal of Chemical Ecology 13 7 1771 1776 doi 10 1007 bf00980217 ISSN 0098 0331 PMID 24302344 S2CID 24473740 a b Renwick J A A Radke Celia D 1985 Constituents of host and non host plants deterring oviposition by the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 39 1 21 26 doi 10 1111 j 1570 7458 1985 tb03538 x ISSN 0013 8703 S2CID 86713452 a b c Dimock M B Renwick J A A Radke C D Sachdev gupta K 1991 Chemical constituents of an unacceptable crucifer Erysimum cheiranthoides deter feeding byPieris rapae Journal of Chemical Ecology 17 3 525 533 doi 10 1007 bf00982123 ISSN 0098 0331 PMID 24258803 S2CID 32639023 a b c Sachdev Gupta K Radke Cd Renwick J A A Dimock M B 1993 Cardenolides fromErysimum cheiranthoides Feeding deterrents toPieris rapae larvae Journal of Chemical Ecology 19 7 1355 1369 doi 10 1007 bf00984881 ISSN 0098 0331 PMID 24249167 S2CID 258932 Huang Xinpei Renwick J A A Sachdev Gupta K 1993 A chemical basis for differential acceptance ofErysimum cheiranthoides by twoPieris species Journal of Chemical Ecology 19 2 195 210 doi 10 1007 bf00993689 ISSN 0098 0331 PMID 24248868 S2CID 29886753 a b Huang Xinpei Renwick J A A 1993 Differential selection of host plants by two Pieris species the role of oviposition stimulants and deterrents Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 68 1 59 69 doi 10 1111 j 1570 7458 1993 tb01689 x ISSN 0013 8703 S2CID 84979013 Renwick J A A Radke C D Sachdev Gupta K 1989 Chemical constituents ofErysimum cheiranthoides deterring oviposition by the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 8 2161 2169 doi 10 1007 bf01014106 ISSN 0098 0331 PMID 24272377 S2CID 20866270 STADLER ERICH RENWICK J A A RADKE CELIA D SACHDEV GUPTA KUSUM 1995 Tarsal contact chemoreceptor response to glucosinolates and cardenolides mediating oviposition in Pieris rape Physiological Entomology 20 2 175 187 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3032 1995 tb00814 x ISSN 0307 6962 S2CID 86576260 Rayor Linda S Mooney Larissa J Renwick J Alan 2007 Predatory Behavior of Polistes dominulus Wasps in Response to Cardenolides and Glucosinolates in Pieris napi Caterpillars Journal of Chemical Ecology 33 6 1177 1185 doi 10 1007 s10886 007 9283 4 ISSN 0098 0331 PMID 17453324 S2CID 25675444 Munkert Jennifer Bauer Peter Burda Edyta Muller Uri Frieder Kreis Wolfgang 2011 Progesterone 5b reductase of Erysimum crepidifolium cDNA cloning expression in Escherichia coli and reduction of enones with the recombinant protein Phytochemistry 72 14 15 1710 1717 doi 10 1016 j phytochem 2011 06 007 PMID 21767854 a b c Zust Tobias Mirzaei Mahdieh Jander Georg 2018 Erysimum cheiranthoides an ecological research system with potential as a genetic and genomic model for studying cardiac glycoside biosynthesis Phytochemistry Reviews 17 6 1239 doi 10 1007 s11101 018 9562 4 S2CID 53857970 Bainard Jillian D Bainard Luke D Henry Thomas A Fazekas Aron J Newmaster Steven G 2012 A multivariate analysis of variation in genome size and endoreduplication in angiosperms reveals strong phylogenetic signal and association with phenotypic traits New Phytologist 196 4 1240 50 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 2012 04370 x PMID 23078229 Erysimum Genome Site www erysimum org September 17 2019 Zust Tobias Strickler Susan R Powell Adrian F Mabry Makenzie E An Hong Mirzaei Mahdieh York Thomas Holland Cynthia K Kumar Pavan Erb Matthias Petschenka Georg Gomez Jose Maria Perfectti Francsco Muller Caroline Pires J Chris Mueller Lukas Jander Georg 2020 04 07 Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants Erysimum Brassicaceae eLife 9 e51712 doi 10 7554 eLife 51712 ISSN 2050 084X PMC 7180059 PMID 32252891 Mirzaei Mahdieh Zust Tobias Younkin Gordon C Hastings Amy P Alani Martin L Agrawal Anurag A Jander Georg 2020 Less Is More a Mutation in the Chemical Defense Pathway of Erysimum cheiranthoides Brassicaceae Reduces Total Cardenolide Abundance but Increases Resistance to Insect Herbivores Journal of Chemical Ecology 46 11 12 1131 1143 doi 10 1007 s10886 020 01225 y ISSN 0098 0331 PMID 33180277 S2CID 218539206 Withering William 2014 AN ACCOUNT OF THE INTRODUCTION of FOXGLOVE INTO MODERN PRACTICE An Account of the Foxglove and Some of Its Medical Uses Cambridge University Press pp 1 10 doi 10 1017 cbo9781107706132 004 ISBN 9781107706132 Furst Robert Zundorf Ilse Dingermann Theo 2017 New Knowledge About Old Drugs The Anti Inflammatory Properties of Cardiac Glycosides Planta Medica 83 12 13 977 984 doi 10 1055 s 0043 105390 ISSN 0032 0943 PMID 28297727 Gurel Ekrem Karvar Serhan Yucesan Buhara Eker Ismail Sameeullah Muhammad 2018 An Overview of Cardenolides in Digitalis More Than a Cardiotonic Compound Current Pharmaceutical Design 23 34 5104 5114 doi 10 2174 1381612823666170825125426 ISSN 1381 6128 PMID 28847302 Kreis Wolfgang 2017 The Foxgloves Digitalis Revisited Planta Medica 83 12 13 962 976 doi 10 1055 s 0043 111240 ISSN 0032 0943 PMID 28561136 Schneider Naira Cerella Claudia Simoes Claudia Maria Oliveira Diederich Marc 2017 Anticancer and Immunogenic Properties of Cardiac Glycosides Molecules 22 11 1932 doi 10 3390 molecules22111932 ISSN 1420 3049 PMC 6150164 PMID 29117117 Patel Seema 2016 Plant derived cardiac glycosides Role in heart ailments and cancer management Biomedicine amp Pharmacotherapy 84 1036 1041 doi 10 1016 j biopha 2016 10 030 ISSN 0753 3322 PMID 27780131 Zhu YC 1989 Plantae medicinales Chinae boreali orientalis Harbin Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House External links Edit Media related to Erysimum cheiranthoides at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Erysimum cheiranthoides at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Erysimum cheiranthoides amp oldid 1131390462, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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